FROM THE EDITOR

When avid readers picked up 100000 copies of the novel Oath of the Vayuputras, each priced Rs 350, during the first week of its release in March 2013, the media celebrated the rise of a Literary Pop Star. The Shiva Trilogy written by Amish has captured their imagination and heralds a healthy appreciation of new sensibilities. Kochi Metro and the entire populace of Kerala look up to Er.E.Sreedharan to deliver their dreams. Forbes analyses the celebritys traits and style. T.Ravindran comes up with a well-timed Tutorial on Solar PV Installations. This subject should ideally be prescribed as a lesson for Class XI / XII for effective penetration to and acceptance by the people in the powerstarved homes of Kerala. And, it appears as though we have to turn to the Sun not only for Electricity but for wellness too! Essential vitamins provided by Sun promote good health. It is not uncommon that wild prophecies/claims accompany a new product; they often get forgotten by the appearance of an even better Technology; NFC is an interesting Technology. Gangadharan & Madhavamenon join regular contributors - Sasi, KNC, GHK and Suhair- with valuable and interesting stuff under a misleading captionTRIVIA. They are all priceless.
HAPPY READING! K.E.DAMODARAN NAYANAR

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INBOX
Received the March issue of Lineage and many thanks. The appearance and diversity of contents are impressive. Keep up the good work. Suhair Received the March issue of Lineage. Beautiful layout and useful contents. I read all the materials except 'Heart Beats', because it is quite long. I would read it later. Kollam unit conducts meeting regularly and the discussions are very interesting and beautiful. However, in communicating the minutes to Lineage, some lethargy prevents our colleagues and of course, myself. The Prayer I sent for Lineage was only garnered, and not made by me. Someone may think that I authored it. Regards,
G.H. Krishna Iyer

E Sreedharan: More Than The Metro Man

N.S. Ramnath

Delhi Metro was just one feather in E Sreedharans cap, albeit a large one

He faced a lot of interference from politicians in the early years, but Sreedharan put his foot down and demanded that he be given a free hand.
In 2000, following a long and ugly public spat with the Ministry of Railway, E Sreedharan wanted to quit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). He had wanted to use coaches of standard gaugeused globallyfor the Delhi Metro, while the ministry wanted to use broad gauge, like the rest of the rail network in India. The issue went to a group of ministers, which favored the railway ministry. Sreedharan, who had
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been selected on the basis of his competence, found that the government did not trust his judgment. He saw no reason to continue with DMRC. He then turned to the Bhagwad Gita. For more than 15 years, he has been reading a couple of stanzas every day and ruminating on their meaning. On that day in 2000, he reflected on the central theme of the Gita, where Arjunlooking at the gathered armiesfeels despondent, drops his weapons, and tells Krishna he will not fight. Krishna says that, no matter what, Arjun has to fulfill his duty. Sreedharan decided not to quit, but, instead, to stay on and fight his battles.

Before Delhi Metro

In 1963, he had been given six months to repair Pamban Bridge, which connected Rameshwaram to the mainland. Sreedharan, barely 30 at the time, took 46 days. In the 1990s, he was in charge of Konkan Railway, a 760km stretch cutting across the Western Ghats. Nearly 150 bridges and 92 tunnels had to be built. He took seven years. The memories of the Kolkata Metrobuilding the 17-km stretch had taken 22 yearswere still very strong. The cost of the project had overshot its budget 14 times; fatal accidents and building collapses had followed underground digging. Policy makers largely viewed work on the Delhi Metro through this prism of scepticism. But all this changed when things started moving fast. Delhi Metro carries 2.2 million people every day and earns Rs 4 crore a day, more than enough to cover operational expenses and interest payments. World over, a metro train is considered late if it is delayed by two minutes. For Delhi Metro, this is one minute. With such an exacting standard, it has been punctual 99.97 percent of the time. andAfter Sreedharan retired from DMRC in December 2011. He was 65 when he had taken up the project. But, I had felt very young then, both physically and mentally. Today, its different. I have become a little old mentally, and very much more bodily, he said. He wanted to retire to his ancestral village, and live a placid life in Ponnani, on the coast of Kerala. He moved to Ponnani, but his retired life did not work out the way he had planned. Kerala wanted Sreedharans help in implementing the Kochi metroproject. In terms of engineering, it is not a tough project. The terrain is flat; the train lines were to run above the ground; he has the support of the Centre and the state. There will be problems: The rails will pass through some crowded spots, people will have to put up with construction,
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and the project willbe completed in three years. Sreedharan givestalks on project management to managers and engineers all over India. He speaks to them, shares his experiences, and takes questions. The senior officials, many with greying hair, lap it up like undergraduates listening to a star professor. This roleof listening, advising, motivatingseems to fit him like wheels on a track. He is a good speaker, and his advice doesnt come across as pontification; its almost like a suggestion. His sense of humourwhich sparks off a few spontaneous bursts of laughterreveals the absurdities of corporate life. Sreedharan could well have opted for a placid life, and yet sated his sense of duty by being a source of knowledge, wisdom and inspiration. Why would he take up responsibility that might pull him into the world of politics, bureaucratic turf wars and even put his reputation at some risk? To know why, one needs to look not at what he has accomplished, but how. What Makes Him Tick Sreedharan might as well be 80, but there is little sign of ageing. He walks fast, smiles often, and his eyes glisten with curiosity while discussing any engineering project. He gets in and out of a small car with the agility and speed of a young man. Sreedharans day begins at 4 am. He meditates, reads the Gita, listens to a spiritual discourse, has a bath and breakfast, and gets into his home office at 9.30 am. There are meetings, discussions and calls, unless he decides to work from Kochis DMRC office, or when he is travelling. In the evenings, after work, he takes a long walk with his wife. Its family time, he says. His routine was no different when he was implementing the Delhi Metro project on tight deadlines. He always knew how to manage his time. His colleagues say he is very punctual. He is never a minute late, and never a minute early. He never took files home, and discouraged colleagues from calling him unless it was an emergency. At the project sites of Konkan Railway and Delhi Metro, he set up reverse clocks to show impending deadlines. Sreedharan sets deadlines that can be achieved Whether we take two days or 10 days, in reality we only spend just a few hours on this activity. It can be done. The biggest problem in implementing projects is the delay in taking decisions. P Sriram, who has worked with him since the 1970s, recalls an incident during the Konkan Railway project. At one point, his team hit a stone wall while digging a tunnel and an additional tunnel had to be dug. He wanted Sreedharan to take a look. He agreed on the second tunnel, and asked him to go ahead. When can we start? asked Sriram. Sreedharan replied, What do you mean when? Of course, start your work now. But, what about approvals, what about the budget? Sreedharan said, Dont worry about that. Ill take care of it. The more the work is delayed, the more it will cost. So, start now. The ability to take quick decisions entails a range of other skills, including the ability to quickly process information, calculate probabilities, assess risk, and, have a thorough knowledge of the subject. A wrong decision can prove costly. Once during his visit, a senior manager asked him about dealing with changes that creep in mid-way through a project. Sreedharan told him about the Japanese, who spend a lot of time on planning. But once the plan is finalised, they never allow any changes, for good or bad. One should not get into a situation where changes need to be made to a plan.
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Sreedharan never had the luxury of time while planning. But his mind works several times faster than ours. Sreedharan encouraged his team to strive for mastery. For the first phase of Delhi Metro, DMRC had engaged consultants. Sreedharan sent his team abroad to study the best metro networks, and by the time work started, they knew enough to challenge the consultants. For the second phase of Delhi Metro, there were no external consultants. His approach to ethics is both idealistic and practical. If someone made a mistake, he turns everyones attention towards a solution. But, he can be ruthless when it comes to ethical lapses. He believes in creating a system where there is little incentive for fraud. For instance, at Konkan Railway he did away with paying contractors based on measurement books. It took months to complete, and affected the contractors cash flow. Instead, he brought in AV Paulose, an authority on railway finance, to device a system where payments can be made faster, based on bills contractors submit. By this method, 85 percent of payments were made within 24 hours, no questions asked, and the rest within a week after the bills were scrutinised. It is based on trust, and penalty for breaching it is high. But, once the cash flows are certain, contractors had little incentive to cut corners. Sreedharan followed the same system at DMRC. His definition of success is not just about completing a project on time, but completing it with transparent integrity. More than Engineering For Sreedharan, there is more to a metro project than engineering excellence, effective project management and use of the latest technology. Its about serving the people. Its about saving lives. Once, he did a quick calculation of the number of lives the Kochi Metro could save. Even if 10 percent of the traffic moves to the Metro, 20 lives can be saved in a year, and 100 grievous injuries can be avoided. Finishing the project fast is a social responsibility as well, for every single days delay in the project will result in a loss of Rs 50 lakh. For him, its the right thing to do.

The instinct to do the right thing has often landed him in trouble, and each time he came out unscathed. He attributes this to doing what he believed was right, rather than doing something for personal gain. He has been prepared to work any where. In the first 15 years of his service, he was transferred 25 times. And he was also prepared to quit any day. The detachment gave him the courage to always do what he believed was right. That, in fact, is the message of the Gita: To act, without desire for the fruits of the action. In Sreedharans sparse room at the DMRC office in Kerala, there is a plaque with a line from Yoga Vasishta Ramayan. It reads: Whatever to be done, I do. But in reality I do not do anything.
Forbes India Magazine

Five powerful lessons to be learnt from the exemplary life of E.Sreedharan :

1. 2. 3.

4.
5.

Let deadlines motivate you rather than pressurize you Start your day early, finish your day early Work with honesty, others will co-operate Believe in your self, believe in the impossible Let awards and accolades not affect you, and similarly, let not criticism deter you.
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KANNUR UNIT MEMBERS VISIT NAVAL ACADEMY

The Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala is located approximately 35 km north of Kannur.

Coordinates:

12040N 75138E

Folklore has it that the seven hills are part of the Rishabadri mountain that fell to the earth when Lord Hanuman was carrying the mountain with Mrita Sanjivani and other herbs to Lanka. The academy's campus is spread over 2,452 acres (9.92 km2) with 7 km of beach front on the Arabian Sea. The INA is divided into three zones -- a Training zone, an Administration zone and an Accommodation zone. The Mount Dilly Light house is in its premises. The training zone contains the main academic building complex, as well as physical-training, aquatics and outdoor-training complexes, auditoriums, a firing range, cadet's Mess and cadet's dormitories. The main academic building complex is situated on the highest point of the academy. It includes the Service and Technical Training wings, laboratories, workshops, library, and a 1800-capacity auditorium. The academy accepts up to 1200 cadets for officer-training each year. This includes officertrainees from foreign countries, as well as interim training facilities for the Indian Coast Guard. Several members of the team had associated with some activity connected with power supply to the Naval Academy at some point of time in their service. The church on the hillock with the jovial European priest encouraging visitors to use his binoculars, the ashram in serene surroundings and the expansive sea in the background were among their cherished memories. But none had the opportunity to see the transformation of the ancient Ezhimala as a modern training campus. Perhaps they were discouraged by the awe-inspiring protocols of Defence Security. No wonder there was a mix up while giving the bus driver directions - the11okV substation at the southern tip that we reached first was not the entry point for the visitor to Indias premier Naval Academy! The commotion over the capture of Bitty Mohanthy- a suspected criminal living incognito in the small town; had not died down when we passed through Pazhayangadi at 10 am. Further ahead, the large statue of Hanuman on the slopes of the Ezhimala hillock gave a breath-taking view. We were shown around by a guide provided by the academy. The scenic beauty of the verdant village and the serene beach gave a surprising ambience to the functional areas like stadium, stables, parade ground and swimming pool. The residential, administrative and
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academic buildings blend perfectly with the scenic splendor. Something worthy of National Pride! Er.K.V.Padmanabhan had thoughtfully carried tea and home-made snacks all the way from Payyanur. The steam cooked, plantain leaf-wrapped adas tasted heavenly. By the time we arrived at Payyanur, after spending two hours at Ezhimala under merciless scorching sun, every one was hungry and tired. After lunch the formal Unit meeting was held. There was a lively discussion on the 1kWp solar PV system GOK was offering to 10000 homes with subsidy. The debate kept us awake, denying the pleasure of a well-earned siesta! It went on and on, seemed endless, till the bus driver reminded about the scheduled time of departure. The feed back on the days adventure was enthusiastic; high praise was liberal. The few who missed it really suffered a loss. Inclusion of family members in such outings in future was a suggestion worthy of consideration. Mohanan Nambiar and his team cannot run out of ideas! NAYANAR

GITAMRUTHAM
An enlightened man treats every one equally. He sees no difference between a learned, a brahmin, animals or others. Those who treat everyone with equality are self- realised and have conquered the cycle of birth and death. Thus they are one with GOD. One who is neutral in good, bad times remains unaffected by present situation; Such a person is in transcendence.
M. M. KATHOLIL Contributed by Madhava Menon, (courtesy: A. Chandran)

LAUGH

READERS DIGEST

Lying on his deathbed, a loving husband was wavering between life and death when he thought he smelled chocolate chip cookies baking. They were his very favourite, so he dragged himself out of bed, crawled to the kitchen and was just reaching up to take a cookie off the plate when his wife slapped his hand with a spatula. "Don't touch!" she commanded. "They're for the funeral." Most of the cooking in our house is done by my husband, but occasionally I get to make dinner. One day it dawned on me that our four-year-old daughter was willing to help mein the kitchen but not her father. I asked her why. "Well, Mom," she replied, "Dad seems to know what he's doing." Two elderly couples were walking down the street, the women a couple of metres ahead of the men. One man told the other that they'd had a wonderful meal the night before-great food, reasonably priced. His friend asked for the name of the restaurant. "Well, I'll need your help on this. Let's see, there's a flower that smells great and has thorns on the stem?" "That would be a rose," his friend responded."That's it!" the man replied. Then he shouted to his wife: "Hey, Rose! What's the name of the restaurant we ate at last night?" TOP

Books:

SHIVA TRILOGY

Amish Tripathi

C| kOWSsLWV AhVnOfU yQ]\] q]OWpLeV 38WLqjLp Ao}xV Nf]kLb] I IuOOWLq, w]v RRNaSsL^-] p]sPRa. Cf]Rr oPLU nLYU oL\] kOr]r]. KOU qOU nLY 2010sOU 2011sOU Nky]}Wq]R]qOO. vLpjL KqO kOW]jO Sv] AaO WLsRLOU CNf BSvwU WL]pfLp] KLp]s. qV RWLsU kO sU SWL] vLL Av R\sv]fO 22 SWLa] W.! w]v fRpLeV j]rO j]O WgLkLNfU. ozLShv, qL^-qLS^-w~q, f]- Rp jw]]L Avfq]\v, kLxSj V sv, ANkf]SqLi|jLp SkLqLt], fN wLs], If]q]sL jLa| \NWv], Wq]yVopO SjfLvV, Ao]fLi]WLqU WLtO SLtOU Au]of]V Af}f, WOwLNYmO], ]NkSWLk]... joOV yOkq]\]fjLp, yOyfjLp CT kOqLe WgLjLpW SWvsU nLvjLyQ] oLNfoLSeL? SWOSWv]Wt]sPRa Nk\q]\ WgW v]w~Ly oLp] kq]eo]\fLp]PRa?oLUyvOU opOoO ojOx| y~WLjOLj]sPRa RRhvfOs|jLp] IfOU yUnv|oSs? \q]NfvOU kOqLevOU ff~\]pOU l]jOU WP]s] Ao}xV Wg IuOfO SL Af]jV AyLoLj| vw|fpOU BWxe}pfpOU DV. CRfLqO a~]yV cV RapV BRef] yUwpo]s. SkL]sOU Na} VRo]sOU nLxp]sOU BiOj}WfpOV. CShvRj Avfq]]OSL Ao}xV BhqvOU BqLijpOU RRWRva]pOO o]s. f]-Rp j- W}uaO BX|Lj joORsLU CoLeV. WO]WRt vLpjL qLL Sv RkLa]RRW Cvp] yOsnoLp]q]OU. zLq] SkLrOU SsLcV KLlV h r]VyOU yo}kWLs DhLzqeU. jLSfLtU oOj]q NkyLiW f]qq]\ kOWU y~oLp] A\a]\V kOr]rL SlyVmOV, pOa|PmV, a~], k]p Rrv|O, o|Oy]WV BmU, Nl}cTSsLcV, fOa] , RI RI I] Rv\OU kf] jLsV RWLsU l]jLyV oLSj^-qLpOU y~LpoL]p fN oOuOv Ao]xV NkSpLY]\O. CV oPv] RNkLc|PyoLqOU NkyLiWqOU Ac~LyV jWL W|P j] OO.
NAYANAR

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Remember to put the glass down

- asuhair

A psychologist walked around a room while teaching stress management to an audience. As she raised a glass of water, everyone expected they'd be asked the "half empty or half full" question. Instead, with a smile on her face, she inquired: "How heavy is this glass of water?" Answers called out ranged from 8 oz. to 20 oz. She replied, "The absolute weight doesn't matter. It depends on how long I hold it. If I hold it for a minute, it's not a problem. If I hold it for an hour, I'll have an ache in my arm. If I hold it for a day, my arm will feel numb and paralyzed. In each case, the weight of the glass doesn't change, but the longer I hold it, the heavier it becomes." She continued, "The stresses and worries in life are like that glass of water. Think about them for a while and nothing happens. Think about them a bit longer and they begin to hurt. And if you think about them all day long, you will feel paralyzed incapable of doing anything." Its important to remember to let go of your stresses. As early in the evening as you can, put all your burdens down. Don't carry them through the evening and into the night. Remember to put the glass down!

Seven Most Expensive Materials

1. Antimatter costs 62.5 trillion dollars per gm (Antimatter is composed of solely of antiparticles (sub atom particles having the mass as a given particle but opposite electric or magnetic properties, of course a gm of antiparticle will explode with intensity of three Hiroshima.) 2. Californium 252. costs 27 million dollars per gm

(A Transuranic radioactive material element produced artificially from Curium . US military considered making pocket size nukes using this, but found too expensive.) 3. Diamonds 4. Tritum costs 55000 dollars per gm costs 30000 dollars per gm

(A hydrogen isotope used in watches) 5. Taaffeite costs 30000 dollars per gm (4000/carat)

It is one of rarest gemstone in the world 6. Painite costs 9000 dollars per gm (1800/carat)

(A rare borate mineral named after a gem dealer) 7. Plutonium costs 4000 dollars per gm

(It is called the big bang of nuclear energy.) Contributed by Gangadharan Courtesy T.O.I.
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B]cntim[\
Cu temIw ImWptc tamm\w hcppsnepw Onm h Fs apJmIpw Ippnsb henb Ihn temItmSv Dds ]mSnbXmWnXv. \mw A\p`hnp ZpcnXv BcmWv DchmZn? ]gn ]ecnepw Nmcn kzbw Hgnp amdmw. ]cobn tXm hnZymn, tXmhnbpsS ImcWw Aym]Icnepw kzw cnXmfnepw Nnetm `cWm[nImcnIfn t]mepw Btcm]npp. Xm ]TnmXv sImmWv tXmsXh Hcnepw kXnn. AXpsImmWv C hnjbn s]mn Asn C hnjbw Innbn Fsms Ah ]dbpXv. ssIqenv ImcWmc sImSpphs\m AsXm hmphs\m? cpt]cpw ]ckv]cw ]gn Nmcpw. ktmjtmsS XXv sImv hmnsbv hmnbh\pw Imcyw Ffpn km[nm thsd hgnbnmXn\m Cansnepw sImSpm XmdmbXmsWv sImSph\pw kzbw \ymboIcnpw. sNp sXns `hnjyns\pdnv Chtcmpn. hmnbh\v t\ambXv sImv ktmjw. Hp h Ahkcsfmpw Ah ]mgmn. {ItaW AXv ioeamIpp. ]ns tImg Innbnsn Hpw sNn F nXnbnsepp. sImSph\v AgnaXnsXnsc {]XnIcnWsapv Fm km[ya. Cu nXnhntijn\v Xm\pw DchmZnbmsWv Ahs a\v ]dbpw. Bsnepw FXnsc Hcp hnc Nqptm Xs aqv hnc X\nsXnsc Nqpw. kv{Xo[\ k{Zmbw F{X IpSpw_sf Iocnemgvn. bmYmyw Adnbmhph t]mepw Cu ss]imNnI k{Zmbn\ncbmIpp. kzw Imcyw Ignm amdn \nv kv{Xo[nsXnsc hymIpe\mIpp. {]XnIcnWsapv. km[npn. kzw apJmIpw. kzIw sImv kaqln\pmIp tZmjspdnv t_m[hm\mXmWnXn\v ImcWw. temIw \mIm\p hgn kzbw \mhpI FXmWv. \o \ns Xs \mpI. Fn temInse Hcp hnUvVnbpsS Fsanepw Ipdm km[np Fv \n\v kam[m\nmw. kzman hnthIm\s hmpIfmWv. {_n\n ]n hf ZpjvIcambncpp. ImcWw \mbbpsS Ipc AbhmknIv iyambm Ah \mbbpsS DSas\Xnsc t]menkn ]cmXn \Ipw. ]nsb hfn P\v iyapmnbXn\v ]nbpsS DSa in A\p`hntn hcnIbpw sNpw. CXn\v ]cnlmcw ImWm {_n\nse I\okv Hm^v B\nakv Xocpam\np. ]nbpsS Ipc \nm Hcp D]IcWw Ah Ip]nSnp. F{X iambn IpcpsImncnp ]nbmsWnepw ITn\amb aWw A\p`hsm Ipc \nn aWns t{imXv tXSn Aebpw. ]nbpsS Cu khntij kz`mhs apXseSpmWv I\okv Hm^v B\nakv D]IcWn\v cq] Iev]\ sNbvXXv. ITn\ aWw hanp {]tXyI {ZmhIw IqSnb an Hcp sNdp ]m{Xnempp. AXn Hcp ssas{Imt^m LSnnpw. i_vZapmbm ssas{Imt^m {]hnpIbpw ]m{Xns ASv XpdpIbpw sNpw. D]IcWns {]h\ coXnbnXmWv. CXv s_n LSnnpp. Cu s_v IgpneWnbp ]n Hv Ipcm ]m{Xns ASv Xpdv {ZmhIw \mbbpsS aqntev Nopw. Ipc \nn \mb ZpKns DdhnSw tXSn Aebpw. kzw Igpn \nmWv \mw hcpsX Xncndnhv \mbn. Xs sNbvXnbmWv X\nv Nppw ImWp Zpjn AhIv ImcWsav Xncndnbm a\pjys\ t]mse. kaqln\v tZmjw hcpp Hcp {]hnbpw sNmXncnpI. Fn GXv A[ns\Xntcbpw {]XnIcnmw. kzw apJmIn. hnc X\nsXnsc Nqn. A\yv tZmjw hcp GsXnepw {]hn sNpItbm AXn\v Iqp\npItbm Cs Xocpam\tmsS Cu \ Zn\w Bcw`nmw. sI. iin[c (9447236631) (17.1.2013\v Iq BImihmWn {]t]Ww sNbvX kp`mjnXw)
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Soak up some sun

BY SANGEETHA DEVI DUNDOO

The Hindu

Take up an outdoor activity. Besides fitness, you'll enjoy an increase in your vitamin D levels.

Vitamin D deficiency is emerging as a more common menace than we thought. Why do we need to be in good D company?
Most Indians are at a genetic disadvantage with regard to vitamin D. Dark skin, with its melanin pigments, prevents sunlight and UV light from converting pro-vitamin D to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the skin. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, leading to deformed bones in children and increased risk of fractures among the elderly. Nearly every tissue or organ in the body has receptors for vitamin D: immunity, cardiovascular health, depression, diabetes prevention and cancer prevention are some of the potential areas of benefit. Our ancestors started the day with prayers and suryanamaskars facing the sun, outdoors. We spend the best part of the day in enclosed spaces both at home and work. Lack of vitamin D manifests itself through acute pain in the feet, shoulders, neck and joints in some individuals. Research has also shown link between vitamin D and low immunity levels, obesity and diabetes. Fair-skinned individuals require only 20 minute exposure to direct sunlight three to four times a week for the skin to make adequate vitamin D. Darker-skinned individuals with more melanin pigments require 30 to 40 minute exposure three to four times a week. The best source of vitamin D is UV-B radiation from the sun. UV radiation levels vary depending on location, season, time of day, cloud coverage and the environment. UV-B levels are most intense during the mid-day, but longer exposures in early morning or late evening can be adequate. Spend a few minutes in the sun without applying sunscreen. Only the exposed parts of the skin help in manufacturing vitamin D. Keep moving while out in the sun. Being stationary will make you prone to sunburns. TOP

11

ENGLISH - A POWERFUL LANGUAGE

Professor Ernest Brennecke of Columbia University is credited with inventing a sentence that can be made to have eight different meanings by placing ONE WORD in all possible positions in the sentence: "I hit him in the eye yesterday."

1. ONLY I hit him in the eye yesterday. (No one else did.) 2. I ONLY hit him in the eye yesterday. (Did not slap him.) 3. I hit ONLY him in the eye yesterday. (I did not hit others.) 4. I hit him ONLY in the eye yesterday. (I did not hit outside the eye.) 5. I hit him in ONLY the eye yesterday. (Not other organs.) 6. I hit him in the ONLY eye yesterday. (He doesn't have another eye..) 7. I hit him in the eye ONLY yesterday. (Not today.) 8. I hit him in the eye yesterday ONLY. (Did not wait for today.)
G.H. Krishna Iyer

UNIT PULSE
Senior Engineers Kozhikode The monthly meeting of Senior Engineers Kozhikode was held on 09.03.2013, 10:30 am at Calicut Towers. Er N .Ravindran presided the meeting in the absence of Er A.Chandran. One minute silent prayer was observed in memory of Late Sri T.Balan Asst Executive Engineer,(Rtd). Sri Balan had worked at Kakkayam PH, Nadakkave Ele. Section and Kozhikode T C Division Being a bus strike day, the attendance was poor. In his presidential remarks Er Ravindran informed the developments during the last one month. Er Chandrahasan explained the position of DCRG arrear and interest. Er V.Ramachandran then explained the 10000 roof top Solar Electric panels promoted by Anert and M N R E, Govt of India. This 1000 watts solar panel will be almost 50% subdised by Govt. The total cost will be just below 2 Lakhs at present The solar energy generation in Kerala is at present of the order of Kilowatts and the immediate aim is to bring it in MW levels Er Krishnanunni then read out Lineage March, followed by a discussion on it. Er T.Ravindran, Madhavamenon and Er Sudhakaran participated in the discussion. The meeting ended at 2.30 pm after lunch Ramachandran
SENIOR ENGINEERS, KANNUR

The meeting commenced at 02.30pm after the visit to Ezhimala Naval accademy and lunch at the Auditorium of Hotel Top Most, Payyannur on 09-03-13 with Er.K.E.Damodaran Nayanar in chair. 35 Engineers attended the meeting. After silent prayer Er..E.P.Ravindran welcomed the gathering. One minute silence was observedas a mark of respect to the memory of Smt. Karthyayani M/o M.C.Reghusudhan who expired on the 24th of February 2013. May her Soul Rest In Peace. In the presidential speech Er.K.E.D.Nayanar high lighted the need of get together and the pleasant trip performed. Er.A.V.Mohanan Nambiar presented the minutes of the last meeting and reported the follow up actions taken and was passed as such. Rose bouquet was presented to Er.V.Velayudhan Nayanar, who has
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celebrated his Seventieth birth day since last meeting. A ponnadai was also presented to Er.Velayudhan Nayanar. Er.Velayudhan Nayanar replied to the toast. Er.K.E.Damodaran Nayanar Chief Editor briefly touched upon the main contents of the Lineage issue for the month of March2013 Er.A.V.Mohanan Nambiar talked about the importance of Solar Power Generation in the present scenario. General discussion followed - mainly on the Solar Power Generation.Ers. E.P.Ravindran, T.C.Govindan, K.E.Damodaran Nayanar, P.U.Bhaskaran Nambiar, M.V.Gopalakrishnan, C.Mohandas, and P.K.Chandran took part in the discussions. The secretary proposed vote of thanks to all and the meeting came to a close by 4pm. A.V.Mohanan Nambiar / Secretay
LIFE LESSON

A FROG HOMILY
A scientist conducted some experiments on frogs a long time ago. He dropped a frog in a pot of boiling water. The frog immediately jumped out. He then placed the frog in a pot full of cold water; the frog settled down comfortably. The water temperature was raised gradually. The frog kept adapting to the increasingly warm and then hot water till it finally died. from the novel: The oath of vayuputras

What is NFC?

Jamie Carter (Courtesy NFC FORUM & TECHRADAR)

Your credit cards: gone. Bus passes and train tickets: vanished. Those dog-eared loyalty cards for high street coffee shops: binned. You've been the victim not of theft, but of the future a future where the wallet, purse, paper ticket and pocket have all gone digital and together live solely on your phone. Welcome to Near Field Communications (NFC), a contactless, Wi-Fi-lite style tech that could already be in your smartphone, and could soon be a regular feature of your commute. Near Field Communication (NFC) technology makes life easier and more convenient for consumers by making it simpler to make transactions, exchange digital content, and connect electronic devices with a touch. A standards-based connectivity technology, NFC harmonizes today's diverse contactless technologies, enabling current and future solutions in areas such as: Access control -Consumer electronics - Healthcare Information collection and exchange - Loyalty and coupons Payments - Transport. At its core, all NFC is doing is identifying us, and our bank account, to a computer. The technology is simple. It's a shortTOP 13

range, low power wireless link evolved from radio-frequency identification (RFID) tech that can transfer small amounts of data between two devices held a few centimeters from each other. Unlike Bluetooth, no pairing code is needed, and because it's very low power, no battery in the device being read. By tapping your phone on a contactless payment terminal in a shop, train station or coffee shop is able to identify your account (and even your personal preferences, shopping habits and even your most frequently travelled route home) and takes payment through an app on your phone. Passive NFC 'tags' on posters, in shops and on trains could contain a web address, a discount voucher, a map or a bus timetable that passers-by could touch their phones on to receive or to instantly pay for absolutely anything. NFC is only one technology, with Bluetooth and RFID just as able to strike-up a conversation between two gadgets, but there are distinctions within NFC, too. In comes in both passive and active flavours, including P2P mode (exchanging information, such as business cards or contacts) and SecureElement NFC (where a machine recognises a NFC phone as a bankcard). NFC has long been supported by the makers of Android handsets. Flagship and mid-range handsets from the likes of Samsung, HTC, Motorola, Nokia, LG and Blackberry all include NFC. NFC is still in its trial phase, but promoters have great expectations. ABI Research predicts that 1.95 billion NFC-enabled devices will ship in 2017, largely in smartphones, though NFC will also enter the living room. WiFi routers will swap passwords for a simple 'tap' from any smartphone, tablet or games console, with 395 million consumer electronics devices to ship in 2017 in other words, NFC will be in everything.

Solar Power: Next Generation Power

It is no wonder that the Sun is worshipped as a God by ancient people of the world. Directly or indirectly, Sun provides all the power we need to exist and supports all life forms. The sun drives our climate and our weather. Solar electricity is a wonderful concept of generating electricity from sun light. Taking power from the sun and using it to power electrical equipment is a terrific idea. Kerala Government and Anert have launched a new solar power project of 1 kW X 10,000 Roof Top Solar power plants. This is the first step in this direction by our Govt. 10 mW solar power plant is a marvellous idea. Ten thousand people are going to have there on solar power plant on their roof- top. Minimum requirement is 15 square metre shade free area for installing 1kWp Solar panel array and about two square metre covered area for accommodating battery and inverter.

SOLAR POWER
Solar power is a general term for generating power, whether heat or electricity, from the power of the sun. There are two methods used for generating electricity from the solar power. One is by using Photovoltaic solar panels (PV) and the other is concentrating solar power technologies (CSP). CSP is a power generator technology that
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uses mirror or lenses to concentrate the suns rays and, in most of the cases, they heat a fluid and produce steam. The steam drives a turbine and generates power in the same way as conventional power plants.

The Principles of solar electricity.

A solar panel generates electricity using photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon discovered in the early 19th century when scientists observed that certain materials produced an electric current when exposed to sun light. Two layers of a semi conducting material are combined to create this effect. One layer has to have a depleted number of electrons. When exposed to sun light, the layers of materials absorb the photons. This excites the electrons, causing some of them to jump from one layer to the other, generating an electrical charge. The semi conducting material used to build a solar cell is silicon, cut into very thin wafers. Some of these wafers are then doped to contaminate them, thereby creating an electron imbalance in wafers. The wafers are then aligned together to make a solar cell. Conductive metal strips attached to the cells take electrical current. It is when the photon hit the solar cell is absorbed by the silicon that an electric current is generated. The more photons (ie the greater intensity of light) that are absorbed by the solar cell, the greater the current generated. Individual solar cells only generate tiny amount of electrical energy. To make useful amounts of electricity, these cells are connected together to make a solar panel or a photovoltaic module.

The Four Configurations for Solar (PV) Power.

There are four different configurations you can select while making a solar electric plant.

1.

Stand-Alone/ off grid system

In this system the power generated by the solar panels are stored in a battery and then used as required. The power generated is never connected to the supply grid.

2. Grid-Tie system
In a grid tie system the power generated by the solar panels are tied to the supply companies grid. There are no batteries connected in this system. In this system, your home

runs on solar power during the day and any surplus energy you produced is fed in to the grid, actually you are selling the surplus power to the supply
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company at an agreed rate per kWh. In the evenings and at night when your solar energy system is not working, you then buy your power from the supply company. One disadvantage is that if there is a power cut, power from your solar array is also cut. The simplified block diagram of grid tie system is shown above. The solar array ( Multiple panels link together to provide high voltage) is connected to the grid level inverter which feeds AC supply to the main grid and also distribute electricity to the devices in the building and grid level voltage. The grid level inverter monitors the power fed from the grid. If it detects any power failure it also cut power from the solar panel to ensure that no energy is fed back to the grid. The grid tie meter monitors how much energy is taken from the grid and how much is fed back in to the grid using solar energy system.

3. Grid tie with power backup (Grid interactive)

Grid-tie with power backup- is also known as grid interactive system- combines a grid tie installation with a bank of batteries. The battery banks provides contingency for power cuts so that you can continue to use power from your system. The cost of a grid tie system with power back up is higher than a standard grid tie system because of the additional cost of batteries and battery controllers

4. Grid fallback system.

With a grid fallback system, the solar array generates power, which in turn charges a battery bank. Energy is taken from the battery and run through an inverter to power one or more circuits from the distribution panel in the house. When the batteries run flat, the system automatically switches back to the grid power supply. The solar array then recharges the batteries and the system switches back to solar power. In this system, you do not sell electricity back to the electricity companies. All the power that you generate you consume yourself.

Components of a Solar Electric system Solar panels

Solar panel is the main component in a photovoltaic solar electric system. They generate electricity from the sun. The more powerful is the available sun energy, they generate more power. They continue to generate small amount of electricity in the shade also. Solar panels are made up of individual solar cell, connected together. A typical solar cell will only produce half a volt, so by connecting them in series inside the panel, a more useful voltage is achieved. Solar panels are usually rated as 12- volt panels. Higher voltage panels such as 24- volt, 48volt are also available. A 12- volt solar panel produces around 14-18 volts when put under load. This allows a single panel to charge up a 12-volt battery. The open circuit voltage of 12- volt panel is up to 26 volts. Solar panels can be linked together to create a solar array.

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Connecting the panels in series allows a solar array to run at a higher voltage. If solar array is made of four solar panel (each individual panel is rated as a 12-volt, 12-watt panel) connected the solar array will be rated as 48-volt, 48- watt array with 1 amp current. Connecting the panels in parallel allows a solar array to produce more power while maintaining the same voltage as individual panels. . If solar array is made of four solar panel (each individual panel is rated as a 12-volt, 12-watt panel) connected in parallel, the solar array will be rated as 12-volt, 48- watt array with 4 amp current. When you connect multiple panels together, the power of the overall system increases, irrespective of whether they are connected in series or in parallel. There are two main

technologies of solar panels on the market: amorphous and crystalline solar panels. Amorphous solar panels are the cheapest one available in the market also quite reliable also. For the purpose of working out how much space youre going to need to fit the solar panels, you need to know that a 1m amorphous solar panel generates in the of 60 watts, whilst a 1m crystalline solar panel generate in the region of 160 watts. If we select amorphous panels more area is required for the generation of same power. However, amorphous panels are good at generating power even on overcast and extremely dull days. They are also far better in extreme temperature conditions, with significantly less power loss at higher temperature than other solar technologies. Amorphous panels have a bad reputation in the past, with poor product reliability and questionable life span. This technology has matured significantly over the past five years. Big name manufacturers such as Mitsubishi, Sharp etc now manufacture high- quality amorphous solar panels, and life span is also increased to 10 to15 years. Over the past three years, amorphous solar panels cost have dropped by around 30% each year. They are expected to drop to around half their current (2012) cost by 2015. Polycrystalline solar panels far more efficient than amorphous panels and they are often around one third size of an equivalent amorphous panel, which can make them easier to fit many installations. These panels have a life expectancy of about 25 years but more expensive, costing 20- 30 % more than amorphous solar panels. For the past five years crystalline solar panels prices also have been dropped by 25% per year. Of course, these trends are the lime light of solar power to be the next generation power.

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Batteries:
Solar panels are not directly connected to electrical equipment because the amount of power the solar panel generates varies with the strength of sunlight. This makes the power source too variable for most electrical equipment to cope with. However, in a grid- tie system solar array connected directly to inverter and the inverter handles this variability. For stand-alone or grid fall back system, batteries store the energy and provide a constant power source for your electrical equipment. Typically, this energy is stored in deep cycle lead acid batteries. These look similar to car batteries but have a different internal design. This design allows them to be heavily discharged and recharged several times without damaging the batteries .Most batteries are 6-volt or 12-volt batteries and, like solar panels, these can be connected together to form a larger battery bank. Like solar panels, multiple batteries used in series increase the capacity and the voltage of a battery bank. Multiple batteries connected in parallel increase the capacity whilst keeping the voltage the same.

Controller
Controller is required to manage the flow of electricity (the current) into and out of the battery. If your system overcharges the batteries, this will damage and eventually destroy them. Likewise, if your system completely discharges the batteries, this will quite rapidly destroy them. A solar controller prevents this from happening.

Inverter
The electricity generated by a solar electric system is direct current (DC). Electricity from the suppliers grid is high-voltage alternating current (AC). If you are planning to run equipment that runs from grid by voltage from a solar electric system, you need an inverter to convert the current from DC to AC and convert the voltage to the same as you get from the grid. There is usually one central inverter in a solar system. A more recent invention has been the micro inverter. Micro- inverters are connected to individual solar panels so that each individual panel provides a high voltage AC. Micro inverters only used with grid -tie system and are not suitable for systems with battery backup.

Electrical devices
The final element of your solar system is the devices that you are going to use with solar system. Theoretically, all the equipments power with electricity can be powered with solar electricity also. However, many electrical devices are power hungry, which makes running them on solar energy is very expensive. Of course, this may not be an issue if you are installing a grid-tie system. If you have to run high- power appliances on an off-grid system

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means, you have to have a more powerful off grid solar system to cope with the peak demand even though it is used for a short period.

Low voltage devices.

Most off- grid solar system run at low voltages hence for greater efficiency it is better to run some of your equipment directly from your low voltage DC supply rather than running everything through an inverter. Of course, this may require separate wiring circuits. Lots of equipment is available to run from a 12/24 volt supply: light bulbs, refrigerators, ovens, vacuum cleaners, televisions, air conditioning units washing machines are all available to run on 12 volt power. In addition, some specialist manufacturers are started manufacturing ultra low energy appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines etc specifically for people installing solar and wind turbines. There can be disadvantages of low voltage configurations. If running everything at 12-24 volt requires a significant amount of additional rewiring, the cost of carrying out the rewiring can be much higher than the cost of an inverter and a slightly larger solar array. If you already have wiring in place to work at grid level voltage, it is more appropriate to run a system at grid voltage using an inverter, rather than running the whole system at low voltage. If you are going to construct a new house and fresh wiring running the system at 12 volts is often more suitable. Another important point to be taken care is that if the cable running between your batteries and device is too long, you will get a greater power loss through the cable at lower voltages than you will at higher voltages.

High voltage devices

If running everything at low voltage is not an option, or if you are using a grid tie system, you use an inverter to run your electrical devices Shortly in stand- alone system you have to design a wiring system which provides both low- voltage DC power for running smaller electrical devices and appliances such as laptop computers and lighting, plus a higher voltage AC supply for running larger devices such as televisions and kitchen

appliances. The block diagram shown above is stand alone system with batteries as

described above. The solar controller charges the batteries and supply power to the low voltage devices using either from solar power or batteries as the source of power, the arrows indicates the power flow in the diagram. Generally, it is more efficient to use the electricity as DC supply than AC supply in solar electric system
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Solar Energy Calculations

Solar energy is a combination of the hours of sun light you get at your site and the strength of that sunlight. This varies depending on the time of year and where you live. This combination of hours and strength of sunlight is called solar insolation or solar irradiance, and the results can be expressed as watts per square metre (W/m) or, in kilowatt-hours per square metre spread over the period of day (kWh/m/day). Photovoltaic solar panels quote the expected number of watts of power they can generate, based on a solar irradiance of 1,000 watts per square metre. This figure is often shown as a watts-peak (Wp) figure and shows how much power the solar panel can produce in ideal conditions. A solar irradiance of 1,000 watts per square metre is what you could expect to receive at solar noon in the middle of summer at the equator. It is not an average reading that you could expect to achieve on a daily basis. Once you know the solar irradiance for your area, quoted as a daily average (i.e. the number of kilowatt-hours per square metre per day) you can multiply this figure by the wattage of the panel to give you an idea of the daily amount of energy you can expect your solar panels to provide. Solar irradiance varies significantly from one place to another and changes throughout the year. In order to come up with some reasonable estimates, you need irradiance figures for each month of the year for your specific location. NASAs network of weather satellites has been monitoring the solar irradiance across the surface of the earth for many decades and it is available in website.

Capturing more of the suns energy

The tilt of a solar panel has an impact on how much sunlight you capture. If you mount your solar panel at an angle, tilted towards the sun you can capture more sun light then you mount the solar panel flat against a wall or flat on the ground .Capture more sunlight means more power generation. Because of the 23 tilt of the earth relative to sun, the optimum tilt of your solar panels will vary throughout the year, depending upon the season. To calculate the optimum tilt of your solar panels, you can use the following formula. 90- your latitude= optimum fixed year round setting This angle is the optimum tilt for fixed solar panels for all year round power generation. This does not mean that you will get the maximum power output every single month; this tilt will give you the best compromise, generating electricity all the year round. If you want to get your optimum output from your solar panels detailed calculations according to the site conditions are required.

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Solar irradiance Figures in Calicut. Unit in Kwh/m2/day.

MONTH IRRADIANCE ON SOLAR PANELS SET ON FLAT SURFACE FACING DIRECTLY TO WEST OR EAST IRRADIANCE ON SOLAR PANELS SET AT 790 ANGLE FACING DIRECTLY TO WEST OR EAST IRRADIANCE ON SOLAR PANELS. SET AT 790 ANGLE-FACING DIRECTLY TO SOUTH

JAN FEB

5.78 6.43

5.52 5.70 5.51 4.85 4.52 3.25 3.29 3.69 4.24 4.22 4.63 5.23

6.90 7.12 6.89 6.06 5.65 4.06 4.11 4.61 5.30 5.27 5.79 6.54

MARCH 6.84 APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 6.63 5.74 4.10 4.17 4.82 5.48 5.02 5.07 5.39

The above data were taken from web site .www.Solar Electricity Hand book.com

The data revels a fact; irradiance is more when panel set at 790 angle and directly to south. The amount of energy you capture from the sun differs on the tilt of solar panels. If you mount your solar panel horizontally or vertically, you will capture less energy than if you face them due south and tilt them towards the sun. The angle shown is the angle of adjustment from an upright (Vertical) position i.e. angles are degrees from vertical.

Solar panels and shade

The biggest negative impact on solar energy production is shade .Even if only a very small amount of your solar array is in shade; the impact on the performance of your whole system is very high. If only 5% of a photovoltaic solar panel is in shade, it is possible to lose 15-20 % of power production from your entire solar array. For crystalline solar panels loss will be more, the reason for this is in the construction of the solar panel itself. It is highly important that your solar panels should be fixed out of shade throughout the day. Shades can be brake down into two categories: soft shade and hard shade. A soft shade is a distant obstruction where the shadow is dispersed or diffused, which significantly reduces the amount of light reaching the solar cells. A shadow from a tree would be classed as soft shade. Hard shade is an obstruction that blocks out light from reaching the solar cell completely. Bird droppings, fallen leaves or a tree branch sitting on the glass would be classed as a hard shade. Where cells are soft shaded a
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significant drop off in energy production is noticed. Where cells are hard shaded, the production of the entire array will drop down to the same level as the affected cells. If the cells are covered completely, you may see a complete power shutdown. Hence it is better to avoid such areas where the bird droppings are more for the installation of solar panels.

The effects of temperature on solar Panels

Solar panels will generate less power when exposed to high temperature compared to when they are in a cooler climate. When solar panels are given a wattage rating, they are tested at 25C against a 1000 W/m light source. At a cooler temperature, the solar panel will generate more electricity, whilst at a warmer temperature the same solar panel will generate less. Solar panel manufacturers provide information to show the effects of temperature on their panels. Called a temperature coefficient of power rating, it is shown as a percentage of total power reduction per 1C increase in temperature. In India the temperatures are significantly above 25C for much of the year, the temperature of the solar panels may be an important factor when planning your system. You can help reduce the temperature of your solar panels by ensuring a free flow of air both the above and below the panels. While you are mounting panels on a roof top, make sure there is a gap of around 7-10 cm below the panels to allow a flow of air around them.

The site Survey

The site survey is one of the important aspects of designing a successful solar system. It will identify the suitability of your site and the ideal position to install your system and ensuring that you will get the best value for money and the best possible performance. For better performance of a solar system we need the site survey to answer two questions

1. Is there anywhere on the site that is suitable for positioning your solar array 2. Do nearby obstacles such as trees and building shade out too much sun light?
By answering the second question, you can identify how much of the available sunlight you will be able to capture. Since Kerala stands on the equator, the sun passes overhead so we need to consider the obstruction in the east and west only. When considering a position for your solar array, you need to consider how easy it is going to be clean them. Dirt and grime will reduce the efficiency of your solar system overtime and requires cleaning. Some time the space available is not sufficient to install all required panels then you can split the solar array in to several smaller arrays. If you split in to two, virtually you are creating two separate solar energy systems, which you then have to link together. For a grid tie system you would require either a micro inverter system or an

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inverter that can accept inputs from more than one solar array. For stand- alone system you would require a battery controller for each separate solar array. Another important thing is that you have to identify a suitable location for batteries, controller and inverter. Plan the cable runs and measure the length of required cables. Cable should as short as possible in order to reduce the voltage losses through the system.

Safety
Electricity is a good servant if it is properly controlled otherwise it will become a bad master. Even solar electricity will also turned out to be a bad master if we neglect the fundamental of electric safety. More detailed discussion is required in this area alone

Maintenance of Solar Systems

There is very little maintenance to be carried out on a solar electric system. Clean the solar array. In Kerala the rain itself will do a very good job. If your solar controller or inverter includes a display that shows power input and power output, check the performance of your solar array. If there is an unexplained drop in performance clean the solar array, visually check the conditions of the cables and balance the battery bank if you have a multi-battery bank. Maintain your battery in every three months.

Conclusion.
Solar electric power is an excellent and practical resource. It can be harnessed relatively easily and effectively. To get the best out of a solar electric system, we have a long way to go in research and development. It is important to do youre planning first and to be meticulous with detail, then only you will have a system that will perform properly. Our ancestors worshipped Sun as God and God gives them light, water, fire, wind and rain with their hard work they produced food and prosperity on earth. The present generation completely exploited the wealth on earth and the coming generation is going again to worship the Sun. This time Sun will bless his sons that is in the form of Electricity. Compilation : Ravindran Terampath.
References: 1. Solar Electricity hand book- 2012 Edition Micheal Boxwell. 2. A case study of 3MW scale - grid connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant at Kolar, Karnataka, by Indian Institute of Science.

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Smt Sugathakumari won the Saraswathi Samman for 2012 recently. This poem appears in MANALEZHUTHthe collection which earned her the Rs Ten lakhs award. -Editor

TIPS ON INVESTMENTS IN SHARES-CXVIII

The month of March witnessed the same declining trend for Indian markets as in February. The budget, which everyone hoped will provide much awaited boost to the bourses failed to do so. On budget day, the sensex crashed by 290 points and Nifty by 104 points which clearly showed its impact on budget. Thereafter, there were no positive cues so far to strengthen the markets. But negatives cues were there in plenty. The main cues were:1. The inflation went up two basis points. 2. Economic crisis in Cypress. 3. The fear of instability of the Central govt., due to withdrawal of support by DMK. 4. The lower index of industrial production. As a result the markets began their declining trend. The sensex declined from 19683 to a four month low of 18681 and Nifty from 5946 to 5634. From 15th, to 25th March sensex declined by 890 points and Nifty by 274 points. However on the last day of the Financial Year the sensex rose by 131 points and Nifty by 41 points giving hope for better days ahead. The immediate support for sensex are 18814, 18500 and then at 18263. The medium term view for the index is positive as long as the sensex remains above 18500. The next levels of resistances are at 1910,19265.The index needs to move above 19750 to make the short term view positive. The supports for nifty are at 5550 and then at 5475. The resistance levels are at 5760 and 5841.The short term trend will stay downward as long as the index trades below 5930. The declining trend for markets may continue for a few months more. The only positive feature in this otherwise depressive trend is the continued investments in our markets by FIIs. For retail investors this is the time to pick good shares as most of them are available at low price. The shares of Navaratna Companies of central Govt. which give high dividends are good bets for purchase. One may track the prices of these companies and invest in them at prices suitable to ones risk level. From the middle of April the results of the companies, for the past one year will begin to be announced and the trend of the bourses will be dependent on them. WISHING ALL READERS A VERY HAPPY VISHU, KNC

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