REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

Objective: Study Common Types of Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems (VCRS) Carnot refrigeration cycle and departures from it Analysing of VCRS Refrigerant properties and selecting refrigerants Improving performance using Cascade and multistage VCS Multistage with inter-cooling Absorption Systems Heat Pumps Carnot heat pump cycle Gas Refrigeration Systems: Brayton Refrigeration Cycle ME (reverse Brayton cycle) 306 Applied Thermodynamics
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CARNOT REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Moran and Shapiro (2006) Fig 10.1

Coefficient of performance

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

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DEPARTURE FROM THE CARNOT CYCLE

Wet compression should be avoided Turbine work is very less because of lower efficiencies; replaced by throttle valve Vapor compression systems
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VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Process 12s: Isentropic compression of the refrigerant from state 1 to the condenser pressure at state 2s. Process 2s3: Heat transfer from the refrigerant as it flows at constant pressure through the condenser. The refrigerant exits as a liquid at state 3. Process 34: Throttling process from state 3 to a two-phase liquidvapor mixture at 4. Process 41: Heat transfer to the refrigerant as it flows at constant pressure through the evaporator to complete the cycle. ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

Q / m) h h ( = = (W / m ) h h
in c 1 4 2s
4

V C R: ACTUAL CYCLE

Isentropic efficiency of the Compressor

W / m) ( = (W / m )
c c

h2 s h1 h2 h1

Temperature differences in the condenser and the evaporator Non-isentropic compression work Usually state 1 will be superheated and state 3 will be subcooled Pressure drops in condenser, evaporator and piping systems; but ignored here
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Numerical Problem
Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at 0C and a warm region at 26C. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 0C and saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 26C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s. Determine (a) the compressor power, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in tons, (c) the coefficient of performance, and (d) the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between warm and cold regions at 26 and 0C, respectively.

Moran and Shapiro 2006

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Numerical Problem
Modify this problem to allow for temperature differences between the refrigerant and the warm and cold regions as follows. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 10C. Saturated liquid leaves the condenser at a pressure of 9 bar. Determine for the modified vapor-compression refrigeration cycle (a) the compressor power, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in tons, (c) the coefficient of performance. Compare results.

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

Numerical Problem
Reconsider the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle as in previous problem, but include in the analysis that the compressor has an efficiency of 80%. Also, let the temperature of the liquid leaving the condenser be 30C. Determine for the modified cycle (a) the compressor power, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in tons, (c) the coefficient of performance

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

Refrigerants
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): CCl2F2 R12 affects ozone layer Hydrogen in place of chlorine: HFCs: R134a (CF3CH2F): tetrafluro-ethane R22 (CHClF2): mostly used NH3: Mainly used in vapor absorption system Moving towards hydro-carbons: Methane: CH4 Propane: C3H8 Avoid very low pressures in the evaporator and very high pressures in the condenser Centrifugal compressors: low evaporator pressures; refrigerants with high sp.vol Reciprocating compressors: large pressure range; low sp.vol. refrigerants p-h chart

ME 306 Applied Thermodynamics

CASCADE CYCLES
To achieve very low temperature, pressure difference becomes more; compressor efficiency reduces Two vapor compression systems are arranged in series Counterflow heat exchanger to link them

Qin WcA + WcB

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MULTISTAGE COMPRESSION WITH INTERCOOLING

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AMMONIA-WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Compressor is replaced by absorber, pump and generator. Ammonia vapor dissolves in the absorber; exothermic process Usually waste heat supplied to generator separate the vapor
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is to

Moran and Shapiro (2006)

AMMONIA-WATER ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (Modified)

Rectifier is added to remove any water particles entering the condenser Hot weak ammonia solution preheats the mixture going to the generator, there by saving some heat input

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HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

Carnot heat pump system

cophp =

TH TH TC

Vapor compression heat pump system

never be less than 1

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AIR SOURCE REVERSING HEAT PUMP

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GAS REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

h1 h4 = (h2 h1 ) (h3 h4 )
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NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Air enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle at 1 bar, 270K, with a volumetric flow rate of 1.4 m3/s. If the compressor pressure ratio is 3 and the turbine inlet temperature is 300K, determine (a) the net power input, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in kW, (c) the coefficient of performance. Assumptions
Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control volumes are indicated by dashed lines on the accompanying sketch. The turbine and processes are isentropic. compressor

There are no pressure drops through the heat exchangers. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. The working fluid is air modeled as an ideal gas.

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NUMERICAL PROBLEM
Reconsider previous example, but include in the analysis that the compressor and turbine each have an isentropic efficiency of 80%. Determine for the modified cycle (a) the net power input, in kW, (b) the refrigeration capacity, in kW, (c) the coefficient of performance, and interpret its value.

Irreversibilities in the compressor and turbine have a significant effect on the performance of gas refrigeration systems
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BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER

Higher pressure and higher volume flow rates are required to achieve higher refrigeration effect Using a heat exchanger, turbine inlet temperature is brought below the hot temperature Refrigeration effect takes place from 4 to b at a lower temperature

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AIRCRAFT CABIN COOLING

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