AAB - Example Problems Handout

LRFD Steel Design
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design

Specifications
Example Problems
Created July 2007
This material is copyrighted by

The University of Cincinnati
and
Dr. James A Swanson.
It may not be reproduced, distributed, sold,
or stored by any means, electrical or
mechanical, without the expressed written
consent of The University of Cincinnati and
Dr. James A Swanson.
July 31, 2007
LRFD Steel Design

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification
Example Problems
Case Study: 2-Span Continuous Bridge.......................................................................................1
Case Study: 1-Span Simply-Supported Bridge .........................................................................63
Case Study: 1-Span Truss Bridge...............................................................................................87
Ad-Hoc Tension Member Examples
Tension Member Example #1 ..........................................................................................105
Ad-Hoc Compression Member Examples
Compression Member Example #1 .................................................................................111
Ad-Hoc Flexural Member Examples
Flexure Example #1 ..........................................................................................................127
Flexure Example #2 ..........................................................................................................129
Flexure Example #3 ..........................................................................................................131
Flexure Example #4 ..........................................................................................................134
Flexure Example #5a ........................................................................................................137
Flexure Example #5b ........................................................................................................141
Flexure Example #6a ........................................................................................................147
Flexure Example #6b ........................................................................................................152
Ad-Hoc Shear Strength Examples
Shear Strength Example #1 .............................................................................................159
Shear Strength Example #2 .............................................................................................161
Ad-Hoc Web Strength and Stiffener Examples

Web Strength Example #1 ...............................................................................................165
Web Strength Example #2 ...............................................................................................168
Ad-Hoc Connection and Splice Examples
Connection Example #1....................................................................................................175
Connection Example #6a..................................................................................................187
Connection Example #6b .................................................................................................189
James A Swanson
Associate Professor
University of Cincinnati
Dept of Civil & Env. Engineering
765 Baldwin Hall
Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071
Ph: (513) 556-3774
Fx: (513) 556-2599
James.Swanson@uc.edu
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS:

A two-span continuous composite I-girder bridge has two equal spans of 165 and a 42 deck width. The
steel girders have Fy = 50ksi and all concrete has a 28-day compressive strength of
fc = 4.5ksi. The concrete slab is 91/2 thick. A typical 2 haunch was used in the section properties.
Concrete barriers weighing 640plf and an asphalt wearing surface weighing 60psf have also been applied as
a composite dead load.
HL-93 loading was used per AASHTO (2004), including dynamic load allowance.
42' - 0" Out to Out of Deck

39' - 0" Roadway Width
9 (typ)
23/4" Haunch (typ)
3'-0"
3 spaces @ 12' - 0" = 36' - 0"
3'-0"
References:
Barth, K.E., Hartnagel, B.A., White, D.W., and Barker, M.G., 2004, Recommended Procedures for
Simplified Inelastic Design of Steel I-Girder Bridges, ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, May/June
Vol. 9, No. 3
Four LRFD Design Examples of Steel Highway Bridges, Vol. II, Chapter 1A Highway Structures
Design Handbook, Published by American Iron and Steel Institute in cooperation with HDR Engineering,
Inc. Available at http://www.aisc.org/
2- Span Continuous Bridge Example
ODOT LRFD Short Course - Steel
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 1 of 62
-- 1 --
Negative Bending Section (Section 2)
Positive Bending Section (Section 1)
2. LOAD CALCULATIONS:
DC dead loads (structural components) include:
Steel girder self weight (DC1)
Concrete deck self weight (DC1)
Haunch self weight (DC1)
Barrier walls (DC2)
DW dead loads (structural attachments) include:
Wearing surface (DW)
2.1: Dead Load Calculations

Steel Girder Self-Weight (DC1): (Add 15% for Miscellaneous Steel)
(a) Section 1 (Positive Bending)
A = (15)(3/4) + (69)(9/16) + (21)(1) = 71.06 in2
2 490
Wsec tion1 = 71.06 in
pcf
12 inft
(1.15 ) = 278.1 ft
Lb
per girder
(b) Section 2 (Negative Bending)

A = (21)(1) + (69)(9/16) + (21)(2-1/2) = 112.3 in2
Wsec tion 2 = 112.3 in
490 pcf
12 inft
(1.15 ) = 439.5

Lb
ft
per girder
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 2 of 62
-- 2 --
Deck Self-Weight (DC1):
Wdeck
150 pcf
= (9.5")(144")
2
12 inft
Lb
= 1, 425 ft per girder
Haunch Self-Weight (DC1):

21"(66') + 15"(264')
= 16.2"
66'+ 264'
Average width of flange:
Average width of haunch:
Whaunch
( 1 2 ) (16.2"+ (2)(9") ) + 16.2" = 25.2"
( 2")( 25.2")
Lb
=
2
(150 pcf ) = 52.5 ft per girder
in
12 ft
Barrier Walls (DC2):

(2 each) ( 640 plf )
= 320.0 Lb ft per girder
4
girders
Wbarriers =
Wearing Surface (DW):
W fws =
(39')(60 psf )
4 girders
= 585 Lb
per girder
ft
The moment effect due to dead loads was found using an FE model composed of four frame elements.
This data was input into Excel to be combined with data from moving live load analyses performed in
SAP 2000. DC1 dead loads were applied to the non-composite section (bare steel). All live loads were
applied to the short-term composite section (1n = 8). DW (barriers) and DC2 (wearing surface) dead
loads were applied to the long-term composite section (3n = 24).

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 3 of 62
-- 3 --
Unfactored Dead Load Moment Diagrams from SAP

4,000
DC1
3,000
2,000
DW
1,000
Moment (kip-ft)
0
DC2
-1,000
-2,000
-3,000
-4,000
-5,000
-6,000
-7,000
-8,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Station (ft)
Unfactored Dead Load Shear Diagrams from SAP

200
DC1
150
100
DW
Shear (kip)
50
DC2
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 4 of 62
-- 4 --
The following Dead Load results were obtained from the FE analysis:
The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 58.7 and 271.3
The maximum negative live-load moments occur over the center support at station 165.0
DC1 - Steel:
DC1 - Deck:
DC1 - Haunch:
DC1 - Total:
DC2:
DW
Max (+) Moment

Stations 58.7 and 271.3
475k-ft
2,415k-ft
89k-ft
2,979k-ft
553k-ft
1,011k-ft

Max (-) Moment

Station 165.0
-1,189k-ft
-5,708k-ft
-210k-ft
-7,107k-ft
-1,251k-ft
-2,286k-ft
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 5 of 62
-- 5 --
2.2: Live Load Calculations

The following design vehicular live load cases described in AASHTO-LRFD are considered:
1) The effect of a design tandem combined with the effect of the lane loading. The design
tandem consists of two 25kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. The lane loading consists of a 0.64klf
uniform load on all spans of the bridge. (HL-93M in SAP)
2) The effect of one design truck with variable axle spacing combined with the effect of the
0.64klf lane loading. (HL-93K in SAP)
3) For negative moment between points of contraflexure only: 90% of the effect of a truck-train
combined with 90% of the effect of the lane loading. The truck train consists of two design
trucks (shown below) spaced a minimum of 50 between the lead axle of one truck and the rear
axle of the other truck. The distance between the two 32kip axles should be taken as 14 for each
truck. The points of contraflexure were taken as the field splices at 132 and 198 from the left
end of the bridge. (HL-93S in SAP)
4) The effect of one design truck with fixed axle spacing used for fatigue loading.
All live load calculations were performed in SAP 2000 using a beam line analysis. The nominal
moment data from SAP was then input into Excel. An Impact Factor of 1.33 was applied to the
truck and tandem loads and an impact factor of 1.15 was applied to the fatigue loads within SAP.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 6 of 62
-- 6 --
Unfactored Moving Load Moment Envelopes from SAP

6,000
Single Truck
4,000
Tandem
Moment (kip-ft)
2,000
Fatigue
0
Fatigue
Tandem
-2,000
Contraflexure Point
Contraflexure Point
-4,000
Single Truck
Two Trucks
-6,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
Unfactored Moving Load Shear Envelopes from SAP

200
Single Truck
150
Tandem
100
Fatigue
Shear (kip)
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 7 of 62
-- 7 --
The following Live Load results were obtained from the SAP analysis:
The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 73.3 and 256.7
The maximum negative live-load moments occur over the center support at station 165.0
HL-93M
HL-93K
HL-93S
Fatigue
Max (+) Moment

Stations 73.3 and 256
3,725k-ft
4,396k-ft
N/A
2,327k-ft
Max (-) Moment

Station 165
-3,737k-ft
-4,261k-ft
-5,317k-ft
-1,095k-ft
Before proceeding, these live-load moments will be confirmed with an influence line analysis.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 8 of 62
-- 8 --
2.2.1: Verify the Maximum Positive Live-Load Moment at Station 73.3:

25kip
25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip
8kip
Single Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
Moment (k-ft / kip)
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
Station (ft)
Tandem:
Single Truck:
Lane Load:
( 25 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 25 ) ( 31.11 ) = 1, 603

( 8 ) ( 26.13 ) + ( 32 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 32 ) ( 26.33 ) = 2,108
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
( 0.640 ) ( 2, 491 ) = 1,594

ft
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
(IM)(Tandem) + Lane:
(1.33 ) (1, 603
(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane:
(1.33 ) ( 2,108
k-ft
k-ft
) + 1,594
k-ft
) + 1,594
k-ft
= 3,726
k-ft
= 4,397
k-ft
GOVERNS
The case of two trucks is not considered here because it is only used when computing negative moments.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 9 of 62
-- 9 --
2.2.2: Verify the Maximum Negative Live-Load Moment at Station 165.0:

25kip
25kip
Tandem:
32kip 32kip
8kip
Single Truck:
32kip 32kip
32kip 32kip
8kip
8kip
Two Trucks:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
Station (ft)
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
Moment (k-ft / kip)
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Tandem:
Single Truck:
( 25 ) (18.51 ) + ( 25 ) (18.45 ) = 924.0

( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) = 1,318
kip
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
(1.33 ) ( 924.0
(1.33 ) (1,318
(0.90){(IM)(Two Trucks) + Lane}:
kip
k-ft
( 0.640 ) ( 3,918 ) = 2,508

kip
k-ft
kip
kip
Lane Load:
k-ft
kip
( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) + ...

... + ( 8 ) (16.72 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) = 2, 630
kip
Two Trucks:
kip
k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
) + 2,508
) + 2,508
( 0.90 ) (1.33 ) ( 2,630

k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
= 3,737
k-ft
= 4, 261
) + 2,508
k-ft
k-ft
= 5, 405k-ft GOVERNS
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 10 of 62
-- 10 --
Based on the influence line analysis, we can say that the moments obtained from SAP appear to be
reasonable and will be used for design.
Before these Service moments can be factored and combined, we must compute the distribution factors.
Since the distribution factors are a function of Kg, the longitudinal stiffness parameter, we must first
compute the sections properties of the girders.
2.3: Braking Force
The Breaking Force, BR, is taken as the maximum of:

A) 25% of the Design Truck
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) = 18.00kip

B) 25% of the Design Tandem
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 25kip + 25kip ) = 12.50kip

C) 5% of the Design Truck with the Lane Load.
kip
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.05 ) ( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) + ( 2 )(165') 0.640 kip

ft = 14.16
D) 5% of the Design Tandem with the Lane Load.
kip
BRSingle Lane = ( 0.05 ) ( 25kip + 25kip ) + ( 2 )(165' ) 0.640 kip

ft = 13.06
Case (A) Governs:
BRNet = ( BRSingle Lane ) ( # Lanes )( MPF )

= (18.00kip ) ( 3)( 0.85 ) = 45.90kip

This load has not been factored
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 11 of 62
-- 11 --
2.4: Centrifugal Force
A centrifugal force results when a vehicle turns on a structure. Although a centrifugal force doesnt apply
to this bridge since it is straight, the centrifugal load that would result from a hypothetical horizontal
curve will be computed to illustrate the procedure.
The centrifugal force is computed as the product of the axle loads and the factor, C.
C= f
v2
gR
(3.6.3-1)
where:
( secft )
- Highway design speed
- 4/3 for all load combinations except for Fatigue, in which case it is 1.0
- The acceleration of gravity
- The radius of curvature for the traffic lane (ft).
( )
ft
sec 2
Suppose that we have a radius of R = 600 and a design speed of v = 65mph = 95.33ft/sec.
ft 2
4 ( 95.33 sec )
= 0.6272
C =
3 32.2 secft 2 ( 600 ')
CE = ( Axle Loads )( C )( # Lanes )( MPF )
= ( 72kip ) ( 0.6272 )( 3)( 0.85 ) = 115.2kip
This force has not been factored
The centrifugal force acts horizontally in the direction pointing away from the center of curvature and at a
height of 6 above the deck. Design the cross frames at the supports to carry this horizontal force into the
bearings and design the bearings to resist the horizontal force and the resulting overturning moment.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 12 of 62
-- 12 --
2.5: Wind Loads
For the calculation of wind loads, assume that the bridge is located in the open country at an elevation
of 40 above the ground.
Take Z = 40
V o = 8.20mph
Z o = 0.23ft
Open Country
Horizontal Wind Load on Structure: (WS)

Design Pressure:
2
V
VDZ 2
PD = PB D Z = PB
2
10, 000mph
VB
(3.8.1.2.1-1)
- Base Pressure - For beams, PB = 50psf when VB = 100mph.

- Base Wind Velocity, typically taken as 100mph.
- Wind Velocity at an elevation of Z = 30 (mph)
- Design Wind Velocity (mph)
PB
VB
V30
VDZ
(Table 3.8.1.2.1-1)
Design Wind Velocity:
V Z
VDZ = 2.5Vo 30 ln
VB Z o
= ( 2.5 ) ( 8.20
PD = ( 50
psf
(105.8 )
mph
(3.8.1.1-1)
ft
100 40
) 100 Ln 0.23ft = 105.8mph
mph 2
(10, 000 )
mph 2
PD
= 55.92psf
The height of exposure, hexp, for the finished bridge is computed as
hexp
hexp = 71.5"+ 11.75"+ 42" = 125.3" = 10.44 '

The wind load per unit length of the bridge, W, is then computed as:
W = ( 55.92psf ) (10.44 ' ) = 583.7 lbs

ft
kip
= ( 583.7 lbs
ft ) ( 2 )(165' ) = 192.6
Total Wind Load:
WS H ,Total
For End Abutments:
kip
1
WS H , Abt = ( 583.7 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 48.16
For Center Pier:
WS H , Pier
kip
1
= ( 583.7 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 96.31

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 13 of 62
-- 13 --
Vertical Wind Load on Structure: (WS)

When no traffic is on the bridge, a vertical uplift (a line load) with a magnitude equal to 20psf times the
overall width of the structure, w, acts at the windward quarter point of the deck.
PV = ( 20psf ) ( w ) = ( 20psf ) ( 42 ' ) = 840 lbs

ft
Total Uplift:
(840 lbsft ) ( 2 )(165') = 277.2kip
For End Abutments:
(840 lbsft ) ( 12 ) (165') = 69.30kip
kip
1
For Center Pier: ( 840 lbs
ft ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (165' ) = 138.6
Wind Load on Live Load: (WL)

The wind acting on live load is applied as a line load of 100 lbs/ft acting at a distance of 6 above the
deck, as is shown below. This is applied along with the horizontal wind load on the structure but in the
absence of the vertical wind load on the structure.
WL
PD

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 14 of 62
-- 14 --
3. SECTION PROPERTIES AND CALCULATIONS:

3.1: Effective Flange Width, beff:
For an interior beam, beff is the lesser of:

Leff 132'
=
= 33' = 396"
4
4
bf
15"
= (12)(8.5") +
= 109.5"
12ts +
2
2
S = (12')(12 in ft ) = 144"
For an exterior beam, beff is the lesser of:

Leff 132'
=
= 33' = 198.0"
4
4
bf
15"
= (12)(8.5") +
= 109.5"
12ts +
2
2
S
12'
+ 3' (12 inft ) = 108.0"

+ d e =
2
Note that Leff was taken as 132.0 in the above calculations since for the case of effective width in
continuous bridges, the span length is taken as the distance from the support to the point of dead load
contra flexure.
For computing the section properties shown on the two pages that follow, reinforcing steel in the deck
was ignored for short-term and long-term composite calculations but was included for the cracked
section. The properties for the cracked Section #1 are not used in this example, thus the amount of rebar
included is moot. For the properties of cracked Section #2, As = 13.02 in2 located 4.5 from the top of the
slab was taken from an underlying example problem first presented by Barth (2004).

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 15 of 62
-- 15 --
3.2: Section 1 Flexural Properties

Bare Steel
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
15.00
69.00
21.00
A
11.25
38.81
21.00
Ix
Ay
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
y
70.38
35.50
0.50
71.06
Y=
Ad2
17,728
902
19,125
IX
17,729
16,301
19,127
2,180.06
ITotal =
53,157
30.68
SBS1,top =
1,327
SBS1,bot =
1,733
d
-39.70
-4.82
30.18
Short-Term Composite (n = 8)
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
109.50
15.00
15.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
8.00
A
116.34
0.00
11.25
38.81
21.00
187.41
y
75.00
70.75
70.38
35.50
0.50
Ix
Ay
8,725.78
700.49
0.00
0.00
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
10,905.84
Y=
Ad2
d
-16.81
-12.56
-12.18
22.69
57.69
58.19
IX
32,862
0
1,669
19,988
69,900
ITotal =
33,562
0
1,670
35,387
69,901
140,521
SST1,top =
SST1,bot =
11,191
2,415
Long-Term Composite (n = 24)
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
109.50
15.00
15.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
24.00
A
38.78
0.00
11.25
38.81
21.00
109.84
y
75.00
70.75
70.38
35.50
0.50
Y=
Ix
Ay
2,908.59
233.50
0.00
0.00
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
5,088.66
Ad2
31,885
0
6,506
4,549
44,101
ITotal =
IX
32,119
0
6,507
19,948
44,103
102,676
SLT1,top =
SLT1,bot =
4,204
2,216
d
-28.67
-24.42
-24.05
10.83
45.83
46.33
Cracked Section
Rebar
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
4.5000
0.7500
0.5625
1.0000
b
15.0000
69.0000
21.0000
A
13.02
11.25
38.81
21.00
84.08
y
75.25
70.38
35.50
0.50
Y=
Ix
Ay
979.76
791.72
0.53
1,377.84 15,398.86
10.50
1.75
3,159.82
37.58
Ad2
73,727
55,717
48,913
5
ITotal =
IX
73,727
55,718
64,312
7
193,764
SCR1,top =
SCR1,bot =
5,842
5,156
d
-75.25
-70.38
-35.50
-0.50
These section properties do NOT include the haunch or sacrificial wearing surface.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 16 of 62
-- 16 --
3.3: Section 2 Flexural Properties

Bare Steel
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
21.00
69.00
21.00
A
21.00
38.81
52.50
Ix
Ay
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
y
72.00
37.00
1.25
112.31
Y=
Ad2
42,841
4,012
34,361
IX
42,843
19,411
34,388
3,013.69
ITotal =
96,642
26.83
SBS2,top =
2,116
SBS2,bot =
3,602
d
-45.17
-10.17
25.58
Short Term Composite (n = 8)
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
109.50
21.00
21.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
8.00
A
116.34
0.00
21.00
38.81
52.50
228.66
y
76.75
72.50
72.00
37.00
1.25
Ix
Ay
8,929.38
700.49
0.00
0.00
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
11,943.07
Y=
d
-24.52
-20.27
-19.77
15.23
50.98
52.23
Ad2
IX
69,941
0
8,207
9,005
136,454
ITotal =
70,641
0
8,208
24,403
136,481
239,734
SST2,top =
SST2,bot =
11,828
4,590
Long-Term Composite (n = 24)
Slab
Haunch
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
8.5000
0.0000
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
109.50
15.00
21.0000
69.0000
21.0000
n:
24.00
A
38.78
0.00
21.00
38.81
52.50
151.09
y
76.75
72.50
72.00
37.00
1.25
Y=
Ix
Ay
2,976.46
233.50
0.00
0.00
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
5,990.15
Ad2
53,393
0
21,983
272
77,395
ITotal =
IX
53,626
0
21,985
15,670
77,423
168,704
SLT2,top =
SLT2,bot =
5,135
4,255
d
-37.10
-32.85
-32.35
2.65
38.40
39.65
Cracked Section
Rebar
Top Flange
Web
Bot Flange
t
4.5000
1.0000
0.5625
2.5000
b
21.0000
69.0000
21.0000
A
13.02
21.00
38.81
52.50
125.33
y
77.00
72.00
37.00
1.25
Y=
Ix
Ay
1,002.54
1,512.00
1.75
1,436.06 15,398.86
65.63
27.34
4,016.23
32.04
Ad2
26,313
33,525
953
49,786
ITotal =
IX
26,313
33,527
16,352
49,813
126,006
SCR2,top =
SCR2,bot =
3,115
3,932
d
-44.96
-39.96
-4.96
30.79
These section properties do NOT include the haunch or sacrificial wearing surface.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 17 of 62
-- 17 --
4. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR MOMENT

4.1: Positive Moment Region (Section 1):
Interior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
0.4
0.3
S S Kg

14 L 12 Lt s3
DFM 1, Int + = 0.06 +
0.1
2
K g = n( I + Aeg )
4
K g = 8(53,157 in + (71.06 in )(46.82") )

K g = 1, 672, 000 in
0.4
0.3
4
12 ' 12 ' 1, 672, 000 in

14 165 ' (12)(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
DFM 1, Int + = 0.06 +

DFM 1, Int + = 0.5021
In these calculations, the terms eg and Kg include the haunch and sacrificial wearing surface since
doing so increases the resulting factor. Note that ts in the denominator of the final term excludes
the sacrificial wearing surface since excluding it increases the resulting factor.
Two or More Lanes Loaded:
0.1
DFM 2, Int +
0.6
0.2
S S Kg
= 0.075 +

9.5 L 12 Lt s3
DFM 2, Int +
0.6
0.2
4
12 ' 12 ' 1, 672, 000 in
= 0.075 +

9.5 165 ' 12(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
DFM 2, Int + = 0.7781
Exterior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
The lever rule is applied by assuming that a hinge forms

over the first interior girder as a truck load is applied near
the parapet. The resulting reaction in the exterior girder is
the distribution factor.
DFM 1, Ext + =
8.5
12
= 0.7083
Multiple Presence: DFM1,Ext+ = (1.2) (0.7083) = 0.8500

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 18 of 62
-- 18 --
DFM2,Ext+ = e DFM2,Int+
e = 0.77 +
= 0.77 +
de
9.1
1.5
9.1
= 0.9348
DFM2,Ext+ = (0.9348) (0.7781) = 0.7274
4.2: Negative Moment Region (Section 2):

The span length used for negative moment near the pier is the average of the lengths of the adjacent
spans. In this case, it is the average of 165.0 and 165.0 = 165.0.
Interior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
DFM 1, Int
0.4
0.3
S S Kg
= 0.06 +
14 L 12 Lts3
0.1
2
K g = n( I + Aeg )
K g = 8(96, 642 in 4 + (112.3 in 2 )(52.17 ") 2 )

K g = 3, 218, 000 in 4
0.4
0.3
4
12 ' 12 ' 3, 218, 000 in
14 165 ' (12)(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
DFM 1, Int = 0.06 +

DFM 1, Int = 0.5321
0.1
DFM 2, Int
0.6
0.2
S S Kg
= 0.075 +

9.5 L 12 Lt s3
DFM 2, Int
0.6
0.2
4
12 ' 12 ' 3, 218, 000 in
= 0.075 +

9.5 165 ' (12)(165 ')(8.5")3
0.1
DFM 2, Int = 0.8257

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 19 of 62
-- 19 --
Exterior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
Same as for the positive moment section: DFM1,Ext- = 0.8500

DFM2,Ext- = e DFM2,Intd
e = 0.77 + e
9.1
= 0.77 +
1.5
9.1
= 0.9348
DFM2,Ext- = (0.9348) (0.8257) = 0.7719

4.3: Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor:
NL
DF
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
One Lane Loaded:
DF
M 1, Ext , Min
1
4
(18.0 ')(14.5 ')

(2) (18 ') 2 + (6 ') 2
= 0.6125
Multiple Presence:
DFM1,Ext,Min = (1.2) (0.6125) = 0.7350

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 20 of 62
-- 20 --
Two Lanes Loaded:

14.5'
2.5'
2'
3'
3'
2'
3'
3'
P1
P2
DF
M 2 , Ext , Min
2
4
(18.0 ')(14.5 '+ 2.5 ')

(2) (18 ') 2 + (6 ') 2
= 0.9250
Multiple Presence:
DFM2,Ext,Min = (1.0) (0.9250) = 0.9250
Lane 1 (12')
3'
Lane 2 (12')
12'
6'
Three Lanes Loaded:
The case of three lanes loaded is not considered for the minimum exterior distribution factor since
the third truck will be placed to the right of the center of gravity of the girders, which will
stabilize the rigid body rotation effect resulting in a lower factor.
4.4: Moment Distribution Factor Summary

Strength and Service Moment Distribution:
1 Lane Loaded:
2 Lanes Loaded:
Positive Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.5021
0.8500 0.7350
0.7781
0.7274 0.9250
Negative Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.5321
0.8500 0.7350
0.8257
0.7719 0.9250
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.9250 everywhere for the Strength and Service
load combinations.
Fatigue Moment Distribution:
For Fatigue, the distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence
factor of 1.00. Since the multiple presence factor for 1-lane loaded is 1.2, these factors can be obtained
by divided the first row of the table above by 1.2.
1 Lane Loaded:
Positive Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.4184
0.7083 0.6125
Negative Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.4434
0.7083 0.6125
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.7083 everywhere for the Fatigue load
combination
Multiplying the live load moments by this distribution factor of 0.9250 yields the table of nominal
girder moments shown on the following page.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 21 of 62
-- 21 --
Nominal Girder Moments for Design

Station
(ft)
0.0
14.7
29.3
44.0
58.7
73.3
88.0
102.7
117.3
132.0
135.7
139.3
143.0
146.7
150.3
154.0
157.7
161.3
165.0
168.7
172.3
176.0
179.7
183.3
187.0
190.7
194.3
198.0
212.7
227.3
242.0
256.7
271.3
286.0
300.7
315.3
330.0
(LL+IM)+
(k-ft)
0.0
1605.1
2791.4
3572.6
3999.4
4066.7
3842.5
3310.8
2509.4
1508.6
1274.6
1048.4
828.6
615.8
463.3
320.5
185.5
76.4
0.0
76.4
185.5
320.5
463.3
615.8
828.6
1048.4
1274.6
1508.6
2509.4
3310.8
3842.5
4066.7
3999.4
3572.6
2791.4
1605.1
0.0
(LL+IM)(k-ft)
0.0
-280.7
-561.3
-842.0
-1122.7
-1403.4
-1684.0
-1964.7
-2245.4
-2547.5
-2660.0
-2793.3
-2945.6
-3115.6
-3371.3
-3728.6
-4105.0
-4496.9
-4918.1
-4496.9
-4105.0
-3728.6
-3371.3
-3115.6
-2945.6
-2793.3
-2660.0
-2547.5
-2245.4
-1964.7
-1684.0
-1403.4
-1122.7
-842.0
-561.3
-280.7
0.0
Nominal Moments
Fat+
Fat(k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.2
0.0
645.6
-68.9
1127.9
-137.9
1449.4
-206.8
1626.1
-275.8
1647.9
-344.7
1599.4
-413.7
1439.3
-482.6
1148.6
-551.6
763.6
-620.5
651.3
-637.8
539.1
-655.0
425.3
-672.2
310.8
-689.5
221.9
-706.7
158.6
-724.0
98.8
-741.2
49.4
-758.4
0.1
-775.6
49.4
-758.4
98.8
-741.2
158.6
-724.0
221.9
-706.7
310.8
-689.5
425.3
-672.2
539.1
-655.0
651.3
-637.8
763.2
-620.6
1148.6
-551.6
1439.3
-482.6
1599.4
-413.7
1647.9
-344.7
1626.1
-275.8
1449.4
-206.8
1127.9
-137.9
645.6
-68.9
0.2
0.0

DC1
(k-ft)
0.0
1309.9
2244.5
2799.9
2978.6
2779.3
2202.1
1248.4
-84.8
-1793.1
-2280.8
-2794.0
-3333.2
-3898.1
-4488.6
-5105.1
-5747.2
-6415.3
-7108.8
-6415.3
-5747.2
-5105.1
-4488.6
-3898.1
-3333.2
-2794.0
-2280.8
-1793.1
-84.8
1248.4
2202.1
2779.3
2978.6
2799.9
2244.5
1309.9
0.0
DC2
(k-ft)
0.0
240.0
412.0
515.0
549.7
515.8
413.2
242.3
2.5
-305.4
-393.2
-485.2
-581.5
-682.1
-787.0
-896.2
-1009.7
-1127.5
-1249.5
-1127.5
-1009.7
-896.2
-787.0
-682.1
-581.5
-485.2
-393.2
-305.4
2.5
242.3
413.2
515.8
549.7
515.0
412.0
240.0
0.0
DW
(k-ft)
0.0
440.3
755.6
944.7
1008.3
946.1
757.9
444.4
4.6
-560.2
-721.2
-890.0
-1066.7
-1251.3
-1443.7
-1643.9
-1852.1
-2068.1
-2291.9
-2068.1
-1852.1
-1643.9
-1443.7
-1251.3
-1066.7
-890.0
-721.2
-560.2
4.6
444.4
757.9
946.1
1008.3
944.7
755.6
440.3
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 22 of 62
-- 22 --
5. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR SHEAR
The distribution factors for shear are independent of the section properties and span length. Thus, the
only one set of calculations are need - they apply to both the section 1 and section 2
5.1: Interior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
S
25.0
12 '
= 0.36 +
= 0.8400
25.0
DFV 1,Int = 0.36 +
DFV 2 ,Int
S S
= 0.2 +
12 35
= 0.2 +
12 ' 12 '
= 1.082
12 35
5.2: Exterior Girder

One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule, which is the same as for moment: DFV1,Ext = 0.8500

DFV2,Ext = e DFV2,Int
de
10
1.5'
= 0.60 +
= 0.7500
10
e = 0.60 +
DFV2,Ext = (0.7500) (1.082) = 0.8115

5.3: Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor -
The minimum exterior girder distribution factor applies to shear as well as moment.
DFV1,Ext,Min = 0.7350
DFV2,Ext,Min = 0.9250
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 23 of 62
-- 23 --
5.4: Shear Distribution Factor Summary

Strength and Service Shear Distribution:
1 Lane Loaded:
2 Lanes Loaded:
Shear Distribution
Interior
Exterior
0.8400
0.8500 0.7350
1.082
0.6300 0.9250
For Simplicity, take the Shear Distribution Factor as 1.082 everywhere for Strength and Service load
combinations.
Fatigue Shear Distribution:
For Fatigue, the distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence
factor of 1.00. Since the multiple presence factor for 1-lane loaded is 1.2, these factors can be obtained
by divided the first row of the table above by 1.2.
1 Lane Loaded:
Shear Distribution
Interior
Exterior
0.7000
0.7083 0.6125
For Simplicity, take the Shear Distribution Factor as 0.7083 everywhere for the Fatigue load combination.
Multiplying the live load shears by these distribution factors yields the table of nominal girder
shears shown on the following page.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 24 of 62
-- 24 --
Nominal Girder Shears for Design

Station
(ft)
0.0
14.7
29.3
44.0
58.7
73.3
88.0
102.7
117.3
132.0
135.7
139.3
143.0
146.7
150.3
154.0
157.7
161.3
165.0
168.7
172.3
176.0
179.7
183.3
187.0
190.7
194.3
198.0
212.7
227.3
242.0
256.7
271.3
286.0
300.7
315.3
330.0
(LL+IM)+
(kip)
144.9
123.5
103.5
85.0
68.1
52.8
39.4
27.8
18.0
10.0
8.3
6.7
5.5
4.3
3.2
2.2
1.3
0.0
0.0
170.1
166.2
162.3
158.4
154.5
150.5
146.5
142.5
138.6
122.3
105.7
89.1
72.7
56.7
41.4
26.8
20.3
19.7
(LL+IM)(kip)
-19.7
-20.3
-26.8
-41.4
-56.7
-72.7
-89.1
-105.7
-122.3
-138.6
-142.5
-146.5
-150.5
-154.5
-158.4
-162.3
-166.2
-170.1
-173.9
-0.5
-1.3
-2.2
-3.2
-4.3
-5.5
-6.7
-8.3
-10.0
-18.0
-27.8
-39.4
-52.8
-68.1
-85.0
-103.5
-123.5
-144.9
Nominal Shears
Fat+
Fat(kip)
(kip)
50.8
-4.7
44.6
-4.7
38.5
-6.4
32.6
-11.1
26.9
-17.2
21.4
-23.2
16.3
-29.0
11.5
-34.6
7.3
-39.9
3.9
-44.9
3.4
-46.0
2.8
-47.2
2.3
-48.3
1.8
-49.4
1.4
-50.4
1.0
-51.5
0.6
-52.4
0.3
-53.4
54.3
-54.3
53.4
-0.3
52.4
-0.6
51.5
-1.0
50.4
-1.4
49.4
-1.8
48.3
-2.3
47.2
-2.8
46.0
-3.4
44.9
-3.9
39.9
-7.3
34.6
-11.5
29.0
-16.3
23.2
-21.4
17.2
-26.9
11.1
-32.6
6.4
-38.5
4.7
-44.6
4.7
-50.8

DC1
(kip)
115.0
88.8
62.5
36.3
10.1
-16.1
-42.3
-68.6
-94.8
-121.0
-127.6
-134.1
-140.7
-147.2
-153.8
-160.3
-166.9
-173.4
-180.0
173.4
166.9
160.3
153.8
147.2
140.7
134.1
127.6
121.0
94.8
68.6
42.3
16.1
-10.1
-36.3
-62.5
-88.8
-115.0
DC2
(kip)
20.6
15.9
11.2
6.5
1.8
-2.9
-7.6
-12.3
-17.0
-21.7
-22.8
-24.0
-25.2
-26.4
-27.5
-28.7
-29.9
-31.0
-32.2
31.0
29.9
28.7
27.5
26.4
25.2
24.0
22.8
21.7
17.0
12.3
7.6
2.9
-1.8
-6.5
-11.2
-15.9
-20.6
DW
(kip)
37.6
29.0
20.5
11.9
3.3
-5.3
-13.9
-22.4
-31.0
-39.6
-41.7
-43.9
-46.0
-48.2
-50.3
-52.5
-54.6
-56.8
-58.9
56.8
54.6
52.5
50.3
48.2
46.0
43.9
41.7
39.6
31.0
22.4
13.9
5.3
-3.3
-11.9
-20.5
-29.0
-37.6
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 25 of 62
-- 25 --
6. FACTORED SHEAR AND MOMENT ENVELOPES
The following load combinations were considered in this example:

Strength I:
Strength IV:
1.75(LL + IM) + 1.25DC1 + 1.25DC2 + 1.50DW

1.50DC1 + 1.50DC2 + 1.50DW
Service II:
1.3(LL + IM) + 1.0DC1 + 1.0DC2 + 1.0DW
Fatigue:
0.75(LL + IM)
(IM = 15% for Fatigue; IM = 33% otherwise)
Strength II is not considered since this deals with special permit loads. Strength III and V are not
considered as they include wind effects, which will be handled separately as needed. Strength IV is
considered but is not expected to govern since it addresses situations with high dead load that come into
play for longer spans. Extreme Event load combinations are not included as they are also beyond the
scope of this example. Service I again applies to wind loads and is not considered (except for deflection)
and Service III and Service IV correspond to tension in prestressed concrete elements and are therefore
not included in this example.
In addition to the factors shown above, a load modifier, , was applied as is shown below.
Q = i i Qi
is taken as the product of D, R, and I, and is taken as not less than 0.95. For this example,
D and I are taken as 1.00 while R is taken as 1.05 since the bridge has 4 girders with a
spacing greater than or equal to 12.
Using these load combinations, the shear and moment envelopes shown on the following pages
were developed.
Note that for the calculation of the Fatigue moments and shears that is taken as 1.00 and the
distribution factor is based on the one-lane-loaded situations with a multiple presence factor of
1.00 (AASHTO Sections 6.6.1.2.2, Page 6-29 and 3.6.1.4.3b, Page 3-25).

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 26 of 62
-- 26 --
Strength Limit Moment Envelopes

20,000
15,000
Strength I
10,000
Strength IV
Moment (kip-ft)
5,000
0
-5,000
Strength IV
-10,000
-15,000
Strength I
-20,000
-25,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
Strength Limit Shear Force Envelope

800
Strength I
600
400
Strength IV
Shear (kip)
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 27 of 62
-- 27 --
Service II Moment Envelope

12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
Moment (kip-ft)
2,500
0
-2,500
-5,000
-7,500
-10,000
-12,500
-15,000
-17,500
-20,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
Service II Shear Envelope

600
400
Shear (kip)
200
-200
-400
-600
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 28 of 62
-- 28 --
Factored Fatigue Moment Envelope

1,500
1,000
Moment (kip-ft)
500
-500
-1,000
-1,500
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
270
300
330
Station (ft)
Factored Fatigue Shear Envelope

50
40
30
20
Shear (kip)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 29 of 62
-- 29 --
Factored Girder Moments for Design

Station
(ft)
0.0
14.7
29.3
44.0
58.7
73.3
88.0
102.7
117.3
132.0
135.7
139.3
143.0
146.7
150.3
154.0
157.7
161.3
165.0
168.7
172.3
176.0
179.7
183.3
187.0
190.7
194.3
198.0
212.7
227.3
242.0
256.7
271.3
286.0
300.7
315.3
330.0
Strength I
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
5677.1
-515.7
9806.0
-1031.5
12403.3
-1547.2
13567.8
-2062.9
13287.4
-2578.7
11687.1
-3094.4
8740.0
-3610.2
4621.6
-4237.1
2772.1
-8317.5
2342.0
-9533.2
1926.4 -10838.2
1522.6 -12230.6
1131.6 -13707.1
851.2 -15392.8
588.9 -17317.3
340.9 -19328.3
140.4 -21420.1
0.0 -23617.1
140.4 -21420.1
340.9 -19328.3
588.9 -17317.3
851.2 -15392.8
1131.6 -13707.1
1522.6 -12230.6
1926.4 -10838.2
2342.0
-9533.2
2772.1
-8317.5
4621.6
-4237.1
8740.0
-3610.2
11687.1
-3094.4
13287.4
-2578.7
13567.8
-2062.9
12403.3
-1547.2
9806.0
-1031.5
5677.1
-515.7
0.0
0.0
Strength IV
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
3134.6
0.0
5374.1
0.0
6708.8
0.0
7145.1
0.0
6679.8
0.0
5312.9
0.0
3047.7
0.0
11.2
-133.5
0.0
-4187.3
0.0
-5347.3
0.0
-6566.4
0.0
-7845.7
0.0
-9184.5
0.0 -10582.9
0.0 -12041.3
0.0 -13559.1
0.0 -15137.1
0.0 -16774.1
0.0 -15137.1
0.0 -13559.1
0.0 -12041.3
0.0 -10582.9
0.0
-9184.5
0.0
-7845.7
0.0
-6566.4
0.0
-5347.3
0.0
-4187.3
11.2
-133.5
3047.7
0.0
5312.9
0.0
6679.8
0.0
7145.1
0.0
6708.8
0.0
5374.1
0.0
3134.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

Service II
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
4280.7
-383.1
7393.0
-766.2
9349.1
-1149.4
10222.6
-1532.5
10004.2
-1915.6
8787.0
-2298.7
6551.1
-2681.8
3432.8
-3153.9
2059.3
-6268.9
1739.8
-7195.8
1431.1
-8190.4
1131.1
-9251.2
840.6 -10375.8
632.3 -11657.1
437.4 -13117.1
253.3 -14642.7
104.3 -16229.6
0.0 -17895.9
104.3 -16229.6
253.3 -14642.7
437.4 -13117.1
632.3 -11657.1
840.6 -10375.8
1131.1
-9251.2
1431.1
-8190.4
1739.8
-7195.8
2059.3
-6268.9
3432.8
-3153.9
6551.1
-2681.8
8787.0
-2298.7
10004.2
-1915.6
10222.6
-1532.5
9349.1
-1149.4
7393.0
-766.2
4280.7
-383.1
0.0
0.0
Fatigue
Total +
Total (k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.2
0.0
484.2
-51.7
845.9
-103.4
1087.1
-155.1
1219.6
-206.8
1235.9
-258.6
1199.5
-310.3
1079.5
-362.0
861.5
-413.7
572.7
-465.4
488.5
-478.3
404.3
-491.3
318.9
-504.2
233.1
-517.1
166.5
-530.0
119.0
-543.0
74.1
-555.9
37.1
-568.8
0.1
-581.7
37.1
-568.8
74.1
-555.9
119.0
-543.0
166.5
-530.0
233.1
-517.1
318.9
-504.2
404.3
-491.3
488.5
-478.3
572.4
-465.4
861.5
-413.7
1079.5
-362.0
1199.5
-310.3
1235.9
-258.6
1219.6
-206.8
1087.1
-155.1
845.9
-103.4
484.2
-51.7
0.2
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 30 of 62
-- 30 --
Factored Girder Shears for Design

Station
(ft)
0.0
14.7
29.3
44.0
58.7
73.3
88.0
102.7
117.3
132.0
135.7
139.3
143.0
146.7
150.3
154.0
157.7
161.3
165.0
168.7
172.3
176.0
179.7
183.3
187.0
190.7
194.3
198.0
212.7
227.3
242.0
256.7
271.3
286.0
300.7
315.3
330.0
Strength I
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
479.5
-34.5
390.5
-35.5
304.0
-46.9
220.1
-72.4
138.9
-99.3
92.5
-158.9
68.9
-239.1
48.6
-319.7
31.5
-400.1
17.5
-480.2
14.5
-500.0
11.7
-519.8
9.6
-539.7
7.6
-559.6
5.7
-579.3
3.9
-599.0
2.2
-618.7
0.0
-638.3
0.0
-657.9
638.3
-0.9
618.7
-2.2
599.0
-3.9
579.3
-5.7
559.6
-7.6
539.7
-9.6
519.8
-11.7
500.0
-14.5
480.2
-17.5
400.1
-31.5
319.7
-48.6
239.1
-68.9
158.9
-92.5
99.3
-138.9
72.4
-220.1
46.9
-304.0
35.5
-390.5
34.5
-479.5
Strength IV
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
272.8
0.0
210.6
0.0
148.4
0.0
86.2
0.0
24.0
0.0
0.0
-38.2
0.0
-100.4
0.0
-162.6
0.0
-224.8
0.0
-287.0
0.0
-302.6
0.0
-318.1
0.0
-333.7
0.0
-349.2
0.0
-364.8
0.0
-380.3
0.0
-395.9
0.0
-411.4
0.0
-427.0
411.4
0.0
395.9
0.0
380.3
0.0
364.8
0.0
349.2
0.0
333.7
0.0
318.1
0.0
302.6
0.0
287.0
0.0
224.8
0.0
162.6
0.0
100.4
0.0
38.2
0.0
0.0
-24.0
0.0
-86.2
0.0
-148.4
0.0
-210.6
0.0
-272.8

Service II
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
379.7
-26.9
309.0
-27.7
240.2
-36.6
173.4
-56.5
108.9
-77.5
72.1
-124.8
53.8
-188.6
37.9
-252.7
24.6
-316.8
13.7
-380.5
11.3
-396.3
9.2
-412.1
7.5
-427.9
5.9
-443.7
4.4
-459.4
3.0
-475.1
1.7
-490.8
0.0
-506.4
0.0
-522.0
506.4
-0.7
490.8
-1.7
475.1
-3.0
459.4
-4.4
443.7
-5.9
427.9
-7.5
412.1
-9.2
396.3
-11.3
380.5
-13.7
316.8
-24.6
252.7
-37.9
188.6
-53.8
124.8
-72.1
77.5
-108.9
56.5
-173.4
36.6
-240.2
27.7
-309.0
26.9
-379.7
Fatigue
Total +
Total (kip)
(kip)
38.1
-3.5
33.5
-3.5
28.9
-4.8
24.5
-8.3
20.2
-12.9
16.1
-17.4
12.2
-21.8
8.6
-26.0
5.5
-29.9
3.0
-33.7
2.5
-34.5
2.1
-35.4
1.7
-36.2
1.4
-37.0
1.0
-37.8
0.8
-38.6
0.5
-39.3
0.2
-40.0
40.7
-40.7
40.0
-0.2
39.3
-0.5
38.6
-0.8
37.8
-1.0
37.0
-1.4
36.2
-1.7
35.4
-2.1
34.5
-2.5
33.7
-2.9
29.9
-5.5
26.0
-8.6
21.8
-12.2
17.4
-16.1
12.9
-20.2
8.3
-24.5
4.8
-28.9
3.5
-33.5
3.5
-38.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 31 of 62
-- 31 --
7. FATIGUE CHECKS
7.1: Check transverse stiffener to flange weld at Station 73.3:
Traffic information:
ADTT given as 2400. Three lanes are available to trucks. (ADTT)SL = (0.80) (2,400) = 1,920
N = (ADTT)SL (365) (75) n = (1,920) (365) (75) (1) = 52.56M Cycles
Check Top Flange Weld:
Fatigue need only be checked when the compressive stress due to unfactored permanent loads is
less than twice the maximum tensile stress due to factored fatigue loads.
?
Check f comp , DL 2 f Fat

Distance from bottom of section to the detail under investigation
y = tf,bottom + D = 1.00 + 69.00 = 70
(Pg 16)
(Pg 24)
( 2, 779 ) (12 ) ( 70" 30.68") = 24.67

k-ft
M DC1 = 2, 779k-ft
f DC1 =
in
ft
ksi
53,157 in 4
(Pg 16)
(Pg 24)
(Pg 16)
( 515.8 ) (12 ) ( 70" 46.33") = 1.427

k-ft
M DC 2 = 515.8k-ft
f DC 2 =
in
ft
102, 676 in
ksi
(Pg 16)
f comp , DL = 24.67 ksi + 1.427 ksi = 26.09ksi

(Pg 16)
(Pg 30)
( 258.6 ) (12 ) ( 70" 58.19") = 0.261

k-ft
M Fat , Neg = 258.6k-ft
f Fat =
in
ft
140,521 in
ksi
(Pg 16)
Check f comp , DL 2 f Fat
26.09ksi ( 2 ) ( 0.261ksi ) = 0.521ksi , No.

?
Fatigue need not be checked on the top flange at Station 73.3.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 32 of 62
-- 32 --
Check Bottom Flange Weld:

The permanent loads at Station 73.3 cause tension in the bottom flange, thus by inspection
fatigue needs to be checked.
( f ) ( F )n
1
( F ) n
A 3 ( F )TH
=
2
N
is a load factor of 0.75, which is already included in the fatigue moments.
( f ) =
(1, 236 ) (12 ) ( 58.19" 1.00") = 6.036

k-ft
in
ft
140,521 in
ksi
The detail under consideration is a Category C detail.

A = 44.0 x 108 ksi3 and (F)TH = 12.0 ksi
( F )TH
2
12.0ksi
= 6.00ksi
2
The stress in the detail is almost less than the

infinite life threshold
8
3
A 3 44 10 ksi 3
=
= 4.375ksi

6
N 52.56 10
( F )TH
A 3
= 6.00ksi , the infinite life governs.
Since = 4.375ksi is less than
2
N
( F )n = 6.00ksi
Since ( f ) = 6.036ksi > ( F )n = 6.00ksi , the detail is not satisfactory.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 33 of 62
-- 33 --
Calculate the design life of the part under consideration:

Since ( f ) is greater than
( F )TH
2
, solve for N in the following equation.
A 3
( f )
N
( f )
44 108 ksi3
( 6.036 )
ksi 3
= 20.01106 cycles
20.01106 cycles
= 10, 420 days
1,920
10, 420 days

= 28.55 years
365
( = 28y, 6m, 19d, 2h, 38min...)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 34 of 62
-- 34 --
8. CHECK CROSS_SECTION PROPORTION LIMITS

Web Proportions
69"
D
150
tw
9 "
16
= 122.7 150
O.K.
Flange Proportions
bf
12
2t f
15"
= 10.00 12
(2)( 3 4 ")
O.K.
bf
12
2t f
21"
= 10.50 12
(2)(1")
O.K.
bf
12
2t f
21"
= 4.200 12
(2)(2 12 ")
O.K.
Check ODOT Criteria for Flange Width

?
D
b f + 2.5 12"
6
b f ,min =
69"
+ 2.5 = 14"
D 69"
=
=11.50"
6
6
t f ,min = 1.1tw =(1.1)( 916 ")
O.K.
O.K.
5
O.K.
8"
0.1
I yc
10
I yt
0.1
( 3 4 ")(15")3
= 0.2733 10
(1")(21")3
O.K.
0.1
I yc
10
I yt
0.1
(2.5")(21")3
= 2.500 10
(1")(21")3
O.K.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 35 of 62
-- 35 --
9. CHECK SERVICE LIMIT STATE

9.1: Check Absolute Deflection of the Bridge: Section 6.10.4.1
Section 1
The cross section of Section 1 that is used for computing deflections is shown above. The entire deck
width is used (as opposed to just the effective width that was used earlier) and the haunch and sacrificial
wearing surface have been neglected. AASHTO permits the use of the stiffness of parapets and
structurally continuous railing but ODOT does not.
The transformed width of the bridge deck is w ' =
( 42 ') (12 inft )

8
= 63.00"
Using the bottom of the steel as a datum, the location of the CG of the deck can be found as:
yc = 1"+ 69"+ 3 4 "+
8.5"
= 75.00"
2
The CG of this composite cross section is found as:
( 63")(8.5")i( 75.00") + ( 4 ) ( 71.06 in 2 )i( 30.68")

=
= 59.63"
( 63")( 8.5") + ( 4 ) ( 71.06 in 2 )
Now the moment of inertia of the section can be found as:
Concrete
Steel
( 63")( 8.5")
12
+ ( 63")( 8.5") [ 75.00" 59.63"] =

2
129, 700 in 4
( 4 ) ( 53,160 in 4 ) + ( 4 ) ( 71.06 in 2 ) [30.68" 59.63"]
450,900 in 4
I1,total = 580, 600 in 4
I1 =
580, 600 in 4
in 4
= 145,100 Girder
4 Girders
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 36 of 62
-- 36 --
Section 2
The cross section of Section 2 that is used for computing deflections is shown above.
The transformed width of the bridge deck is w ' =
( 42 ') (12 inft ) = 63.00"

8
Using the bottom of the steel as a datum, the location of the CG of the deck can be found as:
yc = 2 1 2 "+ 69"+ 1"+
8.5"
= 76.75"
2
The CG of this composite cross section is found as:
( 63")(8.5")i( 76.75") + ( 4 ) (112.3 in 2 )i( 26.83")

=
= 53.98"
( 63")( 8.5") + ( 4 ) (112.3 in 2 )
Now the moment of inertia of the section can be found as:
Concrete
Steel
( 63")( 8.5")
12
+ ( 63")( 8.5") [ 76.75" 53.98"] =

2
280,900 in 4
( 4 ) ( 96, 640 in 4 ) + ( 4 ) (112.3 in 2 ) [ 26.83" 53.98"]
717, 700 in 4
I total = 998, 600 in 4
I2 =

998, 600 in 4
in 4
= 249, 700 Girder
4 Girders
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 37 of 62
-- 37 --
The following model, which represents the stiffness of a single girder, was used to compute absolute liveload deflections assuming the entire width of the deck to be effective in both compression and tension.
The live load component of the Service I load combination is applied. Based on AASHTO Section
3.6.1.3.2, the loading includes (1) the design truck alone and (2) the lane load with 25% of the design
truck. The design truck and design lane load were applied separately in the model and will be combined
below. The design truck included 33% impact.
I = 145,100 in4
I = 249,700 in4
I = 145,100 in4
From the analysis:

Deflection due to the Design Truck with Impact: Truck = 2.442
Deflection due to the Design Lane Load:
Lane = 0.8442
These deflections are taken at Stations 79.2 and 250.8. The model was broken into segments roughly
25 long in the positive moment region and 7 long in the negative moment region. A higher level of
discretization may result in slightly different deflections but it is felt that this level of accuracy was
acceptable for deflection calculations.
Since the above results are from a single-girder model subjected to one lanes worth of loading,
distribution factors must be applied to obtain actual bridge deflections. Since it is the absolute deflection
that is being investigated, all lanes are loaded (multiple presence factor apply) and it is assumed that all
girders deflect equally. Given these assumptions, the distribution factor for deflection is simply the
number of lanes times the multiple presence factor divided by the number of girders.
Looking at the two loading criteria described above:
( 0.85 )( 3)
1 =
( 2.442") = 1.558"
4
(
)
Governs
( 0.85 )( 3)
2 =
( 0.8442") + ( 0.25 )( 2.442") = 0.9274"
( 4)
The limiting deflection for this bridge is:
Limit =
(165') (12 inft )

L
=
= 2.475"
800
800
OK

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 38 of 62
-- 38 --
9.2: Check the Maximum Span-to-Depth Ratio: Section 6.10.4.1

From Table 2.5.2.6.3-1, (1) the overall depth of a composite I-beam in a continuous span must not be less
than 0.032L and (2) the depth of the steel in a composite I-beam in a continuous span must not be less
than 0.027L.
(1)
( 2)
0.032 L = ( 0.032 )(165') (12 inft ) = 63.36"
OK
0.027 L = ( 0.027 )(165') (12 inft ) = 53.46"
OK

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 39 of 62
-- 39 --
9.3: Permanent Deformations - Section 1

At the Service Limit State, the following shall be satisfied for composite sections
Top Flange:
f f 0.95Rh Fyf
Bottom Flange
ff +
fl
0.95Rh Fyf
2
Per 6.10.1.1.1a, elastic stresses at any location in a composite section shall consist of the sum of stresses
caused by loads applied separately to the bare steel, short-term composite section, and long-term
composite section.
M DC 1
M
M
+ 1.00 DC 2 + 1.00 DW
S LT
S LT
S BS
fc = 1.00
M LL + IM
+ 1.30 S
ST
Top Flange, Positive Moment

It is not immediately evident to me whether the factored stress at 58.7 or 73.3 will govern.
(2, 979
f f ,58.7 = 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
1,327 in
(549.7
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
4,204 in
(1, 008
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
4,204 in
(3, 999
+ 1.30
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
11,191 in
f f ,58.7 = 36.96ksi
(2, 779
f f , 73.3 = 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
1,327 in
(515.8
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
4,204 in
(946.1
k-ft
+ 1.00
)(12 in
ft )
4,204 in
(4, 067
+ 1.30
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
11,191 in
f f ,73.3 = 34.97 ksi

The stress at 58.7 governs. ff = 36.96ksi.
f f 0.95Rh Fyf
36.96ksi (0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi
O.K.
Note: The bending moments in the above calculations come from page 22 while the moments of
inertia are found on page 16.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 40 of 62
-- 40 --
Bottom Flange, Positive Moment
(2, 979
f f ,58.7 = 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
1,733 in
(549.7
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
2,216 in
(1, 008
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
2,216 in
(3, 999
+ 1.30
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
2,415 in
f f ,58.7 = 54.90ksi
(2, 779 )(12 inft )

(515.8 )(12 inft )
(946.1 )(12 inft )
(4, 067 )(12 inft )
1.00
1.00
1.30
= 1.00
+
+
+
2,216 in
2,216 in
2,415 in
1,733 in
k-ft
f f , 73.3
k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
f f ,73.3 = 53.43ksi
The stress at 58.7 governs. ff = 54.90ksi.
The load factor for wind under Service II is 0.00, fl = 0ksi
ff +
fl
0.95Rh Fyf
2
54.90ksi +
0ksi
(0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi
2
No Good.
Note: The bending moments in the above calculations come from page 22 while the moments of
inertia are found on page 17.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 41 of 62
-- 41 --

Top Flange, Negative Moment
(7,109 )(12 inft )

(1, 250 )(12 inft )
(2, 292 )(12 inft )
(4, 918 )(12 inft )
1.00
1.00
1.30
= 1.00
+
+
+
5,135 in
5,135 in
11,828 in
2,116 in
k-ft
f f ,165
k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
f f ,165 = 55.08ksi
f f 0.95 Rh Fyf
55.08ksi (0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi
No Good.
Bottom Flange, Negative Moment
(7,108
f f = 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
3,602 in
(1, 250
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
4,255 in
(2, 292
+ 1.00
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
4,255 in
(4, 918
+ 1.30
k-ft
)(12 in
ft )
4,590 in
f f = 50.39 ksi
ff +
fl
0.95 Rh Fyf
2
50.39 ksi +
0ksi
(0.95)(1.00)(50ksi ) = 47.50ksi
2

No Good.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 42 of 62
-- 42 --
9.5: Bend Buckling Checks

At the Service Limit State, all sections except composite sections in positive flexure shall satisfy:
f c Fcrw
where:
Fcrw =
0.9 Ek
D

tw
k=
and
( Dc / D )
Section 1
Not Applicable
Section 2
(7,108 )(12
3,602 in
k-ft
fc = 1.00
in
(1, 250 )(12

4,255 in
k-ft
+ 1.00
ft
in
ft
(2, 292 )(12

4,255 in
k-ft
+ 1.00
in
ft
(4, 918 )(12

4,590 in
k-ft
+ 1.30
ft
ft
in
f c = 50.39 ksi
(7,108 )(12
2,116 in
k-ft
ft = 1.00
in
ft
(1, 250 )(12

5,135 in
k-ft
+ 1.00
in
ft
(2, 292 )(12

5,135 in
+ 1.00
k-ft
in
ft
(4, 918 )(12

11,828 in
k-ft
+ 1.30
in
ft = 55.08ksi
fc
Dc =
d tcf 0
f c + ft
50.39ksi
72.5") 2.5" 0
=
ksi
ksi (
50.39 + 55.08
= 32.14
k=
( Dc / D )
Fcrw =
32.14"
69"
= 41.49
(0.90)(29, 000ksi )(41.49)
69"
9 "
16
= 71.96 ksi
This is larger than fcO.K.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 43 of 62
-- 43 --
10. CHECK STRENGTH LIMIT STATE

10.1: Section 1 Positive Flexure
Section Classification (6.10.6.2, Pg. 6.98 6.99)
Check
2 Dcp
E
3.76
tw
Fyc
Find Dcp, the depth of the web in compression at Mp (compression rebar in the slab is ignored).
Pt = Fyt bt tt = (50ksi ) ( 21")(1") = 1,050kip
Pw = Fyw Dtw = (50ksi )(69")(916 ") = 1,941kip
Pc = Fyc bc tc = (50ksi )(15")( 3 4 ") = 562.5kip
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = (0.85)(4.5ksi )(109.5")(8.5") = 3,560kip
3,554kip < 3,560kip, the PNA lies in the slab.
Since Pt + Pw +Pc < Ps
P + Pw + Pt
3,554kip
Y = ( ts ) c
=
8.5"
(
)
kip
Ps
3,560
Y = 8.486 " from top of slab D p = Y = 8.486 "
Since none of the web is in compression, Dcp = 0 and the web is compact.
For Composite Sections in Positive Flexure, (6.10.7.1, Pg. 6.101 6.102)
Mu +
1
f S f Mn
3 l xt
Mu = 13,568k-ft from Page 30; take fl = 0
Dt = 1 + 69 + 3/4 + 8.5 = 79.25
0.1Dt = 7.925
(The haunch is not included in Dt, as per ODOT Exceptions)

Dp
Since Dp =8.486 > 0.1Dt = 7.925, M n = M p 1.07 0.7
Dt
M p = (3,554kip ) 79.25"
= 157,500
k-in
8.486"
30.68"
2
= 13,130k-ft
8.486"
M n = 13,130k-ft 1.07 ( 0.7 )
= 13,060k-ft
79.25"

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 44 of 62
-- 44 --
M u + 13 f l S xt f M n
(13,568k-ft ) + (0) (1.00)(13,060k-ft )
No Good.
Note that the check of M n 1.3Rh M y has not been made in the above calculations. This
section would satisfy the Article B6.2 so this check doesnt need to be made.
Check the ductility requirement to prevent crushing of the slab:
?
D p 0.42 Dt
8.486" ( 0.42 )( 79.25") = 33.29"
O.K.
The Section is NOT Adequate for Positive Flexure at Stations 58.7 and 271.3
The Girder failed the checks for service limits and has failed the first of several checks at the
strength limit state. At this point I will investigate the strength of a section with 70ksi steel in the top
and bottom flanges.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 45 of 62
-- 45 --
Hybrid Girder Factors Will Now be Required:
Compute the Hybrid Girder Factor, Rh, for Section 1:

Per AASHTO Commentary Pg 6-95, Dn shall be taken for the bottom flange since this is a
composite section in positive flexure.
Dn , Bottom = 58.19" 1" = 57.19"
Rh =
12 + 3 3
12 + 2
Rh , Section 1 =
2 Dn tw (2) ( 57.19")( 916 ")

=
= 3.064
Afn
(1")( 21")
Fyw
fn
1.0
12 + ( 3.064 ) (3)(0.7143) (0.7143)3

12 + ( 2 )( 3.064 )
50ksi
= 0.7143
70ksi
= 0.9626
Compute the Hybrid Girder Factor, Rh, for Section 2:

For the short-term composite section,
Dn ,Top = 2 1 2 "+ 69" 52.23" = 19.27"
Dn , Bottom = 52.23" 2 1 2 " = 49.73"
Rh =
12 + 3 3
Governs
12 + 2
Rh , Section 2 =
2 Dn tw (2) ( 49.73")( 916 ")

=
= 1.066
Afn
( 2 12 ")( 21")
Fyw
fn
1.0
12 + (1.066 ) (3)(0.7143) (0.7143)3

12 + ( 2 )(1.066 )

50ksi
= 0.7143
70ksi
= 0.9833
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 46 of 62
-- 46 --
11. RECHECK SERVICE LIMIT STATE WITH 70KSI FLANGES

At the Service Limit State, the following shall be satisfied for composite sections
Top Flange:
f f 0.95Rh Fyf
Bottom Flange
ff +
fl
0.95Rh Fyf
2
Top Flange, Positive Moment
From before: f f ,58.7 = 36.96ksi

f f 0.95Rh Fyf
36.96ksi (0.95)(0.9626)(70ksi ) = 64.01ksi
O.K.
Bottom Flange, Positive Moment

f f ,58.7 = 54.90ksi
ff +
fl
0.95Rh Fyf
2
54.90ksi +
0ksi ?
(0.95)(0.9626)(70ksi ) = 64.01ksi
2
O.K.

Top Flange, Negative Moment
From before: f f ,165 = 55.08ksi

f f 0.95Rh Fyf
55.08ksi (0.95)(0.9833)(70ksi ) = 65.39ksi
O.K.
Bottom Flange, Negative Moment

f f = 50.39 ksi The load factor for wind under Service II is 0.00, fl = 0ksi
ff +
fl
0.95 Rh Fyf
2
50.39ksi +
0ksi ?
(0.95)(0.9833)(70ksi ) = 65.39ksi
2

O.K.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 47 of 62
-- 47 --
11.3: Bend Buckling Checks

At the Service Limit State, all sections except composite sections in positive flexure shall satisfy:
f c Fcrw
where:
Fcrw =
0.9 Ek
D

tw
k=
and
( Dc / D )
Not Applicable
Section 1 -
Section 2
(7,108 )(12
3,602 in
k-ft
fc = 1.00
in
(1, 250 )(12

4,255 in
k-ft
+ 1.00
ft
in
ft
(2, 292 )(12

4,255 in
k-ft
+ 1.00
in
ft
(4, 918 )(12

4,590 in
k-ft
+ 1.30
ft
ft
in
f c = 50.39ksi
(7,108 )(12
2,116 in
k-ft
ft = 1.00
in
ft
(1, 250 )(12

5,135 in
k-ft
+ 1.00
in
ft
(2, 292 )(12

5,135 in
+ 1.00
k-ft
in
ft
(4, 918 )(12

11,828 in
k-ft
+ 1.30
in
ft = 55.08ksi
fc
Dc =
d tcf 0
f c + ft
50.39ksi
72.5") 2.5" 0
=
ksi
ksi (
50.39 + 55.08
= 32.14
k=
( Dc / D )
Fcrw =
32.14"
69"
= 41.49
(0.90)(29, 000ksi )(41.49)
69"
9 "
16
= 71.96 ksi
This is larger than fcO.K.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 48 of 62
-- 48 --
12. RECHECK STRENGTH LIMIT STATE WITH 70KSI FLANGES

12.1: Section 1 - Positive Flexure
Check
2 Dcp
E
3.76
tw
Fyc
Find Dcp, the depth of the web in compression at Mp (compression rebar in the slab is ignored).
Pt = Fyt bt tt = (70ksi ) ( 21")(1") = 1, 470kip
Pw = Fyw Dtw = (50ksi )(69")(916 ") = 1,941kip
Pc = Fyc bc tc = (70ksi )(15")( 3 4 ") = 787.5kip
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = (0.85)(4.5ksi )(109.5")(8.5") = 3,560kip
4,199kip > 3,560kip, the PNA is NOT in the slab.
Since Pt + Pw +Pc > Ps

?
Check Case I Pt + Pw Pc + Ps
?
1, 470kip + 1,941kip 787.5kip + 3,560kip
NO
Check Case II Pt + Pw + Pc Ps
?
1, 470kip + 1,941kip + 787.5kip 3,560kip
YES - PNA in Top Flange
t P + P Ps
Y = c w t
+ 1
Pc
2
kip
kip
kip
0.750" 1,941 + 1, 470 3,560

=
+ 1 = 0.3040" (from the top of steel)
kip
787.5
2
Dp = 8.5 + 0.3040 = 8.804

Since none of the web is in compression, Dcp = 0 and the web is compact.
For Composite Sections in Positive Flexure, (6.10.7.1, Pg. 6.101 6.102)
Mu +
1
f S f Mn
3 l xt
Mu = 13,568k-ft from Page 30; take fl = 0
Dt = 1 + 69 + 3/4 + 8.5 = 79.25

0.1Dt = 7.925
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 49 of 62
-- 49 --
(The haunch is not included in Dt, as per ODOT Exceptions)

Dp
Since Dp = 8.804 > 0.1Dt = 7.925, M n = M p 1.07 0.7
Dt
Determine Mp:
The distances from the component forces to the PNA are calculated.
8.5"
+ 0.3040" = 4.554"
2
69"
( 0.75" 0.3040") = 34.05"
dw =
2
1"
dt = 70.75" 0.3040" = 69.95"
2
ds =
The plastic moment is computed.

P
2
M p = c Y 2 + ( tc Y ) + [ Ps d s + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2tc
787.5kip
2
2
=
( 0.3040") + ( 0.750" 0.3040") + ...
(2)(0.750")
... + ( 3,560kip ) ( 4.554") + (1,941kip ) ( 34.05") + (1, 470kip ) ( 69.95")
= ( 525 kip in ) 0.2913 in 2 + 185,100k-in

= 185,300k-in = 15, 440k-ft
8.804"
k-ft
M n = 15, 440k-ft 1.07 ( 0.7 )
= 15,320
79.25"
M u + 13 f l S xt f M n
(13,568k-ft ) + (0) (1.00)(15,320 k-ft )
O.K.
Note that the check of M n 1.3Rh M y has not been made in the above calculations. This
section would satisfy the Article B6.2 so this check doesnt need to be made.
Check the ductility requirement to prevent crushing of the slab:
?
D p 0.42 Dt
8.804" ( 0.42 )( 79.25") = 33.29"
O.K.
The Section is Adequate for Positive Flexure at Stations 58.7 and 271.3 with 70ksi Flanges

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 50 of 62
-- 50 --
12.2: Section 2 - Negative Flexure

Check
2 Dc
E
5.70
tw
Fyc
Dc is the depth of the web in compression for the cracked section.

Dc = 32.04 21/2 = 29.54
2 Dc (2)(29.54")
E
29,000ksi
=
=
105.0
<
5.70
=
5.70
= 137.3
tw
(916 ")
Fyc
50ksi
The web is non-slender. Since the web is non-slender we have the option of using the provisions
in Appendix A to determine the moment capacity. I will first determine the capacity using the
provisions in 6.10.8, which will provide a somewhat conservative determination of the flexural
resistance.
For Composite Sections in Negative Flexure, (6.10.8.1, Pg. 6.105 6.114)

The Compression Flange must satisfy:
fbu +
1
f f Fnc
3 l
Per 6.10.1.1.1a, elastic stresses at any location in a composite section shall consist of the sum of
stresses caused by loads applied separately to the bare steel, short-term composite section, and
long-term composite section. In 6.10.1.1.1c, though, it states that for the Strength Limit, the
short-term and long-term composite sections shall consist of the bare steel and the longitudinal
rebar. In other words, for determining negative moment stresses over the pier, we can use the
factored moment above with the properties for the cracked section.
M DC1 1.25M DC 2 + 1.50 M DW + 1.75M LL

+
SCR
S BS
fbu = 1.25
k-ft
k-ft
k-ft
(7,109 k-ft )(12 inft ) (1.25)(1, 250 ) + (1.50)(2, 292 ) + (1.75)(4, 918 ) (12 inft )
fbu = 1.25
+
3
3
3,932 in
3,602 in

fbu = 71.13ksi
Since fbu is greater than Fyc, it is obvious that a strength computed based on the provisions
in 6.10.8 will not be adequate.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 51 of 62
-- 51 --
As it stands here, this girder is clearly not adequate over the pier. The compression flange is
overstressed as per the provisions in 6.10.8. There are still other options to explore, though, before
increasing the plate dimensions.
1. Since the web is non-slender for Section 2 in Negative Flexure, we have the option of using
the provisions in Appendix A6 to determine moment capacity. This would provide an
upper bound strength of Mp instead of My as was determined in 6.10.8.
2. The provisions in Appendix B6 allow for redistribution of negative moment from the region
near the pier to the positive moment region near mid-span for sections that satisfy stringent
compactness and stability criteria. If this section qualifies, as much as ~2,000k-ft may be able
to be redistributed from the pier to mid-span, which could enable the plastic moment
strength from Appendix A6 to be adequate. (This solution may even work with the flange
strength at 50ksi, but I doubt it)
Despite the fact that the girder appears to have failed our flexural capacity checks, lets look at the
shear capacity.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 52 of 62
-- 52 --
12.3 Vertical Shear Capacity

At the strength Limit, the following must be satisfied
Vu Vn
For an unstiffened web,
Vn = Vcr = CV p
Check,
D
Ek
,
1.12
tw
Fyw
D 69"
=
= 122.7
tw 916 "
Since there are no transverse stiffeners, k = 5
(29, 000ksi )(5)

1.12
= 60.31
(50ksi )
Since
C=
(29, 000ksi )(5)

1.40
= 75.39
(50ksi )
D
Ek
, elastic shear buckling of the web controls.
> 1.40
tw
Fyw
1.57 kE
1.57 (5)(29, 000ksi )
=
= 0.3026
2
2
(50ksi )
D Fyw 69"

9 "
16
tw
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w = (0.58)(50 ksi )(69")( 9 16 ") = 1,126 kip

Vn = CV p = (0.3026)(1,126 kip ) = 340.6 kip
Vn = (1.00 ) 340.6 kip = 340.6 kip
No Good.
This strength is adequate from 16 100 and 230 - 314.

This strength is not adequate near the end supports or near the pier, however.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 53 of 62
-- 53 --
Try adding transverse stiffeners spaced at do = 8 = 96
k =5+
5
do
D

=5+
5
96"
69"
= 7.583
D
(29, 000ksi )(7.583)
(29, 000ksi )(7.583)
= 122.7 , 1.12
,
=
74.28
1.40
= 92.85
(50ksi )
(50ksi )
tw
Since
D
Ek
> 1.40
tw
Fyw
1.57 Ek
1.57 (29, 000ksi )(7.583)
C=
=
= 0.4589
2
2
(50ksi )
D Fyw 69"

9 "
16
tw
Vn = CV p = (1.00)(0.4589)(1,126 kip ) = 516.5kip
O.K.
This capacity is fine but we may be able to do better if we account for tension field action.
Try adding transverse stiffeners spaced at do = 12 = 144
k =5+
5
do
D

=5+
5
144"
69"
= 6.148
D
(29, 000ksi )(6.148)
(29, 000ksi )(6.148)
,
= 122.7 , 1.12
=
66.88
1.40
= 83.60
(50ksi )
(50ksi )
tw
Since
C=
D
Ek
> 1.40
tw
Fyw
1.57 Ek
1.57 (29, 000ksi )(6.148)
=
= 0.3721
2
2
(50ksi )
D Fyw 69"

9 "
16
tw
Without TFA: Vn = CV p = (0.3721)(1,126 kip ) = 418.9 kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 54 of 62
-- 54 --
With TFA:
Since
2 Dtw
(2)(69")( 916 ")
=
= 1.056 2.5 ,
( b fct fc + b ft t ft ) ( (21")(2 12 ") + (21")(1") )
0.87(1 C )
(0.87)(1
0.3721)
= (1,126kip ) 0.3721 +
Vn = V p C +
2
2
do
144"
1+
1+
69"
D
Vn = (1,126kip )(0.6082) = 684.8kip
Vn = (1.00 ) 684.8kip = 684.8kip
O.K.
This TFA strength is adequate near the pier but TFA is not permitted in the end panels.
The following stiffener configuration should provide adequate shear strength.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 55 of 62
-- 55 --
Strength Limit Shear Capacity

800
Tension Field Action
600
Strength I
400
Strength IV
Shear (kip)
200
-200
-400
-600
-800
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 56 of 62
-- 56 --
12.4: Horizontal Shear Strength

Per ODOT Standard practice, shear studs will be used to transfer horizontal shear between the concrete
deck and top flange of the steel girder. ODOT prefers the use of 7/8diameter studs.
Ideally, the studs should extend to the mid-thickness of the deck. Using this criterion, the height of the
studs can be determined.
be
ts
+ thaunch t flange
2
9.5"
=
+ 2.75" 0.75" = 6.75"
2
h=
ts
thaunch
tc
bc
Use 7/8 x 61/2 shear studs

D
tw
h
AASHTO requires that the ratio of /d be greater

than or equal to 4.0.
tt
bt
h
4.0
d
6 12 "
= 7.429 4.0
7 "
8
OK
AASHTO requires a center-to-center transverse

spacing of 4d and a clear edge distance of 1.
With 7/8 diameter studs, there is room enough transversely to use up to 4
studs in each row. With this in mind, I will investigate the option of
either 3 or 4 studs per row.
Fatigue Limit State:
The longitudinal pitch of the shear studs based on the Fatigue Limit is determined as
nZ r
Vsr
Vsr =
Vf Q
I
(6.10.10.1.2-1 & 3)
where:
n
Zr
Vsr
Vf
Q
I
Number of studs per row

Fatigue resistance of a single stud
Horizontal fatigue shear range per unit length
Vertical shear force under fatigue load combination
1st moment of inertia of the transformed slab about the short-term NA
2nd moment of inertia of the short-term composite section

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 57 of 62
-- 57 --
Zr = d 2
5.5d 2
2
(6.10.10.2-1)
= 34.5 4.28Log( N )
(6.10.10.2-2)
= 34.5 4.28Log(55.84 106 ) = 1.343ksi

2
5.5 7 2
Z r = (1.343ksi ) ( 7 8 ")
( 8 ")
2
= 1.028kip 2.105kip
Z r = 2.105kip
Q = Atc d c
(109.5")( 9.5")
9.5"
58.19" = 2,511 in 3
QSection 1 =
1"+ 69"+ 2.75"+
8
2
(109.5")( 9.5")
9.5"
52.23" = 3, 481 in 3
QSection 2 =
2.5"+ 69"+ 2.75"+
8
2
I Section 1 = 140,500 in 4
I Section 2 = 239, 700 in 4
Since the fatigue shear varies along the length of the bridge, the longitudinal distribution of shear studs
based on the Fatigue Limit also varies. These results are presented in a tabular format on a subsequent
page. To illustrate the computations, I have chosen the shear at the abutment as an example.
At the abutment, V f = 38.13kip 3.53kip = 41.66kip
( 41.66 )( 2,511 in ) = 0.7445

=
(140,500 in )
kip
Vsr
( 0.7445 )
kip
inch
= 8.482
kip
inch
For 4 studs in each row:
For 3 studs in each row:
( 3) ( 2.105ksi )
in
row

( 4 ) ( 2.105ksi )
( 0.7453 )
kip
inch
in
= 11.31 row
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 58 of 62
-- 58 --
Strength Limit:
Qr = sc Qn
Qn = 0.5 Asc
sc = 0.85
f c' Ec Asc Fu
(6.10.10.4.3-1)
2

Asc = ( 7 8 ") = 0.6013 in 2
4
f c' = 4.5ksi
Since n = 8, Ec =
Es 29, 000ksi
=
= 3, 625ksi
8
n
Fu = 60ksi
Qn = ( 0.5 ) ( 0.6013 in 2 )
( 4.5 )( 3, 625 ) ( 0.6013 in )( 60 )

ksi
ksi
ksi
kip
kip
= 38.40 stud
36.08 stud
kip
kip
scQn = ( 0.85 ) ( 36.08 stud
) = 30.67 stud
n+ =
Pp
n =
Qr

Pp + Pn
Qr
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 59 of 62
-- 59 --
Positive moment - Section 1: Station 0.0 - 73.3
Pp = Min ( PConcrete , Psteel )
PConcrete = 0.85 f c'bets
= ( 0.85 ) ( 4.5ksi ) (109.5")( 9.5") = 3,979kip
PSteel = Fyw Dtw + Fft b ft t ft + Ffc b fc t fc

= ( 70ksi ) (15")( 0.75") + ( 21")(1") + ( 50ksi ) ( 69")( 0.5625") = 4,198kip
Pp = 3,979kip
n+ =
Pp
Qr
3,979kip
= 129.7studs
kip
30.67 stud
3 Studs per Row:
129.7studs
= 44rows
studs
3 row
p=
( 73.3' 0 ') (12 inft )

= 20.46 inch
row
( 44 1)
Say 20"
p=
( 73.3' 0 ') (12 inft )

= 27.49 inch
row
( 33 1)
Say 24"
4 Studs per Row:
129.7studs
= 33rows
studs
4 row

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 60 of 62
-- 60 --
Negative Moment - Section 2: Station 73.3 - 165.0
Pn = Min ( Psteel , PCrack )
PCrack = 0.45 f c'bets
= ( 0.45 ) ( 4.5ksi ) (109.5")( 9.5") = 2,107 kip
PSteel = Fyw Dtw + Fft b ft t ft + Ffc b fc t fc

= ( 70ksi ) ( 21")( 2.5") + ( 21")(1") + ( 50ksi ) ( 69")( 0.5625") = 7, 086kip
Pn = 2,107 kip
n =
Pp + Pn
Qr
3,979kip + 2,107 kip

= 198.4studs
kip
30.67 stud
3 Studs per Row:
198.4studs
= 67 rows
studs
3 row
p=
(165.0 ' 73.3') (12 inft )

= 16.67 inch
row
( 67 1)
Say 16"
p=
(165.0 ' 73.3') (12 inft )

= 22.48 inch
row
( 50 1)
Say 20"
4 Studs per Row:
198.4studs
= 50rows
studs
4 row

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 61 of 62
-- 61 --
Shear Stud Summary:
This table represents that pitch of shear studs required for either 3 or 4 studs per row based on location in
the bridge.
3 Studs Per Row
Station
(ft)
0.0
14.7
29.3
44.0
58.7
73.3
88.0
102.7
117.3
132.0
135.7
139.3
143.0
146.7
150.3
154.0
157.7
161.3
165.0
168.7
172.3
176.0
179.7
183.3
187.0
190.7
194.3
198.0
212.7
227.3
242.0
256.7
271.3
286.0
300.7
315.3
330.0
Vf
(kip)
41.66
37.01
33.68
32.79
33.04
33.46
33.98
34.59
35.38
36.62
37.07
37.53
37.98
38.42
38.88
39.34
39.81
40.26
81.44
40.26
39.81
39.34
38.88
38.42
37.98
37.53
37.07
36.62
35.38
34.59
33.98
33.46
33.04
32.79
33.68
37.01
41.66
V sr
(in )
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
3,481
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
2,511
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
239,734
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
140,521
(in )
kip
( /in)
0.7444
0.6613
0.6018
0.5859
0.5904
0.5979
0.6071
0.6181
0.6323
0.6543
0.5383
0.5449
0.5514
0.5579
0.5645
0.5713
0.5780
0.5847
1.1826
0.5847
0.5780
0.5713
0.5645
0.5579
0.5514
0.5449
0.5383
0.6543
0.6323
0.6181
0.6071
0.5979
0.5904
0.5859
0.6018
0.6613
0.7444
p Fat
p Str
(in)
8.48
9.55
10.49
10.78
10.70
10.56
10.40
10.22
9.99
9.65
11.73
11.59
11.45
11.32
11.19
11.05
10.93
10.80
5.34
10.80
10.93
11.05
11.19
11.32
11.45
11.59
11.73
9.65
9.99
10.22
10.40
10.56
10.70
10.78
10.49
9.55
8.48
(in)
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
4 Studs Per Row
p max
(in)
8.48
9.55
10.49
10.78
10.70
10.56
10.40
10.22
9.99
9.65
11.73
11.59
11.45
11.32
11.19
11.05
10.93
10.80
5.34
10.80
10.93
11.05
11.19
11.32
11.45
11.59
11.73
9.65
9.99
10.22
10.40
10.56
10.70
10.78
10.49
9.55
8.48
p Fat
p Str
(in)
11.31
12.73
13.99
14.37
14.26
14.08
13.87
13.62
13.32
12.87
15.64
15.45
15.27
15.09
14.92
14.74
14.57
14.40
7.12
14.40
14.57
14.74
14.92
15.09
15.27
15.45
15.64
12.87
13.32
13.62
13.87
14.08
14.26
14.37
13.99
12.73
11.31
(in)
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
p max
(in)
11.31
12.73
13.99
14.37
14.26
14.08
13.87
13.62
13.32
12.87
15.64
15.45
15.27
15.09
14.92
14.74
14.57
14.40
7.12
14.40
14.57
14.74
14.92
15.09
15.27
15.45
15.64
12.87
13.32
13.62
13.87
14.08
14.26
14.37
13.99
12.73
11.31
The arrangement of shear studs is shown below.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Page 62 of 62
-- 62 --
ONE-SPAN INELASTIC I-GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN EXAMPLE

A single span composite I-girder bridge has span length of 166.3 and a 64 deck width. The steel girders
have
Fy =
50ksi
and
all
concrete
has
a
28-day
compressive
strength
of
ksi
fc = 4.5 . The concrete slab is 9.5 thick. A typical 4 haunch was used in the section properties.
Concrete barriers weighing 640plf and an asphalt wearing surface weighing 60psf have also been applied as
a composite dead load.
HL-93 loading was used per AASHTO (2004), including dynamic load allowance.
Single-Span Bridge Example

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July 2007: Page 1 of 21
-- 63 --
172' - 4" Total Girder Length
G
2
G
3
G
4
G
5
G
6
166' - 4" cc Bearings
Cross Frames Spaced @ 22' - 0" cc

G
1

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 64 --

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
Created July2007: Page 3 of 23
-- 65 --
2. LOAD CALCULATIONS:
DC dead loads (structural components) include:
Steel girder self weight (DC1)
Concrete deck self weight (DC1)
Haunch self weight (DC1)
Barrier (DC2)
DW dead loads (structural attachments) include:
Wearing surface (DW), Including FWS
2a. Dead Load Calculations
Steel Girder Self-Weight (DC1):
(a) Section 1
A = (14)(1.125) + (68)(0.6875) + (22)(1.5) = 95.5 in2
490pcf
per girder
(1.15 ) = 373.7 lbs
Wsection1 = 95.5 in 2
ft
(12 in )2
ft
(b) Section 2
A = (14)(2) + (68)(0.5625) + (22)(2) = 110.25 in2
490pcf
per girder
(1.15 ) = 431.4 lbs
ft
(12 in )2
ft
(c) Section 3
A = (14)(2) + (68)(0.5625) + (22)(2.375) = 118.5 in2
490pcf
per girder
(1.15 ) = 463.7 lbs
ft
(12 in )2
ft
(d) Average Girder Self Weight

Wave =
( 2 )( 40.17 ') ( 373.7 lbsft ) + ( 2 )(18.0 ') ( 431.4 lbsft ) + ( 50.0 ') ( 463.7 lbsft )
166.3'
= 413.3 lbs
ft
Deck Self-Weight (DC1):
( 9.5'')( 64.0 ') 150pcf

per girder
WDeck =
= 1,267 lbs

ft
in
6
Girders
12
( ft )

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 66 --
Haunch Self-Weight (DC1):

Average width of haunch: 14
150pcf
per girder
= 94.33 lbs
Whaunch = (14 )( 4 ) + 2 ( ( 12 ) ( 9 '')( 4 '') )
ft
(12 in )2
ft
Barrier Walls (DC2):
Wbarriers
( 2 each ) ( 640plf )
per girder
= 213.3 lbs
=
ft
6 girders
Wearing Surface (DW):
Wwearing_surface =
( 61.0') ( 60psf )
6 Girders
per girder
= 610.0 lbs
ft
The moment effect due to dead loads was found using an FE model composed of six frame elements to
model the bridge (a node was placed at mid-span). This data was input into Excel to be combined with
data from moving live load analyses performed in SAP 2000. DC1 dead loads were applied to the noncomposite section (bare steel). All live loads were applied to the short-term composite section (1n = 8).
DW (barriers) and DC2 (wearing surface) dead loads were applied to the long-term composite section
(3n = 24).
The maximum moments at mid-span are easily computed since the bridge is statically determinate.
M DC1,Steel
wL2 ( 413.3 lbs

ft ) (166.3' )
= 1, 429k-ft
=
=
8
8
M DC1, Deck
2
166.3' )
wL2 (1, 267 lbs
ft ) (
= 4,379k-ft
=
=
8
M DC 2, Barriers
M DW
wL2 ( 213.3 lbs

ft ) (166.3' )
= 737.4k-ft
=
=
2
166.3' )
wL2 ( 610.0 lbs
ft ) (
= 2,109k-ft
=
=
8
8

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 67 --
The maximum shear forces at the ends of the girder are also easily computed.
lbs
wL ( 413.3 ft ) (166.3' )
kip
VDC1,Steel =
=
= 34.37
2
2
VDC1, Deck
lbs
wL (1, 267 ft ) (166.3' )
kipt
=
= 105.4
=
2
2
lbs
wL ( 213.3 ft ) (166.3' )
kip
VDC 2, Barriers =
=
= 17.74

2
2
lbs
wL ( 610.0 ft ) (166.3' )
kip
VDW =
=
= 50.72
2
2

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 68 --
2b. Live Load Calculations

The following design vehicular live load cases described in AASHTO-LRFD are considered:
1) The effect of a design tandem combined with the effect of the lane loading. The design
tandem consists of two 25kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. The lane loading consists of a 0.64klf
uniform load on all spans of the bridge. (HL-93M in SAP)
2) The effect of one design truck with variable axle spacing combined with the effect of the
0.64klf lane loading. (HL-93K in SAP)
3) For negative moment between points of contraflexure only: 90% of the effect of a truck-train
combined with 90% of the effect of the lane loading. The truck train consists of two design
trucks (shown below) spaced a minimum of 50 between the lead axle of one truck and the rear
axle of the other truck. The distance between the two 32kip axles should be taken as 14 for each
truck. The points of contraflexure were taken as the field splices at 132 and 198 from the left
end of the bridge. (HL-93S in SAP)
All live load calculations were performed in SAP 2000 using a beam line analysis. The nominal
moment data from SAP was then input into Excel. An Impact Factor of 1.33 was applied to the
truck and tandem loads within SAP.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 69 --
Unfactored HL-93 Moment Envelopes from SAP

6,000
Single Truck
4,000
Tandem
Moment (kip-ft)
2,000
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
0
30
60
90
120
150
Station (ft)
The following results were obtained from the SAP analysis:
The maximum positive live-load moments occur at stations 83.15
HL-93M
HL-93K
HL-93S
Station 40.16- Section 1

3,614k-ft
4,322k-ft
N/A

4,481k-ft
5,238k-ft
N/A

4,911k-ft
5,821k-ft
N/A
Before proceeding, these live-load moments will be confirmed with an influence line analysis.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 70 --
2c. Verify the Maximum Positive Live-Load Moment at Station 83.15:

kip
kip
25
25
Tandem:
kip
32
8
kip
32
kip
Single Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Moment (k-ft / kip)
Lane
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
Station (ft)
Tandem:
Single Truck:
Lane Load:
( 25 ) ( 41.58 ) + ( 25 ) ( 39.58 ) = 2, 029

(8 ) ( 34.57 ) + ( 32 ) ( 41.58 ) + ( 32 ) ( 34.57 ) = 2, 713
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
( 0.640 )(3, 457 ) = 2, 212

k-ft
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
k-ft
kip
kip
k-ft
kip
k-ft
k-ft
+ 2, 212 k-ft = 4, 911k-ft

(1.33 ) ( 2, 029 k-ft
kip )
+ 2, 212 k-ft = 5,821k-ft

(1.33 ) ( 2, 713 k-ft
kip )
GOVERNS
The case of two trucks is not considered here because it is only used when computing negative moments.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 71 --
Based on the influence line analysis, we can say that the moments obtained from SAP appear to be
reasonable and will be used for design.
Before these Service moments can be factored and combined, we must compute the distribution factors.
Since the distribution factors are a function of Kg, the longitudinal stiffness parameter, we must first
compute the sections properties of the girders.
3. SECTION PROPERTIES AND CALCULATIONS:

3a. Effective Flange Width, bs:
For an interior beam, bs is the lesser of:
bf
14"
= (12 )( 8.5") +
= 109 ''
12ts +
2
2
S = (11.33')(12 in ft ) = 135.96 ''

L
eff = 166.3' = 41.58' = 498.9 ''
4
4
Therefore, bs = 109
For computing the section properties shown on the two pages that follow, reinforcing steel in the deck
was ignored for short-term and long-term composite calculations but was included for the cracked
section.
Note: At this point one should also check the effective of the outside girders as well. For this
example, however, I will proceed sing the effective width for the interior girders.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 72 --
3b. Section 1 Flexural Properties
Single Span Bridge Example - Section 1

Bare Steel
t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Top Flange
1.1250
14.00
15.75
70.06
1,103.48
1.66
-40.87
26,308
26,310
Web
Bot Flange
0.6875
1.5000
68.00
22.00
46.75
33.00
35.50
0.75
1,659.63 18,014.33
24.75
6.19
-6.31
28.44
1,860
26,696
19,874
26,702
2,787.86
ITotal =
72,886
29.19
SBS1,top =
1,759
SBS1,bot =
2,497
95.50
Y=
Short-Term Composite (N=8)

t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Slab
8.5000
109.00
115.81
74.88
8,671.46
697.29
-20.65
49,365
50,062
Haunch
Top Flange
0.0000
1.1250
14.0000
14.0000
0.00
15.75
70.63
70.06
0.00
1,103.48
0.00
1.66
-16.40
-15.83
0
3,948
0
3,950
Web
Bot Flange
0.6875
1.5000
68.0000
22.0000
46.75
33.00
35.50
0.75
1,659.63 18,014.33
24.75
6.19
18.73
53.48
16,399
94,381
34,414
94,387
11,459.32
ITotal =
182,813
54.23
SST1,top =
11,150
SST1,bot =
3,371
211.31
n=
8.00
Y=
Long-Term Composite (N=24)

t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Slab
8.5000
109.00
38.60
74.88
2,890.49
232.43
-32.53
40,856
41,089
Haunch
0.0000
14.00
0.00
70.63
0.00
0.00
-28.28
Top Flange
1.1250
14.0000
15.75
70.06
1,103.48
1.66
-27.72
12,102
12,104
Web
Bot Flange
0.6875
1.5000
68.0000
22.0000
46.75
33.00
35.50
0.75
1,659.63 18,014.33
24.75
6.19
6.84
41.59
2,189
57,089
20,203
57,095
5,678.35
ITotal =
130,491
42.34
SLT1,top =
4,614
SLT1,bot =
3,082
134.10
n=
24.00
Y=

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 73 --
3c. Section 2 Flexural Properties

Bare Steel
t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Top Flange
2.0000
14.00
28.00
71.00
1,988.00
9.33
-40.08
44,978
44,987
Web
Bot Flange
0.5625
2.0000
68.00
22.00
38.25
44.00
36.00
1.00
1,377.00 14,739.00
44.00
14.67
-5.08
29.92
987
39,391
15,726
39,405
3,409.00
ITotal =
100,119
30.92
SBS1,top =
2,437
SBS1,bot =
3,238
110.25
Y=

t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Slab
8.5000
109.00
115.81
76.25
8,830.70
697.29
-22.11
56,600
57,297
Haunch
Top Flange
0.0000
2.0000
14.0000
14.0000
0.00
28.00
72.00
71.00
0.00
1,988.00
0.00
9.33
-17.86
-16.86
0
7,956
0
7,966
Web
Bot Flange
0.5625
2.0000
68.0000
22.0000
38.25
44.00
36.00
1.00
1,377.00 14,739.00
44.00
14.67
18.14
53.14
12,591
124,264
27,330
124,279
12,239.70
ITotal =
216,871
54.14
SST1,top =
12,145
SST1,bot =
4,006
226.06
n=
8.00
Y=

t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Slab
8.5000
109.00
38.60
76.25
2,943.57
232.43
-33.57
43,514
43,746
Haunch
0.0000
14.00
0.00
72.00
0.00
0.00
-29.32
Top Flange
2.0000
14.0000
28.00
71.00
1,988.00
9.33
-28.32
22,462
22,472
Web
Bot Flange
0.5625
2.0000
68.0000
22.0000
38.25
44.00
36.00
1.00
1,377.00 14,739.00
44.00
14.67
6.68
41.68
1,705
76,425
16,444
76,439
6,352.57
ITotal =
159,101
42.68
SLT1,top =
5,426
SLT1,bot =
3,728
148.85
n=
24.00
Y=

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 74 --
3d. Section 3 Flexural Properties

Bare Steel
t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Top Flange
2.0000
14.00
28.00
71.38
1,998.50
9.33
-42.25
49,970
49,980
Web
Bot Flange
0.5625
2.3750
68.00
22.00
38.25
52.25
36.38
1.19
1,391.34 14,739.00
62.05
24.56
-7.25
27.94
2,008
40,796
16,747
40,820
3,451.89
ITotal =
107,546
29.13
SBS1,top =
2,487
SBS1,bot =
3,692
118.50
Y=

t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Slab
8.5000
109.00
115.81
76.63
8,874.13
697.29
-24.02
66,819
67,516
Haunch
Top Flange
0.0000
2.0000
14.0000
14.0000
0.00
28.00
72.38
71.38
0.00
1,998.50
0.00
9.33
-19.77
-18.77
0
9,865
0
9,874
Web
Bot Flange
0.5625
2.3750
68.0000
22.0000
38.25
52.25
36.38
1.19
1,391.34 14,739.00
62.05
24.56
16.23
51.42
10,076
138,137
24,815
138,161
12,326.02
ITotal =
240,366
52.61
SST1,top =
12,158
SST1,bot =
4,569
234.31
n=
8.00
Y=

t
Ay
Ix
Ad2
IX
Slab
8.5000
109.00
38.60
76.63
2,958.04
232.43
-35.82
49,544
49,777
Haunch
0.0000
14.00
0.00
72.38
0.00
0.00
-31.57
Top Flange
2.0000
14.0000
28.00
71.38
1,998.50
9.33
-30.57
26,174
26,184
Web
Bot Flange
0.5625
2.3750
68.0000
22.0000
38.25
52.25
36.38
1.19
1,391.34 14,739.00
62.05
24.56
4.43
39.61
749
81,990
15,488
82,015
6,409.93
ITotal =
173,463
40.80
SLT1,top =
5,494
SLT1,bot =
4,251
157.10
n=
24.00
Y=

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 75 --
4. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR MOMENT

4a. Section 1:
Interior Girder - One Lane Loaded:
DFM1,Int,Sec1
0.4
0.3
S S Kg
= 0.06 +
3
14 L 12 LtS
0.1
K g = n ( I + Aeg2 )
K g = (8) 72,890 in 4 + ( 95.5 in 2 ) ( 49.06")
K g = 2, 422, 000 in 4
0.4
DFM1,Int,Sec1
11.33' 11.33'
= 0.06 +

14 166.3'
0.3
2, 422, 000 in 4
(12 )(166.3' )( 8.5")3
0.1
DFM1,Int,Sec1 = 0.4994
Interior Girder - Two or More Lanes Loaded:
DFM2,Int,Sec1
0.4
0.3
S S Kg
= 0.075 +

3
9.5 L 12 LtS
DFM2,Int,Sec1
11.33' 11.33'
= 0.075 +

9.5 166.3'
0.6
0.2
0.1
2, 422, 000 in 4
(12 )(166.3')( 8.5")3
0.1

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 76 --
Exterior Girder One Lane Loaded:

The lever rule is applied by assuming that a
hinge forms over the first interior girder as a
truck load is applied near the parapet. The
resulting reaction in the exterior girder is the
distribution factor.
DFM 1,Ext,Sec1 =
8.5'
= 0.7500
11.33'
Multiple Presence:
DFM1,Ext,Sec1 = (1.2) (0.7500) = 0.9000
Exterior Girder - Two or More Lanes Loaded:

DFM2,Ext,Sec1 = e DFM2,Int,Sec1
de
9.1
2.167 '
e = 0.77 +
= 1.008
9.1
e = 0.77 +
DFM2,Ext+ = (1.008) (0.7703) = 0.7765
4b. Section 2:
Interior Girder One Lane Loaded:
0.4
0.3
S S Kg
DFM1,Int,Sec2 = 0.06 +
3
14 L 12 LtS
0.1
K g = n ( I + Aeg2 )
K g = (8) 100,100 in 4 + (110.3 in 2 ) ( 47.83")
K g = 2,819, 000 in 4
0.4
DFM1,Int,Sec2
11.33' 11.33'
= 0.06 +

14 166.3'
0.3
2,819, 000 in 4
(12 )(166.3' ) ( 8.5 ")3
0.1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 77 --
Interior Girder Two or More Lanes Loaded:

0.4
0.3
S S Kg
DFM2,Int,Sec2 = 0.075 +

3
9.5 L 12 LtS
DFM2,Int,Sec2
DFM2,Int,Sec2
0.1
0.6
0.2
4
11.33' 11.33' 2,819, 000 in

= 0.075 +

3
9.5 166.3' (12 )(166.3')( 8.5")
= 0.7809
0.1
Exterior Girder - One Lane Loaded:
Same as for the positive moment section: DFM1,Ext,Sec2 = 0.9000

e = 1.008 (same as before)
DFM2,Ext,Sec2 =(1.008) (0.7809) = 0.7871
4c. Section 3:
Interior Girder One Lane Loaded:
DFM 1, Int ,Sec 3
S
= 0.06 +
14
K g = n I + Aeg2
0.4
S

L
0.3
)
(
Kg
3
12 LtS
0.1
K g = ( 8 ) 107,500 in 4 + 118.5 in 2 ( 50.00")
K g = 3, 230, 000 in 4
DFM 1, Int , Sec 3
11.33'
= 0.06 +
14
0.4
11.33'
166.3'
0.3
3
(12 )(166.3')( 8.5")
3, 230, 000 in 4
0.1
DFM 1, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.5122

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 78 --
Interior Girder - Two or More Lanes Loaded:

0.4
DFM 2, Int ,Sec 3
S
= 0.075 +
9.5
S

L
DFM 2, Int ,Sec 3
11.33'
= 0.075 +
9.5
0.6
0.3
Kg
3
12 LtS
11.33'
166.3'
0.2
0.1
3, 230, 000 in 4
(12 )(166.3')( 8.5")3
0.1
DFM 2, Int ,Sec 3 = 0.7906
Exterior Girder One Lane Loaded:
Same as for the positive moment section: DFM1,Ext,Sec3 = 0.9000
e = 1.008 (same as before)
DFM2,Ext,Sec3 =(1.008) (0.7906) = 0.7969
NL
DF
Ext , Min
4d. Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor:

NL
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 79 --
One Lane Loaded:
DFM 1, Ext , Min =
( 28.33') ( 25.5')
1
+
= 0.4881
6 2 ( 28.33')2 + (17.0 ')2 + ( 5.667 ' )2
Multiple Presence: DFM1,Ext,Min = (1.2) (0.4881) = 0.5857
Two Lanes Loaded:
DFM 2, Ext , Min =
( 28.33') ( 25.5') + (13.5')

2
+
= 0.8250
6 2 ( 28.33' )2 + (17.0 ') 2 + ( 5.667 ' ) 2
Three Lanes Loaded:
DFM 3, Ext , Min =
3 ( 28.33') ( 25.5') + (13.5' ) + (1.5')

+
= 1.011
6 2 ( 28.33' )2 + (17.0 ')2 + ( 5.667 ' ) 2

Four Lanes Loaded:
DFM 4, Ext , Min =
4 ( 28.33') ( 25.5' ) + (13.5') + (1.5') + ( 10.5')

+
= 1.045
2
2
2
6
2 ( 28.33') + (17.0 ') + ( 5.667 ')

Five Lanes Loaded:
DFM 5, Ext , Min =
5 ( 28.33' ) ( 25.5') + (13.5') + (1.5') + ( 10.5' ) + ( 22.5')

+
= 0.8367
2
2
2
6
2 ( 28.33') + (17.0 ') + ( 5.667 ')

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 80 --
4d. Moment Distribution Factor Summary

Section
# Lanes
Loaded
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Positive Moment
Interior
Exterior
0.4994
0.9000 0.5857
0.7703
0.7765 0.8250
0.7703
0.7765 0.8589
0.5061
0.9000 0.5857
0.7809
0.7871 0.8250
0.7809
0.7871 0.8589
0.5122
0.9000 0.5857
0.7906
0.7969 0.8250
0.7906
0.7969 0.8589
For Simplicity, take the Moment Distribution Factor as 0.9000 everywhere.
Multiplying the live load moments by this distribution factor of 0.9000 yields the table of nominal
girder moments shown below.
Nominal Girder Moments from Visual Analysis and SAP

Station
(ft)
0.0
8.0
16.1
24.1
32.1
40.2
49.2
58.2
66.5
74.8
83.1
83.1
91.5
99.8
108.1
108.1
117.1
126.1
126.1
134.2
142.2
150.2
158.3
166.3
LL+
(k-ft)
0.0
986.5
1868.0
2645.5
3319.1
3889.3
4404.3
4795.1
5054.9
5202.6
5238.6
5238.5
5202.6
5055.0
4795.7
4795.2
4404.5
3890.2
3889.5
3319.4
2645.7
1868.1
986.6
1.1
Nominal Moments
LLDC1
(k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
0.0
1086.2
0.0
2064.8
0.0
2935.8
0.0
3699.2
0.0
4355.1
0.0
4959.7
0.0
5424.7
0.0
5729.3
0.0
5912.1
0.0
5973.0
0.0
5973.0
0.0
5911.6
0.0
5728.3
0.0
5423.3
0.0
5423.3
0.0
4957.8
0.0
4352.6
0.0
4352.6
0.0
3696.9
0.0
2933.8
0.0
2063.3
0.0
1085.3
0.0
0.0

DC2
(k-ft)
0.0
135.6
257.4
365.5
459.8
540.3
614.2
670.8
707.8
730.0
737.4
737.4
729.9
707.7
670.6
670.6
614.0
540.0
540.0
459.5
365.2
257.2
135.5
0.0
DW
(k-ft)
0.0
457.7
869.0
1233.7
1552.0
1823.9
2073.3
2264.3
2389.1
2464.0
2489.0
2489.0
2463.8
2388.7
2263.7
2263.7
2072.4
1822.9
1822.9
1551.1
1232.9
868.3
457.3
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 81 --
5. FACTORED MOMENT ENVELOPES
The following load combinations were considered in this example:

Strength I:
Strength IV:
1.75(LL + IM) + 1.25DC1 + 1.25DC2 + 1.50DW

1.50DC1 + 1.50DC2 + 1.50DW
Service II:
1.3(LL + IM) + 1.0DC1 + 1.0DC2 + 1.0DW
Fatigue:
0.75(LL + IM)
(IM for Fatigue = 15%)
Strength II is not considered since this deals with special permit loads. Strength III and V are not
considered as they include wind effects, which will be handled separately as needed. Strength IV is
considered but is not expected to govern since it addresses situations with high dead load that come into
play for longer spans. Extreme Event load combinations are not included as they are also beyond the
scope of this example. Service I again applies to wind loads and is not considered and Service III and
Service IV correspond to tension in prestressed concrete elements and are therefore not included in this
example.
In addition to the factors shown above, a load modifier, , was applied as is shown below.
Q = i i Qi
is taken as the product of D, R, and I, and is taken as not less than 0.95. For this example,
D, R, and I are taken as 1.00.
Using these load combinations, the shear and moment envelopes shown on the following pages
were developed.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 82 --
Station
(ft)
0.0
8.0
16.1
24.1
32.1
40.2
49.2
58.2
66.5
74.8
83.1
83.1
91.5
99.8
108.1
108.1
117.1
126.1
126.1
134.2
142.2
150.2
158.3
166.3
LL+
(k-ft)
0.0
1726.3
3268.9
4629.6
5808.5
6806.2
7707.5
8391.4
8846.1
9104.5
9167.5
9167.4
9104.6
8846.3
8392.4
8391.6
7707.8
6807.8
6806.6
5808.9
4630.0
3269.2
1726.5
1.9
LL(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Strength I Moments
DC1
DC2
(k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
1357.7
169.5
2581.0
321.8
3669.7
456.9
4624.0
574.7
5443.9
675.4
6199.7
767.8
6780.8
838.5
7161.6
884.7
7390.1
912.5
7466.3
921.7
7466.3
921.7
7389.5
912.4
7160.4
884.6
6779.1
838.3
6779.1
838.3
6197.3
767.5
5440.8
675.0
5440.8
675.0
4621.1
574.4
3667.2
456.5
2579.1
321.5
1356.7
169.4
0.0
0.0
DW
(k-ft)
0.0
686.6
1303.4
1850.6
2328.1
2735.8
3109.9
3396.5
3583.7
3696.0
3733.5
3733.5
3695.7
3583.1
3395.6
3395.6
3108.7
2734.3
2734.3
2326.6
1849.3
1302.5
686.0
0.0
Total +
(k-ft)
0.0
3940.1
7475.1
10606.8
13335.3
15661.3
17784.8
19407.2
20476.2
21103.1
21289.0
21288.9
21102.2
20474.4
19405.3
19404.5
17781.2
15657.9
15656.7
13331.0
10603.1
7472.2
3938.5
1.9
Station
(ft)
0.0
7.2
14.5
21.7
28.9
36.2
43.4
50.6
57.8
65.1
72.3
79.5
86.8
94.0
101.2
108.5
115.7
122.9
130.1
137.4
144.6
151.8
159.1
166.3
DC1
(k-ft)
0.0
1629.3
3097.2
4403.7
5548.8
6532.6
7439.6
8137.0
8593.9
8868.1
8959.5
8959.5
8867.4
8592.5
8134.9
8134.9
7436.7
6529.0
6529.0
5545.4
4400.7
3094.9
1628.0
0.0
Strength IV Moments
DC2
DW
(k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
203.4
686.6
386.1
1303.4
548.2
1850.6
689.7
2328.1
810.5
2735.8
921.3
3109.9
1006.2
3396.5
1061.7
3583.7
1095.0
3696.0
1106.1
3733.5
1106.1
3733.5
1094.9
3695.7
1061.5
3583.1
1005.9
3395.6
1005.9
3395.6
920.9
3108.7
810.0
2734.3
810.0
2734.3
689.3
2326.6
547.9
1849.3
385.9
1302.5
203.2
686.0
0.0
0.0
Total +
(k-ft)
0.0
2519.2
4786.7
6802.5
8566.6
10078.9
11470.8
12539.7
13239.3
13659.1
13799.1
13799.1
13658.0
13237.1
12536.4
12536.4
11466.3
10073.3
10073.3
8561.2
6797.8
4783.2
2517.2
0.0
Total (k-ft)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Total (k-ft)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 83 --
Station
(ft)
0.0
7.2
14.5
21.7
28.9
36.2
43.4
50.6
57.8
65.1
72.3
79.5
86.8
94.0
101.2
108.5
115.7
122.9
130.1
137.4
144.6
151.8
159.1
166.3
LL+
(k-ft)
0.0
1282.4
2428.3
3439.2
4314.9
5056.0
5725.6
6233.6
6571.4
6763.4
6810.2
6810.1
6763.4
6571.5
6234.4
6233.8
5725.8
5057.2
5056.3
4315.2
3439.4
2428.5
1282.5
1.4
LL(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Service II Moments
DC1
DC2
(k-ft)
(k-ft)
0.0
0.0
1086.2
135.6
2064.8
257.4
2935.8
365.5
3699.2
459.8
4355.1
540.3
4959.7
614.2
5424.7
670.8
5729.3
707.8
5912.1
730.0
5973.0
737.4
5973.0
737.4
5911.6
729.9
5728.3
707.7
5423.3
670.6
5423.3
670.6
4957.8
614.0
4352.6
540.0
4352.6
540.0
3696.9
459.5
2933.8
365.2
2063.3
257.2
1085.3
135.5
0.0
0.0

DW
(k-ft)
0.0
457.7
869.0
1233.7
1552.0
1823.9
2073.3
2264.3
2389.1
2464.0
2489.0
2489.0
2463.8
2388.7
2263.7
2263.7
2072.4
1822.9
1822.9
1551.1
1232.9
868.3
457.3
0.0
Total +
(k-ft)
0.0
2961.9
5619.5
7974.2
10026.0
11775.3
13372.8
14593.4
15397.6
15869.4
16009.6
16009.5
15868.7
15396.3
14591.9
14591.3
13370.0
11772.7
11771.8
10022.6
7971.3
5617.3
2960.7
1.4
Total (k-ft)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 84 --
Strength Limit Moment Envelopes

25,000
Max (@ 83.14') = 21289k-ft
Strength I
Moment (kip-ft)
20,000
15,000
Strength IV
10,000
5,000
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Station (ft)
Service II Moment Envelope

17,500
Max (@ 83.14') = 16,010
k-ft
15,000
Moment (kip-ft)
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Station (ft)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 85 --
-- 86 --
SINGLE-SPAN TRUSS BRIDGE DESIGN EXAMPLE

Consider the truss bridge shown in Figure 1 below. The truss is simply supported with a span
length of 1120 and a width (c-c of the trusses) of 196. The truss is made up of 7 panels
that are each 16-0 in length. Floor beams span between the truss panel points perpendicular to
traffic and support stringers that span 16-0 in the direction of traffic. Finally, the
noncomposite W10 x 88 stringers support a 6 thick reinforced concrete deck. The simply
supported stringers (6 across in each panel) are spaced at 3 - 6 laterally.
1) Determine maximum and minimum axial forces in members 1-2, 1-4, 9-11, 9-10, and 10-13
due to an HL-93 Loading.
2) Determine the maximum moment in the stringer members due to the HL-93 Loading
The entire truss superstructure is made up of W14 x 109 members except for the bottom chord,
which is made up of MC 12 x 35 members.
You may assume that the trucks drive down the center of the bridge (they really do, by the way)
and as a result, the truck loads are approximately equally distributed between the trusses. To be
on the safe side, however, assume that each truss carries 75% of the single lane. Model the truss
as a determinate structure with pinned joints even though the actual truss has very few joints that
are truly pinned. You may use a computer program for your truss analysis if you wish. I would
suggest that you use SAP2000, Visual Analysis, or another similar FE package to model the
truss.
Disregard the lower limit of L = 20 on the span length for computing distribution factors for the
stringer members. Think about what is appropriate for the multiple presence factor.
Figure 1 - Tyler Road Bridge, Delaware County, OH

Single-Span Truss Bridge Example
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 87 --
Figure 2 - Truss Layout
6" Thick Reinforced Concrete Deck
6, W10 x 88 Stringers @ 3'-6" cc

18' - 0" Clear Roadway
19' - 6" cc Trusses
Figure 3 - Truss Cross Section

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 88 --
Compute the Maximum and Minimum Forces in Critical Members of the Truss:
The following Influence Lines were obtained from SAP 2000:

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 89 --

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 90 --

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 91 --
Consider Member 1-2 of the Truss:
Tandem:
kip
kip 96' 4'
kip
kip
(25 ) + (25 ) 96' ( 1.415 kip ) = 69.28
16' 14'
kip
kip 96' 14'
kip
kip
Truck: (8kip )
+ (32 ) + (32 )
( 1.415 kip ) = 85.38
16'
96'
Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 1.415 kip kip ) (112') = 50.71kip
Combining the HL-93 Components with impact applied appropriately:

(1.33) ( 69.28kip ) + ( 50.71kip ) = 142.9kip
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) ( 85.38kip ) + ( 50.71kip ) = 164.3kip
GOVERNS
Apply the Truss Distribution Factor:

Assume that each truss carries 75% of the HL-93 load effect

P1-2 = -123.2kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 92 --
Tandem:
kip
kip 96' 4'
kip
kip
(25 ) + (25 ) 96' (1.127 kip ) = 55.18
16' 14'
kip
kip 96' 14'
kip
kip
Truck: (8kip )
+ (32 ) + (32 )
(1.127 kip ) = 68.00
16'
96'
Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) (1.127 kip kip ) (112') = 40.39kip

(1.33) ( 55.18kip ) + ( 40.39kip ) = 113.8kip
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) ( 68.00kip ) + ( 40.39kip ) = 130.8kip
GOVERNS


P1-4 = 98.12kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 93 --
Tandem:
kip
kip 64' 4'
kip
kip
(25 ) + (25 ) 64' ( 2.254 kip ) = 109.2
48' 14'
kip
kip 64' 14'
kip
kip
Truck: (8kip )
+ (32 ) + (32 )
( 2.254 kip ) = 141.3
48'
64'
Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 2.254 kip kip ) (112') = 80.78kip

(1.33) ( 109.2kip ) + ( 80.78kip ) = 226.0kip
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) ( 141.3kip ) + ( 80.78kip ) = 268.6kip
GOVERNS


P9-11 = -201.5kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 94 --
Member 9-10 of the truss is a zero force member. It may see some bending moment due to its rigid
connection to the floor beam but it will not experience a net axial force due to live load.
P9-10 = 0.000kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 95 --
Tandem:
(25kip ) + (25kip ) (1.972 kip kip ) = 98.60kip
48' 12'
kip
kip
kip
kip
Truck: (8kip )
+ (32 ) + (32 ) (1.972 kip ) = 138.0
48'
Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft )(1.972 kip kip ) ( 12 ) (96') + (16') = 80.77kip

(1.33) ( 98.60kip ) + (80.77kip ) = 211.9kip
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) (138.0kip ) + (80.77kip ) = 264.3kip
GOVERNS


P10-13 = 198.2kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 96 --
Consider Member 10-11 of the Truss Tensile Force:

25kip
25kip
Tandem:
32kip
8kip
32kip
Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
0.5128kip/kip
IL Mem 10-11:
10
13
16
19
21
0.5124kip/kip
Tandem:
kip
kip 48' 4'
kip
kip
(25 ) + (25 ) 48' ( 0.5128 kip ) = 24.57
48' 28'
kip 48' 14'
kip
kip
kip
Truck: (8kip )
+ (32 )
+ (32 ) ( 0.5128 kip ) = 29.74
48'
48'
Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 0.5128 kip kip ) (56') = 9.189kip

(1.33) ( 24.57kip ) + ( 9.189kip ) = 41.87kip
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) ( 29.74kip ) + ( 9.189kip ) = 48.74kip
GOVERNS


P+10-11 = 36.56kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 97 --
Consider Member 10-11 of the Truss Compressive Force:

25kip
25kip
Tandem:
32kip
32kip
8kip
Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
0.5128kip/kip
IL Mem 10-11:
10
13
16
19
21
0.5124kip/kip
Tandem:
kip
kip 48' 4'
kip
kip
(25 ) + (25 ) 48' ( 0.5124 kip ) = 24.55
48' 28'
kip 48' 14'
kip
kip
kip
Truck: (8kip )
+ (32 )
+ (32 ) ( 0.5124 kip ) = 29.72
48'
48'
Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 0.5124 kip kip ) (56') = 9.182kip

(1.33) ( 24.55kip ) + ( 9.182kip ) = 41.83kip
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) ( 29.72kip ) + ( 9.182kip ) = 48.71kip
GOVERNS


P-10-11 = -36.53kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 98 --
Member Force Summary:

Member
1-2
1-4
9-11
9-10
10-13
10-11
Max Tension
0.000kip
98.12kip
0.000kip
0.000kip
198.2kip
36.56kip

Max Compression
123.2kip
0.000kip
201.5kip
0.000kip
0.000kip
36.53kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 99 --
Compute the Moment Distribution Factor for the Stringers in the Floor System:
Interior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
S S Kg
= 0.06 +
3
14 L 12 Lt s
0.4
DFM 1, Int
0.3
0.1
K g = n( I + Aeg2 )
K g = (8)(534 in 4 + (25.9 in 2 )(8.40") 2 )
K g =18,890 in 4
4
3.5' 3.5' 18,890 in
= 0.06 +

3
14 16 ' 12(16 ')(6.0")
0.4
DFM 1, Int
0.3
0.1
DFM 1, Int = 0.3965
The bridge is designed for a single traffic lane.
Exterior Girder
One Lane Loaded:
The lever rule is applied by assuming that a

hinge forms over the first interior stringer as
a truck load is applied near the guard rail.
The resulting reaction in the exterior stringer
is the distribution factor.
R=
( P / 2 ) (1.75') = 0.2500 P
(3.50 ')
DFM 1, Ext = 0.2500
The Multiple Presence Factor would

generally be applied but in this case, there is
only a single design lane so it is not used.
The bridge is designed for a single traffic lane.
Minimum Exterior Girder Distribution Factor:

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 100 --
NL
DF
Ext , Min
NL
Nb
X Ext e
Nb
One Lane Loaded:

4'-0"
2'-0"
3'-0"
3'-0"
P/2
P/2
1'-9"
5'-3"
8'-9"
DF
M 1, Ext , Min
1
6
(4.00 ')(8.75')
(2) (8.75') 2 + (5.25') 2 + (1.75') 2
= 0.3299
The Multiple Presence Factor would generally be applied but in this case, there is only a
single design lane so it is not used.
Moment Distribution Factor Summary:
Interior Stringer:
Exterior Stringer (Lever Rule):
Exterior Stringer (Minimum):
DFM1,Int = 0.3965
DFM1, Ext = 0.2500
DFM1, Ext = 0.3299
For simplicity, take the moment distribution factor as 0.3965 for all stringers.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 101 --
Compute the Maximum Bending Moment in the Stringers of the Floor System:
25kip
25kip
Tandem:
32kip
Truck:
0.640kip/ft
Lane:
4.00k-ft/kip
IL Moment
@ CL Stringer
4 spaces @ 4'-0" = 16'-0"
Tandem:
kip
kip 8' 4'
k-ft
k-ft
(25 ) + (25 ) 8' ( 4.00 kip ) = 150.0
Truck: (32kip ) ( 4.00 k-ft kip ) = 128.0k-ft

Lane:
( 0.640 kip ft ) ( 12 ) ( 4.00 k-ft kip ) (16') = 20.48k-ft
In this case, since the axle spacing is substantial relative to the beam length, we should consider the more
general approach for computing maximum moment. For two equal point loads, P, separated by a
distance, a, the maximum bending moment in a simply supported span is:
when a < 0.5858L,
2
P
a
M Max =
L
2L
2
when a 0.5858L
M Max =
PL
4

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 102 --
Tandem:
M Max
(25kip )
4'
k-ft
=
(an increase of 2.067%)
16' = 153.1
(2)(16')
2
Truck: M Max =
(32kip )(16')
= 128.0k-ft
(4)
(no change)

(1.33) (153.1k-ft ) + ( 20.48k-ft ) = 224.1k-ft
(IM)(Truck) + Lane:
(1.33) (128.0k-ft ) + ( 20.48k-ft ) = 190.7 k-ft
GOVERNS
Apply the Stringer Distribution Factor:

Each stringer carries 0.3965 lanes of the HL-93 loading

MStringer = 88.86k-ft
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 103 --
-- 104 --
AASHTO Tension Member Example #1:

Problem:
A tension member is made up from a bar of M270-50 material that is 6 wide and 1 thick. It is
bolted at its ends by six, 7/8 diameter bolts arranged in two staggered rows as is shown below.
If the governing factored load, Pu, is 200kip, determine whether or not the member is adequate.
The member is 4-0 long.
Solution:
1.5"
1.5"
1"
3"
1.5"
Check Minimum Slenderness Ratio:
3"
I min
bt 3
t2
=
=
= 0.2887"
12bt
12
A
3"
rmin =
3"
3"
(4 ' 0")(12 inft )

L
=
= 166.2
0.2887"
rmin
3"
Since 140 < L / rmin <200, the slenderness is

ok so long as the member is not subjected to
stress reversals.
Compute the Design Strength:
Gross Section Yielding:
Pn = Fy Ag = (50ksi)(6)(1) = 300.0kip
Pn = (0.95)(300.0kip) = 285.0kip
Net Section Fracture:
U is 1.00 here because the section is

composed of a single element that is
connected.
Therefore the load is
transmitted directly to each of the
elements within the cross section.
Pn = Fu Ae = Fu U An
(1.5") 2
An = 6" (2) ( 7 8 "+ 1 8 ") +
(1")
4(3.0")
= 4.188 in 2
Pn = (65ksi)(1.00)(4.188 in2) = 272.2kip
NSF Governs - Pn = 218kip
Pn = (0.80)(272.2kip) = 217.8kip
Since Pu < Pn (200kip < 218kip)

the member is adequate.
ODOT-LRFD Short Course - Steel

AASHTO Tension Member Example #1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 105 --

Problem:
A C12x30 is used as a tension member (L = 8-6) as is shown in the sketch below. The channel
is made of M270-36 material and is attached to the gusset plate with 7/8 diameter bolts.
Calculate the design tensile capacity, Pn, of the member considering the failure modes of gross
section yielding and net section fracture.
Solution:
Section A-A

rmin = 0.762 (from the AISC Manual)
(8.5')(12 inft )
L
=
= 133.9
0.762"
rmin
3"
6"
3"
Since L/rmin < 140, the slenderness is ok.

Pn = Fy Ag = (36ksi)(8.81 in2) = 317.2kip
Pn = (0.95)(317.2kip) = 301.3kip
C12 x 30

Pu
An = ( 8.81 in 2 ) (2) ( 7 8 "+ 18 ")( 0.510") = 7.790 in 2

U = 0.85 since there are 3 fasteners in the direction of stress
Pn = (58ksi)(0.85)(7.790 in2) = 384.0kip
Pn = (0.80)(384.0kip) = 307.2kip
Gross Section Yielding Governs - Pn = 301kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 106 --
Side Note:
Note that if the AISC shear lag provisions were used that Case 2 from AISC Table D3.1
would apply:
U = 1
x
0.674"
= 1
= 0.9251
9.00"
L
. for net section fracture, Pn = 334.3kip
In this case, however, the design strength is unaffected since gross yielding governs.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 107 --

Problem:
Determine the design strength of the W10x60 member of M270-50 steel. As is shown, the
member is connected to two gusset plates one on each flange. The end connection has two lines
of 3/4 diameter bolts in each flange - five in each line.
Gusset Plates
W10 x 60
Section A-A
A
5 spaces @ 3
Solution:

rmin = 2.57 (from the AISC Manual)
L
rmin
L
140
2.57"
this is satisfied so long as L 359.8 = 29-113/4

Pn = Fy Ag = (50ksi)(17.6 in2) = 880.0kip
Pn = (0.95)(880.0kip) = 836.0kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 108 --

An = (17.6 in 2 ) (4) ( 3 4 "+ 1 8 ")( 0.680") = 15.22 in 2
?
Check b f 2 3 d
(10.1") ( 2 3 )(10.2")
OK
U = 0.90 since bf > 2/3d and there are 3 fasteners in the direction of stress.
Pn = (65ksi)(0.90)(15.22 in2) = 890.4kip
Pn = (0.80)(890.4kip) = 712.3kip
Net Section Fracture Governs - Pn =712kip
Side Note:
Note that if the AISC shear lag provisions were used that Case 7a from AISC Table D3.1
would apply:
x
Check
bf 2 3 d
?
(10.1") ( 2 3 )(10.2")
OK
U = 0.90
Alternatively, Table D3.1 Case 2 can be applied:
U = 1
x
0.884"
= 1
= 0.9263
L
12.0"
The value of U = 0.9263 can be used.

Pn = (65ksi)(0.9263)(15.22 in2) = 916.4kip
The connection eccentricity x is

taken as the distance from the
faying surface to the CG of a
WT5x30.
Pn = (0.80)(916.4kip) = 733.1kip
Since Net Section Fracture governs the capacity of this member, the overall design
strength of the member would be increased to 733kip.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 109 --

Problem:
An L6x4x1/2, M270-36, is welded to a gusset plate. The long leg of the angle is attached using
two, 8 long fillet welds. Compute the strength of the angle in tension.
Solution:

rmin = rz = 0.864
(from the AISC Manual)

L
L
=
240
rmin 0.864"
this is satisfied so long as L 207.4 = 17-33/8
Pn = Fy Ag = (36ksi)(4.75 in2) = 171.0kip
Pn = (0.95)(171.0kip) = 162.5kip
Lacking other guidance, AISC Table D3.1 Case 2 will be applied:

U = 1
x
0.981"
= 1
= 0.8774
L
8.0"
Pn = (0.80)(241.7kip) = 193.4kip
Pn = (58ksi) (0.8774)(4.75 in2) = 241.7kip
Gross Section Yielding Governs - Pn =163kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 110 --
AASHTO Compression Member Example #1:

Problem:
Compute the design compressive strength of a W14x74 made of M270-50 steel. The column has
a length of 20 ft and can be treated as pinned-pinned.
Solution:
Check Local Buckling:
Flange:
Web:
bf
2t f
E
Fy
h ?
E
k
tw
Fy
29, 000
= 13.5 OK
50
29, 000
= 35.9
50
f = 6.41 (Tabulated)
6.41 0.56
w = 25.4 (Tabulated)
25.4 1.49
OK
Compute Flexural Buckling Capacity:

Slenderness Ratios:
(1.00)(20 ')(12 inft )

KL
=
= 39.74 < 120
6.04"
r x
OK
(1.00)(20 ')(12 inft )

KL
=
= 96.77 < 120
2.48"
r y
OK
Since the effective slenderness ratio is larger for the y axis than the x axis, y-axis buckling will
govern.
2
2
ksi
KL Fy 96.77 50
=
=
= 1.636

ksi
r y E 29, 000
(6.9.4.1-3)
Since 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Pn = 0.66 Fy As = 0.66(1.636) ( 50ksi )( 21.8 in 2 ) = 549.6kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
Pn = (0.90)(549.6kip)
Pn = 495kip
AASHTO Compression Member Example #1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 111 --

Problem:
Compute the axial compressive design strength based on flexural buckling (no torsional or
flexural-torsional buckling). Assume that the cross-sectional elements are connected such that
the built-up shape is fully effective. All plates are 4 thick.
Solution:
Compute Section Properties:

I
A
r=
Ix =
bh3
+ Ad 2
12
2
( 4") ( 30"- ( 2 4") )3
( 36")( 4")3
30" 4"
= 56,150 in 4
= 2
+ ( 36" 4")
+ 2
12
2
12
hb3
+ Ad 2
12
2
( 30"- ( 2 4") ) ( 4")3
( 4")( 36")3
36" 4"
= 2
+ ( 30"- ( 2 4") ) 4"

+ 2
12
12
2
4
= 76,390 in
Iy =
As = 2 ( 36" 4") + 2 ( 30"- ( 2 4") ) 4" = 464.0 in 2
Since I x = 56,154.67 in 4 < I y = 76,394.67 in 4 , x-axis buckling controls
rx =
Ix
56,150 in 4
=
= 11.0 in
As
464.0 in 2

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 112 --
Check Local Buckling (Section 6.9.4.2):

b 36" 2 ( 4")
=
= 7.00
t
4"
b?
E
k
t
Fy
(6.9.4.2-1)
7.00 1.40
29, 000ksi
= 33.72
50ksi
OK
Calculate the Nominal Compressive Strength (Section E3 page 16.1-33):

Slenderness Ratios:
KL
r
where:
K = 0.8
(Section 4.6.2.5)
in
Lx = Ly = 40 ft 12 ft = 480"
KLx ( 0.8 )( 480 in )

=
= 34.91
rx
(11.0 in )
2
KL Fy 34.91
50ksi
=
=
= 0.2129
ksi
rs E 29, 000
(6.9.4.1-3)
Since 2.25 , Inelastic Flexural Buckling Governs
Pn = 0.66 Fy As = 0.660.2129 50ksi
)( 464.0 in ) = 21, 240

2
kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
c Pn = ( 0.90 ) 21, 240kip = 19,110kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 113 --

Problem:
Determine the effective length factor, K, for column AB in the frame shown below. Column AB
is a W10x88 made of A992 steel. W16x36 beams frame into joint A and W16x77 beams frame
into joint B. The frame is unbraced and all connections are rigid. Consider only buckling in the
plane of the page about the sections strong axes.
W16 x 36
L=24'
B
W10 x 88
L=14'
8 @ 14'
W16 x 77
L=24'
4 @ 24'
Solution:

AASHTO Compression Member Example #3 v2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 114 --
Determine the Effective Length Factor:
GB
GA
(2)(534 in 4 )
I
L
(14 ')
= 3.065
C
GA =
=
4
I
in )
L 23 (2)(448
(24 ')
G

(2)(534 in 4 )
I
L
(14 ')
= 1.237
C
GB =
=
4
I
2 (2)(1,110 in )
L 3 (24 ')
G

For unbraced frames:

K=
K=
1.6G AG B + 4.0(G A + G B ) + 7.5

G A + G B + 7.5
(1.6)(3.065)(1.237) + (4.0)(3.065 + 1.237) + 7.5

= 1.615
(3.065 + 1.237 + 7.5)
The factor of 2/3 appears in the denominator to reflect the fact

that the far ends of the girders are fixed connections.

AASHTO Compression Member Example #3 v2
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 115 --

Problem:
y
10"
Check to see if a built-up section will work to resist a factored load

of Pu = 209kip. The column is to be fabricated from two C10x15.3
as is shown in the figure to the right. The steel is M270-36 and the
effective length is 20 with respect to all axes.
If the column is adequate, determine the thickness of the battens.
The battens are 8 long and 6 deep and are also made of M270-36
steel.
9"
Solution:

2.60"
b bf
=
=
= 5.96
t t f 0.436"
a
Flange:
b?
E
29, 000ksi
0.56
= 0.56
= 15.89 OK
t
Fy
36ksi
Web:
b d 2t f 10" (2)(0.436")
=
=
= 38.03
t
tw
0.240"
b?
E
29, 000ksi
1.49
= 1.49
= 42.29 OK
t
Fy
36ksi
Compute Section Properties:
As = (2) (4.48 in2) = 8.96 in2

IX = (2) (Ix) = (2)(67.3in4) = 134.6 in4
2

4
2 9"
IY = (2) 2.27 in + (4.48 in ) 0.634" = 138.5 in 4
2

rX =
IX
134.6 in 4
=
= 3.88"
8.96 in 2
A
rY =

IY
138.5 in 4
=
= 3.93"
8.96 in 2
A
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 116 --
Slenderness Ratios:
(20 ')(12 inft )
KL
=
= 61.86
r X 3.88"
KL (20 ')(12 inft )
=
= 61.07
r Y 3.93"
It appears as though X axis buckling will govern but since the battens will be subjected to
shear if the section buckles about its Y axis, this slenderness ratio must be modified.
Batten Spacing:
3 KL
a ri
4 r max
KL
KL
r max r X
ri = ry = 0.711 (for one channel)

a (0.711") ( 0.75 )( 61.86 )
a 32.98"
use 9 battens @ a = 30
Modified Slenderness Ratio Y-axis Buckling:

The modified slenderness ratio is calculated as,
2
2 a
KL
KL

=
+ 0.82
(1 + 2 ) rib
r m
r o
rib = 0.711
(6.9.4.3.1-1)
h = 9 (2)(0.634) = 7.73
h
7.732"
=
= 5.44
2rib (2)(0.711")
KL
=
r m
(5.44) 2 30" 2
= 71.70
( 61.07 ) + 0.82
2
0.711"
1
(5.44)
+
(
)
Now we can see that after the Y axis slenderness ratio is modified, Y axis buckling
actually governs over X axis buckling.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 117 --
Column Design Capacity:

2
2
ksi
(6.9.4.1-3)
KL Fy 71.70 36
0.6466
=
=
=

ksi
r y E 29, 000
Since 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Pn = 0.66 Fy As = 0.658( 0.6466) ( 36ksi )( 8.96 in 2 ) = 246.1kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
Pn = (0.90)(246.1kip)
Pn = 221kip
Since Pn > Q, the column is adequate.
Batten Design:
Assume that there are inflection points half way between the battens and design for a shear equal
to 2% of the compressive design strength (AISC Section E6. Pg 16.1-39)
Vu = (0.02)(221kip) = 4.42kip
2.21 kip
4.42kip
kip
= 2.21 channel
2
M Mu,Batten = 33.15k-in
2Mu,Batten
I Batten
t (6")3
=
= 18t
12
S Batten =
2.21 kip
18t
= 6t
3
for first yield, My = Fy S

Let Fy S Mu,Batten
33.15k-in
t
(1.00)(36ksi )(6 in 3 )
t 0.153
use t = 5/16
(Min Thickness)
use PL6 x 8 x 5/16 Battens

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 118 --

Problem:
Find the design strength of a WT15x146 made of M270-50 steel. KL = 24 for buckling in all
directions. Use the provisions in the AISC Specification to determine the Flexural-Torsional
Buckling strength of the column.
Solution:

Flange:
15.3"
b bf
=
=
= 4.14
t 2t f (2)(1.85")
b?
E
29, 000ksi
k
= 0.56
= 13.5 OK
t
Fy
50ksi
Web:
b h
= = 15.7 (Tabulated)
t tw
b?
E
29, 000ksi
k
= 0.75
= 18.1
t
Fy
50ksi
OK
Calculate the buckling load for Flexural Buckling about the X-Axis:
2
ksi
in
KL Fy ( 24 ') (12 ft ) 50
X =
=
ksi
r X E (4.48")() 29, 000
2
= 0.7219
Since X < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Pn = 0.66( 0.7219) ( 50ksi )( 42.9 in 2 ) = 1,586kip

(6.9.4.1-1)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 119 --
Calculate the Critical Stress for Flexural-Torsional Buckling about the Y-axis:
Fcrft =
Fcr ,Y + Fcr , Z
4 Fcr ,Y Fcr , Z H
1 1
2
2H
Fcr ,Y + Fcr , Z )
(
(AISC E4-2)
2
ksi
in
KL Fy ( 24 ') (12 ft ) 50
Y =
=
= 1.131

ksi
r Y E (3.58")() 29, 000
2
Since Y < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Fcr ,Y =
Pn
= 0.66(1.131) ( 50ksi ) = 31.15ksi
As
r o2 = xo2 + yo2 +
Ix + I y
yo = 3.62"
Ag
(6.9.4.1-1)
1.85"
= 2.695"
2
(AISC E4-7)
(861 in 4 + 549 in 4 )
r = (0.00) + ( 2.695 ) +
= 40.13 in 2
2
42.9 in
2
o
GJ
(11, 200ksi )(37.5 in 4 )
=
= 244.0ksi
2
2
2
(42.9 in )(40.13 in )
Aro
(AISC E4-3)
xo2 + yo2
(0.000") 2 + (2.695") 2
H = 1
= 1
= 0.8190
40.13 in 2
r o2
(AISC E4-8)
Fcr , Z =
Fcrft
31.15ksi + 244.0ksi
=
(2)(0.819)
(4)(31.15ksi )(244.0ksi )(0.819)

= 30.37 ksi (AISC E4-2)
1 1
ksi
ksi 2
( 31.15 + 244.1 )
Pn = AsFcrft = (42.9 in2)(30.37ksi) = 1,303kip

Since 1,303kip < 1,586kip, Flexural-Torsional Buckling Governs
Pn = (0.90)(1,303kip) = 1,170kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 120 --

Problem:
y
Find the design strength of a C12x30 made of A36 steel.

KLy = 7 and KLx = KLz = 14.
x
Solution:
b?
E
29, 000ksi
k
= 0.56
= 15.89 OK
36ksi
t
Fy
Flange:
3.17"
b bf
=
=
= 6.327
t t f 0.501"
Web:
b h d 2t f 12.0" (2)(0.501")
= =
=
= 21.56
0.510"
t tw
tw
b?
E
29, 000ksi
k
= 1.49
= 42.29
36ksi
t
Fy
OK
Since both the flange and the web are non-slender, local buckling is OK.
Buckling Strength:
Note that the axes of the channel are not arranged properly for the equations in the AISC
Specification. These axes need to be rearranged so that the y axis is the axis of symmetry.
Using this modified set of axes, note that KLx = 7 and KLy = KLz = 14.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 121 --
Calculate the buckling load for Flexural Buckling about the X-Axis:
2
ksi
in
KL Fy ( 7 ' ) (12 ft ) 36
x =
=
= 1.528

ksi
r x E (0.762")() 29, 000
2
Since x < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Pn = 0.66(1.528) ( 36ksi )( 8.81 in 2 ) = 167.3kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
Calculate the Critical Stress for Flexural-Torsional Buckling about the Y-axis:
For Singly symmetric Sections:
Fe =
Fey =
Fey + Fez
4 Fey Fez H
1 1
2H
(Fey + Fez )2
(2 )(29, 000ksi )
(14 ')(12 )
4.29"
in
ft
(AISC E4-5)
= 186.6ksi
(AISC E4-10)
(2 )(29, 000ksi )(151 in 6 )
1
ksi
4
(11,
200
)(0.861
in
)
Fez =
+
2
2
in
(8.81 in )(4.54") 2 (AISC E4-11)
( (14 ')(12 ft ) )
Fez = 61.54ksi
(186.6ksi + 61.54ksi )
(4)(186.6ksi )(61.54ksi )(0.919")
Fe =
1
1
(2)(0.919")
(186.6ksi + 61.54ksi ) 2
(AISC E4-5)
Fe = 59.30ksi
Fy
Fe
36ksi
= 0.6071
59.30ksi
Pn = ( 0.66(0.6071) )( 36ksi )( 8.81 in 2 ) = 246.0kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
since 167.3kip < 246.0kip, Flexural Buckling about the x Axis Governs
Pn = (0.90)( 167.3kip) = 151kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 122 --
AASHTO Compression Members Example #7:

Problem:
A pair of L4x4x1/2 angles are used as a compression member. The angles are made of
M270-36 steel and have an effective length of 12. The angles are separated by 3/8 thick
connectors.
4"
/8"
4"
Solution:
b 4.0"
=
= 8.0
1 "
t
2
Fully
Tensioned
b?
E
29, 000ksi
k
= 0.45
= 12.77
t
Fy
36ksi
Local Buckling is OK
Check the Connector Spacing:

(12 ') (12 inft )
KL
=
= 119.0
r X (1.21")
ry = 1.83 from AISC 2L
Table 1-15, Pg 1-104.
in
KL (12 ') (12 ft )
=
= 78.69

r Y (1.83")
3 KL
a ri
4 r max
3
a (0.776") (119.0 ) = 69.26"
4
Use 5 connectors.. a = 36
ODOT-LRFD Short Course Steel

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 123 --
Check Flexural Buckling about the X-Axis: (Y axis is the axis of symmetry)
2
2
ksi
KL Fy 119.0 36
X =
=

ksi
r X E 29, 000
= 1.781
Since X < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Pn = 0.66(1.781) ( 36ksi )( 7.49 in 2 ) = 127.9kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
Check Flexural-Torsional Buckling about the Y-Axis:

For Tees and Double Angles where the Y axis is the Axis of Symmetry:
Fcrft
Fcr ,Y + Fcr , Z
4 Fcr ,Y Fcr , Z H
=
1 1
2
2H
( Fcr ,Y + Fcr ,Z )
(AISC E4-2)
Since the section is built-up and the connectors will be in shear for Y-axis buckling, we
must consider a modified slenderness ratio
Calculate Modified Slenderness and Y-axis Flexural Buckling Stress:
2 a
KL
KL
0.82
=
+

(1 + 2 ) rib
r m
r o
h
2rib
(6.9.4.3.1-1)
h = ( 2 )(1.18") + ( 3 8 ") = 2.735"
rib = ry for a single angle = 1.21

=
2.735"
= 1.130
(2)(1.21")
KL
=
r m
(0.82)(1.130) 2 36"
( 78.69 ) +
= 81.24
(1 + (1.130) 2 ) 1.21"
2

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 124 --
Compute the Y-axis Flexural Buckling Stress, Fcry:

2
2
ksi
KL Fy (81.24) 36
Y =
=
= 0.8301
ksi
r Y E () 29, 000
Since Y < 2.25, Inelastic Buckling Governs
Fcr ,Y =
Pn
= 0.66( 0.8301) ( 36ksi ) = 25.43ksi
As
(6.9.4.1-1)
Calculate Torsional Buckling Stress, Fcr,Z:

ro = 2.38" (AISC Table 1-15, Pg 1-104)
J = 0.322 in4 for a single angle
r o2 = 5.664 in 2
(AISC Table 1-7, Pg 1-42)
Jtotal = (2)(0.322 in4) = 0.644 in4

Fcr ,Z =
GJ (11, 200ksi )(0.644 in 4 )

=
= 170.0ksi
2
2
2
Ar o (7.49 in )(5.664 in )
(AISC E4-3)
H = 0.848 (AISC Table 1-15, Pg 1-104)
Fcrft
25.43ksi + 170.0ksi
=
(2)(0.848)
(4)(25.43ksi )(170.0ksi )(0.848)

= 24.79ksi
1 1
ksi
ksi 2
( 25.43 + 170.0 )
Pn = AsFcrft = (7.49 in2) (24.79ksi) = 185.7kip

Since 127.9kip < 185.7kip,
Flexural Buckling Governs
Pn = (0.90)(127.9kip ) = 115kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 125 --
-- 126 --
AASHTO Flexure Example #1:

Problem:
Determine the plastic moment of the steel section shown below.
Solution
Since the section is made up of components of different materials,
the location of the PNA must be determined by equating the force
above the PNA to the force below the PNA.
Pc = (16")(1") ( 50ksi ) = 800.0kip

Pw = (22") ( 3 4 ") ( 36ksi ) = 594.0kip
Pt = ( 8")( 2") ( 70ksi ) = 1,120kip
Since Pc + Pw > Pt
(800.0
kip
+ 594.0kip = 1,394kip > 1,120kip ) , the
PNA must lie in the web. Define q as the fraction of the web that
lies above the PNA.
Pcompression = Ptension
Pc + qPw = (1 q ) Pw + Pt
(800.0 ) + q ( 594.0 ) = (1 q ) ( 594.0 ) + (1,120 )

kip
kip
kip
kip
q = 0.7694
I.e., 76.94% of the web lies above the PNA (acts in compression assuming a positive moment).
Y = 1"+ ( 0.7694 )( 22") = 17.93" from the top of steel
Find the moment arms from the resultant forces to the PNA.
tc
1"
= 17.93" = 17.43"
2
2
1
1
= ( 2 ) qh = ( 2 )( 0.7694 )( 22") = 8.463"
dc = Y
d wc
d wt = ( 1 2 )(1 q ) h = ( 1 2 )(1 0.7694 )( 22") = 2.537"

dt = d Y
tt
2"
= 25" 17.93" = 6.074"
2
2

AASHTO Flexure Example #1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 127 --
PL16 x 1, 50ksi
50ksi
Pc
36ksi
Pwc
dc
PL22 x 3/4, 36ksi
dwc
36ksi
PNA
Pwt
dwt
dt
PL8 x 2, 70ksi
70ksi
Pt
Compute the plastic moment by summing the moments about the PNA.
M p = Pd
i i = Pc d c + Pwc d wc + Pwt d wt + Pd
t t
= ( 800kip ) (17.43") + ( 457 kip ) ( 8.463") + (137 kip ) ( 2.537") + (1,120kip ) ( 6.074")
= 24,960k-in = 2, 080k-ft

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 128 --

Problem:
Determine the plastic moment capacity for the composite beam shown below. The section is a
W30x99 and supports an 8 concrete slab. The dimensions are as shown. Use Fy = 50ksi and
fc = 4ksi. Assume full composite action.
100"
8"
Solution:
Determine the Controlling Compression Force:

Ps = 0.85 f c'bets = ( 0.85 ) ( 4ksi ) ( 8")(100") = 2720kip
PSteel = Ast Fy = ( 29.1 in 2 )( 50ksi ) = 1455kip
Assuming full composite action, the shear
connectors must carry the smallest of Ps and Psteel.
W30 x 99:
A = 29.1 in2
d = 29.7"
bf = 10.5"
tf = 0.670"
tw = 0.520"
Zx = 312 in3
Ix = 3,990 in4
Iy = 128 in4
rx = 11.7"
ry = 2.10"
Since Ps > Psteel, the PNA must lie in the slab.

Determine the Location of the PNA:
The PNA location is determined by equating the compressive force in the slab, acting over a
depth ac, with the tensile force in the steel section.
PConc = PSteel
ac =
Ast Fy
0.85 f c'be
0.85 f c'be ac = Ast Fy
( 29.1 in )( 50 ) = 4.279" (measured from the top of slab)

=
( 0.85) ( 4 ) (100")
2
ksi
ksi

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 129 --
Determine the Plastic Moment:

The plastic moment is calculated by summing the tension and compression forces about any
point. In general, the moments are summed about the PNA. In this case (where the PNA is in
the slab) it is simplest to sum moments about either force PSteel or the force Pconc. Note that the
tension force in the concrete is ignored.
100"
0.85fc
Pconc
ac
8"
PNA
a1
Psteel
Fy
M p = ( PConc ) (a1 ) = ( PSteel ) (a1 )
a1 =
d st
a
29.7"
4.279"
+ ts c =
+ 8"
= 20.71"
2
2
2
2
M p = (1455kip ) (20.71") = 30,130k-in = 2,511k-ft

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 130 --

Problem:
Determine the plastic moment capacity for the composite beam shown below. The section is a
W30x99 and supports a 6 thick concrete slab. The dimensions are as shown. Use Fy = 50ksi and
fc = 4ksi. Assume full composite action.
Solution:
Determine the Controlling Compression Force:

Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = ( 0.85 ) ( 4ksi ) ( 6")( 50") = 1020kip
PSteel = Ast Fy = ( 29.1 in 2 )( 50ksi ) = 1455kip
Assuming full composite action, the shear connectors must
carry the smallest of Ps and Psteel.
Since Ps < Psteel, the PNA must lie in the steel. When this
occurs, it is simplest to use the aids in Appendix D of the
AASHTO Specification to determine the location of the
PNA and plastic moment.
Referring to Table D6.1-1 in Appendix D6.1, Page 6-290:

Determine the forces in the components of the cross section. The forces in the rebar will be
conservatively taken as zero (we dont know what size the rebar is any ways)
Ps = 0.85 f c'bs ts = ( 0.85 ) ( 4ksi ) ( 6")( 50") = 1020kip
Pc = (0.670")(10.5") ( 50ksi ) = 351.8kip
Pw = 29.1 in 2 (2)(0.670")(10.5") ( 50ksi ) = 751.5kip

Pt = Pc = 351.8kip
In this case, I took Aw = Asteel - 2Af. Otherwise,
Pc+Pt+Pw Psteel. If you take Aw = D tw where

D = d - 2tf, the plastic moment changes by ~2%
Check Case I Pt + Pw Pc + Ps
?
351.8kip + 751.5kip 351.8kip + 1020kip

NO
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 131 --
Check Case II Pt + Pw + Pc Ps
?
351.8kip + 751.5kip + 351.8kip 1020kip
YES - PNA in Top Flange
50"
0.85fc
Ps
Pc1
6"
Fy
ds
PNA
Pc2
dw
Pw
dt
Pt
Fy
First, the location of the PNA within the top flange is determined.
t P + P Ps
Y = c w t
+ 1
Pc
2
kip
kip
kip
0.670" 751.5 + 351.8 1, 020

=
+ 1 = 0.2368"
kip
351.8
2
Next, the distances from the component forces to the PNA are calculated.
6"
+ 0.2368" = 3.237"
2
29.7"
dw =
0.2368" = 14.61"
2
0.670"
dt = 29.7"
0.2368" = 29.13"
2
ds =

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 132 --
Finally, the plastic moment is computed.

P
2
M p = c Y 2 + ( tc Y ) + [ Ps d s + Pw d w + Pd
t t]
2tc
351.8kip
2
2
=
( 0.2368") + ( 0.670" 0.2368") + ...
(2)(0.670")
... + (1, 020kip ) ( 3.237") + ( 751.5kip ) (14.61") + ( 351.8kip ) ( 29.13")
2
k-in
= 262.5 kip
in 0.2437 in + 24,530
= 24,590k-in = 2, 049k-ft

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 133 --

Problem:
Determine the plastic moment capacity for the composite beam shown below for negative
flexure. The section is a W30x99 and supports an 8 concrete slab. The dimensions are as
shown. Use Fy = 50ksi and fc = 4ksi. Assume full composite action. The grade 60 reinforcement
in the slab is made up of #4 bars, with a clear cover of 17/8.
100"
8"
Solution:
The concrete slab will be in tension,

therefore none of the concrete is assumed
to be effective.
Slab Reinforcement:
Top Layer:
#4 bars @ 6" cc
Bottom Layer: #4 bars @ 12" cc
Referring to Table D6.1-2 in Appendix D6.1, Page 6-291:

()(0.5") 2
kip
Prt = Fyrt Art = ( 60 ) ( 8 )
= 94.25
4
2
()(0.5")
kip
Prb = Fyrb Arb = ( 60ksi ) ( 4 )
= 47.12
4
ksi
W30 x 99:
A = 29.1 in2
d = 29.7"
bf = 10.5"
tf = 0.670"
tw = 0.520"
Sx = 269 in3
Zx = 312 in3
Ix = 3,990 in4
Iy = 128 in4
rx = 11.7"
ry = 2.10"
Pt = (0.670")(10.5") ( 50ksi ) = 351.8kip
Pw = 29.1 in 2 (2)(0.670")(10.5") ( 50ksi ) = 751.5kip

Pc = Pt = 351.8kip
?
Check Case I: Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Prt

?
351.8kip + 751.5kip 351.8kip + 47.12kip + 94.25kip

D P P Prt Prb
Y = c t
+ 1
Pw
2
28.36" 351.8
Y =
kip
YES - PNA is in Web
Take D as d 2t f = 29.7" ( 2 )( 0.670") = 28.36"
351.8kip 94.25kip 47.12kip

+ 1
751.5kip
Y = 11.51" (measured from the bottom of the top flange)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 134 --
d rt = 11.51"+ 0.670"+ 8" 1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") = 18.06"

d rb = 11.51"+ 0.670"+ 1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") = 14.31"
dt = 11.51"+ ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 11.85"
d wt = ( 1 2 )(11.51") = 5.755"
d wc = ( 1 2 )( 28.36" 11.51") = 8.425"
Not needed when using Table D6.1-2
d c = ( 28.36" 11.51") + ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 17.19"
P
M p = w y 2 + ( D y ) 2 + [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pd
t t + Pc d c ]
2D
751.5kip
(11.51") 2 + (28.36" 11.51") 2 + [(94.25kip )(18.06") + ...
=
(2)(28.36")
... + (47.12kip )(14.31") + (351.8kip )(11.85") + (351.8kip )(17.19")]
= 18,110k-in = 1,509k-ft

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 135 --
The plastic moment can also be computed from first principles as well, though it is a bit more
involved. What follows is an example of how this would be completed.
Determine the Location of the PNA:
Since Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Prt , the PNA is in the web of the section.
The location of the PNA within the web is determined by equating the tensile force acting
above the PNA with the compressive force acting below it. Assume the PNA lies at a
depth Y below the bottom of the top flange.
Pc + Pwc = Pwt + Pt + Prb + Prt
351.8kip + ( 50ksi ) ( 0.520") ( 28.36" Y ) = ( 50ksi ) ( 0.520") (Y ) + 351.8kip + 47.12kip + 94.25kip
Y = 11.46 ''
Pwt = (50ksi )(11.46") ( 0.520") = 298.0kip
Pwc = (50ksi )(28.36" 11.46") ( 0.520") = 439.4kip
Determine the Plastic Moment:

The plastic moment is calculated by summing the moments of the tensile and
compressive forces about any point. In general, the moments are summed about the
PNA. In this case (where the PNA is in the web) note that the tension force in the
concrete is ignored.
d rt = 11.46"+ 0.670"+ 8" 1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") = 17.88"
d rb = 11.46"+ 0.670"+ 1 7 8 "+ ( 1 2 )( 1 2 ") = 14.38"
dt = 11.46"+ ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 11.80"
d wt = ( 1 2 )(11.46") = 5.730"
d wc = ( 1 2 )( 28.36" 11.46") = 8.450"
d c = ( 28.36" 11.46") + ( 1 2 )( 0.670") = 17.24"
M p = (94.25kip )(17.88'') + (47.12kip )(14.38") + (351.8kip )(11.80 '') + ...

... + (298.0kip )(5.730") + (439.4kip ) ( 8.450") + ( 351.8kip ) (17.24")
= 18, 000k-in = 1,500k-ft

The minor difference in between the two answers can be attributed to the fillet area.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 136 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #5a:

Problem:
A non-composite W30x99 made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48. The beam is braced
laterally at 12-0 intervals and is subjected to a factored load of w = 3.75kip/ft, which includes
the self weight of the beam. Check to see if the section is adequate considering flexural failure
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Section
6.10.8 to determine capacity.
Solution:
Determine Classification of the Section:

Check
2 Dc ?
E
5.7
tw
Fyc
(6.10.6.2.3-1)
Take D = d - 2tf = 29.7 - (2)(0.670) = 28.36

Dc =
D 28.36"
=
= 14.18"
2
2
?
(2)(14.18")
29, 000ksi
= 54.54 5.7
= 137.3
(0.520")
50ksi
Check
I yc
I yt
OK, web is non-slender
0.3
(6.10.6.2.3-2)
Since Section is doubly symmetric, Iyc = Iyt

AASHTO Flexure Example #5a
OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 137 --
Since the web is non-slender and Eq 6.10.6.2.3-2 is satisfied, we have the option of using either
AASHTO Section 6.10.8 or Appendix A6 to determine the flexural capacity of this member.
For this example, the provisions of 6.10.8 will be used and we will work with stresses.
The following failure modes must be investigated:
Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Fnc(FLB)
Compression Flange Lateral Buckling
Fnc(LTB)
Yielding of Tension Flange
Fnt
Fnc
Investigate Compression Flange Local Buckling:

f =
pf
b fc
2t fc
10.5"
= 7.836
(2)(0.670")
(6.10.8.2.2-3)
E
29, 000ksi
= 0.38
= 0.38
= 9.152
Fyc
50ksi
(6.10.8.2.2-4)
Since f < p, the flange is compact and,
Fnc ( FLB ) = Rb Rh Fyc
(6.10.8.2.2-1)
Rb = 1.00 (since the web is non-slender)

Rh = 1.00 (since the section is rolled and is non-hybrid)
Fnc ( FLB ) = (1.00)(1.00) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
Investigate Compression Flange Lateral-Torsional Buckling:

The unbraced length of the beam is Lb = 12-0 = 144.0.
rt =
b fc
1 Dc tw
12 1 +
3 b fc t fc
L p = 1.0rt
(10.5")
1 (14.18")(0.520")
12 1 +
3 (10.5")(0.670")
E
29, 000ksi
= (1.0)(2.609")
= 62.84"
Fyc
50ksi

= 2.609"
(6.10.8.2.3-9)
(6.10.8.2.3-4)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 138 --
Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi
Fyr = min ( 0.7 Fyc , Fyw ) 0.5Fyc

Lr = rt
(Pg 6-110)
E
29, 000ksi
= ()(2.609")
= 235.9"
Fyr
35ksi
(6.10.8.2.3-5)
Since L p = 62.84" < Lb = 144" < Lr = 235.9" , Inelastic LTB must be investigated.

F
Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1 yr
Rh Fyc
Lb Lp
Lr Lp
Rb Rh Fyc Rb Rh Fyc

(6.10.8.2.3-2)

144" 62.84"
35ksi
ksi
ksi
Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1
(1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 ) (1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 )
ksi
(1.0 ) ( 50 ) 235.9" 62.84"
Fnc ( LTB ) = ( Cb )( 0.8593) ( 50ksi ) = ( Cb ) ( 42.97 ksi ) 50ksi
Compute the Moment Gradient Factor, Cb, for segment BC of the beam, which will be critical.
2
f
f
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
f2
f2
(6.10.8.2.3-7)
C
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft
f 2 = 48.18ksi
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft
f o = 36.13ksi
M BC ,mid = 1, 013k-ft
f mid = 45.19ksi
fmid
f1
Since the BMD is not concave,

f1 = 2 f mid f 2 f o = (2) ( 45.19ksi ) ( 48.18ksi ) = 42.20ksi 36.13ksi
2
42.20
42.20
Cb = 1.75 1.05
+ 0.3
= 1.061 2.3
48.18
48.18
= 1.061
Fnc ( LTB ) = (1.061) ( 42.97 ksi ) = 45.57 ksi 50ksi
= 45.57 ksi

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 139 --
f2
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Fnc(FLB) and Fnc(LTB):
Since Fnc ( LTB ) = 45.57 ksi < Fnc ( FLB ) = 50.00ksi , LTB governs the strength of the
compression flange.
Fnc = Fnc ( LTB ) = 45.57 ksi
Fnc = (1.00) ( 45.57 ksi ) = 45.57 ksi

Check fbu +
1
f l f Fnc
3
(6.10.8.1.1-1)
fbu = f C = 48.18ksi
Assume that Strength I Load Combination Governs, WS = 0.0 and fl = 0
Since fbu +
1
f l = 48.18ksi > f Fnc =45.57 ksi , the compression flange is not adequate.
3
Investigate the Strength of the Tension Flange:

Since the tension flange is discretely braced,
Fnt = Rh Fyt = (1.0) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
(6.10.8.3-1)
Fnt = (1.00) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
Check fbu +
1
f l f Fnt
3
(6.10.8.1.2-1)
fbu = f C = 48.18ksi
Since fbu +
1
f l = 48.18ksi < f Fnt =50.00ksi , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since the compression flange is not adequate, the section is not adequate for flexure.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 140 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #5b:

Problem:
A non-composite W30x99 made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48. The beam is braced
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Appendix A6
to determine capacity.
Solution:

Check
2 Dc ?
E
5.7
tw
Fyc
(6.10.6.2.3-1)
Take D = d - 2tf = 29.7 - (2)(0.670) = 28.36

Dc =
D 28.36"
=
= 14.18"
2
2
?
(2)(14.18")
29, 000ksi
= 54.54 5.7
= 137.3
(0.520")
50ksi
Check
I yc
I yt
0.3
(6.10.6.2.3-2)

AASHTO Flexure Example #5b
OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 141 --
For this example, the provisions of A6 will be used and we will work with moments.
Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Mnc(FLB)
Mnc(LTB)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Mnt
Mnc
Compute Web Plasticity Factors, Rpc and Rpt (Section A6.2):

Investigate the classification of the web.
Check
2 Dcp
tw
pw( Dcp )
pw( Dcp ) =
(A6.2.1-1)
E
Fyc
Dcp
rw
0.54M p
Dc
0.09
R
M
h
y
(A6.2.1-2)
rw = 5.7
E
= 137.3
Fyc
(A6.2.1-3)

M y = S x Fy = ( 269 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 13, 450k-in = 1,121k-ft
M p = Z x Fy = ( 312 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 15, 600k-in = 1,300k-ft
pw( Dcp ) =
29, 000ksi
50ksi
14.18"
= 83.76 137.3
= 137.3
14.18"
( 0.54 ) (15, 600k-in )
0.09
(1.0 ) (13, 450k-in )
pw( Dcp ) = 83.76

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 142 --
2 Dcp
tw
?
(2)(14.18")
= 54.54 pw( Dcp ) = 83.76
0.520"
OK, web is compact
Since the web is compact,

R pc =
R pt =
Mp
M yc
Mp
M yt
15, 600k-in
= 1.160
13, 450k-in
(A6.2.1-4)
15, 600k-in
= 1.160
13, 450k-in
(A6.2.1-5)

Investigate the compactness of the compression flange.
f =
b fc
2t fc
pf = 0.38
10.5"
= 7.836
(2)(0.670")
(A6.3.2-3)
E
29, 000ksi
= 0.38
= 9.152
50ksi
Fyc
(A6.3.2-4)
Since f < pf, the flange is compact and,

M nc ( FLB ) = R pc M yc = (1.160 ) (13, 450k-in ) = 15, 600k-in
(A6.3.2-1)
Investigate Lateral-Torsional Buckling:

rt =
b fc
1 Dc tw
12 1 +
3 b t
fc fc
L p = 1.0rt
(10.5")
1 (14.18")(0.520")
12 1 +
3 (10.5")(0.670")
E
29, 000ksi
= (1.0)(2.609")
= 62.84"
50ksi
Fyc

= 2.609"
(A6.3.3-10)
(A6.3.3-4)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 143 --
E
Lr = 1.95 rt
Fyr
Fyr S xc h
1 + 1 + 6.76
S xc h
E J
J
(6.10.8.2.3-5)
S
Fyr = min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw 0.5Fyc Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi
S xc
(Pg 6-222)
Sxc = 269 in3

h = d ( 1 2 ) ( t fc + t ft ) = 29.7" 0.670" = 29.03"
J=
3
D tw3 b fc t fc
+
3
3
t fc
1 0.63
b fc
b ft t 3ft
+
3
t ft
1 0.63
b ft
(A6.3.3-9)
(10.5")(0.670")3
(28.36")(0.520")3
0.670"
4
J=
+ (2)
1 ( 0.63)
= 3.350 in
3
3
10.5"
J = 3.350 in4
J = 3.77 in4 from AISC Manual.use J = 3.77 in4
E 29, 000ksi
=
= 828.6
Fyr
35ksi
3
S xc h ( 269 in ) ( 29.03")
=
= 2, 071
3.77 in 4
J
Lr = (1.95 )( 2.609")( 828.6 )
1
2, 071
1 + 1 + 6.76
= 254.9" = 21.24 '
2, 071
828.6
This value of Lr = 21.24 agrees well with the value published in AISC on Page 3-15

F S
M nc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1 yr xc
R pc Fyc
Lb Lp
Lr Lp
R pc Fyc R pc Fyc


(A6.3.3-2)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 144 --

( 35ksi )( 269 in3 ) 144" 62.84" (1.160 ) 13, 450k-in (1.160 ) 13, 450k-in
M nc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1
(
)
(
)
(1.16 ) (13, 450k-in ) 254.9" 62.84"
= ( Cb )( 0.9656 ) (15, 600k-in ) = ( Cb ) (12,990k-in ) 15, 600k-in
2
M
M
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M2
M2
(A6.3.3-7)
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft
M 1 = 2M mid M 2 M o = (2) (1, 013k-ft ) (1, 080k-ft ) = 946k-ft 810k-ft
2
946
946
Cb = 1.75 1.05
+ 0.3
= 1.061 2.3
1, 080
1, 080
= 1.061
M nc ( LTB ) = (1.061) (12,990k-in ) = 13, 780k-in 15, 600k-in

M nc ( LTB ) = 13, 780k-in

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 145 --
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Mnc(FLB) and Mnc(LTB):
Since M nc ( LTB ) = 13, 780k-in < M nc ( FLB ) = 15, 600k-in , LTB governs the strength of the
compression flange.
M nc = M nc ( LTB ) = 13, 780k-in = 1,148k-ft
M nc = (1.00) (1,148k-ft ) = 1,148k-ft

Check M u +
1
f l S xc f M nc
3
(A6.1.1-1)
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
Since M u +
1
fl S xc = 1, 080k-ft < f M nc =1,148k-ft , the compression flange is adequate.
3

M nt = R pt M yt = (1.160) (13, 450k-in ) = 15, 600k-in = 1,300k-ft
(A6.4-1)
M nt = (1.00) (1,300k-ft ) = 1,300k-ft

Check M u +
1
fl S xt f M nt
3
(6.10.8.1.2-1)
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
Since M u +
1
f l S xt = 1, 080k-ft < f M nt =1,300k-ft , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since both flanges are adequate, the section is adequate for flexure.
Note that the benefits of using Appendix A6 are illustrated here since the section was found
to be not adequate when the provisions in Section 6.10.8 were used to compute capacity.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 146 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #6a:

Problem:
A non-composite built-up girder made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48. The beam is braced
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Section
6.10.8 to determine capacity.
PL16 x 3/4
Solution:
PL38 x 3/8
Ix = 10,730 in4
Iy = 513.2 in4
Sx = 543.1 in3
Sy = 64.15 in3
PL16 x 3/4

Check
2 Dc ?
E
5.7
tw
Fyc
(6.10.6.2.3-1)
Take D = 38
Dc =
D 38"
=
= 19"
2
2
?
(2)(19")
29, 000ksi
= 101.3 5.7
= 137.3
( 38 ")
50ksi
Check
I yc
0.3
I yt

(6.10.6.2.3-2)
OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 147 --
For this example, the provisions of 6.10.8 will be used and we will work with stresses.
Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Fnc(FLB)
Compression Flange Lateral Buckling
Fnc(LTB)
Fnt
Fnc

f =
pf
b fc
2t fc
16"
= 10.67
(2)( 3 4 ")
(6.10.8.2.2-3)
E
29, 000ksi
= 0.38
= 0.38
= 9.152
Fyc
50ksi
(6.10.8.2.2-4)
Since f < p, the flange is non compact and,

F pf
Fnc ( FLB ) = 1 1 yr f
Rh Fyc rf pf
rf = 0.56
Rb Rh Fyc

E
Fyr
(6.10.8.2.2-2)
(6.10.8.2.2-5)
(Pg 6-109)
Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi
rf = 0.56
29, 000ksi
= 16.12
35ksi
Rb = 1.00 (since the web is non-slender)

Rh = 1.00 (since the section is non-hybrid)
Fnc ( FLB )

10.67 9.152
35ksi
ksi
ksi
= 1 1
(1.00)(1.00) ( 50 ) = 46.74
ksi
(1.00)(50 ) 16.12 9.152

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 148 --

rt =
b fc
1 Dc tw
12 1 +
3b t
fc fc
L p = 1.0rt
(16")
1 (19")( 38 ")
12 1 +
3 (16")( 3 4 ")
E
29, 000ksi
= (1.0)(4.220")
= 101.6"
Fyc
50ksi

Lr = rt
= 4.220"
(6.10.8.2.3-9)
(6.10.8.2.3-4)
Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi
E
29, 000ksi
= ()(4.220")
= 381.6"
Fyr
35ksi
(Pg 6-110)
(6.10.8.2.3-5)

F
Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1 yr
Rh Fyc
Lb Lp
Lr Lp
Rb Rh Fyc Rb Rh Fyc

(6.10.8.2.3-2)

144" 101.6"
35ksi
ksi
ksi
Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1
(1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 ) (1.0 )(1.0 ) ( 50 )
ksi
1.00 ) ( 50 ) 381.6" 101.6"
Fnc ( LTB ) = ( Cb )( 0.9546 ) ( 50ksi ) = ( Cb ) ( 47.73ksi ) 50ksi

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 149 --
2
f
f
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
f2
f2
(6.10.8.2.3-7)
C
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft
f 2 = 23.86ksi
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft
f o = 17.90ksi
f mid = 22.38ksi
f2
fmid
f1

f1 = 2 f mid f 2 f o = (2) ( 22.38ksi ) ( 23.86ksi ) = 20.90ksi 17.90ksi
2
20.90
20.90
Cb = 1.75 1.05
+ 0.3
= 1.061 2.3
23.86
23.86
Cb = 1.061
Fnc ( LTB ) = (1.061) ( 47.73ksi ) = 50.64ksi 50ksi
Fnc ( LTB ) = 50ksi
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Fnc(FLB) and Fnc(LTB):
Since Fnc ( LTB ) = 50ksi > Fnc ( FLB ) = 46.70ksi , FLB governs the strength of the compression
flange.
Fnc = Fnc ( FLB ) = 46.70ksi
Fnc = (1.00) ( 46.70ksi ) = 46.70ksi

Check fbu +
1
f l f Fnc
3
(6.10.8.1.1-1)
fbu = fC = 23.86ksi
Since fbu +
1
f l = 23.86ksi < f Fnc =46.70ksi , the compression flange is adequate.
3

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 150 --

Fnt = Rh Fyt = (1.0) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
(6.10.8.3-1)
Fnt = (1.00) ( 50ksi ) = 50ksi
Check fbu +
1
f l f Fnt
3
(6.10.8.1.2-1)
fbu = fC = 23.86ksi
Since fbu +
1
f l = 23.86ksi < f Fnt =50.00ksi , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since both the compression flange and tension flange are adequate, the section is adequate
for flexure.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 151 --
AASHTO Flexural Example #6b:

Problem:
A non-composite built-up girder made of M270-50 steel is used to span 48. The beam is braced
modes at the Strength Limit States. If appropriate, use the provisions in AASHTO Appendix A6
to determine capacity.
Solution:

Check
2 Dc ?
E
5.7
tw
Fyc
(6.10.6.2.3-1)
Take D = 38
Dc =
D 38"
=
= 19"
2
2
?
(2)(19")
29, 000ksi
= 101.3 5.7
= 137.3
( 38 ")
50ksi
Check
I yc
I yt
0.3
(6.10.6.2.3-2)

OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 152 --
For this example, the provisions of A6 will be used and we will work with moments.
Flange Local Buckling of the Compression Flange Mnc(FLB)
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Mnc(LTB)
Mnt
Mnc
Compute Web Plasticity Factors, Rpc and Rpt (Section A6.2):

Investigate the classification of the web.
Check
2 Dcp
tw
pw( Dcp )
pw( Dcp ) =
(A6.2.1-1)
E
Fyc
Dcp
rw
0.54M p
Dc
0.09
R
M
h
y
(A6.2.1-2)
rw = 5.7
E
= 137.3
Fyc
(A6.2.1-3)

M y = S x Fy = ( 543.1 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 27,160k-in = 2, 263k-ft
M p = Z x Fy = ( 600.4 in 3 )( 50ksi ) = 30, 020k-in = 2,502k-ft
pw( Dcp ) =
29, 000ksi
50ksi
19"
= 93.68 137.3
= 137.3
19"
( 0.54 ) ( 30, 020k-in )
0.09
(1.0 ) ( 27,160k-in )
pw( Dcp ) = 93.68

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 153 --
2 Dcp
tw
?
(2)(19")
= 101.3 > pw( Dcp ) = 93.68
3 "
8
web is non compact
Since the web is non compact,

Rh M yc
R pc = 1 1
Mp

w pw( Dc ) M p M p

M yc M yc
rw
pw
D
(
)
(A6.2.2-4)
Where,
D
pw( Dc ) = pw( Dcp ) cp rw
Dc
19 ''
= 93.68
137.3
19 ''
= 93.68 137.3
(A6.2.2-6)
(1.00)(27,160k-in ) 101.3 93.68 (30, 020k-in ) (30, 020k-in )

R pc = 1 1
(30, 020k-in ) 137.3 93.68 (27,160k-in ) (27,160k-in )

= 1.087 1.105
= 1.087
Rh M yt
R pt = 1 1
Mp

w pw( Dc ) M p M p
rw pw( Dc ) M yt M yt
(A6.2.2-5)
(1.00)(27,160k-in ) 101.3 93.68 (30, 020k-in ) (30, 020k-in )

R pt = 1 1
(30, 020k-in ) 137.3 93.68 (27,160k-in ) (27,160k-in )

= 1.087 1.105
= 1.087
Investigate the compactness of the compression flange.
f =
b fc
2t fc
pf = 0.38
16"
= 10.67
(2)( 3 4 ")
(A6.3.2-3)
E
29, 000ksi
= 0.38
= 9.152
Fyc
50ksi

(A6.3.2-4)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 154 --
Since f >pf, the flange is non compact and,

F S pf
M nc ( FLB ) = 1 1 yr xc f
R M
(A6.3.2-2)
rf pf pc yc
R pc M yc
S
Fyr = min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw 0.5 Fyc ; Fyr = (0.7) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi (Pg 6-222)
S xc
Ekc
rf = 0.95
(A.6.3.2-5)
Fyr
kc =
4
=
D
tw
4
38''
= 0.3974
(A6.3.2-6)
3 ''
8
( 29, 000 ) ( 0.3974 ) = 17.24

= 0.95
( 35 )

( 35 )( 543.1 in ) 10.67 9.152 (1.087 ) 27,160
= 1 1
(
)
(1.087 ) ( 27,160 ) 17.24 9.152
ksi
rf
ksi
ksi
k-in
M nc ( FLB )
k-in
= 27,550k-in = 2, 296k-ft
rt =
b fc
1 Dc tw
12 1 +
3b t
fc fc
L p = 1.0rt
(16")
1 (19")( 38 ")
12 1 +
3 (16")( 3 4 ")
= 4.220"
E
29, 000ksi
= (1.0)(4.220")
= 101.6"
Fyc
50ksi
E
Lr = 1.95 rt
Fyr
Fyr S xc h
1 + 1 + 6.76
S xc h
E J
J
(A6.3.3-10)
(A6.3.3-4)
(6.10.8.2.3-5)
S
Fyr = min 0.7 Fyc , Rh Fyt xt , Fyw 0.5 Fyc Fyr = ( 0.7 ) ( 50ksi ) = 35ksi (Pg 6-222)
S xc

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 155 --
h = D + ( 1 2 ) ( t fc + t ft ) = 38"+ 3 4 " = 38.75"

J=
3
t fc
D tw3 b fc t fc
+
1 0.63
3
3
b fc
b ft t 3ft
+
3
t ft
1 0.63
b ft
(A6.3.3-9)
(16")( 3 4 ")3
(38")( 3 8 ")3
3 "
+ (2)
J=
1 ( 0.63) 4 = 5.035 in 4
3
3
16"
E 29, 000ksi
=
= 828.6
Fyr
35ksi
3
S xc h ( 543.1 in ) ( 38.75")
=
= 4,180
J
5.035 in 4
Lr = (1.95 )( 4.220")( 828.6 )
1
4,180
1 + 1 + 6.76
= 396.8" = 33.06 '
4,180
828.6

F S
M nc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 1 yr xc
R pc M yc
M nc ( LTB )
Lb Lp
Lr Lp
R pc M yc R pc M yc

(A6.3.3-2)

35ksi )( 543.1 in 3 ) 144" 101.6"
(
k-in
k-in
= Cb 1 1
(1.087 ) ( 27,160 ) (1.087 ) ( 27,160 )
k-in
1.087 ) ( 27,160 ) 396.8" 101.6"
= ( Cb )( 0.9488 ) ( 29,520k-in ) = ( Cb ) ( 28, 010k-in ) 29,520k-in

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 156 --
2
M
M
Cb = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M2
M2
(A6.3.3-7)
M 2 = M c = 1, 080k-ft
M o = M B = 810.0k-ft
M 1 = 2M mid M 2 M o = (2) (1, 013k-ft ) (1, 080k-ft ) = 946k-ft 810k-ft
2
946
946
Cb = 1.75 1.05
+ 0.3
= 1.061 2.3
1, 080
1, 080
= 1.061
M nc ( LTB ) = (1.061) ( 28, 010 k-in ) = 29, 720k-in 29,520k-in

M nc ( LTB ) = 29,520k-in = 2, 460k-ft
The governing strength for the compression flange is the smaller of Mnc(FLB) and Mnc(LTB):
Since M nc ( LTB ) = 2, 460k-ft > M nc ( FLB ) = 2, 296k-ft , FLB governs the strength of the
compression flange.
M nc = M nc ( FLB ) = 2, 296k-ft
M nc = (1.00) ( 2, 296k-ft ) = 2, 296k-ft

Check M u +
1
f l S xc f M nc
3
(A6.1.1-1)
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
Since M u +
1
fl S xc = 1, 080k-ft < f M nc =2,296k-ft , the compression flange is adequate.
3

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 157 --

M nt = R pt M yt = (1.087) ( 27,160k-in ) = 29,520k-in = 2, 460k-ft
(A6.4-1)
M nt = (1.00) ( 2, 460k-ft ) = 2, 460k-ft

Check M u +
1
fl S xt f M nt
3
(6.10.8.1.2-1)
M u = M C = 1, 080k-ft
Since M u +
1
f l S xt = 1, 080k-ft < f M nt =2,460k-ft , the tension flange is adequate.
3
Since both flanges are adequate, the section is adequate for flexure.
Note that the benefits of using Appendix A6 are illustrated here. Even though the capacity
was found to be adequate in both Examples #6a and #6b, using Appendix A6, the capacity
was found to be 16% greater than the capacity found using the provisions in Section 6.10.8.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 158 --
AASHTO Shear Strength Example #1:

Problem:
Check the beam shown below to see if it has adequate shear strength and web strength to resist
the factored loads shown. The beam is a W27x94 made of M270-50 steel.
75kip
12'
30kip
12'
12'
Solution:
Draw the shear force diagram.
60kip
SFD(kip)
-15kip
-45kip
kip
From the diagram, Vu = 60 .

Referring to Section 6.10.9.2 of the Specification, Check Design Shear Strength:
Vn = CVp
(6.10.9.2-1)
V p = 0.58Fy Dtw
(6.10.9.2-2)
D = d 2t f = 26.9" (2)(0.745") = 25.41"

V p = (0.58)(50ksi ) [ (25.41")(0.490") ] = 361.1kip

AASHTO Shear Strength Example #1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 159 --
Since the web is unstiffened, k = 5.00.

Ek
=
Fy
( 29, 000 ) ( 5.00 ) = 53.85

( 50 )
ksi
ksi
D 25.41"
=
= 51.86
tw 0.490"
1.12
Ek
= (1.12 )( 53.85 ) = 60.31
Fy
Since
D
Ek
= 51.86 < 1.12
= 60.31 , shear yielding governs and,
tw
Fy
C = 1.00
(6.10.9.3.2-4)
Vn = CVp = (1.00)(361.1kip) = 361.1kip

Vn = (1.00)(361.1kip) = 361.1kip > Vu = 60kip

O.K.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 160 --
AASHTO Shear Strength Example #2:

Problem:
A built-up section made of M270-50 steel, is used as a beam. Determine the design shear
capacity of the beam and determine if the beam can sustain a factored shear force of 242kip.
Solution:
Referring to Section 6.10.9.2 of the Specification:

Vn = CVp
(6.10.9.2-1)
V p = 0.58Fy Dtw
(6.10.9.2-2)
V p = (0.58)(50ksi ) [ (38")( 3 8 ") ] = 413.3kip
Since the web is unstiffened, k = 5.00.

Ek
=
Fy
( 29, 000 ) ( 5.00 ) = 53.85

( 50 )
ksi
ksi
1.12
Ek
= (1.12 )( 53.85 ) = 60.31
Fy
1.40
Ek
= (1.40 )( 53.85 ) = 75.39
Fy
Since
D
Ek
= 101.3 > 1.40
= 75.39 , Elastic shear buckling governs and,
tw
Fy
D 38"
=
= 101.3
tw 38 "
Ek (1.57 ) ( 29, 000ksi ) ( 5.00 )
= 0.4437
C=
=
2
2
( 50ksi )
( D / tw ) Fy (101.3)
1.57
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
Vn = CVp = (0.4437) (413.3kip) = 183.4kip

Vn = (1.00)(183.4kip) = 183.4kip < Vu = 242kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 161 --
Try adding transverse stiffeners to the web to increase the shear strength. A panel aspect ratio of
1.25 to 1.50 looks good
do
1.25
D
d o 1.25 D = (1.25)(38") = 47.5" say 48"
d o 48"
=
= 1.263
D 38"
For stiffened webs,

k = 5+
Ek
=
Fy
Since
5
5
= 5+
= 8.134
2
(d o / D)
(1.263) 2
(6.10.9.3.2-7)
( 29, 000 ) (8.134 ) = 68.68

( 50 )
ksi
ksi
1.12
Ek
= ( 68.68 )(1.12 ) = 76.92
Fy
1.40
Ek
= ( 68.68 )(1.40 ) = 96.15
Fy
D
Ek
= 101.3 > 1.40
= 96.15 , Elastic shear buckling governs and,
tw
Fy
Ek (1.57 ) ( 29, 000ksi ) ( 8.134 )
= 0.7218
C=
=
2
2
( 50ksi )
( D / tw ) Fy (101.3)
1.57
(6.10.9.3.2-6)
Vn = CVp = (0.7218) (413.3kip) = 298.3kip

Vn = (1.00)(298.3kip) = 298.3kip > Vu = 242kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 162 --
The previous calculations were based on the buckling strength of the web. For interior panels
where:
2 Dtw
2.5
( b fct fc + b ft t ft )
(6.10.9.3.2-1)
(2)(38")( 38 ")
28.5
=
= 1.188 2.5
[(16")( 3 4 ") + (16")( 3 4 ")] 24.0
OK
Tension Field Action can be developed:
0.87(1 C )
Vn = V p C +
2
do
1+
(6.10.9.3.2-2)
(0.87)(1 0.7218)
= 360.4kip
Vn = (413.3 ) (0.7218) +
2
1 + (1.263)
kip
Vn = (1.00)(360.4kip) = 360.4kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 163 --
-- 164 --
AASHTO Web Strength Example #1:

Problem:
Check the beam shown below to see if it has adequate shear strength and web strength to resist
the factored loads shown. The beam is a W27x94 made of M270-50 steel.
75kip
12'
30kip
12'
12'
Solution:
Draw the shear force diagram.
60kip
SFD(kip)
-15kip
-45kip
Referring to Section D6.5 of the Specification, Check the End Reactions

for Web Yielding and Web Crippling: (Assume that the bearing length, N, is 3-1/4.)
Check Web Yielding
Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d from the end of the
member:
Rn = (2.5k + N ) Fywtw
(D6.5.2-3)
Rn = ((2.5)(1.34") + 3.25")(50ksi )(0.490") = 161.7 kip

Rn = (1.0)(161.7 kip ) =161.7 kip > 60kip
O.K.

AASHTO Web Strength Example #1
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 165 --
Check Web Crippling

Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d/2 from the end of
the member.
Check
N
:
d
3.25"
= 0.1208 0.20
26.9"
Therefore, (D6.5.3-3) controls: Rn = 0.40t
2
w
1.5
tw EFywt f
N
1 + 3
tw
d t f
1.5
ksi
ksi
3.25" 0.490" (29, 000 )(50 )(0.745")

Rn = 0.40(0.490") 2 1 + 3

0.490"
26.9" 0.745"
Rn = (0.09604 in 2 )(1.193)(1485ksi ) =170.2kip

Rn = (0.80)(170.2kip ) =136.2kip > 60kip
O.K.
Check the Interior Concentrated Loads for Web Yielding and Web Crippling:
(Assume that the bearing length, N, is 3.25)
Check Web Yielding
Since the applied load is located at a distance greater than d from the end of the member.
Rn = (5k + N ) Fywtw
(D6.5.2-2)
Rn = ((5)(1.34") + 3.25")(50ksi )(0.490") = 243.8kip

Rn = (1.0)(243.8kip ) = 243.8kip > 75kip
O.K.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 166 --
Check Web Crippling

Since the applied load is located at a distance greater than d/2 from the end of the
member.
Therefore, (D6.5.3-2) controls: Rn = 0.80tw2
1.5
tw EFywt f
N
1 + 3
tw
d t f
1.5
ksi
ksi
3.25" 0.490" (29, 000 )(50 )(0.745")

Rn = 0.80(0.490") 1 + 3
0.490"
26.9" 0.745"
Rn = (0.1921 in 2 )(1.193)(1485ksi ) = 340.3kip

Rn = (0.80)( 340.3kip ) = 272.2kip > 75kip
O.K.
The Web Yielding and Web Crippling Strengths are Satisfactory

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 167 --
AASHTO Web Strength Example #2:

Problem:
A built-up section made of M270-50 steel, is used as a beam. It was determined in AASHTO
Shear Strength Example #2 that intermediate stiffeners were required to develop adequate shear
strength in the web. Determine the required size of these intermediate stiffeners. And check the
web to see if an end reaction of 128kip can be supported.
Solution:
Design the intermediate stiffeners that were added to increase

the shear strength:
The moment of inertia of the intermediate stiffeners should satisfy the smaller of:
I t bt w3 J
(6.10.11.1.3-1)
and
1.5
D 4 t1.3 Fyw
It
40 E
(6.10.11.1.3-2)
where:
It - Moment of inertia of the stiffener pair about the mid-thickness of the web.
2
D
2.5
2.0 0.5
J = 2.5
2.0 0.5 use J =
2
( do / D )
do / D

(6.10.11.1.3-3)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 168 --
J=
2.5
( 48"/ 38")
2.0 = 0.4332 in 2 0.5
b = smaller of do and D,
take J = 0.50
b = 38
= larger of Fyw / Fcrs and 1.00

0.31E
Fcrs =
bt
tp
Fys
Fcrs =
(0.31)(29, 000ksi )
6"
3 "
8
= 50 / 35.11 1.00 =1.424

btw3 j = (38")( 3 8 ")3 (0.5) = 1.002 in 4
1.5
D 4 t1.3 Fyw
40 E
It =
= 35.11ksi 50ksi
Using a 6 wide stiffener is based on the

assumption that 6 bar stock can be
used, which should be readily available.
Base the width of 3/8 on engineering
judgment of minimum thickness of
stiffener.
1.5
(38") 4 (1.424)1.3 50 ksi

=
ksi
40
29, 000
(ts )(2bs + tw )3
12
= 5.909 in 4
take bs = 6
(t ) [ (2)(6") + 38 "]
= (ts )157.9 in 3
It = s
12
3
tp
btw3 J
1.002 in 4
=
= 0.006345"
157.9 in 3 157.9 in 3

say ts = 3 8 "
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 169 --
Referring to SectionD6.5 of the Manual, Check the End Reactions

for Web Yielding and Web Crippling:
The bearing length, N, is 9 and well assume that 3/8 fillet welds connect the flanges and web.
This gives an effective k distance of 3/4 + 3/8 = 1.125
Check Web Yielding
Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d from the end of the
member.
Rn = (2.5k + N ) Fywtw
(D6.5.2-3)
Rn = ((2.5)(1.125") + 9")(50ksi )( 3 8 ") = 221.5kip

Rn = (1.0)(221.5kip ) = 221.5kip > 128kip
O.K.
Check Web Crippling

Since the supports are likely to be at a distance less than or equal to d/2 from the end of
the member.
N
:
d
9"
= 0.2278 > 0.20
38"+ (2)( 3 4 ")
Check
Therefore, (D6.5.3-4) controls: Rn = 0.40t
2
w
1.5
tw EFywt f
4
N
1 +
0.2
tw
d
t f
1.5

3 8 " (29, 000ksi )(50ksi )( 3 4 ")
(4)(9")
Rn = (0.40)( 8 ") 1 +
0.2

( 3 8 ")
3 4 "
(38"+ (2)( 3 4 ")
3
Rn = (0.05625 in 2 )(1.252)(1, 703ksi ) =119.9kip

Rn = (0.80)(119.9kip ) = 95.92kip <128kip
No Good.
The web strength is satisfactory with regard to web yielding but not for web crippling.
Bearing stiffeners will need to be added. (Technically speaking, stiffeners are required by
AASHTO at all bearing locations on built-up sections anyways)
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 170 --
Design the bearing stiffeners that need to be added to increase the web crippling strength:
Check local buckling of the bearing stiffener:
bt 0.48t p
bt 0.48t p
tp
E
Fy
take Fy = 50ksi
29, 000ksi
= 11.56t p
50ksi
bt
7"
=
= 0.6055"
11.56 11.56
(6.10.11.2.2-1)
take bs = 7
take ts = 5 8 "
Taking Fy = 50ksi here is a conservative

assumption since I am not sure what
material will actually be used.
(7 x 5/8 bar stock may be used)
Check the bearing stiffeners as an effective column section:

3
3
I = ( 112 ) ( 5 8 ")( 7"+ 3 8 "+ 7") + ( 6.75" 5 8 ")( 3 8 ")
4
= 154.7 in
A = ( 5 8 ")( 2 )( 7") + ( 6.75")( 3 8 ") = 11.28 in 2

r=
I
154.7 in 4
=
= 3.704"
A
11.28 in 2
KL (0.75)(38")
=
= 7.695
r 3.704"
2
2
ksi
KL Fy 7.695 36
=
=
= 0.007448
ksi
r E 29, 000
Pn = 0.66 Fy As
Inelastic Buckling (6.9.4.1-3)

Taking Fy = 36ksi here is a conservative
assumption since I am not sure what
material will be used.
= 0.66( 0.007448) ( 36ksi )(11.28 in 2 ) = 404.8kip
(6.9.4.1-1)
Pn = ( 0.90 ) ( 404.8kip ) = 364.3kip

In this solution, it is assumed that the bearing stiffener is located at the middle of the 9
wide plate. Thus, there is at least 4.5 of web between the stiffener and the end of the
girder, which is greater than 9tw.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 171 --
Check bearing stress between the end of the bearing stiffeners and the loaded flange:
Rn = 1.4 Apn Fys
(6.10.11.2.3-1)
The corners of the stiffeners are clipped 1

horizontal and 2 1/2 vertical to provide clearance
for the flange-to-web welds
Apn = (2)(7" 1") ( 5 8 ") = 7.50 in 2
Rn = (1.4)(7.50 in 2 )(36ksi ) = 378.0kip

Rn = (1.00)(378.0kip ) = 378.0kip
The capacity of the bearing stiffeners is governed by the equivalent column

capacity. Rn = 364kip, which is greater than the reaction of 128kip.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 172 --
Just for fun , lets check the capacity of 2 pairs of 7 x 5/8 interior bearing stiffeners:
The local buckling check will be the same as for the single pair of bearing stiffeners.
Check the bearing stiffeners as an effective column section:
3
3
I = ( 112 ) (2) ( 5 8 ")( 7"+ 3 8 "+ 7") + ( (2)(3.375") + 7" (2) ( 5 8 ") ) ( 3 8 ") = 309.5 in 4
A = ( 5 8 ")( 4 )( 7") + (2) ( 3.375") + 7" ( 3 8 ") = 22.66 in 2

r=
I
309.5 in 4
=
= 3.696"
A
22.66 in 2
2
2
ksi
KL Fy 7.711 36
=
=

ksi
r E 29, 000
KL (0.75)(38")
=
= 7.711
r 3.696"
= 0.007479
Pn = 0.66 Fy As = 0.66( 0.007479) ( 36ksi )( 22.66 in 2 ) = 813.2kip
Inelastic Buckling (6.9.4.1-3)
(6.9.4.1-1)
Pn = ( 0.90 ) ( 813.2kip ) = 731.9kip
The bearing stress between the end of the bearing stiffeners and the loaded flange would be twice
that calculated for a single pair of stiffeners: Rn = (2)(378.0kip) = 756.0kip.
The strength is governed again by the equivalent column capacity, Rn = 732kip.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 173 --
-- 174 --
AASHTO Connection Example #1:

Problem:
A C12x30 is used as a tension member as is shown in the sketch below. The channel is made of
M270-36 material and is attached to the gusset plate with 8, 7/8 diameter M164 (A325) bolts.
The gusset is 5/8 thick and made of M270-36 steel. Calculate the design capacity, Pn, of the
connection considering the failure modes of bolt shear, bolt bearing, and block shear. Also
compute the load which will cause slip of the connection.
Solution:
Section A-A
Shear Strength of the Bolts:

Assume that the threads are included in the
shear plane of the connection.
3"
Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub N s
6"
3"
1.5"
(6.13.2.7-2)
3"
3"
Ab = ( 7 8 ") = 0.6013 in 2
4
3"
For A325 bolts, Fub = 120ksi

Bolts are in single shear so Ns = 1
)(
kip
Rn = (0.38) 0.6013 in 2 120ksi (1) = 27.42 bolt
C12 x 30
kip
kip
Rn = (0.80) 27.42 bolt
= 21.94 bolt
For all 8 bolts, Rn = (8 bolts) 21.94
kip
bolt
) = 175.5

AASHTO Connection Example #1
Pu
kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 175 --
Check Bearing Strength:

Interior Bolts Bearing on the Channel Web:
Lc = 3" ( 2 )( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 2.063"
Since Lc = 2.063 > 2d = 1.75,
kip
Rn = (2.4) ( 7 8 ") (0.510") 58ksi = 62.11 bolt
Rn = 2.4dtFu
(6.13.2.9-1)
Interior Bolts Bearing on the Gusset Plate:

Lc = 3" ( 2 )( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 2.063"
Since Lc = 2.063 > 2d = 1.75,
kip
Rn = (2.4) ( 7 8 ")( 5 8 ") 58ksi = 76.13 bolt
Rn = 2.4dtFu
(6.13.2.9-1)
End Bolts Bearing on the Channel Web:

Lc = 1.5" ( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 1.031"
Since Lc = 1.031 < 2d = 1.75,
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.031") (0.510") 58ksi = 36.60 bolt
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
(6.13.2.9-2)
End Bolts Bearing on the Gusset Plate: (Assume that the end distance on the gusset is 11/2)
Lc = 1.5" ( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 116 ") = 1.031"
Since Lc = 1.031 < 2d = 1.75,
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.031")( 5 8 ") 58ksi = 44.85 bolt
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
(6.13.2.9-2)
For all 8 Bolts:
kip
kip
kip
Rn = (2 bolts) 44.85 bolt
+ (4 bolts) 62.11 bolt
= 411.3kip
Rn = (0.80) 411.3kip = 329.1kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 176 --
Since the channel web is thinner than the gusset plate and theyre made of the same material,
block shear of the channel will govern over block shear of the gusset plate.
Check Block Shear in the Channel Web:
Atg = (6")(0.510") = 3.060 in 2
Atn = (6") (2) ( 1 2 )( 7 8 "+ 18 ") (0.510") = 2.550 in 2

Avg = (2) [ (1.5") + (3)(3") ] (0.510") = 10.71 in 2
Avn = (2) (1.5") + (3)(3") (3.5) ( 7 8 "+ 18 ") (0.510") = 7.140 in 2
Atn 0.58 Avn

?
2.550 in 2 (0.58)(7.140 in 2 ) = 4.141 in 2
NO!
Rn = 0.58Fu Avn + Fy Atg
)(
(6.13.4-2)
) (
)(
Rn = (0.58) 58ksi 7.140 in 2 + 36ksi 3.060 in 2 = 350.3kip
Rn = (0.80) 350.3kip = 280.3kip
The Shear Strength of the Bolts Governs, Rn = 176kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 177 --
Check the Slip Capacity of the Connection:

Rn = K h K s N s Pt
(6.13.2.8-1)
Kh = 1.00 (for standard holes)

Ks = 0.33 (assume Class A surface)
Ns = 1
Pt = 39kip (from Table 6.13.2.8-1 for M164 Bolts)
kip
Rn = (1.00)(0.33)(1) 39kip = 12.87 bolt
For All 8 Bolts:
kip
= 103.0kip

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 178 --

Problem:
An 8 long WT 10.5 x 66 is attached to the bottom flange of a beam as is shown below. This
hanger must support a factored load of 120kip. Given that 4, 1 diameter M164 (A325) bolts are
used to attach the hanger to the beam, investigate the adequacy of the bolts and tee flange.
Solution:
Prying must be investigated in this situation:

3b t 3
Qu = P
8a 20
b=
(6.13.2.10.4-1)
gt
7"
k1 = 1 1 8 " = 2.375"
2
2
(k1 = 11/8 for W21 x 132)
a = ( 1 2 ) ( b f gt ) = ( 1 2 )(12.4" 7") = 2.700"

(3)(2.375") (1.04")3
Qu =
Pu = 0.2736 Pu
20
(8)(2.700")
Tu = Qu + Pu = 1.274 Pu = (1.274) (120kip ) = 152.8kip
Tensile Resistance of the Bolts:

Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub
(6.13.2.10.2-1)
Ab = (1") = 0.7854 in 2
4
Fub = 120ksi
kip
Tn = (0.76) ( 0.7854 in 2 )(120ksi ) = 71.63 bolt
For All 4 Bolts:
kip
Tn = (4 bolts) 57.30 bolt
= 229.2kip

kip
kip
Tn = (0.80) 71.63 bolt
= 57.30 bolt
OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 179 --
Check the Strength of the Flange of the WT:

Assume that a plastic mechanism forms between the bolt lines and stem.
Q
Moment Equilibrium about at the fillet:
M 2M
Pb
= u
2
(120kip ) (2.375")
Mu =
k-in
= 71.25
For Safety, M p M u .
Tu
Mu
Mu
Pu/2
b
Pu
Lt 2
(8")(1.04")
ksi
k-in
Fy =
( 50 ) = 108.2
4
4
k-in
M p = (1.00) (108.2 ) = 108.2k-in
OK
Mp =

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 180 --

Problem:
Assuming an unfactored fatigue load of 60kip, determine the fatigue life of the tension bolts in the
previous example.
Solution:
For Safety, ( f ) ( F )n
(6.6.1.2.2-1)
kip
( P ) (0.75) (1.274 ) ( 60 )
( f ) =
=
= 18.24ksi
Abolts
(4) ( 0.7854 in 2 )
A 3 ( F )TH
=
2
N
1
( F )n
For infinite life,
( F )n =
( F )TH
2
31.0ksi
=
= 15.5ksi
2
Since ( f ) = 18.24ksi > ( F )n = 15.5ksi , the bolts will have a finite life
1
For finite life, ( f ) ( F )n
( ( f ) )
A 3
=
N
17.1 108 ksi3
(18.24 )
ksi 3
= 281,800 cycles
Note that if prying is not included, ( f ) = 14.32ksi and the calculations

would incorrectly show that the bolts have an infinite fatigue life.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 181 --

Problem:
Suppose that the hanger depicted in Examples #2 and #3 is subjected to a force that is applied at
an angle as is shown below. Determine if the connection is adequate in this configuration.
Solution:
Vu =
2 Pu
= 0.8944 Pu = 107.3kip
5
Vu =
107.3kip
kip
= 26.83 bolt
4 bolts
Tu =
1.274 Pu
= 0.5694 Pu = 68.33kip
5
Tu =
68.33kip
kip
= 17.08 bolt
4 bolts
Assume that the threads are included in the shear plane of the connection.
Vn = Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub N s
(6.13.2.7-2)
)(
kip
Vn = (0.38) 0.7854 in 2 120ksi (1) = 35.81 bolt
kip
Vu 26.83 bolt
=
= 0.7491 ,
kip
Vn 35.81 bolt
Tn = (0.76) ( 0.7854 in
Tn = 0.76 Ab Fub
)(120 )
ksi
V
1 u
Vn
(6.13.2.11-2)
( 26.83 kip bolt )

kip
1
= 25.11 bolt
(0.80) ( 35.81 kip bolt )
kip
kip
Tn = (0.80) 25.11 bolt
= 20.09 bolt
kip
kip
> Tu = 17.08 bolt
, the bolts are OK for the loading shown.
Since Tn = 20.09 bolt

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 182 --
Check Bearing of the Flange of the WT:

It is given that the WT is 8 long. Since the minimum spacing is 3, well assume that an
end distance of 2 is provided resulting in a spacing of 4 bolt-to-bolt.
Interior Bolts:
Lc = 4" ( 2 )( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 2.938"
Since Lc = 2.938 > 2d = 2,

Rn = 2.4dtFu
(6.13.2.9-1)
kip
Rn = (2.4) (1") (1.04") 65ksi = 162.2 bolt
End Bolts:
Lc = 2" ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.469"
Since Lc = 1.469 < 2d = 2,

Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
(6.13.2.9-2)
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.469") (1.04") 65ksi = 119.1 bolt
For all 4 Bolts:
kip
kip
= 562.8kip
Rn = (0.80) 562.8kip = 450.1kip
Since Rn = 450kip > Vu = 107 kip , the flange of the WT will be OK in bearing.
Note that since the flange thickness of the W24x176 is greater than that of the
WT10.5x66 and they are made of the same material, bearing of the WT will govern
over bearing of the W24x176.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 183 --
Check Shear in the Stem of the WT:

Rn = 0.58 Ag Fy
(6.13.5.3-2)
Rn = (0.58) [ (8")(0.650") ] ( 50ksi ) = 150.8kip

Rn = (1.00) (150.8kip ) = 150.8kip
Since Rn = 150.8kip > Vu = 107.3kip , the stem will be satisfactory in shear.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 184 --

Problem:
An L6 x 4 x 1/2, M270-36, is welded to a 3/8 thick gusset plate made of M270-50 steel. The
long leg of the angle is attached using two, 8 long fillet welds. The capacity of the angle was
previously computed as Pn = 163kip based on Gross Yielding. Determine the weld size required
to develop the full capacity of the member.
Solution:
Design the Welds:

Use an E70 Electrode since the
gusset has a strength of Fu = 65ksi.
The maximum weld size is 1/2 - 1/16 = 7/16.
Since the gusset and angle are both less than 3/4 thick, the
minimum weld size that can be used is 1/4.
Rn , weld = 0.6e 2 Fexx Aw Pn , member
Rn, weld = ( 0.6 )( 0.80 ) ( 70ksi ) (0.7071) ( w ) ( 2 )( 8") 163kip
w
163kip
= 0.4288"
kip
380.1 inch
Say

16
"
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 185 --
Check Tension for the Gusset:

Check tension on the Whitmore
section: Since the overall width of
the gusset is not given, Ill check the
Whitmore width assuming that it
governs. If the overall width is less
than the Whitmore width, these
calculations will be unconservative.
Compute the width of the Whitmore section:

Lw = 6"+ ( 2 )( 8") Tan ( 30 ) = 15.24"
Pn = Fy Ag = (0.95) 50ksi (15.24")( 3 8 ") = 271.4kip

Pn = Fu Ae = (0.80) 65ksi (15.24")( 3 8 ") (1.00 ) = 297.1kip
(Taking U = 1.00)
Check Block Shear in the Gusset Plate:

Atg = Atn = (6") ( 3 8 ") = 2.250 in 2
?
Atn 0.58 Avn
Avg = Avn = (2) ( 8")( 3 8 ") = 6.000 in 2

?
2.250 in 2 (0.58)(6.000 in 2 ) = 3.480 in 2
)(
(6.13.4-2)
) (
Rn = (0.58) 65ksi 6.000 in 2 + 50ksi
NO!
)( 2.250 in ) = 338.7
2
kip
Rn = (0.80) 338.7 kip = 271.0kip
Use 7/16 x 8 Fillet Welds made with an E70 Electrode

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 186 --
AASHTO Connection Example #6a:
Use the elastic vector method to compute the maximum force on any bolt in the
eccentrically loaded bolt group shown in the figure below. The bolts are all the
same size. (Example 4.12.1 from Salmon & Johnson)
Problem:
4"
3"
3"
3"
Solution:
Tr
J
T = ( 24kip ) ( 3"+ 2") = 120k-in
J = Ad 2 = A d 2
J = ( 4 ) (2")2 + (3") 2
J = 47.12 in 4
) + ( 2)( 2") 4 (1")

2
Tr (120
Corner Bolts: =
=
J
= 9.182ksi
k-in
)(
(2") 2 + (3") 2
47.12 in
V = ( 9.182ksi ) (1") = 7.211kip

4

AASHTO Connection Example #6a
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 187 --
Force acts perpendicular to line drawn from bolt to C.G.

Breaking force into horizontal and vertical
components
2
2
kip
kip
Vy =
(V ) =
( 7.211 ) = 4.000
3.606
3.606
3
3
kip
kip
Vx =
(V ) =
( 7.211 ) = 6.000
3.606
3.606
Add evenly distributed vertical force to the vertical,

torsional force for Bolt B
Vy = 4.000
kip
24kip
+
= 8.000kip
6
Vx = 6.000kip
Vtotal = Vx 2 + Vy 2 = (8.000kip ) 2 + (6.000kip ) 2 = 10.00kip
Check These Results with a Spreadsheet Solution:

Px:
xCG:
Py:
-24
yCG:
ex:
ey:
d:
60.00
T=
-120.0
Vmax =
10.0
Bolt
A
B
C
D
E
F
x
-2.00
2.00
-2.00
2.00
-2.00
2.00
y
3.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
-3.00
-3.00
13.00
13.00
4.00
4.00
13.00
13.00
Vx
-6.0
-6.0
0.0
0.0
6.0
6.0
Vy
Vtotal
4.0
-4.0
4.0
-4.0
4.0
-4.0
6.0
10.0
0.0
8.0
6.0
10.0
Everything checks out OK.

AASHTO Connection Example #6a
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 188 --
AASHTO Connection Example #6b:
Use the simplified equations to solve the previous example problem. (Example
4.12.1 from Salmon & Johnson)
Problem:
4"
3"
Solution:
T = ( 24 kip ) ( 3" 2") = 120 k-in
d
d
= ( 4 ) (2") 2 + (3") 2 + ( 2 )( 2")
= 60.00 in 2
Looking at Bolt B:
VB , x
VB , y
( 120 k-in ) ( 3")

= 6.000 kip
=
2
60.00 in
k-in
( 120 ) ( 2")
= 4.000 kip
=
60.00 in 2
VB ,total =
( 6.000 )
kip 2
24 kip
+ ( 4.000 kip ) +
6
VB ,total = 10.00 kip

AASHTO Connection Example #6b
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 189 --

Problem:
Detail a splice between two non-composite W30 x 99 M270 Gr 50. Take Mu at

the location of the splice as 810k-ft and take Mn as 1,300k-ft.
Solution:
The splice is designed for the larger of:

M u , Beam + M n, Beam
2
810k-ft + 1,300k-ft
= 1, 055k-ft
2
0.75 M n, Beam = ( 0.75 ) 1,300k-ft = 975.0k-ft

Since 1,055k-ft > 975.0k-ft, Mu,Splice = 1,055k-ft
A) Flange Splice:
In this case, it makes no difference which flange is the controlling flange and which one is the
non-controlling flange, (Since the beam is non-composite and we are assuming that moment
could be either positive or negative).
For the Controlling flange:
1 f cf
Fcf =
+ f Fyf
2 Rh
(810 ) (12 )(
=
k-ft
f cf
0.75 f Fyf
in
ft
29.7"
2
4
(6.13.6.1.4c-1)
0.670"
2 )
3,990 in
= 35.36ksi
Rh = 1.00, since the beam is non-hybrid.

= 1.00. Since we are assuming that Mn = Mp, Fn = Fyf
ksi
1 35.36
Fcf =
+ (1.00 )(1.00 ) 50ksi
2
1.00

= 42.68ksi 37.50ksi
) ( 0.75)(1.00 )(1.00 ) ( 50 )
ksi
Fcf = 42.68ksi

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 190 --
For the Non-Controlling Flange:

Fncf = Rcf
f ncf
0.75 f Fyf
Rh
(6.13.6.1.4c-3)
f ncf = f cf = 35.36ksi
Rcf =
Fcf
f cf
Fncf = (1.207 )
42.68ksi
= 1.207
35.36ksi
35.36ksi
( 0.75 )(1.00 )(1.00 ) 50ksi
1.00
= 42.68ksi 37.50ksi
Fncf = 42.68ksi
For the Compression Flange:

Pu ,Comp = Fcf Ae
In compression, Ae is taken as the gross area of the flange.
Ae = Ag = (10.5")( 0.670") = 7.035 in 2
)(
Pu ,Comp = 42.68ksi 7.035 in 2 = 300.3kip

For the Tension Flange:
Pu ,Ten = Fcf Ae
F
In tension, Ae = u u
y Fy
An Ag
(6.13.6.4c-2)
For 1 diameter bolts, An = (10.5") ( 2 )(1 18 ") ( 0.670") = 5.528 in 2

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 191 --
(
(
( 0.80 ) 65ksi
Ae =
( 0.95 ) 50ksi
) 5.528 in 7.035 in
(
)
)
2
= 6.052 in 2 7.035 in 2
)(
Ae = 6.052 in 2
Pu ,Ten = 42.68ksi 6.052 in 2 = 258.3kip
Proceed assuming that the flange splice will consist of plate on both the outside and inside of the
flange. Assume that the flange force will be equally distributed between in the inner and outer
plates (well check the validity of this assumption later). Also assume that the outer splice plate
will be 10.5 wide (the same width as the flange) with two rows of 1 diameter M164 (A325)
bolts.
Pu ,Ten =
258.3kip
= 129.1kip
2
Pu ,Comp =
300.3kip
= 150.2kip
2
For the Outer Flange Splice Plate:

Gross Yielding (Tension):
Pn = y Fy Ag Pu ,Ten
(6.8.2.1-1)
Pn = ( 0.95 ) 50ksi (10.5") ( touter ) 129.1kip

touter
129.1kip
( 0.95) ( 50ksi ) (10.5")
0.2589"
say
16 "
Net Section Fracture (Tension):

Pn = u Fu AnU Pu ,Ten
(6.8.2.1-2)
Pn = ( 0.80 ) 65ksi (10.5") ( 2 )(1"+ 18 ") ( touter ) (1.00 ) 129.1kip

touter
129.1kip
( 0.80 ) ( 65ksi ) ( 8.25")
0.3010"
say
16 "

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 192 --
Gross Yielding (Compression):

Pn = c Fy Ag Pu ,Comp
(6.13.6.1.4c-4)
Pn = ( 0.90 ) 50ksi (10.5") ( touter ) 150.2kip

touter
150.2kip
( 0.90 ) ( 50ksi ) (10.5")
0.3179"
say
8"
For the Inner Flange Splice Plates:

The widths of the inner splice plates will be roughly equal the flange width of the section minus
the thickness of the web and fillets.
Winner = b f 2k1 = 10.5" ( 2 )(1 116 ") = 8.375"
Take the width of each of the two inner plates as 4.
Gross Yielding (Tension):

Pn = Fy Ag Pu ,Ten
Pn = ( 0.95 ) 50ksi
tinner
(6.8.2.1-1)
) ( 2)( 4.00") ( t
Inner
) 129.1kip
129.1kip
( 0.95) ( 50ksi ) ( 2 )( 4.00")
0.3297"
say
8"
Net Section Fracture (Tension):

Pn = Fu AnU Pu ,Ten
Pn = ( 0.80 ) 65ksi
(6.8.2.1-2)
) ( 2) ( 4.00") (1"+

8"
) ( tInner ) (1.00 ) 129.1kip
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 193 --
tinner
129.1kip
( 0.80 ) ( 65ksi ) ( 5.75")
0.4318"
say
16 "
Gross Yielding (Compression):

Pn = c Fy Ag Pu ,Comp
Pn = ( 0.90 ) 50ksi
t Inner
(6.13.6.1.4c-4)
) ( 2)( 4.00") ( t
Inner
) 150.2kip
150.2kip
( 0.90 ) ( 50ksi ) ( 2 )( 4.00")
0.4172"
say
16 "
For a flange splice with inner and outer splice plates, the flange design force at the strength limit
state may be assumed divided equally to the inner and outer plates and their connections when
the areas of the inner and outer plates do not differ by more than 10% (Commentary, Page 6191).
AOuter = (10.5")( 3 8 ") = 3.938 in 2
AOuter AInner
AAve
AInner = ( 2 )( 4.00")( 7 16 ") = 3.500 in 2
( 2 ) ( 3.938 in 2 ) ( 3.500 in 2 )
( 3.938 in ) + ( 3.500 in )
2
= 11.76%
Since the difference area is greater than 10%, either (1) the assumption that the flange force is
evenly divided between the outer and inner plates must be modified, or (2) the inner plate
thickness must be increased to 1/2, which would result in a difference in area between the outer
and inner plates of less than 2%. The second option will be selected for the case of this
example.
Outer Flange Splice Plate: 101/2 x 3/8

Inner Flange Splice Plates: 4 x 1/8
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 194 --
Check Bolt Shear in the Flange Splice:

Assume that the threads are included in the shear plane of the connection. Bolts are in double
shear since both inside and outside splice plates are used.
Rn = 0.38 Ab Fub N s
(6.13.2.7-2)
Ab = (1") = 0.7854 in 2
4
)(
For A325 bolts, Fub = 120ksi
kip
Rn = (0.38) 0.7854 in 2 120ksi (2) = 71.63 bolt
kip
kip
Rn = (0.80) 71.63 bolt
= 57.30 bolt
Determine the number of flange bolts required:

300.3kip
n fb =
= 5.24 bolts
kip
57.30 bolt
say 6 bolts
2"
6 1/2"
10 1/2"
2"
24 1/2"
2 1/2"
3 1/2"
3 1/2"
2 1/2"
2 1/2"
1
W30 x 99
3 1/2"
3 1/2"
2 1/2"
/2" gap between ends of beams
PL 241/2 x 101/2" x 3/8"
W30 x 99
PL 241/2" x 4" x 1/2" Each Side

1" dia M164 Bolts (12 places)

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 195 --
Check Bolt Bearing in the Flange Splice:

Interior Bolts Bearing on the Beam Flange:
Lc = 3 1 2 " ( 2 )( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 2.438"
Since Lc = 2.433 > 2d = 2.0,
kip
Rn = (2.4) (1") (0.670") 65ksi = 104.5 bolt
Rn = 2.4dtFu
(6.13.2.9-1)
Interior Bolts Bearing on the Splice Plates:

Lc = 3 1 2 " ( 2 )( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 2.438"
Since Lc = 2.433 > 2d = 2.0,
kip
Rn = (2.4) (1") ( 83 "+ 12 ") 65ksi = 136.5 bolt
Rn = 2.4dtFu
(6.13.2.9-1)
End Bolts Bearing on the Beam Flange:

Lc = 2 1 2 " ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969"
Since Lc = 1.969 < 2d = 2.0,
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.969") (0.670") 65ksi = 102.9 bolt
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
(6.13.2.9-2)
End Bolts Bearing on the Splice Plates:

Lc = 2 1 2 " ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969"
Since Lc = 1.969 < 2d = 2.0,
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.969") ( 83 "+ 12 ") 65ksi = 134.4 bolt
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
(6.13.2.9-2)
For all 6 Bolts:
kip
kip
kip
= 623.9kip
Rn = (0.80) 623.9kip = 499.1kip
OK

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 196 --
Check Slip of the Flange Splice:

Bolted connections for flange splices shall be designed as slip-critical connections for the flange
design force. As a minimum, for checking slip of the flange splice bolts, the design force for the
flange under consideration shall be taken as the Service II design stress, Fs, times the smaller
gross flange area on either side of the splice.
Take the Service II moment as 548k-ft
Pslip = Fs Ag
0.670"
548k-ft (12 inft )( 29.7"
fs
2 2 )
where Fs =
=
= 23.92ksi
4
Rh
(1.00 ) 3,990 in
(6.13.6.1.4c-5)
Pslip = 23.92ksi (10.5")( 0.670") = 168.3kip
The slip resistance of a single bolt is taken as:

Rn = K h K s N s Pt
(6.13.2.8-1)
Kh = 1.00 (for standard holes)

Ks = 0.33 (assume Class A surface)
Ns = 2
Pt = 51kip (from Table 6.13.2.8-1 for M164 Bolts)
kip
Rn = (1.00)(0.33)(2) 51kip = 33.66 bolt
Determine the number of flange bolts required:

n fb =
168.3kip
= 5.00 bolts
kip
33.66 bolt

6 bolts will work
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 197 --
Check Block Shear of the Beam Flange:

3 1/2"
2 1/2"
2"
3 1/2"
Shear
Atg = ( 2 )( 2")( 0.670") = 2.680 in 2
6 1/2"
Tension
Atn = ( 2 ) 2" ( 12 ) (1"+ 18 ") ( 0.670") = 1.926 in 2

Avg = ( 2 )( 3 1 2 "+ 3 1 2 "+ 2 1 2 ")( 0.670") = 12.73 in 2
2"
Shear
Avn = ( 2 ) 9 1 2 " ( 2.5 )(1"+ 18 ") ( 0.670") = 8.961 in 2
Atn 0.58 Avn

?
1.926 in 2 (0.58)(8.961 in 2 ) = 5.198 in 2
NO!
)(
(6.13.4-2)
) (
Rn = (0.58) 65ksi 8.961 in 2 + 50ksi
)( 2.680 in ) = 471.8
Rn = (0.80) 471.8kip = 377.5kip
kip
OK

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 198 --
B) Web Splice:
The web splice is to be designed for the following actions at the Strength Limit:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vuw Mvuw Muw Huw -
The direct shear force.

The moment on the web bolts caused by the eccentricity of Vuw
The portion of the bending moment in the beam that is carried by the web.
The horizontal force resulting from the relocation of the beam moment from the
ENA location to the mid-height of the beam.
The shear force in the beam at the location of the splice is Vu = 45kip and the nominal shear
capacity of the beam is Vn = 427.7kip.
1. Determine the direct shear force acting on the web splice, Vuw:
?
Vu < 0.5vVn
?
45kip < ( 0.5 )(1.00 ) 427.7 kip = 213.8kip

Since Vu < 0.5vVn ,
Vuw = 1.5Vu = (1.5 ) 45kip = 67.5kip
(6.13.6.1.4b-1)
2. Determine the moment, Mvuw, that is caused by the eccentricity of the direct shear, Vuw:
Assuming the arrangement of bolts shown on Page 12, the distance from the CG of the
bolt group on one side of the splice to the CL of the splice is,
e = ( 12 ) ( 3 1 2 ") + 2 1 2 "+ ( 12 ) ( 1 2 ") = 4.50"
M vuw = e Vuw = ( 4.50") 67.5kip
= 303.8k-in = 25.31k-ft

I used a gap of 1/2 here to be

conservative. I understand that most
splices will use much narrower gaps
- these calculations will be conservative
for smaller gaps.
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 199 --
3. Determine the portion of the beam moment that is carried by the web splice, Muw:
M uw =
M uw
tw D 2
Rh Fcf Rcf f ncf
12
(C6.13.6.1.4b-1)
Fcf = 42.68ksi
(Positive since its in tension)
Rcf = 1.207
(from Before)
f ncf = 35.36ksi
(Negative since its in compression)
( 0.520")( 28.36")2
=
(1.00 ) 42.08ksi (1.207 ) 35.36ksi
12
= 34.85 in 3 85.36ksi = 2,975k-in = 247.9k-ft
4.
Determine the horizontal force that results from moving the beam moment, Huw:
H uw =
tw D
Rh Fcf + Rcf f ncf
12
(C6.13.6.1.4b-2)
( 0.520")( 28.36")
ksi
ksi
H uw =
(1.00 ) 42.68 + (1.207 ) 35.36
12
= 1.229 in 2 0.000ksi = 0.00kip
In this case, the ENA is at the mid-height of the beam. Since Huw is the horizontal force
that results from the eccentricity of the ENA relative to the mid-height of the beam, it
makes sense that Huw is zero.

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 200 --
The total moment acting on the web splice is,

M Total = M vuw + M uw = 303.8k-in + 2,975k-in = 3, 279k-in
The total actions acting on the web splice are as shown below on the left.
To determine the forces acting on the bolts using the Elastic Vector Method, tables in the AISC
Manual of Steel Construction will be used for preliminary investigations. These tables are set up
to account for the shear force, Vuw, but not the moment, MTotal. This can be accommodated by
computing a fictitious shear force, P, that when applied over the eccentricity, e, results in the
same actions as the actually applied shear and moment.
3, 279k-in
P=
= 728.7 kip
4.50"
2 1/2"
3 1/2"
2 3/4"
P = 728.7kip
G
e = 41/2"

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 201 --

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 202 --
From Table 7-8 on Page 7-38 of the 13th Ed. of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction,
Cmin
Pu
728.7 kip
=
=
= 12.72
kip
rn 57.30 bolt
From the Table for e = 4.00, S = 3.00, and for 8 bolts in a row, C = 13.2
From the Table for e = 5.00, S = 3.00, and for 8 bolts in a row, C = 12.2
The average of these two values is 12.7. Although this is slightly smaller than 12.72, the
proposed configuration will probably still work since our horizontal spacing is 31/2 instead
of 3.
Elastic Vector Method for the Web Splice:
) (
) (
) (
2
2
2
2
2
d 2 = ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( d x ) + d y , D + d y ,C + d y , B + d y , A
2
2
2
2
2
d 2 = ( 4 ) ( 4 )(1.75") + (1.5") + ( 4.5") + ( 7.5") + (10.5") = 805 in 2
Examine Bolt A2:
VT , X
3, 279k-in (10.5")
T y
=
=
= 42.77 kip
2
2
805 in
d
VT ,Y
3, 279k-in (1.75")
T x
=
=
= 7.128kip
2
2
d
805 in
The direct shear force is,
( 67.5 ) = 4.219
=
kip
VD ,Y
VTotal =
16 bolts
( 42.77 ) + ( 7.128
kip 2
kip
kip
bolt
+ 4.219kip
= 44.25kip
From this, an actual value of C can be computed, which

will be useful when investigating slip resistance.
C Actual =
PTotal 728.7 kip

=
= 16.47
kip
Pbolt 44.25 bolt

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 203 --
The calculations shown on the previous page have been validated using the
spreadsheet shown here.
M:
Px:
2975
0
xCG:
Py:
67.5
yCG:
ex:
4.5
ey:
d:
805.00
T=
3278.75
Vmax =
44.2459
Bolt
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
G1
H1
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
F2
G2
H2
x
-1.75
-1.75
-1.75
-1.75
-1.75
-1.75
-1.75
-1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
y
10.50
7.50
4.50
1.50
-1.50
-4.50
-7.50
-10.50
10.50
7.50
4.50
1.50
-1.50
-4.50
-7.50
-10.50
113.31
59.31
23.31
5.31
5.31
23.31
59.31
113.31
113.31
59.31
23.31
5.31
5.31
23.31
59.31
113.31
Vx
Vy
Vtotal
42.7663
30.5474
18.3284
6.1095
-6.1095
-18.3284
-30.5474
-42.7663
42.7663
30.5474
18.3284
6.1095
-6.1095
-18.3284
-30.5474
-42.7663
-7.1277
-7.1277
-7.1277
-7.1277
-7.1277
-7.1277
-7.1277
-7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
7.1277
42.8651
30.6856
18.5578
6.7667
6.7667
18.5578
30.6856
42.8651
44.2459
32.5866
21.5563
12.8867
12.8867
21.5563
32.5866
44.2459

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 204 --
Check Flexural Yielding of the Web Splice Plates:

Take Muw = 3,262k-in
=
M y
12
= 3
I
d p 2t p
( )( )
Solve for tp:
M d
p
3M
= 2 Fy
d pt p
( 3) 3, 262k-in
3M
tp 2
=
= 0.2787"
d p Fy ( 26.5")2 (1.00 ) 50ksi
Use one PL261/2 x 171/2 x 5/16 each side of web.
Check Shear Yielding of the Web Splice Plates:

Take Vuw = 67.5kip
( )( 2t p )( Fy )
Vuw Vn = ( )( 0.58 ) d p
= (1.00 )( 0.58 )( 26.5") ( 2 )( 516 ") 50ksi = 480.3kip
OK
Check Shear Rupture of the Web Splice Plates:

Take Vuw = 67.5kip
Vuw Vn = ( )( 0.58 ) d p ,net
)( 2t p ) ( Fu )
= ( 0.80 )( 0.58 ) ( 26.5") ( 8 )(1 1 8 ") ( 2 )( 516 ") 65ksi = 329.9kip

OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 205 --
Check Bearing of the Bolts in the Web Splice:

Edge Bolts Bearing on the Beam Web:
Lc = 2 1 2 " ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969"
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
Since Lc = 1.969 < 2d = 2.0,
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.969") (0.520") 65ksi = 79.85 bolt
(6.13.2.9-2)
Edge Bolts Bearing on the Splice Plates:

Lc = 2 1 2 " ( 1 2 )(1"+ 116 ") = 1.969"
Rn = 1.2 Lc tFu
Since Lc = 1.969 < 2d = 2.0,
kip
Rn = (1.2) (1.969")( 2 )( 516 ") 65ksi = 95.99 bolt
(6.13.2.9-2)
Summary of Splice Plate Bearing:

Bearing on the beam web governs.
kip
Rn = 79.85 bolt
kip
kip
Rn = ( 0.80 ) 79.85 bolt
= 63.88 bolt
OK

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 206 --
Check Slip of the Bolts in the Web Splice:

Take the Service II moment as 548k-ft. From the slip check on the flange splice, Fs and fs were
determined to be 23.92ksi and Pslip was determined to be 168.3kip. Take the Service II shear force
at the location of the splice to be Vsw = 30.4kip.
The web splice is to be designed for the following actions at the Service II Limit
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vsw - The direct shear force.

Mvsw - The moment on the web bolts caused by the eccentricity of Vsw
Msw - The portion of the bending moment in the beam that is carried by the web.
Hsw - The horizontal force resulting from the relocation of the beam moment from the
ENA location to the mid-height of the beam.
1. The direct shear force acting on the web splice is given as, Vsw = 30.4kip:
2. Determine the moment, Mvsw, that is caused by the eccentricity of the direct shear, Vsw:
Assuming the arrangement of bolts shown on Page 12, the distance from the CG of the
bolt group on one side of the splice to the CL of the splice is,
e = ( 12 ) ( 3 1 2 ") + 2 1 2 "+ ( 12 ) ( 1 2 ") = 4.50"
M vsw = e Vsw = ( 4.50") 30.4kip
= 136.8k-in = 11.40k-ft

AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 207 --
3. Determine the portion of the beam moment that is carried by the web splice, Msw:
M sw =
M sw
tw D 2
f s f os
12
(C6.13.6.1.4b-1 mod)
( 0.520")( 28.36")2
=
23.92ksi 23.92ksi
12
) (
= 34.85 in 3 47.84ksi = 1, 667 k-in = 138.9k-ft
4. Determine the horizontal force that results from moving the beam moment, Hsw:
H sw =
tw D
f s + f os
12
(C6.13.6.1.4b-2 mod)
( 0.520")( 28.36")
ksi
ksi
H sw =
23.92 + 23.92
12
) (
= 1.229 in 2 0.000ksi = 0.00kip
The total moment acting on the web splice is,

M Total = M vsw + M sw = 136.8k-in + 1, 667 k-in = 1,804k-in
The fictitious shear force, P, that when applied over the eccentricity, e, results in the same
actions as the actually applied shear and moment is determined as,
P=
1,804k-in
= 400.8kip
4.50"
The largest bolt force in the web splice due to the Service II combination can be determined as,
PBolt
PTotal 400.8kip
kip
=
=
= 24.34 bolt
16.47
C
kip
that was computed on Page 8.
This force is well below the slip capacity of 33.66 bolt

OK
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 208 --
Final Splice Detail:

The final splice configuration is shown below.
Technically speaking, fatigue should also be checked for beam flanges and flange splice plates at
the location of the splice.
2"
6 1/2"
2"
Outer Flange Splice Plate: PL 241/2 x 101/2" x 3/8" Each Flange
3 1/2"
3 1/2"
2 1/2"
2 1/2"
3 1/2"
3 1/2"
2 1/2"
2"
2"
2 1/2"
2"
2"
Inner Flange Splice Plates: PL 241/2" x 4" x 1/2" Each Flange
1" dia M164 Bolts (12 Places Each Flange)

W30 x 99
W30 x 99
2 3/4"
7 Spaces @ 3"
1" dia M164 Bolts (32 Places)
2 3/4"
Web Splice Plates: PL 261/2 x 171/2" x 5/16" Each Side of Web
2 1/2"

3 1/2"
2 1/2"
2 1/2"
3 1/2"
2 1/2"
AASHTO-LRFD 2007
-- 209 --

AAB - Example Problems Handout

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

AAB - Example Problems Handout

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

LRFD Steel Design

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design

Created July 2007

This material is copyrighted by

LRFD Steel Design

Ad-Hoc Web Strength and Stiffener Examples

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS:

42' - 0" Out to Out of Deck

23/4" Haunch (typ)

3 spaces @ 12' - 0" = 36' - 0"

Negative Bending Section (Section 2)

Positive Bending Section (Section 1)

2.1: Dead Load Calculations

Wsec tion1 = 71.06 in

(b) Section 2 (Negative Bending)

Wsec tion 2 = 112.3 in

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

Deck Self-Weight (DC1):

Haunch Self-Weight (DC1):

Average width of flange:

Average width of haunch:

( 1 2 ) (16.2"+ (2)(9") ) + 16.2" = 25.2"

Barrier Walls (DC2):

Wearing Surface (DW):

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

Unfactored Dead Load Moment Diagrams from SAP

Unfactored Dead Load Shear Diagrams from SAP

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

Max (+) Moment

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

Max (-) Moment

2.2: Live Load Calculations

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

Unfactored Moving Load Moment Envelopes from SAP

Unfactored Moving Load Shear Envelopes from SAP

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

Max (+) Moment

Max (-) Moment

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

2.2.1: Verify the Maximum Positive Live-Load Moment at Station 73.3:

Moment (k-ft / kip)

( 25 ) ( 33.00 ) + ( 25 ) ( 31.11 ) = 1, 603

( 0.640 ) ( 2, 491 ) = 1,594

(1.33 ) (1, 603

(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane:

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

2.2.2: Verify the Maximum Negative Live-Load Moment at Station 165.0:

Moment (k-ft / kip)

( 25 ) (18.51 ) + ( 25 ) (18.45 ) = 924.0

(IM)(Single Truck) + Lane:

(0.90){(IM)(Two Trucks) + Lane}:

( 0.640 ) ( 3,918 ) = 2,508

( 8 ) (17.47 ) + ( 32 ) (18.51 ) + ( 32 ) (18.31 ) + ...

( 0.90 ) (1.33 ) ( 2,630

2- Span Continuous Bridge Example

2.3: Braking Force

The Breaking Force, BR, is taken as the maximum of:

BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) = 18.00kip

BRSingle Lane = ( 0.25 ) ( 25kip + 25kip ) = 12.50kip

BRSingle Lane = ( 0.05 ) ( 8kip + 32kip + 32kip ) + ( 2 )(165') 0.640 kip

D) 5% of the Design Tandem with the Lane Load.

BRSingle Lane = ( 0.05 ) ( 25kip + 25kip ) + ( 2 )(165' ) 0.640 kip

Case (A) Governs: