Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Source: Frerichs, Ralph R., 2005. John Snow. Department of Edipdemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Updated January 1, 2005. Accessed January 4, 2005. http://www.ph.ucla. edu/epi/snow.html. The map is reproduced from: Snow, John, 1855. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill, London.
Source: Environment Canada, 2004. Water availability versus population. http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/images/info/facts/e-Water_availability.jpg. Accessed December 10, 2004.
Source for both images: Frerichs, Ralph R., 2005. John Snow. Department of Edipdemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Updated January 1, 2005. Accessed January 4, 2005. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html. The map is reproduced from: Snow, John, 1855. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill, London.
700 180 160 140 500 120 400 100 80 60 200 40 100 20 0
North America Asia ( excluding Middle East) Sub-Saharan Africa Central America & Caribbean South America Low Income Countries Developing Countries Developed Countries Middle East & North Africa Middle Income Countries United States Europe Oceania High Income Countries
600
300
Based on data from: World Resources Institute, 2004. EarthTrends, The Environmental Information Portal, Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems, Searchable Database, http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.cfm?theme=2. Accessed December 10, 2004.
Source: USGS, 2004. Water Science for Schools: Trends in water use. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. May 06, 2004. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/totrendbar.html, accessed November 23, 2004. See also: Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/index. html, accessed November 23, 2004.
Source: USGS, 2004. Water Science for Schools: Trends in water use. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. May 06, 2004. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/ totrendbar.html, accessed November 23, 2004. See also: Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/ pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html, accessed November 23, 2004.
Source: USGS, 2004. Source and use of freshwater in the United States, 2000. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/summary95.html. Last Modified: May 06, 2004. Accessed November 23, 2004. See also: Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004.
Domestic water use by state
1600 350
2000 1800 1600 400 Water Consumption (gpd/cap) 350 300 250 200 800 150 600 400 200 0 Jefferson County, AL Greenville County, SC Lancaster County, NE Los Angeles, CA Little Rock, AR LA County, CA Berkeley, CA Jefferson County, KS Santa Monica, CA Rapid City, SD Boston, MA Wyoming, MI Baltimore, MD Memphis, TN Las Vegas, NV Greater Peoria, IL Grand Rapids, MI Hagerstown, MD Orlando, FL US average 100 50 0
NEVADA
1400
UTAH IDAHO
300
250 1000
MAINE
US VI Average
200
800
200
Based on data from Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/ circ1268/index.html, accessed November 23, 2004.
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VI VA WA WV WI WY US total
Source of data: ASCE, 1979. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. Table 1, pp. 21-23.
2200
1600 1400 Water Use (gpd per dwelling unit) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 12 4 8 12 Time of Day 4 8 12 90oF Day without Rain 90oF Day with Rain
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Daily Water Use Patterns in R-6 Area: Maximum Day & Minimum Day
A.M P.M
A.M
Time of Day
P.M
Figure by MIT OCW. Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2005.
800
Water usage (gallons per day per dwelling un it) Metered Flat-rate
Gallons per capita
Leakage
Dom estic
Sprinkling
Total
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
Data from: Linaweaver, F. P., Jr., J. C. Geyer, and J. B. Wolff, 1967. A Study of Residential Water Use, A Report Prepared for the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development. Department of Environmental Engineering Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Turneaure, F. E., H. L. Russell, and M. S. Nichols. Public Water Supplies: Requirements, Resources, and the Construction of Works. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 32 53 94 125 156 187 218 248 280 311 342
1982
Precipitation (n)
60
80
100
Avg Temperature (oF) Diff from year avg water use (mgd)
1 0
32
53
94
125
156
187
218
248
280
311
342
1983
31
52
93
124
155
186
217
248
279
310
341
372
403
80
100
Daily min-max temperature, precipitation & water use in new york city for 1982.
Deviations from annual average water use versus average daily temperature for 1982 & 1983
Adapted from: Protopapas, A., S. Katchamart, and A. Platonova. "Weather effects on daily water use in New York City." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 332-338.
MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATION Average Temperature & Precipitation 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Precipitation
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 12
ROCKFORD, III Average Day Maximum Day Maximum = 181% of Av. Max. Hr.=188 x 181 = 340% Av. Average per cap = 67.5 Gal.
Temperature (oF)
PERCENTAGES
MADISON, WIS. Average Day Maximum Day Maximum = 196% of Av. Max.Hr.=175 x 196 = 343% Av. Average per cap = 117 Gal.
MONTHLY WATER USE 60 Water use (mga/month) 50 Thousands 40 30 20 10 0 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 YEAR Monthly average temperature, Precipitation, & water use in new York city for 1982 to 1991
MILWAUKEE, WIS. Average Day Maximum Day Maximum = 171% of Av. Max.Hr.= 185 x 171 = 317% Av. Average per cap = 138 Gal.
NOON 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 12
A.M
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Protopapas, A., S. Katchamart, and A. Platonova. "Weather effects on daily water use in New York City." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 332-338.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Turneaure, F. E., H. L. Russell, and M. S. Nichols. Public Water Supplies: Requirements, Resources, and the Construction of Works. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.
Based on U.S. Geological Survey. Estimated Use of Water in United States, Circulars 115, 398, 456, 556, 676, 765, 1001, 1004, 1081, 1200, 1268. Data for 1900 and 1924 from: Linaweaver, F. P., Jr., J. C. Geyer, and J. B. Wolff, 1967. A Study of Residential Water Use, A Report Prepared for the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development. Department of Environmental Engineering Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Based on U.S. Geological Survey. Estimated Use of Water in United States, Circulars 115, 398, 456, 556, 676, 765, 1001, 1004, 1081, 1200, 1268.
150
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1000 900 Wastewater Generation (l/d/cap) 800 700 600 500 100 400 300 200 100 0 Greenville County, SC Jefferson County, AL Los Angeles, CA Little Rock, AR LA County, CA Berkeley, CA Boston, MA Rapid City, SD Santa Monica, CA Jefferson County, KS Lancaster County, NE Las Vegas, NV Greater Peoria, IL Grand Rapids, MI Baltimore, MD Hagerstown, MD Memphis, TN Wyoming, MI Orlando, FL 0 50 150 200 Wastewater Generation (gpd/cap)
Surface-water supply
Flocculation
Settling tank
Filtration
Source of data: ASCE, 1979. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. Table 1, pp. 21-23.
Chemical mixing
Flocculation / Sedimentation
Sedimentation
Flocculation
Flocculation tank
Sludge scraper
Filtration
Aerator
Chlorine or permanganate
Contact tank
Filter
Softening
Lime Soda ash Chlorine Fluoride
16" Main 12" Main 10" Main 8" Main 6" Main 4" Main Supply wells Building parcels
2000 1800 1600 1400 Rate (l/d/cap) 1200 1000 200 800 600 400 200 0 Jefferson County, AL Greenville County, SC Los Angeles, CA LA County, CA Berkeley, CA Little Rock, AR Rapid City, SD Jefferson County, KS Lancaster County, NE Santa Monica, CA Boston, MA Greater Peoria, IL Baltimore, MD Grand Rapids, MI Hagerstown, MD Las Vegas, NV Memphis, TN Wyoming, MI Orlando, FL 150 100 50 0 Water Consumption (l/d/cap) Wastewater Generation (l/d/cap) 400 350 Rate (gpd/cap) 300 250
600
WATER WASTEWATER
400
200
12
AM
PM
Comparison of water use (solid line) & wastewater flow (dashed lines) on days when little sprinkling occurred.
Source of data: ASCE, 1979. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. Table 1, pp. 21-23.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2005.
5.0
TYPICAL DAILY HYDROGRAPH FROM TEST HOME II Total Daily Use: 245 Gal. Peak Demand
A - Home Laundry B - Dishwasher C - Foodwaste Disposer D - Shower E- Bath
4.0
Duration-min 1
Gal 5 10 20 26 64
3.0
2 4 15
2.0
60
1.0
0 0000
0200
0400
0600
0800
1000
1200 DC
1400 A B
1600
1800 C
2000 D DE
2200
2400
Bathing 30%
Data from: Droste, R. L., 1997. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
CC
Water Use
D B C D D
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Anderson, J. S., and K. S. Watson. "Patterns of household usage." Journal American Water Works Association 59, no. 10 (October 1967): 1228-1237.
300
0.2 Flowrate
150
0.1
0.05
10
14
16
18 20
22
24
Midnight
Midnight
Time of Day Typical hourly variations in flow & strength of domestic wastewater.
Based on Metcalf & Eddy Inc., G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel, editors, 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. Table 3-15, pg. 186.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. Metcalf & Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Contact basin
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
Primary settling
Final settling
Flowrate, m3/s
Chlorination Contact basin
Noon
Sludge thickening
Preliminary treatment
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Disinfection
Sludge digestion
Can also have tertiary treatment to remove nutrients and other pollutants
Bar screens
Bar screens
Traveling screen
Primary clarifiers
Primary clarifiers
Secondary clarifiers