HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
H H C H H C H H C H

C
H C H

C CnH2n+2
H C H H

Alkenes

C
H

C CnH2n
H C H H C H H

H
REACTIVE!

C H

C H

C H

Alkynes
H H C C C H
REACTIVE!

C
H C H H C H

C CnH2n-2
H

Aromatics
H C C

H C C C H

C H

Alkanes and Alkenes and Alkynes oh my!

Identify each of the following hydrocarbon formulas as alkane, alkene or alkyne.

C2H6

C5H8
C4H10 C25H52 C14H28 C10H18

Alkanes and Alkenes and Alkynes oh my!

Identify each of the following hydrocarbon formulas as alkane, alkene or alkyne.

C2H6

C5H8
C4H10 C25H52 C14H28 C10H18

alkane (CnH2n+2) alkyne (CnH2n-2) alkane (CnH2n+2) alkane (CnH2n+2) alkene (CnH2n) alkyne (CnH2n-2)

Naming Hydrocarbon Molecules

Common names used in the 1800s are still used for some compounds today:
O

H
C H OH Formic acid

C C Acetylene

H
C H3C CH3 Acetone

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) was established in 1900s Systematic method allows an infinite number of compounds to be named given a few rules

First Ten Hydrocarbons

Name
Methane Number of Carbon Atoms 1 Molecular Formula CH4 CH4 CH3CH3 Condensed Structural Formula

Ethane
Propane Butane

2
3 4

C2H6
C3H8 C4H10

CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Pentane
Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

5
6 7 8 9 10

C5H12
C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

Mnemonic for First Four Prefixes

First four prefixes

MethEthPropBut-

Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas

Other Prefixes
Pent-

Decade
Decimal

Decathalon

OctDecHex-, Hept-, Non-

Naming Alkane Molecules

CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3

Rule 1: choose the correct ending

ane

Naming Alkane Molecules

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

Rule 2: determine the longest carbon chain

ane

Naming Alkane Molecules

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

Rule 3: circle all branches

ane

Naming Alkane Molecules

CH3 CH2

6
4 5

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

Rule 4: Number each carbon on the parent chain so that the first branch is the lowest number.

ane

Naming Alkane Molecules

CH3 CH2

2
4 3

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

Rule 4: Number each carbon on the parent chain so that the first branch is the lowest number.

ane

Naming Alkane Molecules

CH3 CH2

6
4 5

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

Rule 5: Name the parent chain

heptane

Naming Alkane Molecules

ethyl CH3

6
4 5

CH2

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

methyl

methyl

Rule 5: Name the branches

heptane

Naming Alkane Molecules

ethyl CH3

6
4 5

CH2

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

methyl

methyl

Rule 6: attach name of branches alphabetically

3-ethyl- 5-methyl- 5-methyl heptane

Naming Alkane Molecules

ethyl CH3

6
4 5

CH2

CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C

CH2 C
CH3

CH3

methyl

methyl

Rule 7: group similar branches

3-ethyl- 5-methyl5,5-dimethyl 5-methyl heptane

CH3 CH H3 C CH2 CH CH3 CH3

H 3C H 2C CH3

CH2 CH CH3 CH2

H 2C

3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

3-methylhexane