CHAPTER 14 GRADIENT AND AREA UNDER A GRAPH

Speed-time graph gradient represent rate of change of speed the area under graph represent the distance traveled
speed constant/uniform speed acceleration Area = distance travelled 0 A time 0 time deceleration speed

Distance-time graph Gradient - represents speed Distance traveled vertical axis

distance stationary

b a Area = ab

b a Area =

b c a Area =

1 ab 2

1 a(b+c) 2

14.1 Speed-Time Graph A. Area EXAMPLE 1. 1.

12 3 6

EXERCISE (A)

EXERCISE (B)

8
4

10

Area =

1 x4 x3 2

=6

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

2.
4

12

7 13

Area = 12 x 4 = 48

3. 6 4 10 Area = 6 12 8 8 16

10

1 (6 + 10) x 4 2

= 32

4.
5

10
12

8
8

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

B. Area Under Graph

speed
Example 1 (i) 5 A 0 2 B 6 Time (iii) (ii) Distance during the first 2 seconds = area A 1 = x 2x 5 = 5 2 Distance during the last 4 seconds = area B =4 x 5 = 20 Total distance during 6 seconds = area A + area B = 5 + 20 = 25

speed

Exercise 1 i) Distance during the first 4 seconds

5 A 0 4 B 10 Time

ii)

Distance during the last 6 seconds

iii)

Total distance during 10 seconds

Example 2 Speed i) Distance in the first 2s = area A 1 = x (3 + 6) x 2 2 =9 Distance in the last 6 s = area B =6 x 3 = 18 Total distance in 8 s = area A + area B = 9 + 18 = 27

6 3 ii)

Time

iii)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed
8

Exercise 2 i) Distance during the first 3 seconds

7 5
4

ii)

Distance during the last 6 seconds

iii)
0 3 9

Total distance during 9 seconds

time

s
Example 3 i) Distance during the first 2 seconds = area A 1 = x2 x 5=5 2 Distance during the last 2 seconds = area C 1 = x2 x 5=5 2 Distance during constant speed = area B = 4 x 5 = 20 Total distance = area A + area B + area C
= 5 + 20 + 5 = 30

speed

ii)
B A C

iii) 8 time iv)

speed
8

Exercise 3 i) Distance during the first 3 seconds

6
4

ii)

Distance during the last 2 seconds

iii) 0 3 7 9 time

Distance during constant speed

s
4

iv)

Total distance

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 4

Example 4 i) Distance during the first 5 seconds = area A 1 = x (2 + 4) x 5 = 15 2 ii) Distance during the last 7 seconds = area B 1 = x 4 x 7 = 14 2 iii) Total distance = area A + area B = 15 + 14 = 29

2 A

12 Time

speed

Exercise 4 i) Distance during the first 10 seconds

9 7

ii) 2 iii)

Distance during the last 4 seconds

Total distance

10

14 Time

speed

10 6 A 2 0 5 B 10 C 12 Time

Example 5 i) Distance during the first 5 seconds = area A 1 = x 5 x 6 = 15 2 ii) Distance during the last 2 seconds = area C 1 = x (10 + 6) x 2 = 16 2 Total distance = area A + area B + area C = 15 + 30 + 16 = 61

iii)

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 12 4

Exercise 5

i) Distance during the first 2 seconds

ii) Distance during the last 3 seconds

10

Time

iii) Total distance

speed 8 5 2 0 A 2 B 6 C 12 Time

Example 6 i) Distance in the first 2 seconds 1 = area A = (2 + 5) x 2 = 7 2 ii) Distance in the last 6 seconds 1 = area C = (5 + 8) x 6 = 39 2 iii) Total distance during 12 seconds = area A + area B + area C = 7 + 20 + 39 = 66 Exercise 6 i) Distance in the first 2 seconds

speed 7 4 2 0 A 2 B 5 C 10 Time

ii)

Distance in the last 5 seconds

iii) Total distance during 10 seconds

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

C.

Rate Of Change Of Speed

final speed - initial speed time taken

Rate of change of speed =

+ve acceleration ve - deceleration

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 4
2

Example 1 Find the rate of change of speed in the first 5 seconds Final speed = 4 Initial speed = 0 5 12 time Rate of change of speed =

0 speed 6

4 0 4 5 = 5

@ 0.8

Exercise 1 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 3 seconds.

2

ii) Find the rate of change of speed in last 4 seconds. 3 7 time Example 2 i) Find the rate of change of speed in the first 10 seconds Final speed = 9 Initial speed = 7

0 speed 9 7 0
2

10

14

Rate of change of speed = time

9 7 2 =1

ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 4 seconds Final speed = 0 Initial speed = 9 0 9 9 Rate of change of speed = = 4 4 speed 8 4 0
2

Exercise 2 i) Find the acceleration in the first 6 seconds

ii) Find the deceleration in the last 2 seconds 6 8

time

speed

5 speed speed speed 24 10 60 6 20

3 7 9 time

14 3 5 Gradient And Area Under A Graph 0 0 0

0 4

6 5 3

10 10 6

10

timetime 18 12 time 8

12

time

i)Example Find 3 the rate of change of speed in the first 3 i) seconds Find the rate of change of speed in the first 3 Final speed = 3 seconds i) ii)Final Find Find the the deceleration rate of change in the of first speed 5 seconds in the first 6 Initial speed = speed = 56 seconds 3 6 3 Initial speed = 0 Rate of change of speed = = =-1 5 30 5 3 Rate of change of speed = = 3 in the first 4 i) Find the rate of change 3 of speed ii) Find the rate of change of speed in the last 2 seconds ii) Find the deceleration in the last 2 seconds seconds ii) Find thespeed rate of change of speed in the last 2 Final =of ii)Final Find the rate change of speed in the last 8 speed = 0 seconds Initial speed = seconds Initial speed =08 of speed = Final speed = Rate of change 0 8 4 8 Initial speed = 5 Rate of change of speed = = = -2 5 last 2 ii) Find the rate of change of0speed the 2 5 in 2 Rate of change of speed = = seconds 2 2

D.

Find The Value Of V (Speed) speed Example 1 Distance travelled in 6 seconds is 30 m 1 Area A = x 6 x v = 30 2 3v = 30 30 v= = 10 3

A 0 speed 6 time

Exercise 1 Distance travelled in 8 seconds is 40 m

8 time Example 2 Distance travelled in the first 4 seconds is 20 m

speed

v 2 0 4 10 time
9

1 (2 + v) x 4 = 20 2 2(2 + v) = 20 2 + v = 20/2 = 10 v = 10 2 =8

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed

Exercise 2 Distance travelled in the first 6 seconds is 24 m

v 3 0 6 12 time

speed

Example 3 Total distance travelled in 11 seconds is 60 m Area A + Area B + Area C = 60 1 1 [ x 4 x 6 ]+ [3 x 6 ] + [ x (6 + v) x 4 ] = 60 2 2 12 + 18 + 2(6 + v) = 60 C 2(6 + v) = 60 30 6+v = 30/2 v = 15 6 11 time =9

v
6

A
0 4

B
7

speed

Exercise 3 Total distance travelled in first 14 seconds is 96 m

v
6

A
0 4

B
8

C
14 time

speed

v
6 2 0 A 3 B 8 C 12 time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

Example 4 Total distance travelled in 12 s is 60 m Area A + area B + area C = 60 1 1 2 x (2 + 6) x 3 ] + [5 x 6] + [ 2 x (6 + v) x 4 ]= 80 [ 12 + 30 + 2(6 + v) = 80 2(6 + v) = 80-12-30 6 + v = 38/2 10 v = 19 6 = 13

speed

Exercise 4 Total distance travelled in 14 s is 140 m

v
10 4 0 5 12 14 time

time

E. speed

Find The Value Of T (Time) Example 1 Total distance during T s is 50m. Area A = (4)(10)/2 = 20 Area B = (T 4)(10) Total distance = 20 + (T 4)(10) = 50 (T 4)(10) = 50 20 10 T 4 = 30 10 T = 30 + 40 10 T = 70 T = 70 / 10 T=7 Exercise 1. Total distance during T s is 56 m.

10

A 0 speed 4

B T time

10

A 0 speed 4

B T time Example 2. Total distance in T s is 58m. Area A = (6 + 8)( 4) / 2 = 14 2 = 28 Area B = (T 4)6 Total distance = 28 + (T 4)6 = 58 (T 4)6 = 58 28 = 30 (T 4) = 30/6
11

6 A Area Under A Graph B Gradient And 0 4 T time

=5 T =5+4 T =9 speed Exercise 2 Total distance in T s is 65m.

4 A 0 5 B T time

speed

5 3 A 0 2 B 6 C T time

Example 3. Total distance in T s is 55m. Area A = (3)(2) / 2 = 3 Area B = (4)(3) = 12 Area C = ( 5 + 3)(T 6)/2 Total distance = 3 +12 + (8)( T 6)/2 = 55 15 + 4(T 6) = 55 4(T 6) = 55 15 = 40 T 6 = 40/4 = 10 T = 10 + 6 = 16

speed

Exercise 3. Total distance in T s is 54m.

7 4 A 0 speed Example 4. Total distance in T s is 45m. Area A = (2 + 6)(3)/2 = 12 Area B = 2 6 = 12 Area C = (6 + 8)(T 5)/2 Total distance = 12 + 12 +7(T 5) = 45 24 +7(T 5) = 45
12

B 3 6

C T time

8 6
Gradient 2 And Area Under A Graph

time

7(T 5) = 45 24 (T 5) = 21 / 7 = 3 T =3+5=8

speed

Exercise 4. Total distance in T s is 70m.

8 6 2 0 F. time

4 6 Average Speed

Average speed =

Total dis tan ce Total time

speed 8 Example 1 Total Distance = Area A + Area B = (2)(8) / 2 + (8)(2) = 8 + 16 = 24 Total Time = 4 4 time Average Speed = 24 / 4 = 6

0 speed 6

Exercise 1 Find the average speed in the first 4 seconds

B time

0 speed 8 6

Example 2 Total Distance = Area A + Area B = (6+8)4/2 + (6)(8)/2

13

A A Graph B Gradient And Area Under

10 time

= 28 = 52 Total Time = 10 Average Speed = 52 / 10 = 5.2 speed 4 2 A B

24

Exercise 2 Find the average speed in the first 6 seconds.

0 speed 6

time

Example 1 Total Distance = Area A + Area B + Area C = (2)(6) / 2 + (2)(6) + (3)(6)/2 = 6 + 12 + 9 = 27 Total Time = 7 Average Speed = 27 / 7 = 3.86 7 time Exercise 3 Find the average speed in the first 8 second.

A 0 speed 10 2

B 4

A 0 speed 4

B 6

C 8 time

Example 1 Total Distance = Area A + Area B + Area C = (4)(3)/2 + (3)(4) + (4+8)(4)/2 = 6 + 12 + 24 = 42 Total Time = 10 A B 3 6 C 10 time Average Speed = 42 / 10 = 4.2
14

8 4

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

speed 8 11 A 0 4 B 7 C 10 time

Exercise 4 Find the average speed in the first 10 seconds.

14.2 Distance-Time Graph A. Distance And Speed

Distance(km) 12

Example 1 A Distance from O to A = 12 0 = 12 Speed from O to A = Distance / Time = 12/3 = 4 km/h

Time(hrs)

Distance(km) 12 A

Exercise 1 Find: i) Distance from O to A

ii) Speed from O to A 4 Time(hrs)

Distance(km) 12 A

Example 2 Distance from O to A = 12 0 = 12 Speed from O to A = Distance / Time

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

15

60

Time(minutes)

12 60 / 60 = 12 km/h

Distance(km) 16 A

Exercise 2 Find the speed from O to A

40

Time(minutes)

B.

Average Speed Example 1 Total distance from O to B = 20 Total time from O to B = 90 minutes Average speed (km/h) A = 20 90 / 60 = 13.33

Distance(km) 20 B

30

90 Time(minutes) Exercise 1 B Find the average speed in km/h from O to B

Distance(km) 30

10

10

40 Time(minutes) Exercise 2 B Find the average speed in km/h from O to B.

Distance(km) 80

30 Gradient And Area Under A Graph

16

20

90

Time(minutes) Distance(km) 8 A B Exercise 3 Find the average speed in km/h from O to B.

10

Time(hrs) Questions Based On Examination Format

Speed (m s-1)

Example 1 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period of T seconds. Given that the total distance travelled in T seconds is 90 m. Calculate a) its acceleration in the first 4 seconds. b) the value of T Solution

14 10

Time (s) a)

Final speed initial speed 14 10 4 = = =1 4 time 4

b) area A + area B = 90 1 x (14 +10) x 4 + (T 4) x14 = 90 2 48 + 1(T 4) x 14 = 90 Exercise (T - 4) x 14 = 90 - 48 Tshows - 4 the speed-time = 42/14 The diagram graph of a particle over a period = total 3 + distance 4 = 7 travelled in T seconds is of T seconds. Given that the 124 m. Calculate c) its acceleration in the first 4 seconds. d) the value of T Solution Speed (m s )
-1

20 12
Gradient And Area Under A Graph

17

Time (s)

Speed (m s-1) 20

Example 2 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle over a period of 11 seconds. Calculate the value of u in each of the following cases Its acceleration in the first 7 seconds is 2 m s-2. The total distance travelled during the 11 seconds is 138m

u 0 Time (s)

11

Solution a) = 2 20 - u = 14 u = 6 b) x (20 + u) x 7 + x 4 x 20 = 138

x (20 + u) x 7 = 138 - 40 (20 + u) x 7 = 98(2) 20 + u = 196/7 The diagram shows the speed-time u =graph 28 of 20a = Calculate 8 particle over a period of 10 seconds. the

Speed (m s-1) 8 u

Exercise 2

value of u in each of the following cases Its acceleration in the first 6 seconds is 0.5 ms-2. The total distance traveled in the 10 seconds is 58 m
6 10 Time (s)

Solution

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

18

Speed (m s-1)

Example 3 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of an object over a period of 17 seconds. Calculate a) its deceleration in the first 7 seconds b) the value of u, if the distance travelled in the last 10 seconds is 87 m. Solution 12 20 8 = 7 7 1 1 b) x (u + 12) x 2 + x u x 8 = 87 2 2 (u + 12) + 4u = 87 5u = 87 12 u = 15 a)

20 u 12

17

Time (s)

Exercise 3 Speed (m s )
-1

29 u 15

The diagram shows the speed-time graph of an object over a period of 14 seconds. Calculate a) its deceleration during the first 4 seconds b) the value of u, if the distance travelled in the last 10 seconds is 150 m. Solution

10

14

Time (s)
19

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

Distance from A (km) 240 144 R P Q

Example 4 In the diagram, OPQ is the distance-time graph of a car traveling from town A to town B. The straight line RPS represents the distance-time graph of a van traveling from town B to town A. Calculate the average speed, in km h-1 , of the car from town A to B value of t if the van traveled at uniform speed. Solution a) = = 60 km h-1 b) = 80 80t = 144 t = 1.2 Exercise 4 In the diagram, OPQ is the distance-time graph of a car traveling from town A to town B. The straight line RPS represents the distance-time graph of a van traveling from town B to town A. Calculate the a) average speed, in km h-1 , of the car from town A to B b) value of t if the van travelled at uniform speed.

S 0 t 3 4

Time(hrs)

Distance from A (km) 250 144 R P Q

Solution

Time(hrs) Gradient And Area Under A Graph t 5 6

20

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 1. Nov 2003 Speed (ms-1) Diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle for a period of 17 s. State the length of time, in s, that particle moves with uniform speed. b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, u in ms, in the last 4 s c) Calculate the value of u , if the total distance traveled in the first 13 s is 195 m. [ 6 marks] Diagram shows the distance-time graph for the journeys of a car and a bus. The graph JKLM represents the journey of the car and the graph JLN represents the journey of the bus. Both vehicles depart from town T at the same time and travel along the same road. State the length of time, in hours, during which the car is stationary.

18

13

17

Time (s)

Distance from town T (km) 2. Nov 2004

170 120 48 J 0 0.5 0.8 2.0 K L

M N

Calculate the average speed, in km h, of the car over the 2 hour period.

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

21

At a certain time during the journey, both vehicles are at the same location.

State the time taken by the bus to reach that location from town T.

[6 marks]

3. Nov 2005 . Speed (ms-1)

21

Diagram shows the speed-time graph of a particle for a period of t seconds. State the length of time, in s, that the particle moves with uniform speed. Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2, in the first 5 seconds. Calculate the value of t, if the total distance traveled for the period of t seconds is 148 meters. [6 marks]

9 1 0 5 12 t Time (s)

4. July 2006 Speed (ms-1) 25 Diagram shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a period of 30seconds. State the length of time, in s, for which the particle moves with uniform speed. Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms-2, in the last 8 seconds. Calculate the value of u, if the distance traveled in the last 14 seconds is 229 m. [6 marks] 16 22 30 Time (s)

5. Nov 2006, Q9 Diagram 4 the speedgraph for the movement of particle for a of 20 seconds.

shows time a period

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

22

(a) (b)

State the uniform speed, in ms-1, of the particle. The distance traveled by the particle with uniform speed is 84m. Calculate (i) the value of t, (ii) the average speed, in ms-1, of the particle for the period of 20 seconds. [ 6 marks ]

8 Julai 2007. Diagram 3 shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a

period of 20 seconds.
Speed (m s-1) 36

24

15 Diagram 3

20 Time (s)

(a) State the uniform speed, in ms-1, of the particle. Distance (km) B the rate of change of speed, in ms -2, in the last 5 seconds. (b) Town Calculate S 90 J

(c) Given that the distance traveled by the particle in the first 15 seconds is 408 meters, calculate the value of t .
[6 marks]

9 November 2007. Diagram 5 shows the distance-time graph for the journeys of a bus and Q R a taxi . 30
Gradient And Area Under A P Graph

Town A

30 40

K 65

23

150

Diagram 5

Time (minutes)

The graph PQRS represents the journey of the bus from town A to town B. The graph JK represents the journey of the taxi from B to town A. The bus leaves town A and the taxi leaves town B at the same and they travel along the same road. (a) State the length of time, in minutes, during which the car is stationary.

(b) (i) If the journey starts at 9.00 a.m., at what time do the vehicles meet ? (ii) Find the distance, in km, from town B when the vehicles
meet . (c) Calculate the average speed, in km h-1, of the bus for the whole journey. 10 Jun 2008. Diagram 10 shows a speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a

period of 25 s.
Speed (m s-1) 28

u 10

12

16 Diagram 10

25 Time (s)

(a) State the duration of time s, for which the particle moves with uniform
Gradient And Area Under A Graph

24

speed. (b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms -2, in the first 12 s. (c) Calculate the value of u, if the total distance traveled in the period of 25 s is 438 m.

[6 marks]

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

25

11 November 2008. Diagram 9 shows the speed-time graph for the movement of a particle for a period of t

seconds.
Speed (m s-1)

20

12

4 Diagram 9

Time (s)

(a) State the uniform speed, in m s1 , of the particle. (b) Calculate the rate of change of speed, in ms -2, in the first 4 seconds. (c) The total distance traveled in t seconds is 184 meters. [6 marks]

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

26

ANSWERS 14.1 Speed-time graph Area Exercise 1 A. 1. 2. 3. 4.

40 104 60 64

B.

1. 2. 3. 4.

36 63 104 78

Area under Graph 1. i) 10 ii) 30 iii) 2. ii) iii) 3. ii) iii) iv) 4. ii) iii) 5. ii) iii) 6. ii) iii) Average speed 1. 9 @ 4.5 2 5 @ 1.67 3 3. 25 @ 6.25 4 8.35 i) i) i) i) i) 40 12 30 42 9 6 24 39 80 18 98 4 24 48 6 27.5 45.5

Rate of change speed 1. 2 2. i) ii) 3. i) ii) 4. i) ii) 1 3 -4 2 @ 0.67 3 -3 -1 5 @ -2.5 2

Find the value of v 1. 2. 3. 4. 10 5 14 25

Find the value of t 1. 2. 3. 4. 7.6 15 12 12

2.

4.

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

27

14.2 DISTANCE-TIME SPEED DISTANCE AND SPEED

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

28

1 3 AVERAGE SPEED 1 45

2 2

24 80 3 4 @ 0.8 5 5 41/67 2b 4b 6 2.88

SPM Format questions 1a 2 1b 3a 3b 7 @ -3.5 2 PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 2003 (a) 7 b 2004 2005 2006 (J) 2006 (N) 2007 (J) 2007 (N) 2008 (J) 2008 (N) (a) 0.3 (a) 7 (a) 16 (a) 14 (a) 24 (a) 35 (a) 9 (a) 20 b b b b b b b b

7 21

2a 4a

-4.5 85 1.6 3.125 (i) 18 (ii) 16 4.8 (i) 9.40 a.m (ii) 60 1.5 2

c c c c

5 (i) 48 16 18
C(ii)

0.8

c c c c

8 36 14 10

Gradient And Area Under A Graph

29