Body Force Driven Flows

Writing this equation in polar coordinates and simplifying by using symmetry considerations (similar to those in Couette ow), we obtain K 1 dv v d 2 v + 2 = d2 r r dr r r and dp v2 = (4) dr r Where the K = k/ ( is dynamic viscosity here) is a collective parameter of permeability, charge density, current and dynamic viscosity. We see how the introduction of magnetic eld has made the equation (2) inhomogeneous (the corresponding homogeneous one governs the Couette ow). The equation (3) is easily solved by the method of variation of parameters [?]. The solution is B Kr 1 (ln r + ) (5) r 2 2 For the sake of generality let us assume that the inside and outside cylindrical surfaces (radii R1 and R2 ) are rotating with respective angular velocities 1 and 2 . This provides the necessary boundary conditions and we quickly estimate the constants A and B as v = Ar + A= and B= (2 1 ) +
K 2 (ln R2 1 1 2 R2 R2 1 2 2 2 2 2 R2 1 R1 K R2 ln R2 R1 ln R1 K + 2 2 2 2 R2 R1 2 R2 R1 4

AbstractThis paper is aimed at discussing in brief the effects of various body force elds on the uids ow behaviour. Examples of ows in elds other than that of uniform gravity are enumerated. As an illustration, a simple example of ow of a incompressible, newtonian, ferromagnetic uid around a current carrying conductor is presented and its similarities and differences with Couette ow are brought out. Finally, the reasons for limited applications of such ows are discussed along with their existing and future applications.

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I. I NTRODUCTION We know very well that there are two modes of interaction of matter (assumed to be a continuum) with forces in nature. Through the surface or through the whole volume. Pressure and viscous stresses terms in the basic equations allow us to incorporate the effects of various forces acting at the surface. For a particular uid (having a particular rheological behaviour) these forces can at most vary (directly or indirectly) different boundary conditions to obtain different particular solutions from the same differential equations. As long as the stress-strain response of the material is same, the governing equations will be no different. But, body forces on the other hand are accounted rather directly in the equations. Thus, changing the body force eld does not merely change the boundary conditions, it changes the equations themselves. Here it appears that altering the body force elds more fundamentally alters the ow behaviour. We have been accustomed to uniform eld of gravity. Our trivial or vital examples mostly include the effects of this uniform body force eld or no body force eld at all. Reasons will be soon considers along with counterexamples. Before that we take up a simple example of an incompressible, ferromagnetic, newtonian uid ow in two dimensional annular space having magnetic eld lines in the form of concentric circles. II. A N E XAMPLE OF F LOWS IN M AGNETIC F IELDS Consider the ow of an incompressible, ferromagnetic and newtonian uid inside an annular space. At the centre of the inner cylinder suppose a conductor with a ow of uniform electric current I is placed. So, the magnetic eld produced in the annular space is given by I k (1) = 2r r (Note that is magnetic permeability here) This modies our Navier-Stokes equation to B= DV 1 = p + 2 V + x q B Dt (2)

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ln R1 )

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Thus we have a radial prole of tangential velocity. This is graphed on next page for various values of K and s. The gures are drawn with R1 = 1 m and R2 = 2 m.

Where xq is the charge density of the uid (on per unit mass basis).

Fig. 1: Tangential velocity prole for stationary cylinders

Fig. 2: Tangential velocity prole for rotating outer cylinder

III. O BSERVATIONS FROM THE E XAMPLE In each gure the straight line (K = 0) represents the wall driven Couette Flow. The other curves in both gure gives the idea of how the Couette ow is modied by the presence of magnetic eld. The values of K in each case are only illustrative, they are chosen to highlight the effects of external force eld and do not represent any realistic data. In the rst gure for K = 0 neither there is external eld nor motion of the walls and hence no motion of the uid takes place. But, as the strength of the magnetic eld is enhanced the velocity prole takes the shape depicted in the gure. In this case the motion is purely a consequence of external body force. In the second case the outer cylinder is made to rotate at the rate of 0.2 rad/s (a value deliberately chosen to highlight the relative effects of the two driving forces). For the K = 0 case the magnetic force eld is off and the ow observed is simply the Couette ow caused by the rotation of the outer cylinder. As we switch on the current in the conductor the magnetic eld is established and the ow is modied. Had there not been the limitations discussed in the next section, the above mentioned ow was of remarkable practical importance. We can explore some of them for a while. The ow under consideration is controlled by an external magnetic eld, which in turn is controlled by the current. Thus, it is easier to achieve a controlled ow just by varying the current owing in the conductor instead of regulating the speed of the motor running the cylinder. More interestingly the ow itself is working, in a sense, as a dc motor, thus eliminating the motor from the pumps based on Couette ow. IV. C ONCLUSION Out of the four fundamental forces existing in nature only two are of our interest here. The other two have no direct role to play at the macroscopic level. The remaining two - the gravitational and the electromagnetic forces only require our consideration. Gravitational force is an important factor to be considered in many uid ow phenomena. But, fortunately or unfortunately it is largely out of our control. To the scale our engineering

mostly works, the gravity is uniform. We cannot do much with this incapability of ours. The only controllable body force to have a controlled body force driven ows is electromagnetic force and naturally we have been able to harness it for our purpose in several cases. Indeed a whole branch of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) has emerged. The use of MHD in power generation, liquid metal cooling etc. is wittness of the our success in these ventures. And to mention in passing, befriending of Navier-Stokes and Maxwell has long been an exclusive experience (independent of its practical implications) for academicians. But, the major setback involved in limiting our progress in making ows considered here famous in application oriented areas is the the relatively scarce varieties of uids responsive to these forces. Those available like ferrouids, liquid metals, plasmas etc. have a number of ghostly properties which complicate their analysis and hence application. As an example of such rheological difculties it is worth mentioning that ferrouids, an important class of above mentioned uids behave differently, in terms of shear stress bearing capacity, in absence and presence of magnetic eld. This very fact is enough to regard the example considered here unrealistic. It is hard to nd a newtonian ferromagnetic uid (if it exists!) assumed in the modest forgoing analysis. Its not that gravitation leaves the play altogether. Sometimes alone and sometimes along with electromagnetic forces - the examples of gravitational elds (other than constant g eld) affecting the ow of uids, though rare in engineering problems, are not rare in nature. Nature has a wealth of unsolved mysteries involving these. Geophysical and Astrophysical uid dynamics pose many such challenges for us, challenges that will be necessarily kept at the focus of the foreseeable future researches [?]. R EFERENCES
[1] Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,8th ed. New Delhi, India: Wiley-India, 2006. [2] Andrew M. Soward et al, Fluid Dynamics and Dynamos in Astrophysics and Geophysics Boca Raton,USA: CRC Press, 2005.