Types of Structures A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements.

STAAD is capable of analyzing and designing structures consisting of both frame, plate/shell and solid elements. Almost any type of structure can be analyzed by STAAD. A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any plane, is the most general. A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same plane. A TRUSS structure consists of truss members which can have only axial member forces and no bending in the members.

A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X or Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY are restrained at every joint]. The floor framing (in global X-Z plane) of a building is an ideal example of a FLOOR structure. Columns can also be modeled with the floor in a FLOOR structure as long as the structure has no horizontal loading. If there is any horizontal load, it must be analyzed as a SPACE structure. Specification of the correct structure type reduces the number of equations to be solved during the analysis. The degrees of freedom associated with frame elements of different types of structures is illustrated in Figure

Structure Geometry and Coordinate Systems A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slabs, plates etc.. In STAAD, frame elements and plate elements may be used to model the structural components. Typically, modeling of the structure geometry consists of two steps:

A. Identification and description of joints or nodes. B. Modeling of members or elements through specification of connectivity (incidences) between joints. In general, the term MEMBER will be used to refer to frame elements and the term ELEMENT will be used to refer to plate/shell and solid elements. Connectivity for MEMBERs may be provided through the MEMBER INCIDENCE command while connectivity for ELEMENTs may be provided through the ELEMENT INCIDENCE command. STAAD uses two types of coordinate systems to define the structure geometry and loading patterns. The GLOBAL coordinate system is an arbitrary coordinate system in space which is utilized to specify the overall geometry & loading pattern of the structure. A LOCAL coordinate system is associated with each member (or element) and is utilized in MEMBER END FORCE output or local load specification.
Global Coordinate System The following coordinate systems are available for specification of the structure geometry. 1. Conventional Cartesian Coordinate System: This coordinate system (Fig. 1.2) is a rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) which follows the orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system may be used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The translational degrees of freedom are denoted by u1, u2, u3 and the rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u4, u5 & u6. 2. Cylindrical Coordinate System: In this coordinate system, (Fig. 1.3) the X and Y coordinates of the conventional cartesian system are replaced by R (radius) and (angle in degrees). The Z coordinate is identical to the Z coordinate of the cartesian system and its positive direction is determined by the right hand rule. 3. Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate System: This is a cylindrical type coordinate system (Fig. 1.4) where the R- plane corresponds to the X-Z plane of the cartesian system. The right hand rule is followed to determine the positive direction of the Y axis.

Relationship Between Global & Local Coordinates Since the input for member loads can be provided in the local and global coordinate system and the output for member-end-forces is printed in the local coordinate system, it is important to know the relationship between the local and global coordinate systems. This relationship is defined by an angle PHDVXUHGLQ WKHIROORZLQJVSHFLILHGZD\7KLVDQJOHZLOOEHGHILQHGDV WKHEHWD DQJOH)RURIIVHW members the beta angle/reference point specifications are based on the offset position of the local axis, not the joint positions. Beta Angle When the local x-axis is parallel to the global Y-axis, as in the case of a column in a structure, the beta angle is the angle through which the local z-axis has been rotated about the local x-axis from a position of being parallel and in the same positive direction of the global Z-axis.

Command Formats Free-Format Input All input to STAAD is in free-format style. Input data items should be separated by blank spaces (not commas) from the other input data items. Quotation marks are never needed to separate any alphabetic words such as data, commands or titles. Limit a data item to 24 characters. Commenting Input For documentation of a STAAD data file, the facility to provide comments is available. Comments can be included by providing an asterisk (*) mark as the first non-blank character in any line. The line with the comment is "echoed" in the output file but not processed by the program. Example JOINT LOAD * THE FOLLOWING IS AN EQUIPMENT LOAD 2 3 7 FY 35.0 Meaning of Underlining in the Manual: Exact command formats are described in the latter part of this section. Many words in the commands and data may be abbreviated. The full word intended is given in the command description with the portion actually required (the abbreviation) underlined. For example, if the word MEMBER is used in a command, only the portion MEMB need be input. It is clearer for others reading the output if the entire word is used, but an experienced user may desire to use the abbreviations. d) Meaning of Braces and Parenthesis: In some command formats, braces enclose a number of choices, which are arranged vertically. One and only one of the choices can be selected. However, several of the listed choices may be selected if an asterisk (*) mark is located outside the braces.

Description The UNIT command can be specified any number of times during an analysis. All data is assumed to be in the most recent unit specification preceding that data. Also, the input unit for angles is always degrees. However, the output unit for joint rotations (in joint displacement) is radians. For all output, the units are clearly specified by the program.

UNIT KIP FT UNIT INCH UNIT METER KNS UNIT CM MTON

Input/Output Width Specification Purpose These commands may be used to specify the width(s) of the lines of output file(s).

For OUTPUT WIDTH, i1 = 72 or 118 depending on narrow or wide output. Description The user may specify the required input/output width, as required, using this command. For INPUT width, 79 is always used. The program can create output using two different output widths - 72 (default) and 118. The 72-character width may be used for display on most CRTs and (} ]v ]vP }v _ ^}] ] X dZ -character width may be used for printing on ^ov_ X ]

Notes This is a customization facility that may be used to improve the presentation quality of the run documents. Separator Command Purpose This command may be used to specify the desired separator character that can be used to separate multiple lines of data on a single line of input. General format: SEPARATOR a1 Description The semicolon (;) is the default character which functions as the separator for multiple line data on one line. However, this separator character can be changed by the SEPARATOR command to any character a1, other than the comma or asterisk. Notes Comma (,) or asterisk (*) may not be used as a separator character. Ignore Specifications Purpose This command allows the user to provide member lists in a convenient way without triggering error messages pertaining to non-existent member numbers. General format: IGNORE LIST Description IGNORE LIST may be used if the user wants the program to ignore any nonexistent member that may be included in a member list specification. For example, for the sake of simplicity, a list of members may be specified as MEMB 3 TO 40 where members 10 and 11 do not exist. An error message can be avoided in this situation by providing the IGNORE LIST command anywhere in the beginning of input. A warning message, however, will appear for each nonexistent members

The command JOINT COORDINATES CYLINDRICAL specifies a Cylindrical Coordinate System (see Figure 1.3). Join(] vvP ] ZU}v]v } X JOINT COORDINATES CYLINDRICAL REVERSE specifies a Reverse Cylindrical Coordinate system (see Figure 1.4). Joints are defined us]vPZUv}}]v JTORIG causes the program to use a different origin than (0, 0, 0) for all of the joints entered with this JOINT COORDINATES command. It is useful in instances such as when the center of cylinder is not at (0, 0, 0) but at a different point in space. The JTORIG command should be entered on a separate command line. Basically after the joint coordinates are entered or generated, then the xOrigin, yOrigin, and zOrigin values are added to the coordinates. For example a cylinder could be generated about the Y axis then moved by this command to its proper place. To create multiple offset structural parts, enter additional JOINT COORDINATES commands, each one followed by its JTORIG command. An example showing the use of this command is provided later in this section. The multiple JOINT COORDINATES command concept allows UNIT changes and PERFORM ROTATION commands in between, such that these commands would apply to a selected portion of the joints. However, the PERFORM ROTATION command applies to all prior defined joints, not just those in the previous JOINT COORDINATE command. NOREDUCE BAND causes the program to execute without performing a bandwidth reduction. Example JOINT COORDINATES NOREDUCE BAND dZZWd}uuvZ}]o] v}(]v}Zv[ number of times with specified coordinate increments. The REPEAT ALL command functions similar to the REPEAT command except that it repeats all previously specified input back to the most recent REPEAT ALL command, or all joint data if no previous REPEAT ALL command has been given. Note: Use ^ZWd>> _ } }v} ] ( } ](vX~ tZv]vPZZWd and REPEAT ALL commands, joint numbering must be consecutive and should begin with 1.) * i1 = The joint number for which the coordinates are provided. Any integer number within the limit (see section 5.2 for limit) is permitted.

x1, y1 and z1 AyUz ~ZU} (} o]v]o} ZUz } (} o]v]o}]v( } the joint. For PLANE analyses z1 is an optional data item when defining input for individual joints. z1 is always required for joint generation. The following are used only if joints are to be generated. * i2 = The second joint number to which the joint coordinates are generated.

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES Example 1 A simple beam with two joints

Example 2 A simple beam with three joints

or

Example 3 A Plane frame with 4 joints equally spaced in both x axes and y axes

or

Examples 4 A Plane frame with 9 joints unequally spaced in both axes

Example 5 A Space frame with 27 joints unequally spaced in x, y& z axes

Member Incidences Specification Purpose This set of commands is used to specify MEMBERs by defining connectivity between JOINTs. REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands are available to facilitate generation of repetitive patterns. The member/element incidences must be defined such that the model developed represents one single structure only, not two or more separate structures. STAAD is capable of detecting multiple structures automatically. General format:

Description dZZWd}uuvZ}]o] v}(]v}Zv[ vu}(u ] ]Z specified member and joint increments. The REPEAT ALL command functions similar to the REPEAT command except that it repeats all previously specified input back to the most recent REPEAT ALL command or to the beginning of the specification if no previous REPEAT ALL command has been issued. (When using REPEAT and REPEAT ALL commands, member numbering must be consecutive). i1 = Member number for which incidences are provided. Any integer (maximum six digits) is permitted. i2 i3 Note: Use ZWd> ^ >_U } (uuZ]oo ](}v[v} back to the last REPEAT ALL. The following data are used for member generation only: i4 i5 = Second member number to which members will be generated. = Member number increment for generation. = Start joint number. =End joint number. number

i6 = Joint number increment which will be added to the incident joints. (i5 and i6 will default to 1 if left out.) n mi ji Example MEMBER INCIDENCES 112 2575 7 11 13 13 2 3 In this example, member 1 goes from joint 1 to 2. Member 2 is connected between joints 5 and 7. Member numbers from 3 to 5 will be generated with a member number increment of 1 and a = Number of times repeat is to be carried out. = Member number increment = Joint number increment

Structural modeling

2.23

This example creates the 510 members of a ten story 3 X 4-bay structure (this is a continuation of the example started in Section 5.12). The first input line creates the twenty columns of the first floor: 1 1 21 ; 2 2 22 ; 3 3 23 ; ... ; 19 19 39 ; 20 20 40 The two commands (21 21 22 23 and REPEAT 4 3 4) create 15 members which are the second floor "floor" beams running, for example, in the east-west direction: 21 21 22; 22 22 23; 23 23 24 24 25 26; 25 26 27; 26 27 28 ... ... ... 33 37 38; 34 38 39; 35 39 40 The next two commands (36 21 25 39 and REPEAT 3 4 4) function similar to the previous two commands, but here create the 16 second floor "floor" beams running in the north-south direction: 36 21 25; 37 22 26; 38 23 27; 39 24 28 40 25 29; 41 26 30; 42 27 31; 43 28 32 ... ... ... ... 48 33 37; 49 34 38; 50 35 39; 51 36 40 The preceding commands have created a single floor unit of both beams and columns, a total of 51 members. The REPEAT ALL now repeats this unit nine times, generating 459 new members and finishing the ten story structure. The member number is incremented by 51 (the number of members in a repeating unit) and the joint number is incremented by 20, (the number of joints on one floor). Re definition of Joint and Member Numbers Purpose This command may be used to redefine JOINT and MEMBER numbers. Original JOINT and MEMBER numbers are substituted by new numbers. General Format:

1.24 Description

STAAD.Pro

Joint and member numbers can be redefined in STAAD through the use of the SUBSTITUTE command. After a new set of numbers is assigned, input and output values will be in accordance with the new numbering scheme. The user can design numbering schemes that will result in simple input specification as well as easy interpretation of results. For example, all joints in first floor of a building may be renumbered as 101, 102 ...., all second floor joints may be renumbered as 201, 202 ....., etc. Example UNIT METER SUBST JOINT YR 9.99 10.0 START 101 SUBST COLUMN START 901 Joints with Y coordinates ranging from 9.99 to 10 meters will have a new number starting from 101. Columns will be renumbered starting with the new number 901. Note Meaningful re-specification of JOINT and MEMBER numbers may significantly improve ease of interpretation of results. This command may be in between incidence commands

MEMBER INCIDENCE SUBSTITUTE ELEMENT INCIDENCE Listing of entities (Members / Elements / Joints, etc.) by Specification of GROUPS This command allows the user to specify a group of entities such as joints, members, plate & solid elements and save the information using a 'group-name'. The 'group-name' may be subsequently used in the input file instead of a member/element/joint list to specify other attributes. This very useful feature allows avoiding of multiple specifications of the same member/joint list. Following is the general format required for the GROUP command. General format: START GROUP DEFINITION (GEOMETRY) _(group-name) member/element/solid-list ...... (default)

Structural modeling GEOMETRY _TAGC 101 TO 135 END MEMBER PROPERTIES _TAGB TA LD L40304 _TAGC TA ST W12X26

2.27

To view the group formed go to select/group name/select the group _TAGA the members 40 to 50 are highlighted as given above Rotation of Structure Geometry Purpose This command may be used to rotate the currently defined joint coordinates (and the attached members/elements) about the global axes. General format

where, d1,d2, d3 are the rotations (in degrees) about the X, Y and Z global axes respectively. This command may be entered after the Joint Coordinates or between two Joint Coordinate commands or after all Member/Element Incidences are specified. This command can be used to rotate the structure geometry (defined prior to this command) by any desired angle about any global axis. The rotated configuration is used for analysis and design. While specifying this command, the sense of the rotation should conform to the right hand rule. Description This command can be used to rotate the geometric shape through any desired angle about any global axis. The rotated configuration can be used for analysis and design. Example PERFORM ROTATION X 20 Z -15

Structural modeling

2.29

e) The INACTIVE MEMBER command should not be used if the MEMBER TENSION/COMPRESSION command is used. f) The INACTIVated members may be restored for further nd set of load processes (such as an analysis or design for a 2cases) by using the CHANGE command. g) The DELETE MEMBER command should be used to delete elements too. Specify the command as DELETE MEMBER j where j is the element number of the element you wish to delete. In the example shown below, 29 to 34 and 43 are element numbers. h) Loads that have been defined on members declared as INACTIVE members will not be considered in the analysis.This applies to SELFWEIGHT, MEMBER LOADS, PRESTRESS and POSTSTRESS LOADS, TEMPERATURE LOADs, etc. i) The DELETE JOINT command must be specified before all incidence commands such as MEMBER INCIDENCE, ELEMENT INCIDENCE, etc. Example INACTIVE MEMBERS 5 7 TO 10 DELETE MEMBERS 29 TO 34 43