M.S.PV.

L POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE PAVOORCHATHRAM EEE DEPARTMENT

ENERGY MANEGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY
M.SIVABALAN,

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT: Energy management is a combined technological and management function. The purpose of management is to conserve the energy. It is a continuous process. It is continuous process. It includes engineering economics operational of research and computer programming as well as day management of fuels and equipments and modes of energy. THE FUCTOIN OF ENERGYMANAGEMENT Collection of previous energy usage data and energy usage standards Preparation of energy efficient programmers and budget estimates for their implementation. Identification of energy losses and energy inefficient devices equipments. Initiation of energy conservation measures. Preparation of energy audit schedules. Supervising the energy conservation programmers. Evaluation of savings due to energy conservation measure. EXAMPLE FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROJECT: NASA Energy Management Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource Project NASA Energy Management Objective: Improve the Nations public and private capability for integrating environmental data into sound management of energy production and energy efficiency systems. Goals: 1. Establish partnerships to facilitate the integration and adaptation of NASA satellite analysis and modeling data into electric power industry Decision Support Systems (DSS) and databases. 2. Target such datasets for Electric Power, Renewable Energy, EnergyEfficient Building Design and Biomass Crop Development Industries

SatelliteBased Retrievals Data Assimilation

(GMAO,

DSS POWE R Integrati on and Algorith m

Historic Records: Renewables (RETScreen, NREL), Buildings Near-Term Records Forecasts (day yrs): Utilities (EPRI), Renewables

Forecast Models (Days to Decadal):

NASA POWER Project:

Integrated System Solution
EARTH SYSTEM MODELS Earth System & Climate Change: GMAO Analysis, NCEP Analysis Seasonal Prediction Models: NSIPP Analysis, NCEP Analysis Aerosol Transport Models: RAQMS, GMAO fvCAM, NCAR WRF, GFDL FMS Atmosphere Climate Models: GISS Model II, GFDL FMS B-Grid Atmosphere Atmosphere *Supported Non-NASA Model ic Analysis Projects: ISCCP, SRB, CERES-SARB, GVAP, Data GPCP EARTH OBSERVATIONS Atmosphere: GOES, POES, TRMM, Terra, Aqua, TOMS, Aeronet, AIRNow, INTEX, Aura, CALIPSO, APS, CloudSat, GPM, NPP, GIFTS, HYDROS Land : Terra, Aqua, Landsat, Terrestrial Networks, BSRN, ARM, SURFRAD, *Future Mission
Temperature & humidity profiles Cloud systems Land cover albedo Land surface temperature Soil Moisture Ocean Surface Winds Global Precipitation Total Aerosol Amount Land Surface Topography Trace gas profiles

DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS

Pre dic
RET Screen Provides common platform for evaluating project proposals while significantly reducing the costs and uncertainties of preliminary studies Reduces the time and errors of a preliminary study NREL HOMER National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) Provides data sets for numerous energy management decisions EPRI Neural Net Load Forecast Tools Forecasting tool for Energy industry Integration of renewable sources to traditional power grids

tion

20+ years Past 90 days 1 15 day forecasts 12 18 month seasonal forecasts 10 20 year forecasts

VALUE & BENEFITS Optimize renewable energy systems for power production Optimal integration of traditional and renewable energy supply systems into electric power grid Improved prediction of electric power need and supply mitigate power shortages, prevent price increase Reduction in greenhouse emissions from energy production

erv Obs

n atio

NASA Energy Management

Energy Management Process Flow

Identification of need for NASA data What missions or ground systems will provide these measurements? What models or computational technologies are available? What information systems are necessary? If not available, assess need & priority.

Make contact and build partnerships with prospective DSS developers and data users in government and industry

Develop specifications that can improve socioeconomic benefits. Translate specs into results Cultivate new users. Upgrade capabilities and parameters as new analysis and modeling techniques are developed and improved

Decision Support Systems Assessments

Evaluation Research

Partnership Development

Prototype Datasets

V&V/Benchmarking Transfer Outputs to Operations

1

Process flow

NASA POWER Partnership Example:

RETScreen from NRCAN/CANMET
Natural Resources Canada RETScreen

Photo Credit: Green Mountain Power Corporation/ NRELPix

RETScreen Design System (>68,000 Global Users)

Solar Water Heating

Example
Key Issues in Urban Energy Management One of the key causes for environmental damage in both developing and OECD countries is the way in which energy is extracted, distributed and used. The need is therefore particularly strong for a shift from current preference of energy derived from finite, fossil-based fuels, to one that is cleaner, low-carbon, renewable forms of energy. A number of trends in energy management is driving this need for change. Principle among them is the multiplier effect of using green low-impact and cleaner energy forms. Many of today's economic activities are greatly dependent on energy supply. Using green energy not only enables saving on the economic front, it also facilitates action on other green aspects. For example, activities related to environmental remediation such as managing hazardous waste, cleaning water, pollution remediation etc. are all energy-intensive tasks themselves. Many of the global environmental problems that we are currently facing - climate change, biodiversity loss, desertification etc. - need at its core a campaign towards cleaner and greener energy that will stimulate action in other fronts in governance, education and technologies. Ultimately, it is the human dimension that will benefit from clean energy. Inefficient energy management and use greatly affect air, water or land quality that ultimately impacts human health. Switching to a cleaner form of energy is in itself a significant multiplier for improving human health. ENERGY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM: Introduction: Energy management is a programmer of well-planned actions aimed at reducing an organizations energy bills and minimizing the detrimental environmental impact. It involves Regular reporting of savings achieved, Providing resources where required, Implementing energy saving measures, Collecting and analyzing existing energy use data,

 Developing responsibility for those who deal with energy bills and have the authority to change the way energy is used. NEED: Successful energy management requires the establishment of a system to collect, analysis and report on the organizations energy consumption and cost. This will enable a cost. This enable an over vive of energy-use and its related costs, as well as facilitating the identification of saving that might otherwise not be detected. The system needs to records both past and ongoing energy use, as well as cost information from billing data be capable of producing summary reports on a regular basis. This information will provide the means by which trends can be analyzed

Functionality Power EMS Load Shedding Active and Reactive Power Control Mode Control Supervision, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Re-Starting Synchronisation Circuit breaker Control Transformer Control Motor Control Generator Control Network Configuration Determination

Report for the Centre for Energy Management of India:

The Inspiration: India ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy demand accounting for 3.5 percent of world commercial energy demand in 2001. With a gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 8 per cent set for the Tenth Five Year Plan, the energy demand is expected to grow at 5.2 percent. At the time of independence, over 70 percent of the total energy consumption of India was met by the non commercial sources of supplies like firewood, during cake and agricultural waste. Progressively, the situation has reversed, with the changes in the demographic structure brought about by rapid urbanization. Amongst the commercial energy sources, coal, due to its abundance, is a predominant source of energy, accounting for 55% of the current Indian energy consumption of about 315 MTOE in 2001. This is followed by Oil (31%), Natural Gas (8%), Hydro (5%) and Nuclear (1%). Primary commercial energy demand grew almost three-fold at an annual rate of 6 per cent between 1981 and 2001, to reach 314.7 million tones of oil equivalent. India's incremental energy demand for the next decade is projected to be among the highest in the world, spurred by sustained economic growth, rise in income levels and increased availability of goods and services. India's commercial energy demand is expected to grow even more rapidly than in the past as it goes down the reform path in order to raise standards of living. A large part of India's population does not have access to commercial energy. The latest estimates indicate that India has around 0.4 per cent of the world's proven reserves of crude oil. As against this, the domestic crude consumption is estimated at 2.8 per cent of the world's consumption. The balance of recoverable reserves as estimated in the beginning of 2001 is placed at 733.70 million tones (mt) of crude and 749.65 billion cubic meters (BCM) of natural gas. The share of hydrocarbons in the primary commercial energy consumption of the country has been increasing over the years and is presently estimated at 44.9 per cent (36.0 per cent for oil and 8.9 per cent for natural gas). The demand for oil is likely to increase further during the next two decades. Reforms in the energy sector were initiated to supplement the Government's efforts in the development of the sector and to make it more efficient. The Government has been endeavoring to provide a policy environment that encourages free and fair competition in each element of the energy value chain and attracts capital from all sources - public and private, domestic and foreign. Encouraging such capital formation is crucial for India to meet its energy needs. Significant progress has been made in establishing independent and transparent regulatory authorities in

the power sector to facilitate the rationalization of electricity tariff as well as to encourage competition while protecting the interest of all stakeholders. There is a need to examine the issue of the single regulatory authority for the energy sector with a view to developing the desired fuel-mix and related issues, in close association with sub-sector regulatory authorities. Power is one of the prime movers of economic development. The Government has, since Independence, been giving priority to this sector while fixing the Plan outlays. As a result, the installed generation capacity has risen from a mere 1,300 megawatt (MW) at the time of Independence to more than 1,00,000 MW today. Along with the growth in installed generation capacity, there has also been a phenomenal increase in the transmission and distribution (T&D) capacity. However, despite these achievements, the power sector has not kept pace with the growth in demand with the result that the country has always faced energy and peaking shortages. This is mainly due to un-economic tariffs for agriculture, lower slabs of domestic consumption and high T&D losses, which often disguise large-scale theft, and low billing and collection efficiency. This is the main roadblock to attracting the much-needed private investment. Power sector reforms were initiated in 1991 to encourage competition in each sub element of the sector, namely, generation, transmission and distribution under an independent and transparent regulatory regime. With this objective in mind a Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has already been set up at the national level and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) set up in states. Reforms in the energy sector were initiated to supplement the Government's efforts in the development of the sector and to make it more efficient. The Government has been endeavoring to provide a policy environment that encourages free and fair competition in each element of the energy value chain and attracts capital from all sources- public and private, domestic and foreign. Encouraging such capital formation is crucial for India to meet its energy needs. The thrust of the reforms has been to deregulate the price of commercial energy resources (which, until recently, were entirely administered), increase competition through institutional, legislative and regulatory reforms and reduce subsidies. Main strategic thrust in oil & gas in the long and medium term in the hydrocarbon sector in India is as under: a. Focus on oil security through intensification of exploration efforts and achievement of 100 per cent coverage of unexplored basins in a time bound manner to enhance domestic availability of oil and gas.

b. Secure acreages in identified countries having high attractiveness for ensuring long term supplies. c. Pursue projects to meet the deficit in demand and supply of natural gas and facilitate availing of LNG. d. Maintain adequate level of self-sufficiency in refining. (90% of consumption of middle distillates). e. Establish adequate strategic storage of crude and petroleum products in different locations. f. Create additional infrastructure for distribution and marketing of oil and gas. g. Open up the hydrocarbon markets so that there is free and fair competition between public sector enterprises, private companies and other international players. h. Create a policy framework for cleaner and greener fuels. i. Have a rational tariff and pricing policy, which would ensure the consumer getting the petroleum products at the most reasonable prices and requisite quality eliminating adulteration. j. Announce a long-term fiscal policy to attract required investment in the hydrocarbon sector. k. Restructure the oil sector PSUs with the objective of enhancing shareholder value and disinvest in a phased manner. l. Develop regulatory and legislative framework for providing oil/gas security for the country. Some of the specific issues being faced in Power Sector today are:

Lack of proper metering facilities to monitor power exchanges restricts volume of power traded. It is a fact that weak communication facilities lead to grid collapses and long restoration time. It has been estimated that construction of additional inter-regional links will lead to additional utilization of 6,500 - 6,700 k Wh.

Data on performance of thermal plants shows that coal quality and availability of thermal plants shows that coal quality and availability are two of several factors for low PLF of plants. Apart from other constraints, wide fluctuations in high transmission voltages, system frequency and inadequate reactive power compensation across states may be preventing exchange of power over and above the present levels. Lack of grid discipline in the system in terms of penalties for overdraw and underdrawal by state units from the scheduled transfer scheme. Plants remain unutilized because of lack of demand whereas other regions are power starved. Unremunerative tariffs by State Electricity Boards have left most SEBs financially very weak without necessary resources to carry out even normal maintenance and system improvements. Government must encourage maintenance of existing plants. private participation in operation and

The transmission and distribution losses in our country are estimated at around 22 per cent. It is estimated that improvement in system design is a cost and time effective option since such projects cost less than Rs. 1 crore for every MW of new capacity saved and involved a gestation period of less than one year.