Solution of Assignment # 2

MTH401 (Spring 2012)

Total marks: 30
Lecture # 12-18
Due date: 06-06-2012

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Question#1 Marks 10
In the following differential equation the indicated function ( )
1
y x
is a solution of the
associated homogeneous equation. Use the method of reduction of order to find a second
solution ( )
2
y x
of the homogeneous equation and a particular solution of the given
nonhomogeneous equation using method of undetermined coefficients-superposition
approach.

( )
1
2
2
2
4 2 ; 1
x
d y
y y e
dx


Solution:
Let ( ) ( )
2 1
y v x y x
is the second solution of the given differential equation.
That is we have to determine ( ) v x
.
Now
2
y
and its derivatives are

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
4 2 2
4 2 2
4 4
' '
'' ' '' '
'' ' '' '
'' ' '' '
'' ' ''
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
y v x e
y v x e e v
y v x e e v e v v e
y v x e e v e v v e
y e v x e v e v e v
y e v x e v e v

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+

Now plugging the above values into associated homogeneous Eq. ( ) 1

so one can solve
for ( ) v x
;
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 4 4 0
4 0
4 0 2
' ''
' ''
' ''
x x x x
x x
e v x e v e v v x e
e v e v
v v


+
+
+
This is second order linear differential equation, so, substitute
( ) ( )
'
w x v x into Eq.
( ) 2
, it yields

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 0
4 0 3
'
'
w x w x
w x w x
+

So our integrating factor is

( )
( )
4
4
u x e
u x e
dx
x

Multiplying Eq. ( ) 3
by ( ) u x
, we have

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4
4
4
4
4
4
4 0
0
4
'
'
'
x x
x
x
x
x
x
e w x e w x
we
we c
w x ce
v x c e
e
v x c k

1

1
]

+
Hence,

( ) ( )
2 1
2
2 2
4
4
4
.
4
x
x x
x
x
y v x y x
e
c k e
e
c e ke

_
+

,
+

Now, this is the most general form of

2
y
: for any constants
, c k
, ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
y x v x y x

will solve the Eq. ( ) 1
. But we choose such particular values of the constants, so that,
( ) v x
is nice and simple. The only constraint is that we can not choose
0 c
, since then
( ) v x
would be a constant and
2
y
and
1
y
would be essentially the same. A natural choice
is to take
4 c
and
0 k
. Then
( )
4x
v x e . So that

( )
( )
2
2
2 4
2
x x
x
y x ce e
y x c e

Hence
( )
2
2x
y x c e is the second solution of the given differential equation which is
determined by order of reduction method.
Now, we will determine the particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous equation
using method of undetermined coefficients-superposition approach.
Since the function ( ) 2 g x
, let us assume a particular solution that is in the form of a
constant:

p
y A
We seek to determine specific coefficients A for which
p
y
is a solution of ( ) 1
,
substituting
p
y A
and 0
''
p
y into( ) 1
, we have

0 4 2
4 2
1
2
A
A
A

Hence,
1
2
p
y is a particular solution of the given nonhomogeneous differential
equation.
Question#2 Marks 10
Solve the following initial value problem.
( ) ( ) 0 ; 0 1
dy
p x y y
dx
+
Where
( )
2 0 1
1 1
x
p x
x

'
>

Hint:
Linear differential equations sometimes occur in which the function ( ) p x
have
jump discontinuities. If
0
x
is such a point of discontinuity, then it is necessary to solve
the equation separately for
0
x x <
and
0
x x >
. Afterwards, the two solutions are
matched so that the function ( ) y x
is continuous at
0
x
; this is accomplished by a proper
choice of the arbitrary constants.
In the given differential equation ( ) p x
has a jump discontinuity at
0
1 x
, then it is
necessary for all of you to solve the equation separately for
1 x <
and 1 x > .
Solution:
The given differential equation is
( ) ( ) 0 1
dy
p x y
dx
+
Firstly, we will solve it for
0 1 x
, for this we will take ( ) 2 p x
, then ( ) 1
becomes:
( ) 2 0 2
dy
y
dx
+
The corresponding auxiliary equation is:

2 0
2
m
m
+

Hence the general solution of ( ) 2
is

1 1
2x
y c e

To find the particular solution of ( ) 2

, applying the initial condition

( )
( )
1 1
1
0 2
0
1
y c e
c

So, the particular solution is

1
2x
y e

Now, we will solve ( ) 1

for
1 x >
, for this take ( ) 1 p x
, then ( ) 1
becomes:
( ) 0 3
dy
y
dx
+
The corresponding auxiliary equation is:

1 0
1
m
m
+

Hence the general solution of ( ) 3
is
( )
2 2
x
y c e a

Hence the solution of ( ) 1
is
( ) ( )
2
2 0 1
4
1
x
x
x
e
y x
c e x

'
>

Above is discontinuous function, and we are interested in continuous solution, because

physics demands the continuous solution. So, the above solution should be continuous at
1 x
. For this
2
c
must be properly choosed.
There may be many techniques to choose
2
c
but according to my point of view we should
check the continuity of ( ) 4
at
1 x
. So,

( )
( )
2
2
lim lim
1 1
x
y x e
x x
e

Moreover,

( ) ( )
2
2
1
lim lim
1
1
x
y x c e
x
x
c e

Since ( ) 4
should be continuous at
1 x
, hence by the definition of continuity

( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
lim lim
1
1
1
y x y x
x
x
e c e
e
c
e
c
e

So, ( ) a
becomes:

2
1
1
1
1
x
x
x
y e
e
e e
e

Therefore the solution of the given differential equation ( ) 1

is:
( )
2
1
0 1
1
1
x
x
x
e
y x
x
e

'
>