GRAMMAR VERB TENSES PRESENT CONTINUOUS Its used to express an action that is happening now or in a time around the

he present. TO BE + VERB (ING) AFFIRMATIVE I am Im You are Youre He is Hes She is Shes It is Its We are Were You are Youre They are Theyre NEGATIVE I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not You are not They are not Im not You arent He isnt She isnt It isnt We arent You arent They arent INTERROGATIVE Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?

She is working at this moment. She isnt working at this moment. Is she working at this moment? He is studying in Europe. Exercises: Present Continuous Transform these sentences: a) He is sleeping at this moment. Neg: Int: b) They arent playing soccer now. Aff: Int: c) Is he studying English now? Aff: Neg: Answer: a) What is your sister/brother doing now? b) Are you reading any book at this moment? If so, which?

SIMPLE PRESENT Its used to express a routine or habit. DO or DOES + VERB (INFINITIVE) DO I/YOU/WE/THEY DOES HE/SHE/IT Do you play soccer? Yes, I do. No, I dont. Yes, I play soccer. No, I dont play soccer. Does she work in New York? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt. Yes, she works in New York. No, she doesnt work in New York. Remember: He, she or it we use S at the end of the verb. She likes, she works, he travels, he cooks, etc.

I play You play He plays She plays It plays We play You play They play Exercises: Transform these sentences: a) She lives in New York. Neg: Int: b) They dont work on Saturdays. Aff: Int: c) Do they play soccer? Aff: Neg:

d) Does she speak English? Aff: Neg: e) She doesnt like sandwich Aff: Int: Answer: a) What does your sister/brother do? b) What do you normally do on Sundays? c) Do you prefer American or Brazilian food? d) Does your sister/brother speak English?

SIMPLE PAST Its used to express a completed action in the past. DID Did you go to London last year? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Yes, I went to London last year. No, I didnt go to London last year. Did you travel last Christmas? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Yes, I traveled last Christmas. No, I didnt travel last Christmas. Exercises: Transform these sentences: a) She didnt study English last week. Aff: Int:

b) They bought a new car today. Neg: Int: c) Did you visit your family last weekend? Aff: Neg: Answer: a) Did you travel last year? If so, where? b) What did you do last Saturday night? c) Where did you go in your last vacation?

SIMPLE FUTURE Its used to express an uncertain action in the future. WILL + (VERB INFINITIVE) Will you study German next semester? Yes, I will. No, I wont. Yes, I will study German next semester. No, I wont study German next semester. NEAR FUTURE Its used to express a certain action in the future. TO BE + GOING TO + VERB (INFINITIVE) They are going to buy a new house. They arent going to buy a new house. Are they going to buy a new house? Exercises: Transform these sentences: a) She is going to watch TV in the afternoon. Neg: Int:

b) They will buy a new house. Neg: Int: c) He isnt going to travel this weekend. Aff: Int: d) They wont buy a new car. Aff: Int: Answer: a) What will you do next Christmas? b) What are you going to do tomorrow morning?

PRESENT PERFECT There are four cases. HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE HAVE I/YOU/WE/THEY HAS HE/SHE/IT 1) When an action started in the past and continues in the present. She has lived in her house for ten months. She has worked in New York since 1999. 2) When an action has an indefinite past. He has gone to England. They have traveled to Italy. 3) When there is a repeated action. He has gone to England twice. They have traveled to Italy three times. 4) When the action has happened in a recent past. They have just arrived. She has just phoned you. NEGATIVE: He hasnt gone to Brazil. They havent eaten Japanese food.

INTERROGATIVE: Have you drunk wine? Has she played volley? Exercises: Transform these sentences: a) She has lived in her house for ten months. Neg: Int: b) They have worked in New York for two years. Neg: Int: c) He hasnt written e-mails recently. Aff: Int: d) They havent studied English. Aff: Int: e) Has she gone to the club? Aff: Neg: f) Have they visited London? Aff: Neg: Answer: a) How long have you lived in your house? b) How long has your brother/sister lived in his/her house? c) What have you read recently? d) How many states have you visited in Brazil?

PAST CONTINUOUS Its used to express an action in the past but there is an idea of movement. TO BE (PAST) + VERB (ING) WAS I/HE/SHE/IT WERE YOU/WE/THEY She was studying English last Sunday morning. She wasnt working last Saturday. They were playing volleyball today. They werent playing football today. Were they studying yesterday? Was he working today? Exercises: Transform these sentences: a) She was studying Math yesterday morning. Neg: Int: b) They were playing football last Sunday. Neg: Int: c) He wasnt traveling last weekend. Aff: Int: d) They werent working last Monday. Aff: Int: Answer: a) What were you doing last Sunday? b) What was your brother/sister doing last weekend?

CONDITIONAL Its used to express a possibility. WOULD + VERB (INFINITIVE) Would you like a glass of water? Yes, Id. Would you like a new T-shirt? No, I wouldnt.

What would you do if you had US$ 1.000.000? I would buy houses and cars. I wouldnt buy an airplane. Exercises: Transform these sentences: a) She would go to London. Neg: Int: b) He wouldnt buy a new car. Aff: Int: Answer: a) What would you do if you had an opportunity to live in Europe? b) Where would you like to spend your next vacation? c) What would you like to do next Christmas?