Chapter 1

Levels of organization o chemicals cells tissues organs organ systems organism Organ systems & their purposes o Integumentary skin protection, support, movement o Skeletal bones - protection, support, movement o muscular skeletal muscles - protection, support, movement o nervous brain, spinal cord, nerves coordination and control o endocrine glands, produce hormones coordination and control o cardiovascular heart, blood vessels - circulation o lymphatic lymph nodes, vessels circulation, immunity o respiratory lungs, airways nutrition and fluid balance o digestive mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines nutrition and fluid balance o urinary kidneys, bladder, urethra nutrition and fluid balance o reproductive testes, ovaries, external sex organs produce offspring Metabolism o catabolism break down, produces ATP (cells energy) o anabolism build up Homeostasis o extracellular, intracellular fluid o Feedback positive oxytocin during birth negative insulin in glucose absorption Directional Terms o superior o cranial o inferior o caudal o ventral o anterior o dorsal o posterior o medial o lateral o proximal o distal o deep o superficial Planes of division o frontal/coronal o sagittal o transverse Body cavities

o dorsal cranial spinal o ventral Thoracic (separated by diaphragm from a.p. cavity) pleural pericardial mediastinum Abdominopelvic Abdominal Pelvic Regions of abdomen Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Right inguinal o Quadrants Right upper quadrant umbilical hypogastric Left lumbar Left inguinal

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

Metric system o length meter (m) o weight gram (g) o volume liter (l) o temperature degrees Celsius/centigrade (oC) o Prefixes (k) kilo 1,000 (c) centi 1/100 (m) milli 1/1,000 (u) micro 1/1,000,000

Chapter 2
Elements o atoms nucleus protons (+) neutrons

electrons (-) atomic number (protons + neutrons) Molecules & Compounds Water o universal solvent (polar) o hydrophobic (fats, lipids) o hydrophilic (salts, glucose) Mixtures o solution (homogenous mixture) solvent (when water, aqueous solution) solute o suspension (heterogenous mixture) Chemical bonds o Ionic electrons given by one atom, taken by another anion cation electrolytes o Covalent electrons shared by atoms Acids, Bases o Acids donate hydrogen ion, H+ (proton) decrease pH (0-7) o Bases accept H+ usually contains hydroxide ion, OH increase pH (7-14) o Blood pH = 7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline/basic o Buffers weak acid + its conjugate base accepts H+ (acts as base) when pH drops too low donates H+ (acts as acid) when pH gets too high evens out pH Radioactivity o Isotopes elements have extra neutrons o Used as tracers in diagnostic procedures PET CT NMI Organic compounds o carbohydrates (CnH2nOn) monosaccharides (simple sugars) single glucose molecule disaccharides sucrose (table sugar, glucose + fructose)

polysaccharides long chains of monosaccharides glycogen, starch

o lipids fats glycerol + three fatty acid chains Phospholipids contain phosphorous cell membrane cholesterol cell membrane steroids (hormones testosterone, estrogen) o proteins shaped polypeptide chain pleated sheats, coils amino acids amino group (NH2) acid group (COOH) enzymes catalyze (speed up) reactions substrate o nucleic acids

Chapter 3
Cells o simplest form of life o Cytology Microscopes o compound light 1,000 x stains o scanning electron (SEM) 100,000 x o transmission electron (TEM) a million x Cell structure o Plasma Membrane phospholipid bilayer cholesterol proteins channels transporters receptors enzymes linkers cell identity markers carbohydrates (as glycoprotein, glycolipid)a

microvilli o Nucleus contains DNA in chromosomes loosely packed around protein = chromatin nucleolus assembles ribosomes o Cytoplasm everything else cytosol liquid between organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER o ribosomes (assemble proteins) Smooth ER o synthesize lipids mitochondria produce ATP Golgi apparatus sort, modify, export proteins lysosomes digestive enzymes for worn out organelles, autolysis peroxisomes enzymes for removal of free radicals centrioles function in cell division vesicles Surface organelles o cilia o flagella Protein Synthesis o DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double stranded nucleotides phosphate sugar (deoxyribose) nitrogenous base, A, T, G, C (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) double helix genes o RNA (ribonucleic acid) usually single stranded nucleotides phosphate sugar (ribose) nitrogenous base, A, U (Uracil), G, C mRNAsingle stranded sequence of RNA coded straight from DNA-transcription

rRNAcombined with proteins, makes up ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis tRNAbrings specific amino acids to the ribosome to form proteins as it reads the sequence contained in mRNA-translation

Cell division o Interphaseordinary cellular activity, DNA replication duplicated chromosomes held together at centromere o Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells with half the chromosomes of somatic cells o Mitosis (division of somatic cells) results in two identical daughter cells Prophase DNA condenses Metaphase Chromosomes align at cells center (meta means middle) Anaphase Spindle fibers from centrioles begin to separate duplicated chromosomes Telophase nuclear envelope appears around two sets of DNA at each end of cell, plasma membrane begins to pinch off to create 2 cells Movement of substances o Passive transport (no energy required) Diffusion moves from area of high concentration to low (with the concentration gradient) Osmosis water moves from area of low solute to high solute Filtration external force pushes fluids through Facilitated diffusion diffusion, using transporters in the cell membrane o Active transport transport proteins Endocytosis Phagocytosis o Cells eat things Pinocytosis o Cells sip surrounding fluid Exocytosis Cells throw up things Osmosis affecting cells o Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic solutions o Crenation, hemolysis Cell aging o Radiation exposure, lysosomes, inaccurate DNA replication introduce mutations, alteration of genes o ineffectiveness or reduced effectiveness of proteins (stuff doesnt work as well as it used to)

o mutations in cell cycle regulation (that tell a cell when to dieapoptosis) may result in uncontrolled proliferation and cell division, resulting in a tumor and possibly cancer