PROBLEM 1.

62
KNOWN: Duct wall of prescribed thickness and thermal conductivity experiences prescribed heat flux q o at outer surface and convection at inner surface with known heat transfer coefficient. FIND: (a) Heat flux at outer surface required to maintain inner surface of duct at Ti = 85C, (b) Temperature of outer surface, To , (c) Effect of h on To and q o. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in wall, (3) Constant properties, (4) Backside of heater perfectly insulated, (5) Negligible radiation.
ANALYSIS: (a) By performing an energy balance on the wall, recognize that q o = q cond . From an energy balance on the top surface, it follows that q cond = q conv = q o . Hence, using the convection rate equation,

2 2 q o = q conv = h ( Ti T ) = 100 W / m K ( 85 30 ) C = 5500W /m . (b) Considering the duct wall and applying Fouriers Law,

<

q o =k

T T T =k o i L X

q L 5500 W/m 2 0.010 m D = ( 85 + 2.8 ) C = 87.8D C . To = Ti + o = 85D C + k 20 W/m K (c) For Ti = 85C, the desired results may be obtained by simultaneously solving the energy balance equations To Ti T Ti and q k o = h ( Ti T ) o =k L L Using the IHT First Law Model for a Nonisothermal Plane Wall, the following results are obtained.
12000
Surface temperature, To(C)

<

91 90 89 88 87 86 85

10000
Heat flux, q''o(W/m^2)

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

40

80

120

160

200

Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

Since q conv increases linearly with increasing h, the applied heat flux q o and q cond must also increase. An increase in q cond , which, with fixed k, Ti and L, necessitates an increase in To .
COMMENTS: The temperature difference across the wall is small, amounting to a maximum value of ( To Ti ) = 5.5C for h = 200 W/m2K. If the wall were thinner (L < 10 mm) or made from a material

with higher conductivity (k > 20 W/mK), this difference would be reduced.

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