1576

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1995

Harmonic and Interharmonic Distortion in Current Source Type Inverter Drives

R. Carbone, Non Member A. Testa, Member, IEEE Dip. Ing. Elettrica Univ. "Federico II"
Napoli Italy

D. Menniti, Non Member

Dip. di Elettronica Informat. e Sistemist. Rende (CS) - Italy

R.E. Momson, Non Member E. Delaney, Non Member

Stafforshire University School of Engineering Stafforshire, U.K. Power Quality Services East Midland Electr. PLC U.K.

Abstract - Current source inverter drives are sources o f harmonic and non-harmonic distortion in supply systems. The non-harmonic components have frequencies that change d h motor speed, so conventional filters might not be effective in redclcing their amplitude. The distortion calculation at the design stage &ws preventive actions to minimise the distortion at source by varying d c. link and/or a c . motor parameters. f the paper is to discuss the modeling o f the supply The aim o side current distortion and to analyse the effects o f non-ideal supply conditions. The main utilizable modek, both analogue and numerical, are discussed and analysed Several laboratory and numerical experiments are reported to compare the differenl model characteristics and to analyse the current &tortion sensirivity to the supply voltage distortion and unbalance.
Keywords - Power System. Hamioriic arid Interharmonic Distortion, Inverter Drive.

I. INTRODUCTION The analysis of the current source rectifier is well known when the d.c. load is a d.c. motor. When the d.c. load is an inverter feeding an a.c. machine, the analysis is not so straightforward. Current source Qpe inverter drives are now common for some high power, high speed applications where the inverter may be naturally commutated by voltages generated by the load. Such drives are sources of harmonic and non-harmonic distortion components in the supply side currents [ 11. The harmonic components have frequencies that are integer multiples of the ac system fundamental frequency and are similar to those generated by a d.c. motor drive. The non-harmonic components have frequencies that are not integer multiples of the system fundamental frequency and are generated by the d.c. side current ripple produced by the inverter. The non-harmonic components are referred to by the term "interharmonics".

This paper was presented at the 1994 Intemational Conference on Harmonics and Power Systems held in
Bologna, Italy, September 21-23, 1994.

The frequencies of the interharmonic components change with the motor speed, so, as the drive is started or as the motor speed is changed, there is the possibility of exciting dormant a.c. system resonances remote from the drive; at certain motor speeds other problems such as light flicker can also result. Furthermore, conventional filters on the a s . side might not be effective in minimising the distortion. Therefore, the magnitude of interharmonic currents needs to be accurately evaluated and controlled. The trend in the international standards is to fix lower limits for the interharmonics than those for the harmonics [2]. In two previous papers [3,4], some of the authors performed studies to analyse the harmonic and the interharmonic current components generated by drives of current source type, with specific reference to the case of synchronous motor drives, assuming ideal working conditions: circuit physical symmetry, absence of supply voltage distortion and large values for the d.c. link reactance. One paper [3] describes the two principal interharmonic components generated by a synchronous motor drive and analyses the effect of d.c. link reactance upon the magnitude of interharmonic current components. To meet this end, the authors have used the experimental results obtained by means of an analogue experimental model. From the results of this paper, it is possible to postulate that the magnitude of the interharmonic current components decreases, but not linearly, with increasing d.c. link inductance. To overcome the difficulties associated with the use of an analogue experimental model, the paper [4] proposes a simple frequency domain analytical model for the prediction of the a.c. side distortion assuming a simplified commutation model. Recently, an analytical model has been presented [5], which uses switching functions, that is to say the modulation theory, to analyse how harmonics and interharmonics are transferred in both directions through three phase bridges. This model is also utilizable for the inverter dnve analysis and allows to take into account the supply voltage distortion and unbalance, but assuming again a simpllfied commutation model. The effects of non ideal working conditions (a.c. supply voltage distortion and unbalance, a.c. supply system impedance unbalance, non-infinite d.c. side reactance) have been analysed and documented for the case of current source rectifiers supplying a d.c. motor [6,7,8] or a battery system [9] or a superconductive coil [lo]. It has been demonstrated

0885-8977/95/$04.00 Q 1994 IEEE

1577

that models which do not take into account the non ideal working conditions or use simplified commutation models may lead to numerical results very far from the actual physical behaviour of the system under study. The aim of the present paper is to give more detailed analysis specifically applied to current source rectifiers supplying a d.c. load consisting of an inverter feeding an a.c. machine. In the following work different models of the current source type inverter drives are described and critically analysed with specific reference to the case of synchronous motor drives. Then, experimental measurements on low power analogue models, along with results of numerical simulations obtained by means of frequency and time domain models, are reported with the aim of comparing the numerical model accuracy. Finally, the results of a sensitivity analysis to the supply voltage distortion and unbalance obtained by means of time domain simulations are reported. 11. MODELS In this paper, the case of the synchronous motor drive, and not that of the generic current source type inverter drive, is specifically referred to although the considerations developed apply to the more general case. A typical synchronous motor drive (SMD) system is shown in Fig. 1; it is basically two 6-pulse converters coupled by a d.c. link.

where fac is the supply system fundamental frequency and fs is the drive output frequency. Due to the presence of harmonics and interharmonics of the system fundamental frequency, the Fourier's fundamental frequency fF, that is the greatest "man divisor of all of the frequency components in the signal, is different to the system fundamental frequency and is often very low. Thus, to perform Fourier's expansions correctly, the distorted current waveforms should be sampled for a time period equal to the Fourier fundamental cycle or an integer multiple of it. When this is not possible due to the limits of computational effort or when uncertain forecasts define the Fourier's fundamental frequency, it may be necessary to desynchronise the sampling time intervals from the Fourier fundamental cycle. In this last case, window weighting functions [ l l ] characterised by high resolvability and detectability and/or high frequency resolution transforms [ 121 should be used. Various models are available to obtain the a.c. side synchronous motor drive currents. Each of them is characterised by a different degree of complexity in representing the a.c. supply-system, the converters, the d.c. link and the synchronous motor. In the following, three different model types are discussed.
A. Experimental analogue models

It is possible to set up low power experimental analogue models [ 131 @AM)of a synchronous motor drive system.

a ,

a ,

Fig. I : Synchronous motor drive

a1 a2 Fig. 2:Lm power analogue model

When in the motoring mode, the supply voltage is rectified by the supply side six pulse rectifier to energise the d.c. link. The d.c. voltage is inverted into a.c., at the motor frequency, by the motor side six pulse inverter that is commutated naturally by the back e.m.f. of the synchronous motor. The speed of the synchronous motor can be varied by varying the d.c. voltage and this is usually achieved by controlling the rectifier firing angle. The d.c. link current contains components due to the inverter d.c. ripple voltages which are harmonics of the output frequency. As the d.c. link current is reflected into the a.c. supply current, the harmonics of the output frequency are modulated by the harmonics of the supply frequency. This modulation results in a new set of components, in additional to the typical rectifier harmonics, at interharmonic frequencies generally not related to integer multiples of the input frequency. It has been demonstrated that characteristic interharmonic frequencies fi are: fi=nlfac*6n2fs [Hz] nl=1,5,7,11, ...; n2=1,2,3 ,...

A power electronic simulator modeling the system depicted in Fig.1 is shown in Fig.2. It consists of a number of scale model converters and model power system components such as high Q factor chokes, low magnetising current transformers, and capacitors. The rectifier and inverter models consist of small thyristor 6-pulse bridges. The supply is replaced by a motodgenerator set synchronised to the mains frequency. According to the empirical linear model suggested in [14], the synchronous motor is represented by a large synchronous machine, characterised by a negligible impedance and reproducing the back e.m.f., in series with an inductor reproducing the subtransient reactance. In principle any actual system non-ideal condition can be reproduced into the EAM by means of an appropriate choice of single components. However, in practice this is difficult to achieve and the following assumptions are adopted to simpllfy the model: a) the power supply system is balanced, b) there are no harmonics in the e.m.f. of the generators. The model utilisation requires laboratory measurements

1578

and their analysis. The component parameter values are chosen to obtain correspondence between the model and real system. The analogue model is simple to set up but there are complications to obtaining results. However, the waveforms do appear in real time.

The d.c. link resistance is ignored in expression (3). Expression (1) can be rewritten as: 1a.c. = Ics + Icf (Ilink(d.c.) + Ilink(a.c.)). (4)

Each term in (4) can be transformed to the frequency domain by means of a Fourier's expansion thus:
ICS=

B. Frequency domain analytical models

z(AcsnCOSIYOad c(A.acosmd Rectifier and inverter bridge models in the frequency domain, with different degrees of complexity, have been proposed; some of the most recent utilise the switchmg function approach [4,5,15,16]. They can be utilised to model the SMD system. For the sake of semplicity, in the paper the frequency domain analytical model (FDM) explicitely referred to is that proposed in [4] which uses the symmetrical scheme of Fig.3 and simple analytical formulas.
Es a*ES a Es fac

+Bmshact)
+ Bcmsinnwact)

n=1,3,5,7, ..., n=1,3,5,7,. ..,

Icf=

Vrect(a.c.) = Vinv(a.c.) =

( A ~ ~ ~maact c o s+ BrectmSinmwact)
m=6,12,18,...,

(Amm c0smw.t

+ Blnvmsinmw.t)
m=6,12,18,. ..,

where Vrect(d.c.), Vinv(d.c.), Acs, Bcs, Acf, Bcf, Arect, Brect, Ainv and Binv are Fourier's coefficients whose calculation is reported in the literature [6]. Substitution for ICS,Icf, and Ilink in (4) gives the following result for the a.c. supply current:
1a.c. =

a1

a2

fs

Fig. 3: Frequency domain analytical model scheme

c(Acsnc0Smct
Arecm

+ Ilink(d.c.)

The following simpllfylng assumptions are made: the power supply system is balanced; there are no voltage harmonics at the converter terminals; the firing pulses in the bridges are equidistant; the d.c. link inductance is large, so that the effect of d.c. link resistance is negligible for a.c. quantities, and that the d.c. link reactance is large compared to the motor and system reactances. Knowing that (i) when the rectifier is conducting the a.c. supply current is equal to the d.c. link current and (ii) when commutation occurs the current is determined, mainly, by the short circuit current or its inverse, the following equation may be written: 1a.c. = Ics + (Icf Ilink) (1) where: - 1a.c. is the supply current, - Ics is the current occurring during the commutation, Ilink is the current flowing in the d.c. link, - Icf is the rectlfer conduction function (0 during the commutation and 51 during conduction). The d.c. link current is composed of direct components and ripple components:

+ B c j n s h ~ & )+ (Achcosnwact+ BchSinnwact)+

sinwad BI,Ctlll

+
x
+ x

E(

cosmwact) x mmcLlink z(AchcosrmCt+ Bcmsinnwact)+ Alnm Binsinost cos most) x m mcLlink ( L h y $ z c t + Bcfnsinnoact) (5)

1( mwaLink

Although the previous expression seems to be complex the FDM solution does not require heavy computational effort and is very quick in execution. More comprehensive frequency domain models, based on more complex analytical expressions, are able to take into account also non-ideal supply conditions. However, to the knowledge of the authors, the inaccuracies due to the approximate extimation of the overlap angles, needed by the switching function thecniques, seem still unavoidable. C. Time domain niodels The time domain models (TDM) can refer in principle to very general schemes. Fig.4 evidences as for each part of the physical system depicted in Fig.1 it is possible to refer to very complete models, takmg into account any lund of non ideal conditions as background distortion, unbalances, magnetic material saturation, firing asymmetries, etc... No simplifying assumptions are strictly needed, although in practice limitations in detail are forced by the need to contain the computational effort.

Ilink = Ilink(d.c.) + Ilink(a.c.) with

J&&(d,c.) = Vrect( d . c . ) - Vinv( d.c. ) , Rllnk 'ink(a.c.)
= L J ( V r e c t ( a . c . ) - Viv(a.c.))dt,

(2)
(3)

Llink

1579 brevity, the only test referred to is that characterised by the following data: Ej=46.19 V j=land Vi; LE1 l=O0, ,~E2~=-120',LEI l=-24Oo, E$* Vi, Vj=5,7; fac=SOHz, Li=14mH Vi; al=29'; Rlink=1.35 Ohms; Llink=75 mH; Es=45.32 V; Ls=lO mH; a2=137', fs=80Hz. The 430Hz and 530Hz components are the main expected interharmonic currents. The Fourier fundamental frequency of the current waveforms is 10%. For this reason the waveforms obtained by means of the EAM and the TDM have been subject to FFT application considering a sampling period of 0.1 sec., after the steady-state has been reached. In Table I the EAM measurements and the FDM and TDM results are reported in terms of the main a.c. side current harmonic and interharmonic components. It may be noted that the TDM results are closer to the EAM . measurements than those of FDM.
Table I: Ideal condition current components as % o f the

Fig. 4: Time domain model general scheme

With reference to the well known ATP software [171 it is necessary to conduct the following sequence: a) to set up differential equations for each part of system; b) to use interconnection methods to connect the parts of the models; c) to solve the differential equations using numerical integration until steady state conditions are reached; d) to subject the waveforms of interest to Fourier's analysis, for appropriate time interval. The synchronous motor drive TDM couples all the well known advantages of detailed models, that are high accuracy and well developed software availability. Disadvantages are of excessive data requirements, a c u l t i e s in the use of the model and the long calculation time. 111. EXPERIMENTS Numerous tests have been performed utilising the models described in the paper. Firstly, the EAM, TDM and FDM models have been applied to case-studies under ideal conditions to compare the Merent methods. A second subsection refers to TDM applications to case-studies in which the drive considered is supplied under non-ideal conditions and its aim is to give information about the a.c. side current harmonic and interharmonic sensitivity to supply-side voltage distortion and unbalance. To describe the various case-studies reference will be made to the synchronous motor drive model depicted in Fig.5. In Fig5 both converters are six pulse type, with controlled devices.
Ll

T i [AI

-11
Fig. 6: A.c. side current waveforms; curve a) refers to TDM and ) to EAM curve 6

Fig.5: Synchronous motor drive model

A. Analogue model measurements and simulation results

under ideal working conditions

Fig.6, which contains the current waveforms obtained by the TDM and the EAM, demonstrates the good agreement between a.c. side current waveforms. The test results confirm the well proven reliability and accuracy of the time domain models.

B. Simulation results under non-ideal working conditions

Since the EAM is not suitable for all the non ideal condition cases, the TDM has been utilised as the basic tool to perform several experiments under non-ideal conditions. Additionally, the sensitivity to supply voltage distortion and asymmetry has been analysed.

In [4] tests are reported that demonstrate that a good agreement is found between the FDM results and the EAM measurements. In order to verify the accuracy of the TDM, the same case-studies of [4] have been repeated using the power electronic simulator. In this section, for the sake of

1580

To aid comparisons between the various studies that have been carried-out, the following data have been preserved for all the tests:
Ll=L2=L3=14 mH, al=29"; Llink=75 mH, Rlink=7.14 Ohms; Ls=lO mH, a2=137", Es=45.32 V, fs=40 Hz. The main expected interharmonic frequencies are 190Hz and 290Hz. The sampling period to be considered for the FFT application is 0.1 sec. Five different tests are considered by a pro riatel selectin different values for E1 l, E2 l, E3 l, E1 , E2 , E3 , El7, E?, E37; the drive working conditions are assumed to be unaffected.
-20

P !

Fig. 7: Variations o f the 19OHz and 290Hz interharmonic currents, Ali. with the 5th harmonic supply voltage phase angle; f the percentage values, lia, obtained the results are a percentage o in case a)
2o

(A Ih/Lha)* 100

T
10 0

1 ~-5th

+-7th

+llth]

a) Ideal supply In this case the following conditions are assumed:

-1 0

Ei1=46. 19 V Vi, LEll=O", LE21=-1200, LE31=-240, E ~ ~ Vi, = o E ~ ~ Vi. =o The results, obtained in terms of a.c. side current components, are reported in Table 11. For the sake of brevity harmonics up to 550 Hz and the two main interharmonics only are included.
Table II: A.c. side current components in % of thefundamental Fig. 8: Variations of the Sth, 7th and 1 I th harmonic currents, AIh, with the 5th supply harmonic voltage phase-angle; the results are a percentage of the percentage values, Iha. obtained in case a)

11 frequency I
.

1d g ! a d e1

250

22.04

350

9.98

550

190

7.49

5.40

290

4.87

1I

These results represent the base or control results that in the following tests would be obtained if the non-ideal conditions were not taken into account. b) Supply voltage distorted by a 5th harmonic component Twelve simulations have been performed assuming: Ei5= 2,77 V Vi (corresponding to the 6% of Eil); LEi5 = 1*30, LE25 = -240" + 1*30, LE35 = -120" + 1*30"; the phase-angles of the harmonic voltages have been varied (1=0,1,2,...) in twelve steps and for the other quantities the same values have been used as in case a). The 12 simulation results for the interharmonic currents are plotted in Fig.7 and for the harmonic currents in Fig.8; the values are in terms of percentage variation of the basic values (in percentage of the fundamental) obtained in case a), plotted as functions of phase-angle of the 5th harmonic supply phase-voltage.

The amplitude variation of both interharmonic current curves are quasi-sinusoidal, with identical phase and with highest values of about 20%. The 290Hz component variations are larger than those of the 190Hz component. Similar considerations apply to the 5th and 11th harmonic amplitude variation curves, with lower maximum values. The 7th harmonic curve is of opposite phase with values of the same order as the 290Hz interharmonic current. c) Supply voltage distorted by a 7th harmonic component Twelve simulations have been performed assuming: Ei7=1.39 V Vi (corresponding to the 3% of Eil); LE17 = 1*30, LEz7 = -120" + 1*30, LE37 = -240" + 1*30; the phase-angles of the harmonic voltages have been varied (1=0.1,2,...) in twelve steps and for the other quantities the same values have been used as in case a). The 12 simulation results are plotted for the interharmonics in Fig.9 and for the harmonics in Fig.10. The results are again plotted in terms of percentage variation of the values obtained in case a) as functions of phase angle of the 7th harmonic supply phase-voltage. Considerations similar to those of case b) apply for interharmonic curves. The harmonic curves are still sinusoidal like but with distributed phase. The variation of the interharmonic components is larger than that of the harmonics.

1581

(A IMha)*100
2o

The interharmonic current component variation reach as about +/- 25% and both components are very similar. The harmonic variations are lower than those of the interharmonics and have signs for 5th and 11th harmonics opposite to that of 7th harmonic. (AIMha)*100
25
15..

-20

Fig. 9: Variationso f the I90Hz and 290Hz interharmoniccurrent. Ali. with the 7th harmonic supply voltage phase angle; the results are a percentage o f the percentage values, Iia, obtained in case a)
(A IMha)*100
2o

-5

I
30
60

Fig. 11: Variations o f the 190Hz and 290Hz interharmonic currents, Ali, with the phase-angle a; the results are a percentage o f the percentage values obtained in case a)

-20

. P.~e-*e[deq 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

2o (A IMha)*100

Fig. IO: Variations o f the 5th. 7th and I Ith harmonic currents, A Zh, with the 7th supply harmonic voltage phase-angle, as a percentage o f the percentage values, Iha, obtained in case a )

d) Supply voltage distorted by typical 5th and 7th harmonic components Six simulations have been performed assuming: E.5=2,77 V Vi(correspondingto the 6% of Eil) Ei7=1.39 V Vi(correspondingto the 3% of Eili LEi5 =45 , LE25 =45 -240, LE35 =45 -120, LEi7 =47 , LE27 3 7 -120, LE37 =i)7 -240, Variation of $5 and $7 have been considered in tune with tab. 111:

-20
10

Phase-angle[deg.]
1

20

30

40

50

Fig. 12: Variations o f the 5th. 7th and I I th harmonic currents, A Ih, with the phase-angle a; the results are a percentage o f the percentage values obtained in case a)

e) Unbalanced supply voltages It is assumed in this case that:

E1 '= 45.26 V, E 2 k 5 . 9 6 V, E 3 l 4 7 . 1 1 V LEil=O', LE~~=-120',LE3 '=-240",

pyE--pq
1
30 40 50

-163.22 -196.78 -235.45 ~.~-286.27

~~

-213.04
.

[ I -32777

-3 1.05

the other quantities having the same values as case a); these data correspond to an unbalance of the fundamental supply voltages of 2%. The results obtained are summarised in Table IV, in terms of a.c. side current harmonic and interharmonic components for all three phases. The maximum variations obtained, in comparison to the case a) results, are reported in Table V.
Table IV: Three phase a x . side current components in % o f the fundamental

which results from the distortion caused by a large rectifier on the common coupling point busbar with the synchronous motor drive operating with a firing delay angle. The 6 simulation results are plotted for thc interharmonic currents (Fig. 11) and for the harmonic currents (Fig. 12) in terms of percentage variation of the percentage values obtained under ideal conditions (Tab.II), as functions of the delay-angle values a.

11

frequency

[Hz]

150

250
22.67 21.63 21.91

350
9.18 9.62 10.12

550
7.43 7.45 6.95

190
5.70 5.09
5.95

290
5.39 4.93 5.30

amplitude["/.] phase 1 amplitude[%] phase 2 amplitude(%]

0.81 0.93 1.75

1582

Table V: ibfaxinium variations of ac current compotietits dlrfor 2% unbalanced supplying voltages, as % ofpercentage values Ira

man (AIr/AIra)* 100

100.0

2.86

-8.02

-7.21

10.19

10.68

Once again the variations of interharmonic components are greater than those of the harmonics, except for the case of the third harmonic which appears in the presence of unbalance. Similar results have been obtained by introducing voltage phase unbalance. C. Comments It is usefull to get an insigth into the mechanism behind the aforementioned variations of the harmonic and interharmonic currents and. in particular, the greater variations of the interharmonics. Explanations can be carried out by using the amplitude modulation theory as in [ 5 ] , where the harmonic transfer through converters and DC links is analysed showing how the converters intercouple the a.c. and d.c. systems and act as a tranfer medium for harmonics. Referring to the previously reported test results and, in particular, for the sake of semplicity, only to the case b) results, the following explanations can be given: i) the impressed 5 t h harmonic supply voltage distortion causes a variation of the supply side 5 t h harmonic current which corresponds mainly to a variation of the d.c. side 6-th harmonic current which causes, at the same time, also a variation of the supply side 7-th harmonic current; ii) the absolute values of the 5 t h and 7-th harmonic variations tend to be the same and this justify the greater percentage variations of the 7-th which are referred to a lower base value; iii toghether with the d.c. side 6-th harmonic variation mentioned in i), minor variations occur for further dc side harmonic currents and in particular for the d.c. component and for the 12-th; the 12-th component causes variations of the supply side 11-th and 13-th harmonic currents; the d.c. component causes a variation of the inverter working conditions so modifving the d.c. side current ripple caused by the inverter and determining the variation of the supply side interharmonics; The interharmonic variations mechanism in iii) is more complex than that of the harmonic in i) and seems to amplify the percentage variations of the interharmonic components. The effect of the background distortion is to either increase or decrease the amplitude of the interharmonic currents related to those expected from an undistorted

supply. Since the exact nature of background distortion is often not well understood it is safer to assume that the interharmonic components are elevated. However, it is here indicated that the presence of a fifth harmonic voltage of 6 percent may cause a 20 percent increase in the value of the dominant interharmonic currents (Fig.7). Therefore, if the effect of the background distortion is ignored any calculation used may predict values which are lower than would be found on the real system; this is highly undesirable. On many systems the background distortion is low and may be ignored. However, on some private supplies such as ships and oil platforms the background distortion is significant and therefore it should be considered to avoid undesirable errors. IV. CONCLUSIONS The harmonic and interharmonic distortion in current source type inverter drives has been considered. The most appropriate, analogue, frequency domain and time domain models available have been described and their characteristics compared: (i) the analogue models is simple to set up but there are complications to obtaining results; (ii) the frequency domain models do not require a heavy computational effort and are simple to apply; (iii) the time domain models offer high accuracy and are the most flexible in taking into account non-ideal working conditions. Experimental measurements on low power analogue models and numerical simulation results, obtained by means of both frequency domain and time domain models, have been reported. A good agreement between the results of the methods considered occurs under ideal conditions. Finally, the results of a sensitivity analysis to the supply voltage distortion and unbalance obtained by means of time domain simulations are reported; it is possible to observe that: a) the use of simplified models assuming ideal working conditions may lead to numerical results very far from the actual physical system behaviour; b) interharmonic currents seem more sensitive to the background supply distortion or unbalance than the harmonic currents.
Acktiowledgements - The aitthors wish to tliatik Professor F. Gagliardi for his valuable comments arid discussions.

REFERENCES:

[l] Ivner, S.:" Harmonic generation from a variable speed synchronous motor drive", 1985, IEE conf. publ. 250, pp 339-343.
[2] IEC, Sub-committee 77B,

industrial plants

'I,

" Compatibility levels in Document 77B (Sec) 49, March 1988.

[3] Delaney, E. J. and Morrison. R. E. :"Interharmonic Currents in Synchronous Motor Drive", 26th Universities

1583

Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) pp 389-392, UK 1991. [4] Delaney, E. J. and Morrison, R. E. :"The calculation of harmonic and interharmonic distortion in current source converter system". ICHPS V International Conference on harmonics in power systems, 1992. [5] Hu L. and Yacamini R. : "Harmonic transfer through converters and HVDC links", IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, Vo1.7 n.3 July p. 514 to 525. [6] Arrillaga, J.: "Power system harmonic models". Electrical Energy Conversion in Power Systems (EECPS), CamUItaly 1989. W-P.l. [7] CIGRE WG 36-05: "Harmonics Characteristic Parameters, Methods of Study, Estimates of Existing Values in the Network". Electra n.77 1981, pp 35-54.

[14] J. Arrillaga, D. A. Bradley, P. S . Bodger: "Power System Harmonics", John Wiley and Sons, 1985. [15] Muhammad H. Rashid, Ali I. Maswood: "Analysis of three-phase AC-DC converters under unbalanced supply conditions", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vo1.24 n.3, May/June 1988. [16] M. Sakui, H. Fujita: "Calculation of harmonic currents i t h unbalanced power supply in a three-phase convertor w conditions, IEE Pr0c.-B, vo1.139 n.5, Sept. 1992.
[ 171 Electro Magnetic Transient Program, Reference Manual (EMTP Theory Book), August 1986, prepared by H. W.Dommel.
Romrio Carbone was bom in Taurianova, Italy, on December 12, 1965. He received his degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Calabria, Italy, in 1990. He is working towards the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering at the Department of Electrical Engineering of University of Naples. Dr Carbone is a member of the Italian Instituteof Electrical Engineers.
Eamon John Delaney was b o m in Aberdare, South Wales in 1968. He received the B. Eng. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Nottingham Polytechnic, U:K: in 1990. Since graduation he has worked as a Research Associate with StafForshireUniversity and has obtained a Ph. D.for his work. His fields of His fields of research are Harmonic generation by Variable Frequency Synchronous Motor Drives and Active Filtering Techniques.
Daniele M e n n i t i was b o m in Susa(TO), Italy on September 23, 1958. He received the degree in Electrical Engineering f r o m University of Calabria, cOSenza/Italyand the Pk D. degree in Electical Engineeringfrom University of Naples, Italy, in 1984 and 1989 respectively. He is a Reseacher at the Electronic, Computer and Systems Science Department of University of Calabria, Italy. His current research interests concern electrical power system a~ l y ~real-time k , control and automation. Dr Menniti is a member of the AEI (the Italian Institute of Electrical Engineers).

[8] Arrillaga, J., Watson, N. R., Eggleston, J. F., Callaghan, C. D.: 'lComparison of steady-state and.dynamic models for the calculation of ACDC system harmonics". IEE Proc. C 134 (1987) n.1, pp 31-37. [9] G. Carpinelli, F. Gagliardi, M. Russo and A. Sturchio: "Steady-state Mathematical Models of Battery Storage Plants with Line Commutated Converters". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vo1.8 n.2, pp. 494-503, April 1993. [IO] G. Carpinelli, F. Gagliardi, M. Russo and A. Sturchio: "Steady-state mathematical models of battery storage plants with biparametric regulation", E E Proceedings pt. C, Vol. 140, n.2, pp.105-114, 1993. [ l l ] P. Daponte, G. FalcomatA, A. Testa: "A multiple attenuation frequency window for harmonic analisys in power systems". Proc. IEEEPES 1993 Summer Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, July 18-22,1993. [12] P. Daponte, A. Testa: 'I Combined Use of Segmented Chrp Z-Transform and of Multiple Deep Dip Windows for Power System Harmonic Analysis''. Submitted for pubblication on IEEE Trans. on Instrumentations and Measurements. [13] K. M. Goh and R. E. Morrison: "A Fast Convertor Model for Use in Monte-Carlo Calculations", Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), UK 1987.

R E. Morrison received his B. Sc. f r o m Staforshire University in 1973 and his Ph. D.ffom the institutionin 1981. He worked as power systems engineer wthin G.E.C. from 1973 to 1983 and has worked at StafForshire University since leaving G.E.C.. He is cumently Head of power Engineering Dr.Morrison is a member of the institution of Electrical Engineers ofthe U.K.
Alfred0 Testa was bom in Naples, Italy, on March 10,1950. He received the r o m University of Naples, in 1975. He is an degree in Electrical Engineeringf Associate Professor in Electrical Power Systems at the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Naples, Italy. He is engaged in researches on electrical power systems reliability and harmonic analysis Dr T e s t a is a member IEEE Power Engineering Society and of AEI (the Italian Institute of ElectricalEngineers).