Manuscript submitted to AIMS Journals Volume X, Number 0X, XX 200X

Website: http://AIMsciences.org
pp. XXX

arXiv:1009.2881v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 15 Sep 2010

NON-NEWTONIAN COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW OF A DILUTE GAS

Mohamed Tij
D epartement de Physique, Universit e Moulay Isma l, Mekn` es, Morocco

Andr es Santos
Departamento de F sica, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain

Abstract. The steady state of a dilute gas enclosed between two innite parallel plates in relative motion and under the action of a uniform body force parallel to the plates is considered. The BhatnagarGrossKrook model kinetic equation is analytically solved for this CouettePoiseuille ow to rst order in the force and for arbitrary values of the Knudsen number associated with the shear rate. This allows us to investigate the inuence of the external force on the non-Newtonian properties of the Couette ow. Moreover, the CouettePoiseuille ow is analyzed when the shear-rate Knudsen number and the scaled force are of the same order and terms up to second order are retained. In this way, the transition from the bimodal temperature prole characteristic of the pure force-driven Poiseuille ow to the parabolic prole characteristic of the pure Couette ow through several intermediate stages in the Couette Poiseuille ow are described. A critical comparison with the NavierStokes solution of the problem is carried out.

1. Introduction. Two paradigmatic stationary nonequilibrium ows are the plane Couette ow and the Poiseuille ow. In the plane Couette ow the uid (henceforth assumed to be a dilute gas) is enclosed between two innite parallel plates in relative motion, as sketched in Fig. 1(a). The walls can be kept at dierent or equal temperatures but, even if both wall temperatures are the same, viscous heating induces a temperature gradient in the steady state. If the Knudsen number associated with the shear rate is small enough the NavierStokes (NS) equations provide a satisfactory description of the Couette ow. On the other hand, as shearing increases, non-Newtonian eects (shear thinning and viscometric properties) and deviations of Fouriers law (generalized thermal conductivity and streamwise heat ux component) become clearly apparent [16]. These nonlinear eects have been derived from the Boltzmann equation for Maxwell molecules [10, 23, 29, 35, 47], from the BhatnagarGrossKrook (BGK) kinetic model [5, 15, 38], and also from generalized hydrodynamic theories [40, 42]. A good agreement with computer simulations [12, 13, 21, 25, 26, 32] has been found. The plane Couette ow has also been analyzed in the context of granular gases [50, 55]. In the case of plates at rest but kept
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. Primary: 76P05, 82B40; Secondary: 82C40, 82C05. Key words and phrases. BhatnagarGrossKrook kinetic model, Couette ow, Poiseuille ow, non-Newtonian properties.

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

y=L/2

U+ ux(y)
(a)

U+ Fx=mg ux(y)
(b)

Fx=mg ux(y) U_
(c)

y=-L/2

U_

Figure 1. Sketch of (a) the Couette ow, (b) the force-driven Poiseuille ow, and (c) the CouettePoiseuille ow.

at dierent temperatures, the Couette ow becomes the familiar plane Fourier ow, which also presents interesting properties by itself [3, 12, 13, 20, 24, 28, 35, 36, 37]. The Poiseuille ow, where a gas is enclosed in a channel or slab and uid motion is induced by a longitudinal pressure gradient, is a classical problem in kinetic theory [8, 30]. Essentially the same type of ow eld is generated when the pressure gradient is replaced by the action of a uniform longitudinal body force F = mg x (e.g., gravity), as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). This force-driven Poiseuille ow has received a lot of attention both from theoretical [1, 2, 11, 14, 17, 27, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 54, 57] and computational [18, 19, 22, 33, 51, 52, 58] points of view. This interest has been mainly motivated by the fact that the force-driven Poiseuille ow provides a nice example illustrating the limitations of the NS description in the bulk domain (i.e., far away from the boundary layers). In particular, while the NS equations predict a temperature prole with a at maximum at the center, computer simulations [22] and kinetic theory calculations [45, 46] show that it actually has a local minimum at that point. Obviously, the Couette and Poiseuille ows can be combined to become the CouettePoiseuille (or PoiseuilleCouette) ow [7, 31, 41, 43]. To the best of our knowledge, all the studies on the CouettePoiseuille ow assume that the Poiseuille part is driven by a pressure gradient, not by an external force. This paper intends to ll this gap by considering the steady state of a dilute gas enclosed between two innite parallel plates in relative motion, the particles of the gas being subject to the action of a uniform body force. This CouettePoiseuille ow is sketched in Fig. 1(c). We will study the problem by the tools of kinetic theory by solving the BGK model for Maxwell molecules. The aim of this work is two-fold. First, we want to investigate how the fully developed non-Newtonian Couette ow is distorted by the action of the external force. To that end we will assume a nite value of the Knudsen number related to the shear rate and perform a perturbation expansion to rst order in the force. As a second objective, we will study how the non-Newtonian force-driven Poiseuille ow is modied by the shearing. This is done by assuming that the shear-rate Knudsen number and the scaled force are of the same order and neglecting terms of third and higher order. In both cases we are interested in the physical properties in the central bulk region of the slab, outside the inuence of the boundary layers.

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

The organization of the paper is as follows. The Boltzmann equation for the CouettePoiseuille ow is presented in Sec. 2. Section 3 deals with the NS description of the problem. The main part of the paper is contained in Sec. 4, where the kinetic theory approach is worked out. Some technical calculations are relegated to Appendix A. The results are graphically presented and discussed in Sec. 5. The paper ends with some concluding remarks in Sec. 6. 2. The CouettePoiseuille ow. Symmetry properties. Let us consider a dilute monatomic gas enclosed between two innite parallel plates located at y = L/2. The plates are in relative motion with velocities U along the x axis and are kept at a common temperature Tw . The imposed shear rate is therefore = (U+ U )/L. Besides, an external body force F = mg x, where m is the mass of a particle and g is a constant acceleration, is applied. The geometry of the problem is sketched in Fig. 1(c). In the absence of the external force (g = 0) this problem reduces to the plane Couette ow [see Fig. 1(a)]. On the other hand, if the plates are at rest ( = 0), one is dealing with the force-driven Poiseuille ow [see Fig. 1(b)]. The general problem with = 0 and g = 0 denes the CouettePoiseuille ow analyzed in this paper. In the steady state only gradients along the y axis are present and thus the Boltzmann equation becomes vy +g y vx f (y, v|, g ) = J [f, f ], (1)

where f is the one-particle velocity distribution function and J [f, f ] is the Boltzmann collision operator [6, 9], whose explicit expression will not be written down here. The notation f (y, v|, g ) emphasizes the fact that, apart from its spatial and velocity dependencies, the distribution function depends on the independent external parameters and g . As said above, g = 0 and = 0 correspond to the Couette and Poiseuille ows, respectively. The rst few moments of f dene the densities of conserved densities (mass, momentum, and temperature) and the associated uxes. More explicitly, n(y |, g ) = dv f (y, v|, g ), dv vf (y, v|, g ), dv V 2 (y, v|, g )f (y, v|, g ), (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

n(y |, g )u(y |, g ) = n(y |, g )kB T (y |g ) = p(y |, g ) = Pij (y |, g ) = m q(y |, g ) = m 3

dv Vi (y, v|, g )Vj (y, v|, g )f (y, v|, g ),

m dv V 2 (y, v|, g )V(y, v|, g )f (y, v|, g ). 2 In these equations n is the number density, u is the ow velocity, V(y, v|a, , ) v u(y |, g )

(7)

is the peculiar velocity, T is the temperature, kB is the Boltzmann constant, p is the hydrostatic pressure, Pij is the pressure tensor, and q is the heat ux. Taking velocity moments in both sides of Eq. (1) one gets the following exact balance equations y Pyy = 0, (8)

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

Quantity n ux T p Pxx Pyy Pxy qx qy Table 1. Parity factors Sg and and the uxes [see Eq. (12)].

Sg S + + + + + + + + + + + + + S for the hydrodynamic elds

y Pxy = mng, y qy + Pxy y ux = 0.

(9) (10)

Henceforth, without loss of generality, we will assume ux (0) = 0. In other words, we will adopt a reference frame solidary with the ow at the midpoint y = 0. The symmetry properties of the CouettePoiseuille ow imply the following invariance properties of the velocity distribution function: f (y, vx , vy , vz |, g ) = = = f (y, vx, vy , vz |, g ) f (y, vx , vy , vz | , g ) f (y, vx , vy , vz |, g ), (11)

As a consequence, if (y |, g ) denotes a hydrodynamic variable or a ux, one has (y |, g ) = = Sg (y |, g ) S (y | , g ), (12)

where Sg = 1 and S = 1. The parity factors Sg and S for the non-zero hydrodynamic elds and uxes are displayed in Table 1. In general, if is a moment of the form (y |, g ) =
ky 2kz kx vz f (y, v|, g ) (y |, g )vy dv Vx

(13)

then Sg = (1)kx +ky and S = (1)ky . In order to nondimensionalize the problem, we will choose quantities evaluated at the central plane y = 0 as units: f (s, v |a, g ) n (s|a, g )
3 vT (0) f (y, v|, g ), n(0)

v , vT (0)

vT (0) p (s|a, g )

kB T (0) , m

(14)

n(y |, g ) , n(0)

T (s|a, g ) Pij (y |, g ) , p(0) ,

y =0

T (y |, g ) , T (0)

p(y |, g ) , (15) p(0) (16) (17)

Pij (s|a, g )

q (s|a, g ) g , vT (0) (0)

q(y |, g ) , p(0)vT (0) . (0)

1 ux (0) y

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

In the above equations we have found it convenient to introduce the dimensionless scaled spatial variable y 1 dy (y ), (18) s(y ) vT (0) 0 where (y ) is an eective collision frequency. For the sake of concreteness, we choose it as p(y ) (y ) = , (19) (y ) where is the NS shear viscosity. The change from the boundary-imposed shear rate to the reduced local shear rate a is motivated by our goal of focusing on the central bulk region of the system, outside the boundary layers. Note that a represents the Knudsen number associated with the velocity gradient at y = 0. Likewise, g measures the strength of the external eld on a particle moving with the thermal velocity along a distance on the order of the mean free path. The relationship (18) can be inverted to yield
s

y (s) =
0

ds (s )

y . vT (0)/ (0)

(20)

The invariance properties (11) translate into

f (s, vx , vy , vz |a, g ) = f (s, vx , vy , vz |a, g ) f (s, vx , vy , vz | a, g ) f (s, vx , vy , vz |a, g ).

= =

(21)

Given the symmetry properties (21), we can restrict ourselves to a > 0 and g > 0 without loss of generality. 3. NavierStokes description. To gain some insight into the type of elds one can expect in the CouettePoiseuille ow, it is instructive to analyze the solution provided by the NS level of description. In the geometry of the problem, the NS constitutive equations are Pxx = Pyy = Pzz = p, (22) Pxy = y ux , qx = 0, (23) (24)

qy = y T, (25) where is the shear viscosity, as said above, and is the thermal conductivity. Inserting the NS approximate relations (22)(25) into the exact conservation equations (8)(10) one gets p = const, (26) (27) 5kB 2 2 (y ) T = (y ux ) , (28) 2m Pr 2 is the Prandtl number. In dimensionless form, Eqs. where Pr = (5kB /2m)/ 3 (27) and (28) can be rewritten as
2 s ux (s) = 2 s T (s) =

(y ) ux = mng,

n (s) g , (s)

(29) (30)

2 Pr 2 [s u x (s)] . 5

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

For simplicity, let us assume that the particles are Maxwell molecules [6, 9, 53], so (y ) n(y ) and (s) = n (s). In that case, Eqs. (29) and (30) allow for an explicit solution: 1 2 u (31) x (s|a, g ) = as g s , 2 Pr 2 (32) s 6a2 4ag s + g 2 s2 . T (s|a, g ) = 1 30 Here we have applied the Galilean choice ux (0) = 0 and the symmetry property y T |y=0 = 0. Equation (31) shows that, according to the NS approximation, the velocity eld in the CouettePoiseuille ow is simply the superposition of the (quasi) linear Couette prole and the (quasi) parabolic Poiseuille prole. In the case of the temperature eld, however, apart from the (quasi) parabolic Couette prole and the (quasi) quartic Poiseuille prole, a (quasi) cubic coupling term is present. Here we use the term quasi because the simple polynomial forms in Eqs. (31) and (32) refer to the scaled variable s. To go back to the real spatial coordinate y one needs to make use of the relationship (18), taking into account that for Maxwell molecules n. Instead of expressing s as a function of y it is more convenient to proceed in the opposite sense by using Eq. (20). Since 1/ = T one simply has y (s) = s 1 1 Pr 2 s 2a2 ag s + g 2 s2 30 5 2 = Pr a2 . 5 . (33)

For further use, note that, according to Eq. (32), 2T y 2 (34)

y =0

Thus, the NS temperature prole presents a maximum at the midpoint y = 0. Before closing this section, let us write the pressure tensor and the heat ux proles provided by the NS description:
Pxx (s|a, g ) = Pyy (s|a, g ) = Pzz (s|a, g ) = 1, Pxy (s|a, g ) = a + qx (s|a, g ) = 0,

(35) (36) (37) (38)

g s,

1 qy (s|a, g ) = s a2 ag s + g 2 s2 . 3

4. Kinetic theory description. Perturbation solution. Now we want to get the hydrodynamic and ux proles in the bulk domain of the system from a purely kinetic approach, i.e., without assuming a priori the applicability of the NS constitutive equations. To that end, instead of considering the detailed Boltzmann operator J [f, f ] we will make use of the celebrated BGK kinetic model [4, 6, 56]. In the BGK model Eq. (1) is replaced by vy +g y vx f (y, v|, g ) = (y |, g ) [f (y, v|, g ) M(y, v|, g )] , (39)

where is the eective collision frequency dened by Eq. (19) and M(v) = n m 2kB T
3/2

exp

mV 2 2kB T

(40)

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

is the local equilibrium distribution function. In terms of the dimensionless variables introduced in Eqs. (14)(18), Eq. (39) can be rewritten as
1 + vy s f (s, v |a, g ) = M (s, v |a, g )

g f (s, v |a, g ). (41) (s|a, g ) vx g f (v ) vx g f (v ) . vx (42)

Its formal solution is f (v ) = =

k=0 1 + vy s (vy s )k M (v ) 1

M (v )

The formal character of the solution (42) is due to the fact that f appears on the right-hand side explicitly and also implicitly through M and . The solvability (or consistency) conditions are dv 1, v , v 2 f (s, v |a, g ) = dv 1, v , v 2 M (s, v |a, g ). (43)

Let us assume now that g is a small parameter so the solution to Eq. (41) can be expanded as
f (s, v |a, g ) = f0 (s, v |a) + f1 (s, v |a)g + f2 (s, v |a)g 2 + .

(44)

Likewise,
2 + , (45) (s|a, g ) = 0 (s|a) + 1 (s|a)g + 2 (s|a)g where denotes a generic velocity moment of f . The expansions of n , u , and T induce the corresponding expansion of M . The expansion in powers of g allows the iterative solution of Eq. (42) by a scheme similar to that followed in Ref. [44] in the case of an external force normal to the plates.

4.1. Zeroth order in g . Pure Couette ow. 4.1.1. Finite shear rates. To zeroth order in g Eqs. (41) and (42) become
(s, v |a) = M 1 + vy s f0 0 (s, v |a), f0 (s, v |a) = (vy s )k M 0 (s, v |a), k=0

(46) (47)

where
M 0 (v ) =

, V0 v u (48) 0. 5/2 (2 )3/2 T0 These are just the equations corresponding to the pure Couette ow. The complete solution has been obtained elsewhere [5, 16, 21] and so here we only quote the nal results. The hydrodynamic proles are

p 0

exp

V0 2 2T0

p 0 (s|a) = 1, u x,0 (s|a) = as,

T0 (s|a) 2

(49) (50)

= 1 (a)s , (51) where the dimensionless parameter (a) is a nonlinear function of the reduced shear rate a given implicitly through the equation [5, 16] a2 = 3 + 2 F2 ( ) , F1 ( ) (52)

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

where the mathematical functions Fr (x) are dened by F0 (x) = 2 x

dt tet
0

/2

K0 (2x1/4 t1/2 ),

Fr (x) =

d x dx

F0 (x),

(53)

K0 (x) being the zeroth-order modied Bessel function. Equation (53) clearly shows that Fr (x) has an essential singularity at x = 0 and thus its expansion in powers of x,

Fr (x) =
k=0

(k + 1)r (2k + 1)!(2k + 1)!!(x)k ,

(54)

is asymptotic and not convergent. However, the series representation (54) is Borel summable [5, 21], the corresponding integral representation being given by Eq. (53). The functions Fr (x) with r 3 can be easily expressed in terms of F0 (x), F1 (x), and F2 (x) as 1 F0 (x) 1 F3 (x) = F2 (x) F1 (x), (55) 8x 4 Fr (x) = 1 r3 1 (1)m+r Fm (x) Fr1 (x) Fr2 (x), 8x m=0 4 m
r 3

r 4.

(56)

It is interesting to compare the hydrodynamic proles with the results obtained from the Boltzmann equation at NS order (see Sec. 3). We observe that Eq. (49) agrees with Eq. (26) and Eq. (50) agrees with Eq. (31) for g = 0. On the other hand, Eq. (32) with g = 0 diers from Eq. (51), except in the limit of small shear 1 2 a (Note that Pr = 1 in the BGK model). rates, in which case (a) 5 The relevant transport coecients of the steady Couette ow are obtained from the pressure tensor and the heat ux. They are highly nonlinear functions of the reduced shear rate a given by [5, 15, 16, 25]
Pxx, 0 (s|a) = 1 + 4 [F1 ( ) + F2 ( )], Pyy, 0 (s|a) = 1 2 [F1 ( ) + 2F2 ( )], Pzz, 0 (s|a) = 1 2F1 ( ), Pxy, 0 (s|a) = aF0 ( ), qx, 0 (s|a) =

(57) (58) (59) (60) F2 ( ) F1 ( ) s, (61) (62)

a 2

F0 ( ) 1 10F1 ( ) 8F2 ( ) 1
2 qy, 0 (s|a) = a F0 ( )s.

Notice that, although the temperature gradient is only directed along the y axis (so that there is a response in this direction through qy ), the shear ow induces a nonzero x component of the heat ux [15, 16, 25, 32]. Furthermore, normal stress dierences (absent at NS order) are present. Equations (60) and (62) can be used to identify generalized nonlinear shear viscosity and thermal conductivity coecients. In general, the velocity moments of degree k of f0 are polynomial functions of the spatial variable s of degree k 2. An explicit expression for the velocity distribution function f0 has also been derived [16, 21].

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

4.1.2. Limit of small shear rates. The coecient (a) characterizing the prole of the zeroth-order temperature T0 is a complicated nonlinear function of the reduced shear rate a, as clearly apparent from Eq. (52). Obviously, the zeroth-order pressure tensor and heat ux given by Eqs. (57)(62) inherit this nonlinear character. It is illustrative to assume that the reduced shear rate a is small so one can express the quantities of interest as the rst few terms in a (ChapmanEnskog) series expansion. From Eqs. (52)(62) one obtains (a) = a2 5 1+ 72 2 a + 25 1 , (63)

198 2 a + , (64) 25 228 2 1 a + , (65) 25 108 2 1 a + , (66) 25 18 2 a + , (67) Pxy, 0 (s|a) = a 1 5 14a3 1836 2 qx, 1 a + s, (68) 0 (s|a) = 5 175 18 2 (69) 1 a2 + s. qy, 0 (s|a) = a 5 The terms of order a2 , a, and a2 in Eqs. (63), (67), and (69), respectively, agree with the corresponding NS expressions, Eqs. (32), (36), and (38). On the other hand, as noted above, the normal stress dierences (Pxx Pyy and Pzz Pyy ) and the streamwise heat ux component qx reveal non-Newtonian eects of orders a2 and a3 , respectively.
Pxx, 0 (s|a) = 1 +

8 a2 5 6 a2 Pyy, 0 (s|a) = 1 5 2 a2 Pzz, 0 (s|a) = 1 5

4.2. First order in g . CouettePoiseuille ow. 4.2.1. Finite shear rates. To rst order in g Eq. (42) yields
(I) (II) f1 (v ) M (v ), 1 (v ) = (v ) +

(70) f (v ), (71) 0 vx

where
(vy s )k M 1 (v ), k=1 M 1 (v ) = M0 (v ) p1 + T1 2T0

(I) (v )

(II) (v )
k=0

(vy s )k T0

u x,1 (72) Vx,0 , T0 and we have already specialized to Maxwell molecules, so that = p /T . In order to apply the consistency conditions (43) to get the hydrodynamic elds p 1 , ux,1 , and T1 it is convenient to dene the moments 5 +
(II) n1 n2 n3 = (I) n1 n2 n3 + n1 n2 n3 ,

V0 2 T0

(73) (74) (75)

(I) n1 n2 n3 = (II) n1 n2 n3 =

n1 n2 n3 (I) (v ), dv Vx, 0 vy vz n1 n2 n3 (II) dv Vx, (v ). 0 vy vz

10

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

Therefore, the consistency conditions are 000 = 0, 100 = 0, 010 = 0, 200 + 020 + 002 = 0.
(I) (II)

(76) (77) (78) (79)

The evaluation of n1 n2 n3 and n1 n2 n3 is carried out in Appendix A. The rstorder proles are (1) p (80) 1 (s|a) = p1 (a)s,
2 u x,1 (s|a) = ux,1 (a)s , T1 (s|a) (2)

(81) (82) (83) (84) (85)

(3) T1 (a)s3 ,

where

F1 1 (3) 1 T1 (a), F0 2 (F1 + 2F2 ) 3 a F1 F2 (2) (3) ux,1 (a) = T1 (a), 6F1 F0 F1 4F2 (F1 + 2F2 ) F1 (1 F0 ) 6F2 4 (3) , T1 (a) = a 2 F0 3 D(a) p1 (a) =
(1)

with D(a)
2 2F0 + F1 2 (F0 2F1 ) (F1 + 2F2 ) + a2 F0 F1 (1 F0 ) 2F1 F0 2 2 2 2F1 (F1 + 2F2 ) . + 6F1 F2 + 8F2 2a2 F0 F1

(86)

In the above equations the functions Fr are understood to be evaluated at x = . As shown in Appendix A, the moment n1 n2 n3 is a polynomial function of s of degree n1 + n2 + n3 1. In particular, the non-zero elements of the rst-order pressure tensor are (1) (87) Pij, 1 (s|a) = Pij,1 (a)s, with (1) (1) (1) (88) Pxx,1 (a) = 3p1 (a) Pzz,1 (a), Pyy,1 (a) = 0, Pzz,1 (a) =
(1) (1)

(89) (90) (91)

(2)

F0 1 (3) (1) + F1 + 2F2 T1 [2 (F1 + 2F2 ) 1] p1 , 2

(1)

Pxy,1 (a) = 1. As for the heat ux vector, the results are

2 qi, 1 (a|s) = qi,1 (a) + qi,1 (a)s , (0)

(92)

where qx,1 (a)

(0)

= a

2F1 F0 1 F1 + 26F2 7F1 16F2 1 F0 (3) T1 + + + a2 2 3 8 4 8 4 2 1 F0 1 F0 1 F1 F2 (2) + ux,1 + a + 3F2 F1 + 3a2 + 3F2 4 2 4 2 F1 F2 1 5 10 1 (1) p1 + F0 + F1 + (F1 + 2F2 ) F1 + a2 2 3 6 3 3 1 F0 3 (93) + a2 + F1 + 3F2 , 4 2

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW (2)

11

qx,1 (a) =

9F0 2F1 7 2F0 F2 1 + F1 + 2F2 a2 2 8 2 F1 + 14F2 3 1 (3) +3 T1 F1 F0 + 2 (3F1 + 4F2 ) 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 F0 (2) F1 3F2 ux,1 + a 1 + F0 + F1 3 a2 4 2 2 2 1 F0 1 (1) +2 (F1 + 2F2 ) + a2 + F1 5F2 p1 4 2 4 a2 (4 + 4F0 + 5F1 + 2F2 ) + 2 (F1 + 2F2 ) + (F1 F0 ) , (94) 6 3 2 a

qy,1 (a) =

(0)

F1 F0 (2) 7F1 + 2F2 3F1 F2 2F0 1 F0 (3) T1 + a + a2 ux,1 2 2 8 4 2 2a F0 F1 3 (1) p1 (2F1 + F2 ), F1 + F2 + a2 (95) 2 2 3 1 F0 2F0 7F1 + 14F2 2 2 1 (2) +a (F0 + F1 2F2 ) ux,1 + (1 F0 ) + (F1 + 2F2 ) 4 2 a a (1) (F0 3F1 + 2F2 ) p1 + [1 F0 2 (F1 + 2F2 )] . 2 6 a2 F1 1 1 + F1 + F2 + 4 2 4 T1
(3)

qy,1 (a) =

(2)

(96)

Equations (89) and (91) are consistent with the momentum balance equations (8) and (9), respectively. The energy balance equation (10) requires that qy,1 = a F0 ux,1
(2) (2)

1 2

(97)

Taking into account Eqs. (83)(85) it is possible to check that Eqs. (96) and (97) are indeed equivalent. Let us now get the relationship between the scaled space variable s and the true (dimensionless) coordinate y . From the denition (18) we have dy ds = = T (s|a, g ) p (s|a, g )
2 T0 (s|a) + [T1 (s|a) T0 (s|a)p 1 (s|a)] g + O (g ).

(98)

Inserting Eqs. (51), (80), and (82) one gets y (s|a, g ) = s (a) 3 s2 (1) (3) (1) 2p1 (a) T1 (a) + (a)p1 (a) s2 g + O(g 2 ). s 3 4 (99)

4.2.2. Limit of small shear rates. As done in the case of g = 0, it is illustrative to obtain the rst-order coecients (83)(85), (88), (90), and (93)(96) in the limit of small shear rates. Taking into account Eqs. (54) and (63) one gets p1 (a) =
(1)

12a 5

73 2 a + 5

, ,

(100) (101)

1 29a2 (2) ux,1 (a) = 2 5

23136 2 a + 725

12

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

(a) 0.5 0.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 (b)

(3) 1

Pzz

(1) ,1

(3)

(1)

(2)

,1

-0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 0.0

ux

(1)

p ux
0.2 0.4

(1) 1

(2)

Pxx

(1)

,1

Pzz

,1

,1

Pxx
0.6

(1)

,1

0.6

0.8

1.0

a
Figure 2. First-order coecients p1 , ux,1 , T1
(1) Pxx,1 , (1) Pzz,1 (1) (2) (3)

a
(left panel),

and (right panel) as functions of the reduced shear rate a. The dashed lines represent the terms shown in Eqs. (100) (104).

T1 (a) =
(1)

(3)

2a 15 28a 5 8a 5

1+

109 2 a + 5 431 2 a + 35 113 2 a + 5

, , ,

(102) (103) (104)

Pxx,1 (a) =
(1)

1 1

Pzz,1 (a) = qx,1 (a) = 1 + qx,1 (a) =

(0) (2) (0)

216a2 5

23329 2 a + 225 , ,

(105)

29a2 5 19a 5

1 1

1844 2 a + 145 8172 2 a + 95

(106) (107) (108)

(2) (3)

qy,1 (a) =
(2)

qy,1 (a) = a 1 + 4a2 + .

2 15 a (2) qy,1

1 , T1 According to Eqs. (31), (32), and (38), the NS equations yield ux,1 = 2

(taking Pr = 1), and = a, so that they agree with the leading terms in Eqs. (101), (102), and (108). On the other hand, the NS approximation fails (1) (1) (1) (0) (2) (0) in accounting for the non-zero values of p1 , Pxx,1 , Pzz,1 , qx,1 , qx,1 , and qy,1 . In particular, qx,1 = 0 even in the pure Poiseuille ow (a = 0) [35, 39, 45, 46]. 5. Results and discussion.
(0)

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW
(a) 3 0.0 (b)

13

2
(2) ,1

qx

(2)

,1
(2)

qy
qy
-0.5
,1

(0)

,1

qx
,

(0)

,1

(0)

qx

qx

(0)

qy
-1.0

,1

,1

qy

(2)

,1

-1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -1.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

a
(0) (2)

a
(0)

Figure 3. First-order coecients qx,1 , qx,1 (left panel), qy,1 , and qy,1 (right panel) as functions of the reduced shear rate a. The dotted lines represent the terms shown in Eqs. (105)(108).
(2)

5.1. Finite shear rates. First order in g . The nonlinear dependence on the reduced shear rate a of the zeroth-order quantities has been analyzed elsewhere [5, 15, 16], so that here we focus on the rst-order corrections. Figure 2(a) shows (1) (2) the coecients associated with the hydrodynamic proles, i.e., p1 (a), ux,1 (a), and T1 (a). The rst two quantities are negative, while the third one is positive, in agreement with what might be expected in view of Eqs. (100)(102). On the other hand, the practical range of applicability of the truncated series (100)(102) is restricted to small shear rates (a 0.1). The addition of further terms in the (ChapmanEnskog) expansion in powers of a would not improve that range because of the asymptotic character of the series. Note that the range of applicability of the (1) (2) (3) 1 2 NS description (according to which p1 = 0, ux,1 = 2 , and T1 = 15 a) is even much more restrictive, especially in the case of p1 . (1) (1) The normal-stress coecients Pxx,1 (a) and Pzz,1 (a) are plotted in Fig. 2(b). Both coecients vanish in the NS description. Again, the truncated series (103) and (104) are reliable only for a 0.1. We observe that the xx element has a much larger magnitude than the zz element. The other relevant coecients of the pressure (1) (1) tensor are not plotted because they are identically Pyy,1 = 0 and Pyy,1 = 1, as a consequence of the exact momentum balance equations (8) and (9). The coecients associated with the heat ux vector are plotted in Fig. 3. Ac(2) (0) (2) (0) cording to the NS equations, qx,1 = qx,1 = qy,1 = 0 and qy,1 = a, what strongly contrasts with the nonlinear behavior observed in Fig. 3. This is especially dramatic (2) in the case of the streamwise coecient qx,1 , which deviates from zero even in the limit a 0. It is interesting to note that, while qx,1 0, qy,1 , and qy,1 have denite signs (at least in the interval 0 a 1), the coecient qx,1 changes from negative to positive around a 0.42.
(0) (2) (0) (2) (1) (3)

14

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

(a) 1.0

0.9

T
0.8 0.7 -0.8 (b) 1.6 1.4 1.2

-0.4

0.0

0.4

0.8 (c)

1.0

Pxx
*

0.5

ux

Pij

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 -0.8 -0.4

p Pzz
* *

ux , qi

0.0

* y

Pyy
*

-0.5

qx

Pxy
*

0.0

0.4

0.8

-1.0 -0.8

-0.4

0.0

0.4

0.8

Figure 4. Proles of (a) temperature, (b) elements of the pressure tensor, and (c) ow velocity and components of the heat ux vector. The value of the reduced shear rate is a = 1. Two values of the external force are considered: g = 0 (dashed lines) and g = 0.1 (solid lines).

In order to illustrate how the Couette-ow proles are distorted by the action of the external force, we will take a = 1 with g = 0 and g = 0.1. While the latter value is possibly not small enough as to make the rst-order calculations sucient, our aim here is to highlight the trends to be expected when the fully nonlinear Couette ow coexists with the force-driven Poiseuille ow. The proles are shown in Fig. 4. In the pure Couette ow (g = 0) the temperature and pressure proles are symmetric, while the velocity and heat ux proles are antisymmetric. The application of the external force breaks these symmetry features since the rstorder terms have symmetry properties opposite to those of the zeroth-order terms, in agreement with the signs of Sg in Table 1. As a consequence, the temperature gradient increases across the channel with respect to that of the Couette ow, as shown by Fig. 4(a). The elements of the pressure tensor are no longer uniform but exhibit negative gradients, especially in the case of the normal stress Pxx [see Fig. 4(b)]. An exception is Pyy , which is exactly uniform as a consequence of the

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

15

is the same momentum balance equation (8). To rst order in g the value of Pyy as in the Couette ow [see Eq. (89)], but this situation changes when terms of order g 2 are added [35, 45, 46]. We observe from Fig. 4(c) that the ow velocity (in the reference frame moving with the midplane y = 0) is decreased by the action of the external force. A similar behavior is presented by qy , what qualitatively correlates with the increase in the temperature gradient observed in Fig. 4(a). Regarding the component qx , it takes larger values in the CouettePoiseuille ow than in the pure Couette ow. In both cases (g = 0 and g = 0.1) the shearing is so large (a = 1) that the two components of the heat ux have a similar magnitude, i.e., |qx | |qy |. An interesting eect induced by the external eld is the existence of a non-zero heat ux at y = 0, even though the temperature gradient vanishes at that point. More (0) (0) specically, qx (0) = qx,1 > 0 and qy (0) = qy,1 < 0. The sign of the former quantity changes, as noted before, at a 0.42.

5.2. Small shear rates. Second order in g . Thus far, all the results are valid for arbitrary values of the reduced shear rate a but are restricted to rst order in the reduced external eld g . One could continue the perturbation scheme devised in Sec. 4 to further orders in g but the analysis becomes extremely cumbersome if one still wants to keep a arbitrary. Furthermore, the perturbation expansion in powers of g is expected to be only asymptotic [46]. On the other hand, we can combine the results obtained here [see Eqs. (63)(69) and (100)(108)] with those of Ref. [46] to obtain the hydrodynamic and ux proles to second order in g , by assuming that both the reduced shear rate and the reduced force are of the same order, i.e., a g . The results are 6 12 (109) p (s|a, g ) = 1 ag s + g 2 s2 + , 5 5 1 2 u (110) x (s|a, g ) = as g s + , 2 19 1 2 1 (111) T (s|a, g ) = 1 a2 s2 + ag s3 + g 2 s2 s2 + , 5 15 25 30 328 14 2 28 8 (112) + s + , Pxx (s|a, g ) = 1 + a2 ag s + g 2 5 5 25 5 6 306 2 Pyy (s|a, g ) = 1 a2 (113) g + , 5 25 2 22 4 2 8 Pzz (s|a, g ) = 1 a2 ag s g 2 s + , (114) 5 5 25 5 Pxy (s|a, g ) = a + g s + , (115)
qx (s|a, g ) = g + , 1 19 + s2 + g 2 s3 + . qy (s|a, g ) = a2 s ag 5 3

(116) (117)

In these equations the ellipses denote terms that are at least of orders a3 , g 3 , a2 g or ag 2 . As for the relationship between y and s, from Eqs. (18) or (20) we get 1 1 2 3 1 s = y + a2 y 3 ag y 2 36 + y 2 + 22 + y 2 + . (118) g y 15 30 150 Therefore, we can safely replace s by y in Eqs. (109)(117). Again, it is instructive to compare Eqs. (109)(117) against the NS predictions worked out in Sec. 3 (with Pr = 1, in consistency with the BGK value of the

16

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

(a) 12 8 12 8
*2

(b)

T -1)/g

*2

4 0 -4 -8 -12 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

4 0 -4 -8 -12 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

T -1)/g
*

Figure 5. Proles of the scaled temperature dierence (T 1)/g 2 for |g | 1 and several values of the ratio a/g : a/g = 0 (), a/g = 1 ( ), a/g = 19/5 (- - - ), a/g = 3 ( ), a/g = 2 19/5 (- - - ), and a/g = 5 (- - - -). The left panel corresponds to the kinetic-theory predictions, Eq. (120), while the right panel corresponds to the NS predictions, Eq. (32).

Prandtl number). As can be seen from Eqs. (26), (31), (32), and (35)(38), the NS expressions do not contain terms of order higher than a2 , g 2 , or ag and therefore their comparison with the kinetic-theory results (109)(117) is not biased. We see that only the NS results for u x and Pxy are supported by kinetic theory. This does not mean that Newtons law for the shear stress, Eq. (23) is satised, since = p/ and the hydrostatic pressure p is not actually uniform. As said before, the NS constitutive equations also fail to account for the existence of normal stress dierences (typical non-Newtonian eects) as well as of a streamwise component of the heat ux (failure of Fouriers law). Perhaps the most interesting and subtle 19 2 2 dierences refer to the presence in Eqs. (111) and (117) of the extra terms 25 g s 19 and 5 ag , respectively, which are absent in their NS counterparts, Eqs. (32) and (38). The extra term in qy implies that qy (0) = 0, what represents a clear violation 19 2 2 of Fouriers law (25). The term 25 g s present in the temperature eld (111) has dramatic consequences on the curvature of the temperature prole at the midpoint y = 0. From Eq. (111) we get 2T y 2 38 2 = a2 + g 2 . 5 25 (119)

y =0

Therefore, while the NS temperature prole presents a maximum at y = 0 [see Eq. 2 (34)], Eq. (119) shows that the prole has actually a local minimum if a2 < 19 5 g . To analyze this feature in more detail, let us rewrite Eq. (111) as 1 T 1 2 5 g a g
2

y2 +

2 15

a g

y3 + y2

19 1 y2 . 25 30

(120)

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

17

Figure 5(a) shows the scaled temperature dierence (T 1)/g 2 , as given by Eq. (120), for a/g = 0, 1, 19/5, 3, 2 19/5, and 5. In the case a/g = 0 (pure Poiseuille ow) the temperature prole has a minimum at y = 0 surrounded by two symmetric maxima at y = 2 19/5. When a/g = 0 (CouettePoiseuille ow) several possibilities arise. If 0 < a/g < 19/5 one still has a local minimum at y = 0 but the two maxima are no longer symmetric: the one with y < 0 moves to the center, while the one with y > 0 departs from it. This is represented by the case a/g = 1 in Fig. 5(a). At a/g = 19/5, the left maximum and the central minimum merge to become an inection point of zero slope. Next, in the range 19/5 < a/g < 2 19/5 the temperature presents a local maximum at y = 0 followed by a minimum and an absolute maximum, both with y > 0. This situation is illustrated by the case a/g = 3 in Fig. 5(a). At a/g = 2 19/5 the minimum and maximum with y > 0 merge to create an inection point of zero slope. Finally, if a/g > 19/5 [see case a/g = 5 in Fig. 5(a)] only the central maximum remains and the prole becomes more and more symmetric as a/g increases. In the limit a/g (or, equivalently, g 0) one recovers the pure Couette ow. This rich phenomenology is absent in the case of the NS temperature prole, as shown in Fig. 5(b). Given the physical interest of Eq. (111) or, equivalently, Eq. (120), it is convenient to rewrite it in real units. This yields T (y ) = T (0) (0) 2(0) ux y
2

y2 +
y =0

mn(0) 3(0)

ux y

gy 3
y =0

m2 n2 (0) 2 4 m2 g y + CT 2 g2y2, 12 (0)(0) kB T (0)

(121)

19 in the BGK model, while CT 1.0153 in the Boltzmann equation where CT = 25 for Maxwell molecules [35, 39, 45]. Equation (121) still holds in the NS description, except that CT = 0.

6. Concluding remarks. In this paper we have studied the stationary Couette Poiseuille ow of a dilute gas. As illustrated by Fig. 1(c), the gas is enclosed between two innite parallel plates in relative motion (Couette ow) and at the same time the particles feel the action of a uniform longitudinal force (force-driven Poiseuille ow) along the same direction as the moving plates. Our main goal has been to assess the limitations of the NS description of the problem and highlight the importance of non-Newtonian properties. In order to get explicit results, the complicated Boltzmann collision operator has been replaced by the mathematically much simpler BGK model with a temperatureindependent collision frequency (Maxwell molecules). The kinetic model has been solved to rst order in the reduced force parameter g for arbitrary values of the reduced shear rate a. Moreover, complementing these results with those obtained in previous works for the pure Poiseuille ow to second order in g , we have been able to get the solution to second order in both a and g . Starting from the pure nonlinear Couette ow, we have studied the inuence of a weak external force, as measured by the nonlinear shear-rate dependence of the nine (1) (2) (3) (1) (1) (0) (2) (0) coecients p1 (a), ux,1 (a), T1 (a), Pxx,1 (a), Pzz,1 (a), qx,1 (a), qx,1 (a), qy,1 (a), and qx,1 (a). These functions are plotted in Figs. 2 and 3. A more intuitive picture on the distortion produced by the force on the Couette proles for the hydrodynamic
(2)

18

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

elds (p, ux , and T ), the pressure tensor (Pxx , Pyy , Pzz , and Pxy ), and the heat ux (qx and qy ) is provided by Fig. 4. Complementarily, we have obtained the quantities of interest [cf. Eqs. (109) (117)] when the shear rate and the force are treated on the same footing, both to second order. This has allowed us to analyze [see Fig. 5(a)] how, by starting from the pure Poiseuille ow, the symmetric bimodal temperature prole is strongly distorted by the shearing until arriving at the symmetric parabola characteristic of the pure Couette ow. Considering the great current interest in the force-driven Poiseuille ow as a playground to test hydrodynamic theories and theoretical approaches, we expect that the work presented here may contribute to motivate further studies, both theoretical and computational, on the CouettePoiseuille ow. Acknowledgments. We dedicate this paper to the fond memory of Carlo Cercignani. The work of A.S. has been supported by the Ministerio de Educaci on y Ciencia (Spain) through Grant No. FIS200760977 (partially nanced by FEDER funds) and by the Junta de Extremadura (Spain) through Grant No. GR10158. Appendix A. Evaluation of n1 n2 n3 and n1 n2 n3 . From Eqs. (71) and (74) one gets
n1 (I) (II)

(I) n1 n2 n3 =
=0 k=

k + n1 !(a) (s )k (n1 )!

n1 n2 +k+ n3 dv Vx, vy vz M 0 1 (v ),

(122) where 0 = 1 and = 0 for 1. In Eq.. (122) use has been made of the mathematical relations
k

A(s)(s )k B (s) =
=0 n1 s Vx,0 =

k (s )k

s A(s) B (s) ,

(123)

n1 !(a) n1 V . (n1 )! x,0

(124)

Next, using the Maxwellian integrals

(n1 +n2 +n3 2)/2 n1 n2 n3 , M dv Vx, 0 (v ) = Kn1 Kn2 Kn3 T0 0 vy vz

(125)

where Kn = (n 1)!! if n = even [with the convention (1)!! = 1], being zero if n = odd, Eq. (122) becomes
n1

(I) n1 n2 n3

= Kn3
=0 k=

k + n1 !(a) (k+n1 +n2 +n3 2)/2 Kk+n2 + (s )k T0 (n1 )!

u k + n1 + n2 + n3 2 T 1 x,1 + Kn1 +1 2 T0 T0 (II)

Kn1 p 1 +

(126)

Before considering the integral n1 ,n2 ,n3 , it is convenient to make use of the relation
k

(s )k [A(s)B (s)] =
m=0

k [(s )m A(s)] (s )km B (s) m

(127)

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

19

to rewrite the function (II) (v ) as (II) (v ) = (1 s2 )(II,0) (v ) + 2s(II,1) (v ) 2 (II,2) (v ), where (II,m) (v ) = vx vx

(128)

k=0

k + m k +m vy (s )k f0 (v ) m k + m + 1 k +m vy (s )k M 0 (v ). m+1 (129)

k=0

In the last step we have made use of Eq. (47) and the mathematical property
k

=0

+m m

k+m+1 . m+1

(130)

Insertion of Eq. (128) into Eq. (75) gives

(II,2) (II,1) 2 (II,0) (II) n1 n2 n3 = (1 s )n1 n2 n3 + 2sn1 n2 n3 2 n1 n2 n3 ,

(131) (132)

where
,m) (II n1 n2 n3 = n1 n2 n3 (II,m) dv Vx, (v ). 0 vy vz

Using again Eqs. (123)(125), one gets

n1 1 (II,m) n 1 n2 n3

Kn3
=0 k=0

k++m+1 m+1

k+ n1 !(a) Kn 1 (n1 1 )! 1 (133)

(k+n1 +n2 +n3 +m3)/2 Kk+n2 ++m (s )k T0 . (I) (II)

u x,1 (s),

(s), p Once the integrals n1 n2 n3 and n1 n2 n3 are expressed in terms of T0 1 (s), and T1 (s), we can apply the consistency conditions (76)(79) to get the hydrodynamic proles to rst order in g . To that end, we rst guess the polynomial (1) (2) (3) forms (80)(82), so that only the coecients p1 , ux,1 , and T1 remain to be

determined. It is straightforward to check that 000 = 000 = 0, and thus Eq. (76) is identically satised. The remaining relevant quantities in Eqs. (77)(79) turn out to be (I) (3) F1 F2 (2) (1) 100 = 2aT1 + 2(ux,1 + ap1 )F1 , (134) (I) (3) F1 F0 (1) 010 = T1 p1 F0 , (135) s1 200
(I)

(I)

(II)

T1

(3) (1)

F0 1 10F2 F1 + 2 2
(3) F0

a2 F1 2F2
(2)

F0 1 2 (136) (137) (138) (139) (140)

+2p1

(2F2 F1 ) a2 (2F2 + F1 ) + 8ux,1 aF2 , F1 (1) p1 (1 F0 ) , 2p1 (F1 + 2F2 ) , 1 (F1 + 2F2 ) , 3
(1)

s1 020 = T1 s1 002 = T1 100 =

(II,0) (I) (3)

(I)

F0 1 + F1 + 2F2 2 100 = 0,
(II,0) (II,1) (II,1) (II,2)

1 , T0

100 =
(II,2)

010 = 010 = 010 = 0,

20

SANTOS MOHAMED TIJ AND ANDRES

200 = 0,
(II,2)

(II,0)

200 = 2a (F1 + 2F2 ) , F0 1 6 ,

(II,1)

(141) (142) (143) (144)

200 = 2as F1 + 2F2 +

(II,0) (II,1)

020 = 020 = 020 = 0, 002 = 002 = 002 = 0.

(II,0) (II,1) (II,2)

(II,2)

In the above equations use has been made of Eqs. (54)(56). Inserting Eqs. (135) and (140) into the consistency condition (78) one simply gets Eq. (83). Next, insertion of Eqs. (134) and (139) into Eq. (77) allows one to obtain Eq. (84). Finally, use of Eqs. (136)(138) and (141)(144) in Eq. (79) yields (I) (1) Eq. (85). Note that from Eqs. (83) and (137) one gets s1 020 = p1 . Taking into account that T0 , p1 , ux,1 , and T1 are polynomials in s of degrees 2, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, Eqs. (126) and (133) show that n1 n2 n3 and n1 n2 n3 are polynomials of degrees n1 + n2 + n3 1 and n1 + n2 + n3 + m 3, respectively. Consequently, the moments dened by Eq. (73) are polynomials of degree n1 + n2 + n3 1. (II) (I) Let us proceed now to the evaluation of the integrals n1 n2 n3 and n1 n2 n3 related to the pressure tensor and the heat ux. The integrals related to the diagonal elements of the pressure tensor are already given by Eqs. (136)(138) and (141) (144). For instance, Pyy, 1 = p1 + 020 , with similar relations for Pxx,1 and Pzz,1 . The results are displayed in Eqs. (87)(90). In the case of the shear stress, one has Pxy, 1 = 110 . From Eqs. (126) and (133) we obtain s1 110 = T1 a
(II,0) (I) (3) (I) (II,m)

F0 3F1 + 2F2 (2) (1) 2ux,1F1 p1 a(2F1 F0 ), 110 = F1 ,

(II,0)

(145)

110 = 0, This gives

Pxy, 1 (a|s)

110 =

(II,2)

2 (F1 F2 )s. 3

(146)

F0 3F1 + 2F2 (3) (2) (1) T1 2F1 ux,1 a(2F1 F0 )p1 2 + (F1 + 2F2 ) s. 3 a

(147)

Making use of Eqs. (83) and (84), it is easy to check that Eq. (147) reduces to Eq. (91). In the case of the heat ux, one has
qx, 1 =

1 (300 + 120 + 102 ) Pxx, 0 1 ux,1 , 2 1 (210 + 030 + 012 ) Pxy, 0 ux,1 . 2

(148)

qy, 1 =

(149)

After tedious algebra one obtains Eqs. (92)(96).

COUETTEPOISEUILLE FLOW

21

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Received xxxx 20xx; revised xxxx 20xx.

E-mail address : mtij@fsmek.ac.ma E-mail address : andres@unex.es