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Business Intelligence Systems Level of management Decision making Information Quality Dimensions Management Information systems DSS
DSS Types DSS Components DSS Analyses
A.I in Business
Applications & Technologies that focus on: Gathering Storing Analysing Providing Access to data
From many different sources to help users make better business decisions. eg MIS, DSS, Artificial Intelligence based systems
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Semistructured
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Management Level
Structured
Operational Level
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Form
Form Dimension :
Clarity Detail Order Presentation Media
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MIS Reports:
Periodic Scheduled Reports:
This traditional form of providing information to managers uses a prespecified format designed to provide managers with information on a regular basis. eg: Daily or weekly Sales Analysis Reports, Monthly Financial Statements.
Exception Reports:
These reports are produced only when exception occurs. In some cases, reports are produced periodically, but contain information only about these exceptional conditions. eg: Credit Managers can be provided with a report that contains only information on customers who exceed their credit limits.
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MIS Reports:
Demand Report:
Information is available only when a manager demands it. eg : Query Languages & Report Generators enable managers at PC workstations to get immediate responses or obtain customised reports as a result of their requests for the information they need.
Push Report:
Information is PUSHED to a managers networked workstation. eg: Many companies are using web casting software to selectively broadcast reports and other information to the networked PCs of managers and specialists over their corporate Intranets.
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MIS Examples:Organisation
MIS Application
Inventory Express applications remember each restaurants ordering patterns and compares the amount of ingredients used per menu item to predefined portion measurements established by management. The system identifies restaurants with out-of-line portions and notifies their management so that corrective action can be taken.
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Components of a DSS
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What If ? Analysis
This analysis involves observing how changes to selected variables, or relationships among variables result into changes in the values of other variables. Eg If the Advertising Budget is cut by 10% - What would be the affect on Sales? This type of analysis would be repeated until the manager is satisfied with what results are revealed about affects of various possible decisions.
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Sensitivity Analysis
This analysis observes how repeated changes to a single variable affect other variables? Sensitivity analysis is a special case of What if? analysis where typically the value of only one variable is changed repeatedly and the resulting changes on other variables are observed. e.g. Lets cut advertising budget repeatedly by $100 so we can see its impact on sales?
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Optimisation Analysis
This involves finding an optimum value for selected variables ( given certain constraints) Optimisation Analysis is more complex extension of Goal seeking analysis. Instead of setting a specific target value for one or more target variables, giving certain constraints. eg. Whats the best amount of adverting to have given our budget and choices of media?
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Client PC
OLAP OLAP Server Server
Corporate Databases
Multidimensional database
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Consolidation: Consolidation involves the aggregation of data. This can involve simple roll-ups or complex groupings.
eg SALES Data can be rolled up to DISTRICT level from OFFICE level.
Drill Down: OLAP can go in the reverse direction and automatically display detail data that comprise consolidated data. This process is called Drill Down.
eg SALES figures of Individual products.
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Slicing & Dicing: Slicing & Dicing refers to the ability to look at the database from different viewpoints. eg
One Slice: of Sales database would be all sales of product type within all regions. Another Slice: of Sales database might show all sales channel within each product type.
Slicing & Dicing is often performed along a time axis in order to analyse trends & find time based patterns in the data.
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historical data from a number of applications. It may be a small database residing on a PC, combined with external data or a huge data warehouse. The data in DSS database are copies of Production databases so that using the DSS does not interfere with critical operational systems.
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GDSS
A GDSS is an interactive computer based system to facilitate the solution of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers working together as a group. GDSS make meetings more productive by providing tools to facilitate planning, generating, organizing and evaluating ideas, establishing priorities & documenting meeting proceeding for others in organisations.
GDSS Components
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GDSS Components
Hardware: It includes : Electronic Hardware:
Conference Facilities:
ROOM CHAIRS TABLES
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GDSS Components
Software Tools:Although groupware tools for collaborative work can be used to support Group Decision Making, there are specific GDSS tools for supporting Group Meetings. These tools were originally developed for meetings in which all participants are in the same room, but they can be used for networked meetings in which participants are in different locations.
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Electronic Questionnaires Electronic Brain Storming Tools Idea Organizers Questionnaire tools Tools for voting or setting priorities Stakeholder Identification & Analysis Tools Policy Formation Tools Group Dictionaries
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Collaboration Laboratories
In a collaboration laboratory, individuals work on their own desktop PCs or workstations. Their Input is integrated on a file server and is viewable on a common screen to all participants. In most systems the integrated Input is also viewable on the individual participant's screen
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Overview of AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of Science &
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Overview of AI
A Major thrust in is to develop computer functions
According to this test, a computer could demonstrate intelligence if a human interviewer conversing with an unseen human or an unseen computer could not tell which is which.
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Fuzzy Fuzzy Logic Logic Systems Systems Virtual Virtual Reality Reality
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Neural Networks
Neural Networks are computing systems modeled
after the brains mesh-like network of interconnected processing elements called as neurons. Like the brain, the interconnected processors in a neural network operate in parallel and interconnect dynamically with each other, enabling the network to learn from data it processes.
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Neural Networks
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Neural Networks
A neural network can be trained to learn which
neural network can provide it with data from many examples of credit applications and loan results to process the knowledge in Neurons
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SELECT companies FROM database WHERE Revenues are very HIGH AND (Income/Total Employee) Ratio is Reasonable.
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Virtual Reality
VR is a computer simulated reality, and is a fast
growing area of AI that had its origins in efforts to build more natural, multi sensory human computer interfaces. VR relies on multi sensory I/O devices such as
Tracking Headset with Video Goggles & Stereo phones. Data glove with fiber optic sensors that track your body movements. A Walker that monitors the movement of your feet.
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Virtual Reality
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Virtual Reality
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Expert Systems
A Knowledge Based Information System (KBIS) adds a knowledge base to the major components found in other types of CBIS. An Expert System (ES) is a KBIS that uses its knowledge about a specific complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users. Expert Systems provide answers to questions in a very specific problem area by making human like inferences about knowledge contained in a specialized knowledge base.
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Knowledge Base
User
Workstation
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Knowledge Base
1. Facts about a specific area 2. Heuristics (rules of thumb) that expresses the reasoning
Software Resources
1. Inference Engine 2. Software User Interface 3. Knowledge acquisition programs
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that appraise situations or consider alternatives and make recommendations based on criteria supplied during the discovery process. Examples include loan portfolio analysis, employee evaluation, insurance underwriting, demographic forecasts.
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Expert Systems can be used to accomplish many business tasks: Diagnostic/Troubleshooting. This is the use of
systems that infer underlying causes from reported symptoms and history. Examples include equipment calibration, help desk operations, software debugging, medical diagnosis. Maintenance/Scheduling. This includes systems that prioritize and schedule limited or time-critical resources. Examples include maintenance scheduling, production scheduling, education scheduling, project management.
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Expert Systems can be used to accomplish many business tasks: Design/Configuration. This is the use of systems that help configure equipment components, given existing constraints that must be taken into account. Examples include computer option installation, manufacturability studies, communications networks, optimum assembly plan. Selection/Classification. These are systems that help users choose products or processes from among large or complex sets of alternatives. Examples include material selection, delinquent account identification, information classification, suspect identification.
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Expert Systems can be used to accomplish many business tasks: Process Monitoring/Control. This includes systems that monitor and control procedures or processes. Examples include machine control (including robotics), inventory control, production monitoring, chemical testing. Expert systems provide a business with faster, consistent expertise. They also help preserve organizational knowledge. However, they are not without limitations. ES are not suitable for every problem situation. They excel only in solving specific types of problems in a limited domain of knowledge. They fail to solve problems requiring a broad knowledge base. Expert Systems are also difficult and costly to develop and maintain.