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S. Rajbhandari
Optical Communications Research Group, School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, UK http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/
Sujan.rajbhandari@northumbria.ac.uk
Development of LASER in 60s, optical fibre and semiconductor has made the modern communication possible. The modern era of indoor wireless optical communications was proposed in 1979 by F.R. Gfeller and U. Bapst 2. In fact it was the first LAN proposed using any medium.
1
Alexander Graham BELL, American Journal of Sciences, Third Series, vol. XX, no.118, Oct. 1880, pp. 305- 324. 2 F. R. Gfeller and U. Bapst, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 67, pp. 1474- 1486, 1979.
History of OWC
800BC 150BC 1880 Fire beacons (ancient Greeks and Romans) Smoke signals (American Indians) Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the photophone1 1st FSO (THE GENESIS)
Invention of laser (revolutionized FSO), and optical fibre FSO mainly used in secure military applications Indoor OWM systems F R Gfeller and G Bapst Open standard for IR data commun. The Infrared Data Association The Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC) Japan hOME Gigabit Access (OMEGA) Project EU - Develop global
standards for home networking (infrared and VLC technologies).
54 Mbps/100 Mbps/GbE
TeraGig Bandwidth
2.5G 10G
Metro Edge Metro Network
RF Bandwidth Congestions
10 Gbps
FTTH
100 Mbps
DSL
UWB LMDS
10 Mbps
1 Mbps
DSL PLC
50 m 500 m 1 km 2 km 5 km +
OWC: Overview
light beams (visible and infrared) propagated through the free space.
Typical optical wireless system components
Optical transmitter - Light Emitting Diodes (LED) - Laser Diodes (LD) Optical receiver - p-i-n Photodiodes. - Avalanche Photodiodes Links - Line-of-sight(LOS) - Non-LOS - Hybrid
1
OWS
Source: T. Lftner, "Edge Position Modulation for Wireless Infrared Communications," PhD thesis, Friedrich-Alexander University, 2005.
Comparison with RF
Property Bandwidth regulated Passes through walls Multipath fading Multipath dispersion Path loss Dominant noise Average power proportional to Radio Yes Yes Yes Yes High Other users Infrared Implication for IR No Approval not required world-wide compatibility No No Yes Inherently secure carrier reuse in adjacent rooms. Simple link design Problematic at high data rates
High BackgroundShort range f(t)is the input signal with high peak-average radio
Applications
Send signal
Simple
Applications
Mobile communications
Functional
Source: Internet
OWC- Applications
Other applications include: Disaster recovery Fibre communications backup Video conferencing Links in difficult terrains Intelligent transport system (car-tocar Communications, ground-totrain communications)
Indoor
Outdoor
VLC
IR
- Free space optics - Traffic light - Car-to-car (2-3km, > 1Gbps) communications (low speed)
LOS Links
Rx Narrow low power transmit beam Narrow field-of-view receiver
Advantages Least path loss No multipath propagation High data rate Suitable to point-to-point communications only. Problems Noise is limiting factor Possibility of blocking/shadowing Tracking necessary No/limited mobility
Tx
Diffuse Links
Use multiple reflections of the optical beam on surrounding surfaces such as ceilings, walls, and furniture. transmitter and receiver not necessarily directed one towards the other.
Robust to blocking and shadowing Allows roaming Problems: High path loss. Multiple paths (reflections) - Result in inter-symbol interference (ISI). High power penalty due to ISI. Limited bandwidth- Due to large capacitance of the large area detectors
Tx
Rx
d c Receiver
Receiver parameters
Field Of View (FOV), Receiver effective area (Aeff) Receiver sensitivity (R)
Output
Average optical received power (Pr) Geometrical attenuation Channel gain, H(0) Link Margin
Optical Parameters
Average optical power:
Signal-to-noise-ratio:
DC channel gain:
Challenges (Indoor)
Challenges
Power limitation
Causes
Eye and skin safety.
(Possible ) Solutions
Power efficient modulation techniques, holographic diffuser, transreceiver at 1500ns band
Noise Intersymbol interference (ISI) No/Limited mobility Shadowing Blocking Limited data rate
Intense ambient light (artificial/ natural) Multipath propagation (non-LOS links) Beam confined to small area. LOS links Large area photodetectors LOS links
Optical and electrical band pass filters, Error control codes Equalization, Multi-Beam Transmitter Wide angle optical transmitter , MIMO transceiver. Diffuse links/ Cellular System/ wide angle optical transmitter
Bandwidth-efficient modulation techniques /Multiple small area photo-detector.
Optical power spectra of common ambient infrared sources. Spectra have been scaled to have the same maximum value.
ALI-Possible Solutions
Differential receiver1 Differential optical filtering2 Electrical high pass filter3,4 Polarisers 5 Angle diversity receiver 6,7 Discrete wavelet transform based denoising8,9
1 J. 2
R. Barry, PhD Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1992 A.J.C Moreira, R. T. Valadas, A. M. De Oliveira Duarte, Optical Free Space Communication Links, IEE Colloquium on , vol., no., pp.5/1-510, 19 Feb 1996. 3 R. Narasimhan, M. D. Audeh, and J. M. Kahn, IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics, vol. 143, pp. 347-354, 1996. 4 A. R. Hayes, Z. Ghassemlooy , N. L. Seed, and R. McLaughlin, IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics vol. 147, pp. 295300, 2000. 5S. Lee, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 40, pp. 228-230, 2004. 6R. T. Valadas, A. M. R. Tavares, and A. M. Duarte, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, vol. 4, pp. 275-288, 1997 . 7J. M. Kahn, P. Djahani, A. G. Weisbin, K. T. Beh, A. P. Tang, and R. You, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, pp. 88-94, 1998. 8 S. Rajbhandari; Z. Ghassemlooy; and M. Angelova, IJEEE, Vol. 5, no. 2 ,pp102-111. 2009. 9 S. Rajbhandari; Z. Ghassemlooy; and M. Angelova, Journal of Lightwave Technology, on print.
(t + 0.1D
rms
where u(t) is the unit step function and Drms RMS delay spread. Normalized delay spread,
D = T D rms
Ts
Ts : bit duration.
The normalized optical power requirement for the unequalized system increases exponentially with increasing delay spread. Modulation techniques having shorter pulse duration show higher power penalties. It is practically impossible to achieve a reasonable BER at DT > 0.5 for OOK system.
1J.
B. Carruthers and J. M. Kahn, IEEE Transaction on Communication, vol. 45, pp. 1260-1268, 1997.
DPIM
Higher average power requirement compared with PPM Higher throughput Built in symbol synchronisation Performance midway between PPM and OOK.
DH-PIM
The highest symbol throughput Lower transmission bandwidth than PPM and DPIM Built in symbol synchronisation Higher average power requirement compared with PPM and DPIM. Complex decoder