Qestions of Lecture 1

1. What is meant by Marine Environment?

Marine Environment refer to bodies of salt water and any plants, animals such as corals and bivalves, and many unique habitats, such as underwater volcanoes. Marine environments are diverse and can change rapidly depending on tidewaters and currents. Marine environments are given special protections under law in many countries because of their importance to food webs and the diversity of life that they contain. Oceans that contain numerous marine environments cover 70 to 72 percent of the earth. The vast majority of these vast marine systems have not been closely explored.

2. Show how Marine Environment can be protected?

There are many ways to protect your Marine Environment; 1) Limit Your Use of Plastics, Disposables and Single-Use Projects. Plastic stays around for hundreds of years, can be a hazard to wildlife and leaches toxins into the environment. Great Pacific Garbage Patch; That is a name coined to describe the huge amounts of plastic bits 2) Stop the Problem of Ocean Acidification. Global warming has been a hot topic in the ocean world, and it is because of ocean acidification, known as 'the other global warming problem.' As the acidity of the oceans increases, it will have devastating impacts on marine life, including plankton, corals and shellfish, and the animals that eat them. 3) Be Energy-Efficient. reduce your energy consumption and carbon output wherever possible. Being energy efficient helps the Arctic marine mammals and fish because the less energy you use the less our climate heats up - then the ice won't melt." 4) Participate in a Cleanup. Trash in the environment can be hazardous to marine life, and people too! Help clean up a local beach, park or roadway and pick up that litter before it gets into the marine environment.

5) Dispose of Fishing Line Responsibly. Monofilament fishing line takes about 600 years to degrade. If left in the ocean, it can provide an entangling web that threatens whales, pinnipeds and fish (including the fish people like to catch and eat). 6) Looking After Your Garbage. 7) Keeping Things Clean. 8) Managing Your Sewage Waste. 9) Reducing Contamination from Oil & Fuel. 10) Reducing Pollution from Bilges.

3. Show how Tsunami can be generated?

A tsunami can be defined as a series of rising, strong ocean waves that are created due to extensive disturbance in the ocean floors. A Tsunami can be generated by; Earthquakes. volcanic eruptions. Underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices). landslidesglacier calvings and other mass movements. Meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events. Any other disturbances above or below water.

Tsunami Formation; Strong underwater seismic occurrences like powerful earthquakes cause the ocean waves to spread around in all directions. These huge waves (called Tsunami Waves) start to gain momentum and often gain speeds of up to 500 miles per hour. Near the shores, these tsunami waves are redirected by the slope of the seafloor.

4. Define the relationship between Tsunami wave and Global Warming Phenomena.
It has been understood that global warming has reached such alarming levels that it is affecting the seismic activity along the Earths crust. Such seismic activities, in turn cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and even tsunamis. How? Geologists have now understood the relationship between the glacial pressure and the increase in the number of earthquakes and hence, tsunamis. Glaciers are enormous in size and weight and thus are able to exert an immense pressure on the surface below. With rising temperatures due to global warming, these glaciers are slowly melting away. Hence, the pressure exerted at various points on the Earths surface is being tampered with and as a result, geologic reactions occur. The reduction in pressure means that the stress exerted along the Earths crust, particularly along the volcano lines and fissures is reduced. As explained above, anything that is capable of inducing severe levels of seismic activity can cause tsunamis and hence, global warming does contribute to the formation of tsunamis. It is very hard to precisely predict sub-marine earthquakes and most large-scale tsunamis have occurred with little or no warning signals. Again, every earthquake along or near the ocean bed may not necessarily cause a tsunami. However, we can make our own contribution to reducing their occurrence by curbing global warming.

Questions of Lecture 2
1. Define the different Sources of Marine Pollution?

The sources of marine pollution include; 1) Sewage from farming, forestry, and other land use. 2) Gases such as nitrogen oxides from power plants and cars are also found in the oceans water. 3) Eroded materials from mining and from the land, also pollute the worlds oceans. 4) Industrial discharge. 5) Wastewater discharge from cities. 6) Pesticides from farms, forests, home use etc. 7) Seepage from landfills. 8) Oil from cars; heavy machinery. 9) Oil drilling companies. 10) Oil tanker spillages. 11) Offshore oil drilling and natural seepage causes marine pollution. 12) The final few sources are fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships. 13) Beach litter; wastes from plastics industry and landfills. 14) Painting ships with anti-fouling substances, such as tributyl-tin or TBT which stop the growth of marine organisms on their hull causes pollution as it can leach into the water.

2. Show how Marine Pollution can damage the continuation of Life on Planet Earth?
The Definition of Marine Pollution is the adding of toxins and harmful chemicals into the ocean, not only is it chemicals added to the ocean but things such as plastic are also found. One of the main problems is that when many of these particles are placed into the ocean, they are quickly eaten by the smaller fish, these fish that are lower down the food chain are then eaten by larger predators, therefore most fish are been toxicities by these harmful and dangerous chemicals. resulting in such deleterious effects as: Harm to Living Resources. Hazards to Human Health. Hindrance to Marine Activities including Fishing. Impairing the Quality for Use of Sea Water. Reduction of Amenities.

3. Show how Fresh Water Resources can be affected by Pollution Sources.

Therere two categories of pollution enter and degrade the quality of our water; 1. Point Source pollution 2. Non-Point Source pollution

Non-point Source Pollution Pollution we cant always trace to its source A few examples are; Acid draining from mines. Sediment from improperly managed construction sites. Run-off from residential and agricultural areas. Point Source Pollution. Pollution we can trace to a specific source and often regulate with our laws Septic Tank Leakage. Litter and Food Waste. Animal Excreta. Improper disposal of Paints and Chemicals. Fertilizers and Insecticides. Gasoline and Oil.

4. Mangrove and Hinterland can be drastically affected by Point Source Pollutions. Discuss briefly this Statement.

5. Define what are the main differences between Point and NonPoint Sources.
Pollution sources are classified as point sources or non-point sources by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Pollution we can trace to a specific source and often regulate with our laws is called Point Source Pollution. Pollution we cant always trace to its source is called Non-point Source Pollution. Non- Point Sources include; 1) Runoff from farm lands and managed forests that carry fertilizer, excess nutrients, pesticides and herbicides, salts in irrigation water, and crop residues. 2) Runoff from agricultural areas (excluding concentrated animal feeding operations) that carries nutrients, animal wastes, manure, and pathogens (bacteria and viruses). 3) Runoff from cities that carry heavy metals, carbon-based chemicals such as oil from highways, fertilizer and pet waste from backyards and sidewalks, and detergent (the most common pollutant). 4) Acid mine drainage. 5) Hydromodication. 6) Marinas and boating facilities. 7) Atmospheric deposition of sediments and chemicals carried by the wind. 8) Sand, silt, and clays (sediments) eroded from land, especially land denuded of plants that hold sediments. 9) Groundwater discharge which can include all types of pollutants, including water from faulty septic systems. Point-Source Pollution Point sources include; Sewer out-falls. Concentrated animal feeding operations. Sanitary sewer overflows. Storm water. Oil spills. Industrial discharges. Discharge from boats. Dumping of ballast water from ships.

Questions of Lecture 3
1. Global Warming will for sure affect human lives and can lead to major reduction in Community Development Plans. Discuss this Statement in views of the Disturbance in Ph Number.
Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. Ionization of Water form the Hydroxyl and generate Galvanic Cell Water Molecules exist in Equilibrium with Hydrogen Ions and Hydroxide Ions. H2O <--> H+ + OHThe Water Equilibrium Constant is written as: Kw = [H+] [OH-]

Effects of Global Warming on the Universe if the level of pH tend to shift from the Neutral Value of 7 As the surrounding environment tends to be alkaline then the corrosion effects and rates will drastically affect the metallic structures serving in this disturbed ionized medium. The same effect could be noted if the medium will be acidic. The ionization effect will create hydroxyl and will cause severe galvanic cells leading to the corrosion of even structures made of duplix steels. Global warming will tend to increase acidic rains formation levels and rates. Results of acidic rains lead to greenland forest turned to devastation. Effects of changing the pH value. 1. The Chemical Industry Isuues The efficient production of nylon, as well as other modern fibers depends on rigid pH control.

2. The Biochemistry and Health issues The pH of our blood is normally controlled to within a few tenths of a pH unit by our body chemistry. If our blood pH changes as much as half a pH unit, serious illness will result. Proper skin pH is essential for a healthy complexion. The pH of one's stomach directly affects the digestive process. 3. In Human Food The efficient production of food products depends upon careful pH control. The proper curd size, uniformity, and structure of cottage cheese is directly related to the pH at cutting time. 4. Environmental Pollution Control Issues The pH of a river or lake is important in maintaining a proper ecological balance. The pH of the water is directly affecting the physiological functions and nutrient utilization by plant and animal life. Extremes in pH can reduce a lake to a lifeless, smelly bog. 5. Agronomy Issues The pH of the soil regulates the availability of nutrients for plant growth, as well as the activity of soil bacteria. In alkaline soils ( pH 8 and above ) the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and other nutrients in solution become so low that special treatment is necessary to insure proper growth. 6. The Industry pH control is essential to the proper operation of bleaching plants and wet-end processes. Also, in order to conform with environmental protection regulations, the pH of wastewater from these plants must be controlled. 7. Chemical Engineering Accurate pH measurement is necessary to the study of many chemical processes. The researcher needs to know the pH at which a chemical reaction proceeds at its fastest in order to understand the reaction.

2. Explain how Global Warming will destruct the Marine Environment and will lead to Earthquakes and resulted in Floods.
Global Heating of the Universe increases water scarcity, Drought of Soil and Rates of Corrosion. Global heating of the universe is an epidemic, recently found to affect drastically human needs and abuses global lives. Since decades it has been noted that the global temperature of the environment is on the increasing scale. Global Heating of the Universe will drastically affect the Envorimnental Climatic Changes and will degrade life of all Creatures.

Expected and predicted Results from Climatic Changes 1. Increasing Greenhouse Gas and Sequestering Carbon diooxides. 2. Floods, Storms, Hurricanes and Tsunamis. 3. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Future Predictions of the Gloomy impacts of global Warming 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Increase in rates of Floods. Eruptions due to Landslides and avalanches. Lava will increase Soil liquefaction. Increase in severity of Tsunami. Increase in numbers and strength of Storms and hurricanes. Generation of earthquakes that severely Shaking and lead to ground rupture. Initiation and Spreading up of Lava Fires.

Climate Change and Effects on Ecosystems Eco systems will be very much affected due to imbalance of the surrounding environment. Among:

Coral Reefs.
Polar Regions. Fish species. Sea lives disappearance. Shell contaminations.

3. Show what is meant by Drought and Desertification Phenomenon?

Global warming will cause imbalance to the carbon cycle. Water resources; e.g., lakes, rivers and even underground waters.will tend to disappear, within the next decades. Air Pollution will lead to Co2 Contamination and will rise up Global Warming of the Universe. The Underground Wells will be infected or going dry. The Greenhouse Effect and Climatic Change will all tend to ruin the life greenland will turn to be yellow deadly sand. Greenfields and wettlands will suffer from drought condition.

4. Discuss the main reasons behind removal of past Civilizations.

Global Warming effects and impacts Flooding of Cities and Increase in Sea Level Heights. Tsunami rates will be increased resulted in more damage and deterioration of life Volcanoes and Earthquakes formation as well as the liquification of the soild soil of earth will stimulate the stability of the plates and the earths soil crust. Disappearance of Communities and Detrioration of Civilizations will be Accrued in similar way to what has happened to Pompeii.

5. Friendly Fuels obtained from Biofuel Sources can drastically beaffecting Human Needs.
Unless it is produced from sources other than human foods. It will take too much and give little products. It will increase levels of famine. It will spread out starvation, poverty and irrecoverable diseases. It will be source of increasing social disintegrations and human suffers. Using sustainable energy sources will be very much better.

Global warming is to be blamed for the gap between those who are living very hard and poor life while others are enjoying better food and more easier life.

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