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Unit 1: The Collision of Cultures

History Where does history come from? Primary Sources: Anything that has a direct connection to the event being studied. Ex. Unedited video, photo, audio, diary (eyewitness), gov. documents, artifacts. Secondary Sources: Anything that has an indirect connection to the event being studied. Ex. Secondhand accounts from eyewitnesses, textbooks, encyclopedias (Wikipedia), artwork (interpretation of), anything edited. 4 Things Historians Must Understand: Perspective: All sources present info within the confines of their personal POV. Presentism: Judging the past viewed only through the eyes by todays ESP conditions. AVOID, by using by todays standards.that wouldve been etc. Bias: many sources had an ESP acts to grind- pushing an agenda, persuading people to think their way. Ex. political propaganda. Relativism: How does it compare to other situations of similar circumstances? Best defense against presentism and bias. Which one is worse? 3 Historic Motivating Factors Economic: Gold. How people make a living within the confines of their surroundings. Survival. Money. Employment. Shapes and motivates people to do a lot of things. Can drive social factors and society development. Social: God. How people interact and relate with one another. Friendship. Blood ties. Social alliances and class. Religionpeople want explanations. Political: Glory. Power, The control of other people. Survival. Laws and law enforcement entities. How people manage their society and economy. The art of doing what is possible. Can be divided into Foreign and Domestic categories: - Foreign politics further divided into: diplomatic and warfare. - Domestic divided into: persuasion and law enforcement. Getting you to adhere to the rules. Push Factors vs. Pull Factors Push Factors: Historical events that motivate people to act by presenting them with situations that they do not want. Famine, political persecution, social unrest, etc. Pull Factors: Historical events that motivate people to act by presenting them with situations that they DO want. Both factors work together. Monocausal theory: Theory that only one thing caused it to happen. Rarely only one reason. Historiography Historiography: The study of historical thought. Reminds us that history is not a closed book. Domestic Events: Providential History: 1600s and Puritan writers: Colonial period. They interpret things through religious eyes. The civil law is not separate from religious laws. Religious basis. Ex. Disasters are Gods punishments for sins. America is a shining symbol for religious righteousness. Rationalist History: 1700s Age of enlightenment. John Newton, Rousseau, Locke. See things through the eyes of natural law, more scientific than religion. History unfolds through process and reason. Men are motivated by self interest than religious piety. History is a story about how wealth and power, rights and wrongs came into the world. Nationalist History: mid to late 1800s. Move away from enlightenment and their attitudes are more with the ideas of imperialism. American is the triumph over Anglo Saxon people and inferior races. Inborn virtues, certain races have certain cultural traits. Very racist. History focuses on the conflict between white settlers and indigenous people. Progressive History: early 20th century through end of WWII. Frederick Jackson. Struggle between the power elite and the people. Believe America has been moving closer and closer to liberal, democratic state, private/property and free enterprise are the best opportunities. Conflict is central to the shaping of American history. Historians focus on rich vs. poor, labor vs. big business, debtors vs. creditors, north vs. south, agregarian vs. capitalists, and east vs. west. Ignore issues of race, gender, and ethnicity. Consensus History: the late 1940s through the 1980s: The shared ideas of Americans are more important than the conflicts. They think America is lacking in conflicts such as class conflict. Conflicts exist but do not reach major levels seen in other parts of the world. US History is made up of general agreement on fundamental principles. 1

8/25/10 Conflicts have happened within the center rather than left vs. right wing extremists. Believe that accomplishments/achievements of American democracy and capitalism should be celebrated. New Left History: the 1960s through the 1980s: Herrington, Howard Zen. Perspective: Historians should not avoid explanations of violence, racism, or oppression in American society. The US is a stew of race, class, gender and ethnicity and should be written about. US History should celebrate radicals and anarchists of the past because they were ahead of their time. Social History: late 1980s to the present: Historians should focus on the common people rather than individuals in a perceived position of power. History should be studied from the bottom up. Studied diaries, letters, etc. from common people. Conflict is not political/economic but primarily socio-cultural. See themselves as radicals opposing traditional points of view. Modernism vs. traditionalism. They believe you should use relativism and comparativism. Foreign Events: Perspective: US foreign policy is characterized by a commitment to high ideals. American is nation that promotes economic prosperity and democracy. US has been an imperialist power, but a good imperialist power. US has made mistakes but prepared themselves for independence. The Realists: 1945 to the present: US foreign policy has characterized by too many changes and wide swings in policy. Alternate by moral crusades and isolationism. American PEOPLE too often believe they go to war because of evil people. Americans too often treat war as a sporting event. US tries to right every wrong instead of doing itself justice for its own self interest. Dont believe foreign policy is a matter for public debate; it is a matter for professional diplomats. The Radicals: the 1960s to the present: Howard Zen. US foreign policy is controlled by an economic elite. They guide FP to gain new economic markets and resources. Economic elite manipulates and misguides people to think that it is a national issue. US is an imperialist that prevents other nations from controlling their own resources. Prehistoric Societies in the Americas Human origins: Probably originated in Africa about 3 million years ago. 1st Human Contact with North America: Europe: The Norse colonization: Norse people came from Scandinavia as early as the 10 century. Came to America through the Icelandic sagas- tell us about Lee coming to Finlandand Vikings. Native Americans thought of them as psychotically out of control, unsuitable to be slaves. Enemies of the Vikings b/c the NA were lactose intolerant and were traded diary products. Got violently ill and attacked. Slavs= good enough. Amateur arch. Believe Vikings landed in the area of present day Canada. The only known sigh of a Norse village in Newfoundland, Canada, 1960. The only widely accepted PreColumbian, Trans-oceanic contact between Euro. and NA. Numerous evidence has been found globally since. Believed they have traveled as far as Maine-Baffin Island. Came, left, left no really lasting impact. L'Anse aux Meadows: Polynesia: Sweet potato: Originated only in the new world. Known nowhere outside N and S America. Also found in the Canary Islands. Also thought they were brought to central Polynesia in 700 AD and spread. Chickens: Originated in S Asia. The variety from Chile mightve been brought by the Spanish. DNA is the same as the breeds over 5000 miles away, Easter Island, and Hawaii. Unlike those of the Euro breeds. Africa: Olmec existed in Mesoamerica 1200-400 B.C. Idea that they were related to Africa originated when a colossal head was found in 1862 of the jungles and was attributed to the head to a negro race. Significance: Interesting discussion of arch. Evidence, but its not impactful. No real known impact. Asia: Beringia: Land bridge that existed between Asia and NA. from 45000 to 12000 BCE. 47-14 thou. Years ago. Hunter-gatherers: migrated from Siberia to Alaska. Small and isolated groups. Followed the food trail Best evidence: 16500 BCE-13000 BCE. Went on foot or primitive boats, Stone Age tools. No metallurgy or pottery. Nomadic lifestyle: Keep moving when you hunt out of lands. Economies and societies reflect geography of region. Significance: Overwhelming evidence shows that those people are the most significant people to come to pre Columbian America. The Importance of Agriculture 2

8/25/10 A dependable food supply: You live a more sedentary life with a dependable food supply. Gives you time to produce other items. Pottery, develop writing, think about the nature of the universe, TRADE, art, literature, music, rituals. Accumulate wealth. Build clay pots, baskets, etc. Significance: The success complex civilizations depend on the success of agriculture. They fall into decline and collapse after reaching their limits of food supplies/ something happens to deplete their supplies (colony decimation, disease, mites). When: 5000 years ago. Inhabitants of central Mexico were the first to cultivate crops. Crops: The three sisters: corn (maize), beans, and squash. Corn provides sugar and starch, some protein, beans provide their rest of proteins, and squash provides all the other vitamins and minerals. Potatoes (starch) and tomatoes (vitamin c). Cacao-chocolate, peanuts, peppers, tobacco, cotton (imprt. after establ. of US) vanilla, pineapples, avocados, strawberries. ONLY in the new world. Early American Civilizations & Pre-civilizations Pre-Civilizations: Ohio region, some shaped like pyramids or mounds. No one knows why the mounds were built. Anasazi. Build huge earth walls around villages. Small populations. Lived in scattered territories. Few large settlements. Hunters and gatherers. Most sophisticated cultures north of what is Mexico. Complex Civilization: The Maya: 250-900 AD. Intellectual leaders of Mesoamerica. Centered around the Yucatn peninsula. Advanced system of writing and math. Developed the concept of the 0, even before the Arabs. Calendar was the most accurate. Built irrigation canals- they had to take water AWAY because it rained too much. Monumental architecture- like roads, temples, etc. Aztecs: 1325-1521 AD. Came down as a nomadic band from the southern part of the US. Had a vision of where they needed to be when the saw the symbol of an eagle with a snake in its mouth on a cactus. They called themselves Mexicali. Conquerors. Most complex culture when the Euros arrived. Centered in the valley of Mexico, at their capital Tenochtitlan-present day Mexico city- largest city in the new world before the arrival of Columbus. Population was as much as a million to half a million. Engaged in monu. Architecture. Empire built in warrior tradition- collecting labor and tribute from conquered peoples and human sacrifice. Preyed on Mayans, toltecs, etc. Religion required human sacrifice and to resurrect the sun each day, they sacrificed someone. Two calendars, one to track seasons and the other was religious. Fear was also a major part of religion. Contributed to their ultimate defeat- killing their own people. Leader is Montezuma.-very certain and confident leader. Bought his own propaganda. Used copper- but never used them as a tool. Problems/Significance: The pre Columbian civ. have problems that contribute to Native Americans cultures being less advanced than new world cultures. Death cults. Physical nature of the world itself. New world has a north-south orientation and the rest of the world has an east-west orientation. Failure to develop and use the wheel really impedes trade and transportation. No large domesticated animals other than llama and alpaca. In spite of the use of some metals such as gold, silver, and copper, they were basically Stone Age cultures. Used metals mostly for ceremonial purposes. Common Traits Diverse cultures: Not a lot in common. Asians arrived and spread out, encountered and assimilated. Developed to geographic surroundings. Social Organization: Very egalitarian. Agricultural groups- matrilineal. Still relied on hunting. Women held more leadership roles in agricultural societies. Nomadic bands- partilineal- hunting is how wealth was gathered. Religious Beliefs: Varied, but they were polytheistic. Very few monotheistic. Animistic-well integrated into nation, worshipped sun, moon, earth, wolf, etc. Languages: Spoke over 1000 diff. languages. Were not one people: Little effort was made by the Native American tribes to rise against Europeans. Largely based on the fact of bettering themselves over their neighbors. Thought of Euros as an improvement. Population: Guesstimate- 10 million NAs. From Canada to Argentina. Question remains: Should American history be understood as an extension of European civ. into the new world or as a gradual development of a uniquely American culture? European Societies in 1492 What was life in Europe like in the 1400s? Hierarchy. Paternal. Small villages. Feudal manoralism- land/serfs. Slaves cant be sold off. Lord owes protection to the serfs. Early 1400s Europe: Recovering from Black Death. Full 1/3 of Europeans died. Severe SEP destruction. Peoples diets get better- better food supply. Few people, high manual labor. Feudalism ends because labor now a premium.

8/25/10 Hundred Years War: 1337-1453. Between France and England. Disrupted overland trade. Euros had to look toward the sea to get to markets in Asia. Overland trade routes came under the control of Muslim Arabs who were not friendly with them. Concept of nationalism comes about, mostly because of England, France, and Spain. Factors that Encouraged Exploration Rise of nation states and the decline of feudalism: Prince Henry the Navigator: Portugal sends more than 30 voyages down the coast of Africa. Longest journey possible, looks for another route and sails around Africa. Ferdinand & Isabella: United Spain. Gave their conquistadores the job of conquering. Technological Changes: Navigational instruments: Astrolabe: tells the positions of the sun and various stars- telling you local time. Quadrant: measures the starts altitude above the horizon. Significance: Made sailing safer. Moveable type: invented by Johannes Guttenberg. Allowed for the inexpensive mass production of printed materials. Printed the Bible in all diff. languages (creates Protestant Reformation) and the Travels of Marco Poloinspired people to go outside of Europe to find treasures. Information could circulate more easily and theres a renewed interest in science and learning. Caravel: Ship- developed by the Portuguese in the 1400s. Two masts and sail. Allows for ocean transport. Primary Motives for Exploration: Gold: Euro. Had easy access to the wealth of the West: spice, silk, dyes, etc. that was part of the Mongol empire. With the failure of Constantinople, the Ottoman Turks disrupt this trade. Glory: Political power. A nations wealth determines its power- mercantilism. God: Desire to spread your particular brand of religion. Early European Explorations The Norse: No lasting impact. Portuguese: First to explore and trade around the African coast. Prince Henry: provided a school/think tank for mariners and navigators to share stories. Copied maps. He is looking for a route to the far East, around Africa. Finally accomplished after his death. Bartholomew Dias: rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488. Vasco Da Gama: Reached India in 1498. Trade economy: Gold and slaves were key elements. Traded euro goods to Africa. TRADE, not kidnapping system. The Portuguese introduced black slavery to Europe. Colonial plantations were worked by black African slaves. First economy in which the bondage of black Africans became the central ingredient. Significance: Before Columbus had sailed they knew how to do four things: transplant their crops and livestock to other places. They learned to conquer and exploit native peoples. Developed plantation slavery. Developed trade for slaves with Africa. Set the stage for Columbus. Christopher Columbus Who was he? Born sometime between August 5th and Oct. 21st, 1451. Son of a wool weaver/cheese maker. Middle class. Most of the people who effected revolutionary change were middle class. Brother of a cartographer working in Spain. Went to sea at an early age, as early as 7. Spent much of his adult life at sea working for trading families, very experienced at navigation. Marries the daughter of rich Portuguese nobility. What was he looking for? Myths or misconceptions: Was not looking for a new continent. Was not hindered by the belief the Earth was flat. Truth: Wanted to find a more direct route to Asia to make money. Columbus Plan: Portugal: turned him down. England: Spain: approved but waited 7 years. Columbus Voyage When: Land was sighted on Oct. 12th. Where: Island in San Salvador and cruzed around the Caribbean. Santa Maria, his ship wrecked. What: Built a fort on the island and named it Hispaniola. Left 40 men behind. 4

8/25/10 Disease: Significance: Discovered and identified the prevailing winds that could possible for future voyages. Route to America and back to Spain. Beginning of a reoccurring theme between Europeans and Native Americans. Euros sought to extract profits by exploiting the natural resources- plants, animals, and people alike. Sad End for Columbus: Returned to Caribbean 3 more times and it never occurred to him that it was not Asia. He was looking at the land of Cuba and thought it was the Japanese islands. Died in 1506 still thinking he had sailed the coast of Asia. Amerigo Vespucci Who: Italian navigator and explorer. What: first person that coined the term, new world. He realized that it was NOT Asia. Made two voyages to the new world after Columbus and made vivid accounts. Significance: Made two voyages to the new world after Columbus and made vivid accounts. The Treaty of Tordesillas The Line of Demarcation: Written at the request of the king of Portugal. Pope issued a series of papal rules. 1493. Divided the world between Spain and Portugal. Significance: Euros accepted the fact that the pope had the right to give away the new world land. It would set the pattern for Spanish and Portuguese colonization.

Columbian Exchange What: Refers to the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the old and new world after Columbus voyage in 1492. Two way highway. Things were brought from the new world potatoes, corn, tomatoes, tobacco, and syphilis. Wheat sugar HORSES, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, etc. Africa-new world: slaves, coffee, rice, malaria. Significance: Most imprt contact between euro. And Native Americans. Previously isolated cultures become immediately linked. Other Explorers Balboa: Set for the Isthmus of Panama. Claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain. Magellan: 1519-1521 circumnavigated the globe. Basically proved the earth was round. Gave Spain a claim to the Philippines. Didnt make the entire journeycannibals killed him. Hernando Cortes: Really small force- 11 ships, 530 soldiers. La Malenche- Dona Marina. The traderer/backstabber Toltec of noble origin. Captured by the Aztecs and sold to the Maya. Cortes teachers her Spanish, becomes his mistress, has a son, and acts as a translator. She is her confidante. Because of her, the two of them could out manipulate anybody. Montezuma-leader of the Aztecs at the time of Spanish conquest. He becomes Cortes puppet because he thinks Cortes is a god. How did he pull this off? Converted Natives become an ally. Dona marina was a valuable diplomatic asset. Montezuma was indecisive and became a puppet. Advanced technology. Discipline-staying together and working as one. Cortes conquered the Aztecs- they are one of the most advanced civilizations in the new world, and wealthiest! Brought vast amounts of wealth to Spain. By the early 16th century, Spain owns much of Europe. Francisco Pizarro: 1533. Conquered the Inca and Peru (one of the 2 wealthiest civilizations). How did he pull this off? The Inca was still just newly formed. The Inca religion gave opportunities. Advanced technology. He was ruthless; he called of their local leaders/gov. and killed them. His men grabbed a hold of the idols, and everyone had to listen to them. Brought vast amounts of wealth, including gold and silver into Spain. John Cabot: sailed for Henry VII for England. Reached Canada. Gave England claim to the Americas. Pedro Cabral: Sailed for Brazil in 1500. Claimed to have landed in Brazil for Portugal- gives them a claim in the Americas. Henry Hudson: Englishmen. Sailed for England. Hudson theory was that we could go over North America. That failed. 1609-sailed for the Dutch. Explored Canada and went to where New York is and the Hudson River. 1610-1611: sailed again for England. His crew mutinied and kicked him adrift in the Hudson. Impact of European Contact with the New World Diseases: greatest impact. Some experts estimate by the 17th century there had been a 90 percent decrease in the NA population. Small pox greatest killer. Food: veggies and grain crops. More nutritious and produced higher yields than those of the old world. Wheat sucks. Reoccurring theme, improved diets equal better health. Better helped equal improved population. Despite 33 percent of 5

8/25/10 Euros wiped out with Black Death before Columbus and 90 percent wiped out after black death/Columbus, there is progress. European Colonization Spain: 1st to start colonizing. Horse: HUGE impact. Spread through explorers or missions. Most profound impact among the plains Indians. It was rare for a Comanche to get a buffalo before horses. Triggered thievery intensified tribal competition, and ware fare. St Augustine in Florida: 1565. Oldest euro settlement in what is now the US. HUGE fort. Spanish control over colonies: very little local autonomy. Mercantilism. Colonies were there to make Spain richer. Authority of the king and represent. were supreme, all the decisions were made in Spain. High gov. positions only held by peninsulares. Catholic Mission System: sent over (usually Franciscans but sometimes Jesuits.) sent to the new world to convert the Indians. Preach to the faithful- keep those in line. Soldiers also sent. Built a presidio-fort. There to defend missions and administer Spanish law-key to making this area more like Spain. Colonists- mostly men meant to marry native woman. Few families were sent and if they were they were high ranking officials. Native Americans learn to be catholic/Spanish (not so bad), learned to read, write, farm, and ranch. Performed auxiliary and law enforcement duties. Significance: a way to extend Spanish control with less bloodshed. Very successful. Pop: Rebellion. He was tribal leader of Indians. Forced labor from the encomienda system. Not allowed to practice native religion. Outbreak of smallpox and famine, shaman tries to convince them that this is because they have not been faithful to their original religion. Spanish are forced to flee back to New Mexico. Pope becomes an oppressor and destroys all the fruit tree, wheat, barley, anything catholic bc they are white man crops. Anyone married by the priest is separated. Diego Vargas leads the Spanish back to Mexico in 1692. The bloodless reconquest. Very small army. De las Casas: 16th century Dominican priest who settled in the new world. Was moved enough to write a letter to kind Charles the fifth about the treatment of the enslavement of Native Americans and begged him to end it. Suggest African slaves replace the native Americans. 1542- Spaniards forbidden to enslave Native Americans, start transporting African slaves. BUT he petitions the king later to end that, but it is ignored. Cast system: develops in Latin America. At the top are the peninsulares- people born in spain, creoles= people of pure Spanish blood born in the new world, mestizos- mixed native American and Spanish blood, indios- native Americans and Africans. When latin a. ceases to be colonial anymore, the creoles run the country more than the peninsulares. US is a huge drain on the mestizo pop. Encomienda system: permitted the holder to claim the labor of the NA in that region for a period of several years. Economic impact: vast gold and silver flood into spain. Spain goes from last to first place tempor. in euro. Triggers rapid inflation. Recurring theme: uncontrolled wealth. Portugal: lost out on the treaty of tordesillas. Set up sugar plantations in Brazil, very HARSH conditions. Imported mass numbers of African slaves to replace those that worked to death. Huge market for sugar in Europe. WEALTHY. Dutch: set up new Netherlands, internally weak and unstable. In 1609, along Hudson. What is now New York City- first called new Amsterdam purchased from Manhattan Indians for an equiv. of 24 dollars. Wanted to exploit FUR TRADE. Sweden: new Sweden in 1638. Were in dutch territory and encourages the Indians to attack the English settlements in Maryland-allied with dutch-allied with english. STUPID MOVE FROM SWED. English tell dutch to do something about it. Take new Sweden for themselves. French: big player in the new world amongst eng., Span. and port. Geovanni Verrazzano: italian navigator in 1593. Sailed for the French and gave them claim to north America. Jaques Cartier: lands there and plants a flag, reinforces the French claim to NA in Canada. Samuel De Champlain: 1608. Establishes settlements in Arcadia and Quebec. Fur trading posts. La Salle: come to Quebec, goes to great lakes, sails down the Mississippi and claims all of the land drained by the M. river, Louisiana. Wants to set up New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi and goes through a diff. direction than before. 1685- Claims Texas instead because he passed it. New France was very sparsely settled and there really was no reason for them to go. Fur trade and wheat farming are the basis for economy. French generally maintained good terms with Indians. Very few massacres. The War of Spanish Succession: lose Arcadia and those people migrated into Louisiana. Became the Cajuns. Problems: lack of french inhabitants. Lack of economic support- French didnt dub a lot of money into it. Hemmed in-new spain on one side, English colonies on the other.

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