Module 4

Electrical Systems

Lead Acid Battery

Lead-acid batteries are selected for their low cost, high reliability, and an established recycling infrastructure. Problems including low energy density, poor coldtemperature performance, and low cycle life limit their desirability. The lead-acid cell consists of a metallic spongy lead (negative plate) and a lead peroxide (Pb02) (positive plate) held in a sulfuric acid (H2S04) and water electrolyte. The discharge of the battery is thro ugh the chemical reaction
Charged Condition Discharged Condition

The specific gravity of the electrolyte gets lowered during the Discharge reaction and increases during charging

Lead Acid Battery Construction

Lead Acid Battery main elements

Battery charging indications

Battery rating
The battery rating is a measure of the energy stored in it. It is expressed in terms of the period during which the battery will give the rated current before it reaches the specified final voltage. 20-h Rate 25-A Rate Cold Rate 4-h Rate

Nickel Cadmium Alkaline battery

Comparison of Battery Technologies

Sodium Sulphur alkaline battery

Topics to Discuss
Electronic Ignition System: Capacitor Discharge Ignition System, Distributor less ignition System, Direct Ignition system. Hall effect pulse generator, Inductive pulse generator, Constant dwell system, Constant energy system. Charging System: Dynamo: Principle of operation, Construction, Working, Regulators, combined current and voltage regulator, etc. Alternator: Principle of operation, Construction, Working, Rectification from AC to DC.

Ignition System
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION The ignition system includes components and wiring necessary to create and distribute a high voltage (up to 40,000 volts or more) and send to the spark plug. A high-voltage arc occurs across the gap of a spark plug at the right time inside the combustion chamber. The spark raises the temperature of the air-fuel mixture and starts the combustion process inside the cylinder.

Conventional ignition systems

Early ignition systems.

Electronic ignition
Ignition systems have used sensors, such as a pickup coil and reluctor (trigger wheel), to trigger or signal an electronic module that switches the primary ground circuit of the ignition coil. Distributor ignition is the term specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for an ignition system that uses a distributor. Electronic ignition is the term specified by the SAE for an ignition system that does not use a distributor.

Electronic Ignition system types

Electronic ignition system types include the following: 1. Waste-spark system. This type of system uses one ignition coil to fire the spark plugs for two cylinders at the same time. 2. Coil-on-plug (COP) system. This type of system uses a single ignition coil for each cylinder with the coil placed above or near the spark plug.

Electronic Ignition system components

Electronic Ignition system Operation

Battery voltage is applied to the primary winding. A ground is provided to the primary winding by the ignition control module (ICM), igniter, or PCM. Current (approximately 2 to 6 amperes) flows in the primary coil creating a magnetic field in the primary winding. When the ground is opened by the ICM, the built-up magnetic field collapses. The movement of the collapsing magnetic field induces a voltage of 250 to 400 volts in the primary winding and 20,000 to 40,000 volts or more in the secondary winding with a current of 0.020 to 0.080 ampere. The high voltage created in the secondary winding is high enough to jump the air gap at the spark plug. The electrical arc at the spark plug ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber of the engine. For each spark that occurs, the coil must be charged with a magnetic field and then discharged.

Inductive pulse generator

Hall effect pulse generator

Hall effect has the ability to generate a voltage signal in semiconductor material (gallium arsenate crystal) by passing current through it in one direction and applying a magnetic field to it at a right angle to its surface. If the input current is held steady and the magnetic field fluctuates, an output voltage is produced that changes in proportion to field strength.

Waste-spark ignition system

Waste-spark ignition is another name for distributorless ignition system (DIS) or electronic ignition. Waste-spark ignition was introduced in the mid1980s and uses the ignition control module (ICM) and/or the powertrain control module (PCM) to fire the ignition coils.

Constant Dwell Electronic Ignition

Constant Energy Electronic Ignition

Capacitor Discharge Ignition system

Principle of Generator Charging

DC Generator

DC Generator Windings

Constant Voltage Regulators

Constant Voltage Current Regulators

Principle of Alternators

3 Alternator Circuit

Stator Field

Rotor Field

Mechanical Regulator

Algorithm of Regulator

Types of Regulator

 Its main purpose is to supply heavy current for a short period in order to produce high torque required to start the Engine It must withstand heavy loads and shocks and therefore must be robust Long service life and maintenance free Continuous readiness to operate Lowest possible size and weight

Engine Breakaway Torque Engine Resisting Torque Motor Locked Torque Motor Driving Torque