Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Humana
Master’s Course in
Phisiotherapy Sciences
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What are the differences among
quoting, paraphrasing, and
summarizing?
These three ways of
incorporating other writers'
work into your own writing
differ according to the
closeness of your writing to the
source writing.
Quotations
To quote means to copy
exactly a portion of a text,
with the purpose of presenting
the author's actual words.
Quotations must match the
source document word for word
and must be attributed to the
original author.
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Paraphrasing
involves putting a passage from
source material into your own words.
A paraphrase must also be
attributed to the original source.
Paraphrased material is usually
shorter than the original passage,
taking a somewhat broader segment
of the source and condensing it
slightly.
Summarizing
involves putting the main idea(s)
into your own words, including only
the main point(s). Once again, it is
necessary to attribute summarized
ideas to the original source.
Summaries are significantly shorter
than the original and take a broad
overview of the source material.
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Why use quotations, paraphrases, and
summaries?
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes.
You might use them to:
n provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
n refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
n give examples of several points of view on a subject
n call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree
with
n highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by
quoting the original
n distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue
readers that the words are not your own
n expand the breadth or depth of your writing
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In his famous and influential work On the
Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud
argues that dreams are the "royal road to the
unconscious" (page), expressing in coded
imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through
a process known as the "dream work" (page).
According to Freud, actual but unacceptable
desires are censored internally. (page).
Paraphrase
In a recent article, the author suggests
Summary
finding a relevant newsgroup if you have a Newsgroups, online
particular medical problem or if you want
to talk with others about a medical discussion groups open to any
subject. Newsgroups are online bulletin
boards that are available to anyone; in participant, are a useful
spite of their name, they are not news
reports. Anyone who wishes to may join resource for anyone concerned
in a newsgroup discussion (Schwartz). about specific medical issues
(Schwartz).
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QUOTATIONS
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There are several ways to
integrate quotations into your text.
Often, a short quotation works well
when integrated into a sentence.
Longer quotations can stand alone.
Remember that quoting should be
done only sparingly; be sure that
you have a good reason to include a
direct quotation when you decide to
do so.!
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SUMMARIES
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Good summaries are harder to
write than you may think - bad
summaries are easy!!
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The summary, therefore,
becomes a tool for
understanding what you read; it
forces you to read critically,
differentiating between main
ideas and minor points.
Summary writing also forces
you to write clearly because you
cannot waste any words.
Characteristics of Summaries:
- Summaries identify the source of original text.
- Summaries demonstrate your understanding of a text.
- Summaries are shorter than the original text-they omit
the original text "examples, asides, analogies, and
rhetorical strategies.
- Summaries focus exclusively on the presentation of the
writer's main ideas-they do not include your
interpretations or opinions.
- Summaries normally are written in your own words-they do
not contain extended quotes or paraphrases.
- Summaries rely on the use of standard signal phrases
("According to the author..."; "The author believes..."; etc.).
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The first aim of the summary is brevity: your job as
a summary writer is to convey in as few words as
possible the information contained in the piece of
writing. Because the summary is concerned with
stating the ideas of someone else, the second aim of
the summary is objectivity. This is not the place to
respond to a writer's ideas but to demonstrate your
understanding of them. The third aim of the
summary, completeness is the most crucial. Both
objectivity and brevity will follow from your ability to
isolate and concentrate on the main idea contained in
the selection you are summarizing.
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Summing-up is a technique that follows
strict rules:
1. The original text is cut to about one
third.
2. Only the main ideas are mentioned;
that means that no repetitions are
allowed.
3. Specific statements are combined to
form general statements.
4. Direct or reported speech are
changed into statements, with the
exception of very important quotations.
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1. Read the text quickly in order to find the
main ideas - general focus and content (skimming)
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7. Compare the original text with
your text to find out that you've
got the essential information
(check).
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Guidelines for Summary
Writing
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2. Take notes on the main points
and supporting details on a
separate sheet of paper. Be
careful to use your own words!
Although this might seem like a
waste of time, when it comes
time to write a essay, this
extra effort will really "pay
off."
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4. Using your notes, write
your summary on a
separate sheet of paper.
Proof-read what you
wrote, checking the
organization, content,
grammatical conventions,
and style.
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!! 6. Don't necessarily follow
the exact organizational
pattern of the original writer.
Remember that your
summary should reflect your
own way of thinking and
writing.
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8. Finally use your own style
of writing. Do not copy the
original author's writing style.
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Excessive content
First, you have to make sure that
everything that you have included is
important. You might have repeated a
point or given too much emphasis to
another which is merely a supporting
point. Next, look carefully at examples
or details that you have included.
These are often the easiest elements
to remove.
Lengthy expressions
Most summaries simply use too
many words. The best and only
solution is to cross out all words
which are not important. This may
very often improve the quality of
the expression and enhance your
ideas. The language may be
tightened by reducing the number
of words in the following ways:
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Changing verbs
For example replace "make up your mind" with "decide."
!
Splitting sentences
If a sentence has two or three clauses, divide it into shorter
sentences by leaving out the conjunction. You may even use
semi-colons to replace conjunctions.
!
Adjectives and adverbs
These two parts of speech are usually over-used. In many
cases they can be omitted without damaging the sense of the
passage.
!
Shortening phrases
The most common cause of excessive length is the use of three
or four words where a single word would be just as effective.
For example "as well as" can be replaced with "and."
Insufficient content
Summaries can sometimes become too short because
important points have been left out. The first
priority in such a situation is to check again that all
the points have been included. This will often reveal
an omission of some kind.
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If you still find your version too short,
check:
examples
details
Over-brief expression
It may be that your summary is too
condensed that the reader will find it
hard to grasp its meaning. This may
result in ambiguity or uncertainty.
Errors of grammar can also cause your
expressions to be too brief. Perhaps
you have forgotten to include a main
verb in a sentence. Usually errors such
as this can be corrected by inserting a
single word in the right place.
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PARAPHRASING
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!! A paraphrase is an accurate, thorough
restatement of the original text in your own
words. It will actually be about as long as the
original work, and it will most certainly retain all
of the original ideas. Paraphrases, when they
appear within a paper, must be cited, because they
are the author's ideas that come from the original
work, not your own ideas.
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Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...
When to paraphrase:
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PARAPHRASING
n Literal n Free
Substitute the original words Use synonyms and rearrange
of each sentence with the sentence structure. You
synonyms. You can use the can borrow the main ideas
process as a first step in without necessarily keeping
drafting paraphrases. There the same organization. This
are two objections to this form of paraphrasing sounds
form of paraphrasing: since more natural and is
you paraphrase sentence by recommended.
sentence, your overall
structure may be awkward;
and you also run a greater
risk of plagiarism. Therefore,
you should use free
paraphrasing for all of your
final drafts.
Example:
The Original Quotation:
“Four score and seven years ago, our fathers
brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal...“
n A Literal Paraphrase n A Free Paraphrase
Eighty-seven years before, Our ancestors thought of
our ancestors founded in freedom when they founded
North America a new a new country in North
country, thought of in America eighty-seven years
freedom and based on the ago. They based their
principle that all people are thinking on the principle
born with the same rights. that all people are born with
the same rights.
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5 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
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Common Errors in Paraphrasing:
If you follow the sentence
structure of your source, only
changing words here and there,
you are not paraphrasing but
plagiarizing.
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The original passage:
A legitimate paraphrase:
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An acceptable summary:
A plagiarized version:
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Below is a quotation followed by
three samples, one of which
inadvertently plagiarizes.
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Word-for-Word Plagiarism
Comments
Notice that the writer has not only “borrowed”
Chase’s material (the results of her research) with no
acknowledgment, but has also largely maintained the
author’s method of expression and sentence
structure. Some phrases are directly copied from the
source or changed only slightly in form. Even if the
writer had acknowledged Chase as the source of the
content, the language of the passage would be
considered plagiarized because no quotation marks
indicate the phrases that come directly from Chase.
And if quotation marks did appear around all these
phrases, this paragraph would be unreadable.
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A Patchwork Paraphrase
Chase (1995) describes how nurses in a critical care
unit function in a hierarchy that places designated
experts at the top and the least senior staff nurses
at the bottom. The experts — the nurse manager,
nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist — are not
involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in
contrast, are assigned to patients and provide all
their nursing care. Within the staff nurses is a
hierarchy of seniority in which the most senior can
become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient
but also serve as a resource to other caregivers. The
experts have administrative and teaching tasks such
as selecting and orienting new staff, developing unit
policies, and giving hands-on support where needed.
Comments
This paraphrase is a patchwork
composed of pieces in the original
author’s language and pieces in the
writer’s words, all rearranged into a new
pattern, but with none of the borrowed
pieces in quotation marks. Thus, even
though the writer acknowledges the
source of the material, some phrases
are falsely presented as the writer’s
own.
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A Legitimate Paraphrase
Comments
The writer has documented Chase’s
material and specific language (by direct
reference to the author and by
quotation marks around language taken
directly from the source).
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Perhaps you’ve noticed that a number of phrases from the
original passage appear in the legitimate paraphrase: critical
care, staff nurses, nurse manager, clinical nurse specialist,
nurse clinician, resource nurse. You can borrow them
legitimately because they are all precise, economical, and
conventional designations that are part of the shared language
within the nursing discipline. In every discipline, some phrases
are so specialized or conventional that you can’t paraphrase
them except by wordy and awkward circumlocutions that would
be less familiar (and thus less readable) to the audience. When
you repeat such phrases, you’re not stealing the unique phrasing
of an individual writer but using a common vocabulary shared by
a community of scholars.
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