IB Historical Investigation TO WHAT EXTENT DID GEORGE KENNAN'S LONG TELEGRAM INFLUENCE TRUMAN'S POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

THE REGENTS SCHOOL PATTAYA THAILAND
TO WHAT EXTENT DID GEORGE KENNANS LONG TELEGRAM INFLUENCE TRUMANS POLICY OF CONTAINMENT?
CANDIDATE NAME: LI CHUN HO CANDIDATE NUMBER: 001408-032 SESSION: MAY 2012 SUBJECT: IB HISTORY HIGHER LEVEL WORD COUNT: 2000
Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level
Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment?
Contents
Criterion A: Plan of the investigation .................................................................................................. 2 Criterion B: Summary of Evidence ...................................................................................................... 3 Criterion C: Evaluation of sources ....................................................................................................... 7 Criterion D: Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 9 Criterion E: Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 13 Criterion F: Sources and word limit .................................................................................................. 14 Appendixes: Appendix 1: Scanned copy of the original Long Telegram read by President Truman. ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Appendix 2: ................................................................................................................................... 37 Truman learns of the Manhattan Project (24th of April, 1945) ..................................................... 37 Appendix 3: ................................................................................................................................... 39 Summary of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: ....................................................................... 39 Appendix 4: Outline of the Clifford-Elsey Report, (Sent to Department of State on 24th of September, 1946) ......................................................................................................................... 42
Criterion A: Plan of the investigation

1 Many history texts on President Trumans containment policies have lacked discussion as to how far 2 George Kennans Long Telegram affected Trumans decision-making. Hence, this investigation
explores: To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy of
3 containment? Was containment inevitable? Did this splendid analysis of Russian behavior guide
Trumans decision-making?
4 5 The key primary sources are Sources of Soviet Conduct and Trumans private papers .Secondary
sources come from John Gaddiss Strategies of Containment and Robert Ferrells Harry S. Truman and the Cold War revisionists.
US-Soviet relations from 1945-1953 will be assessed alongside the analysis of methods used by American participation against incidents undermining capitalism after Kennans telegram, such as the Berlin Blockade. The personal thoughts of Truman and his aides will also be considered.
The investigation will exclude actions taken by Americas allies against Communism and the interactions these leaders had with the President. Word count: 145
1 2 3 4 5
Trumans Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are assumed to be Trumans key policies on containment.
An American embassy official in Moscow, Kennans telegram replied to USs concerns of Soviet western hostility. As claimed by Secretary of State, James F Byrnes in 1947. Kennans Long Telegram, also known as, Article X. Please see Ap pendix 1 This includes diaries and both unsent and sent letters to aides.
Criterion B: Summary of Evidence

Summary of sources related to Americas Cold War policies and Russian actions before Kennans Telegram: Historian John Lewis Gaddis noted President Roosevelts war aims were to, make the Grand
6 7 Alliance [UK, US and USSR] survive Hitlers defeat, and to make Russia dependent on America.
Congress approved Roosevelts lend-lease program. It enabled Roosevelt to provide any countries
8 with defensive articles whose defense was important to America. Roosevelt planned to use quid 9 pro quo approaches to satisfy his intentions after the war. In January 1945, Molotov asked Roosevelt
for a $6 billion post-war loan. Roosevelt replied he would first contact Stalin, which did not occur. Upon Roosevelts death, Harry Truman became President. Roosevelt had rarely discussed foreign policy with Truman, making him ignorant of the Manhattan Project
10 11 and the Presidents agendas .
Truman was more anti-Soviet than Roosevelt and adopted a black-and-white approach towards Russia. When the agreement of free Polish elections was broken, Truman strongly criticized Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister. Truman also wanted to limit economic assistance to Russia. American-Russian relations swiftly deteriorated further. Without informing Russia, Truman dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, hoping to force her surrender. The bombings further inflamed US-USSR
6 7 8
Gaddis, J. (2005) Strategies of Containment. United States of America: Oxford University Press. Page 11 See Appendix 3 for a summary of the Potsdam and Yalta conferences.
Defensive articles can be defined as any resource useful during times of war which also included payments. PBS (2009) Primary Source Lend-Lease Act of 1941 [online]. Community Television of Southern California (KCET). Available from < http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/pdfs/LendLeaseAct.pdf>
This for that in Latin. It does not suggest equality.

th
10 11
US scientists in 1941 began the project, aiming to create the atomic bomb, exploding on 16 July 1945. See Appendix 2 on when Truman was informed of the Manhattan project. Truman mentioned, I was not familiar with any of these things [Roosevelt's meetings with Churchill and th Stalin]. Truman, H. (1945) [Diary- April 12 , 1945]. Washington: Truman.
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? relations, as Stalin perceived it as a demonstration of American military superiority and an attempt to prevent Russian intervention in Japan. It worsened when America unexpectedly ended lend-lease in May 1945. Having the only atomic bomb, Truman felt superior to Russia. Unknowingly, Moscow had infiltrated
12 their atomic operations . This dismantled Trumans atomic diplomacy aiming to exchange atomic
secrets for East-European concessions. Failing to limit Russian expansion into East-Europe, Truman was tired babying the Soviets
13
Summary of sources related to George Kennans Long Telegram and reception: Kennan was an American Embassy official in Moscow and a Soviet specialist. His telegram, Sources of Soviet Conduct dated the 22nd of February, 1946, was sent to the Secretary of State, James Byrnes. It answered the Department of States concerns of Russias growing hostility towards the West. This included Russian refusal to join the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. According to Kennan, America adopted the wrong policy towards Russia during WWII. She partnered with Russia as a key ally against the Axis powers, notably Germany. Kennan discouraged such
14 relations, outlining the inevitable hostility from mutually antagonistic values . Kennan explained the
12
The Truman administration became weary of Stalins unfazed reaction. Secretary of State James Byrnes recalled that, He [Stalin] was glad to hear of the bomb and he hoped we would use it. This worsened distrust st between both states. Byrnes, J. (1947) Speaking Frankly. 1 ed., New York: Harper & Brothers. Page 263
13 14
Truman, H. (1946) [To James F. Byrnes dated January 5 , 1946] (Unsent). Washington: Truman.
th
The first of these concepts is that of the innate antagonism between capitalism and Socialism It must inevitably be assumed in Moscow that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime, Kennan, G. (1947) The Sources of Soviet Conduct.
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? complex logic Moscow followed, by comparing Soviet officials as unamenable to argument or reasonLike the white dog before the phonograph, they hear only the masters voice.
15
16 Kennan believed, instead of making Moscow see logic , America should use a policy, of long-term,
patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.
17
This linked with the
particularized approach, where foreign relations between countries should be built, upon real community of interest and outlook, considering the distrust between America and Russia as allies.
18 The telegram was a splendid analysis of Soviet behavior and commended by Naval Secretary
James Forrestal. To Gaddis, Kennan did more than anyone else to articulate containment as a strategy.
19
15 16 17 18 19
Kennan referred to the famous RCA logo of a dog listening to a phonograph being played.
Since there can be no appeal to common purposes, there can be no appeal to common mental approaches. Kennan, G. (1947) The Sources of Soviet Conduct. Kennan, G. (1947) The Sources of Soviet Conduct. As complimented by Secretary of State, James F. Byrnes. Gaddis, J.L., (2005) Strategies of Containment. 2 ed., United States of America, Oxford University Press.
nd
Page 54
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Summary of sources related to Trumans actions after Kennans Long Telegram: The Truman Doctrine was established to, support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.
20
It permitted America to intervene in
democratic countries whose democracy was threatened by authoritarian forces through providing political, economic and military assistance. The Truman Doctrine speech convinced Congress to allow America to financially and militarily assist Greece and Turkey in battling Communism. Marshall Plan aimed to defeat, hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.
21
By funding war-torn
European nations, it helped prevent them from turning to communism. Initially open to all European countries, ultimately, only West-European countries received the aid; Russia forbade its East European satellites-especially Czechoslovakia and Poland-to partake of it. On 24th June 1948, access to Western zones of West Berlin was blocked, forbidding the supply of necessities and goods. America swiftly responded with Britain in airlifting supplies into West Berlin. Soviet forces ended the blockade in May 1949. Word count: 619
20 21
Truman, H. (1947) The Truman Doctrine. Heard before a Joint Session of Congress, 12 March, 1947. Marshall, G. (1947) The Marshall Aid. Heard before Harvard University, 5 June, 1947.
th
th
Criterion C: Evaluation of sources

Strategies of Containment, by John Lewis Gaddis: John Gaddiss Strategies of Containment is, as the subtitle states, a monograph on American national security policy during the Cold War. It is a critique judging American policies employed to protect capitalistic and democratic values during the Cold War. As the text focuses on security
22 policies, the target audience should already adequately understand the Cold War .
This secondary source was written by Historian Gaddis, a Yale University professor, considered a specialist and post-revisionist of the Cold War. Having published books spanning over three decades, it testifies his devotion to studying this period of tension. Gaddis appears to reliably interpret Kennans Telegram as he interviewed Kennan and is his official biographer. Additionally, it is advantageous by hindsight; Gaddis updated the book in 2005, long after the Cold War ended. Therefore, the book is an entire review of American security policies without excluding important factors, such as the collapse of USSR. It also investigated the argument of the
23 post-revisionists , as Gaddis is a post-revisionist historian. 24 Although the text is, impressive and far-sighted , it is interesting to note the revisionist 25 argument was excluded, even though post-revisionist values derived from revisionism .
22
For example, the excerpt, He *Roosevelt+ had been careful in his handling of Lend -Lease, reparations, a post-war loan, and the atomic bomb, to hold out both the sticks and carrots needed to make a quid pro quo strategy work, contains vocabulary that readers are expected to understand, such as Lend-Lease and quid pro quo.
23
Post-revisionism was developed before the Cold War ended that perceived both America and USSR were equally responsible for instigating the Cold War. Gaddiss post-revisionist views were best expressed in his, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947.
24
As complimented by the Journal of American History at the back cover of the book.
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Revisionists like Gabriel Kolko and Walter LaFeber and Russian historians were not included in the bibliography. As the book centers on post-revisionist thinking it neglected the arguments of
26 revisionists and traditionalists . Therefore the sub-titles critical appraisal is from a post-
revisionist viewpoint. This subjectivity suggests evidence against the post-revisionist argument is ignored. Off the record: the private papers of Harry S. Truman, by Harry S Truman, edited by Robert H Ferrell: The text illuminates the Presidents life, featuring personally written papers: diary entries, letters and memoranda. As the text brings, valuable material on major events of the Truman years to everyone, it can evaluate the actions taken by the administration. It uncovers how willing was Truman to agreeing these actions and his behavior towards Russia. Furthermore, the papers can explore changes in Trumans language upon reading the telegram, whether his writing lifted words or phrases from Kennans Telegram. The primary sources were released by Trumans daughter, Margaret, shortly after Trumans death from closed White House cabinets. Subsequently examined by Truman library archivists, they were collected and edited by Robert Ferrell, a recognized Cold War expert. As each dated entry was written immediately after events, they are a faithful accounting of Trumans attitudes at that particular moment, thusly are accurate snapshots of his opinions. This is enforced with sent and unsent letters. They explored changes in his attitude towards Russia after reading Kennans
25
Revisionism perceives the United States as an empire seeking to influence other countries, established by intense American participation in the Vietnam War that encouraged a misinterpretation of containment. It associates American policies with the Orthodox argument that USSR was the main contributor in starting the Cold War; Soviet expansion into East Europe was believed as the key factor that led to the Cold War.
26
Traditionalism places the responsibility of igniting the Cold War on the USSR and defended American actions. For example, it supported the use of containment.
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? telegram. The sources appear to be authentic and accessible, publicly viewable from the National Archives of the American government. Their mission statement did not indicate any bias. However, because Ferrell recognized having excluded documents, too special to be of interest to
27 present-day readers , without any criteria, one wonders what was omitted. Therefore, publication
bias limits its usefulness. There is potential absence of views Truman might have had that were too special for public interest. Writing is often transcribed into text using optical character recognition scanning. This may be inaccurate. Moreover, they were personal papers that offer part of the whole spectrum of events that needs to be supplemented by other data, such as George Elseys interviews. Word count: 521
Criterion D: Analysis
During President Roosevelts later years, his foreign policy involved cooperating with the USSR to build a Grand Alliance to defeat Hitler. By using Lend-Lease to help defend other countries, Stalin believed he would continue doing so to Russias advantage after the war. However, after Molotov informed Roosevelt of Stalins intentions, no further discussion went underway. This may have misled Russia as Roosevelt initially held a soft stance against Russia: throughout 1943 he accepted shifting the Russian-Polish borders to Russias geopolitical advantage and the Percentages
28 Agreement . This may only have been to ensure Soviet military cooperation against Germany.
27 28
Truman, H. (1997) Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. Ferrell, R. (ed.) United States of America: University of Missouri Press. Page of Acknowledgements Roosevelt had quietly accepted the border changes out of domestic political considerations in fear that by publicly proclaiming his support for it, he would lose support of Polish-Americans whose votes he needed for the 1944 Presidential Elections. The issue of Polish-Russian borders was first discussed at the Tehran th st Conference from 28 of November to 1 of December, 1943. The Percentages Agreement was held during a bilateral meeting in Moscow that agreed Russia may have 90% influence in Romania and 75 % in Bulgaria, and for that Britain receive the benefit of having 90% in Greece.
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Although Roosevelt wanted to use quid pro quo as post-war aims, his death did not permit him to do so himself. Hence, Moscow believed a change of policy occurred when Truman took office.
29 Once President, Truman tried to use quid pro quo . He wanted East-European concessions from
Russia with Americas economic supremacy and atomic monopoly. By ending Lend-Lease and adjusting Russias initial $6 billion loan request after Congress approved $2 billion, he intended to
30 limit the financial power to Russia, especially in times of peace . When the atomic bomb was
operational, Truman mentioned it to Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, hoping to yield East-European concessions. Truman may have used the bomb against Japan by pressuring Russia for concessions in East-Europe. This approach prompted Stalin to believe American foreign policy had changed. Because Truman dropped the bombs on Japan, he broke Roosevelts agreement with Stalin. Further complicating
31 matters, Moscow was startled America abruptly ended Lend-Lease . Stalin was confident America
would help economically rebuild Russia. Therefore, Moscow believed America underwent a dramatic policy change, based on quid pro quo and economic assistance. It also gave Stalin the impression America was indifferent to their fear of Germany. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan convinced Stalin that American policy under Truman
32 was different under Roosevelt. Because Moscow held a different definition of democracy , the
Clare, J. (no date) Personalities at the Conferences: The Big Three at Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam [online] & Available from < http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war4_personalities.htm>
29 30 31 32
Gaddis, J.L., (2005) Strategies of Containment. 2 ed., United States of America, Oxford University Press. Page 15 Ferrell, R., (2006) Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists. United States of America, University of Missouri Press. Page 26 The main intention of Lend-Lease was to ensure German defeat. It became difficult to continue funding Russia during peacetime especially when the differences in post-war aims and ideologies became clear. because there are no capitalists in our country, no landlords, no exploitation, and nobody, in fact, to bring pressure to bear on people in order to distort their will. That is why our elections are the only really free
nd
10
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Truman Doctrine appeared to justify opposing controlled East-Europe. Russia forbade its East33 European satellites to enjoy this plan and created the Molotov Plan.
Trumans impression of Stalin also transformed. This emerged when Russia failed to implement free Polish elections. Russias growing East-European blocs concerned America. Truman was frustrated
34 over the concessions Secretary Byrnes made in December 1945 . Truman furiously vented, Im 35 tired babying the Soviets.
Officials commended Kennans analysis of Soviet behavior. Although George Elsey, Trumans
36 37 military advisor, made sure Truman saw it , he stated earlier he saw it as nothing new . It seems 38 Truman supported Kennans containment as he recalled all copies of the Clifford-Elsey report that 39 proposed military action against Russia, including, atomic and biological warfare . The Truman
Doctrine compelled Congress to assist Turkey and Greece fighting against Communism. This exemplifies language is crucial in conveying political objectives.
and really democratic elections in the whole world. Excerpt of electoral speech delivered by Stalin in the th Bolshoi Theatre, 11 of December, 1937. Available from <http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/SS37.html>
33 34
The Molotov Plan assisted East-European countries under her spheres of influence by rebuilding their economy and reconstruct war-torn countries. Byrnes agreed America would recognize the countries of Romania and Bulgaria when non-Communist ministers were added to the administration. Pillars of Peace (1946) Documents Pertaining To American Interest In Establishing A Lasting World Peace: January 1941-February 1946. United States of America: Book Department, Army Information School, Carlisle Barracks. Page 158-166
35
Truman acknowledged, It *Ethridge Letter+ is full of information on Romania & Bulgaria and confirms our previous information on these two police states. I am not going to agree to the recognition of those th governments unless they are radically changed. Truman, H. (1946) [To James F. Byrnes dated January 5 , 1946] (Unsent). Washington: Truman.
36 37 38 39
Elsey, G., (2009) An unplanned life: a memoir. United States of America, The Curators of the University of Missouri. Page 137 Elsey, G. (1969) Oral History on Containment. Interviewed by: Hess, J., Washington, DC, 7 of July. Available from <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/elsey7.htm#375> Page 375-376 See Appendix 4 for a scanned outline of the Clifford-Elsey report. Elsey, G. and Clifford, C. (1946) The Clifford-Elsey Report.
th
11
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? The Berlin Airlift exhibited the determination of the Allies on containment. However, it must be noted the airlift had merely maintained its Western Zones. It is imaginable that America would have reacted similarly, towards the Berlin Blockade without the introduction of containment. Word count: 508
12
Criterion E: Conclusion
Many, such as Gaddis and Forrestal, suggest Trumans containment policies towards Russia were influenced wholly by Kennans Telegram, reflected by the intentions of his policies in limiting Soviet expansion. This is based on the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. These strategies hindered Soviet expansion and the replacement of free entities to Stalins version of democracy. Trumans recalling of the Clifford-Elsey report, which states otherwise, reaffirms his support for containment. However, it is doubtful the Telegram was instrumental in directing Truman to seek containment. Both the quid pro quo and containment aimed at securing East-European political concessions. Only when Russia refused offers did they became policies America sought to pursue. The Telegram only seemed to voice what politicians wanted to hear. It was, simply expressing publicly in a somewhat blunter
40 fashion... It justified using financial means to deter Russian interests. Although uncertainties exist
on whether greater American understanding of Russian insecurity and a strings-free loan would have ended Russias search for expanding its spheres of influence, the failure of the atomic diplomacy and its unwise choice of a post-war loan with political concessions drove the need for newer policies. Accordingly, it seems substantially although the Telegram was influential towards Trumans policies, it was by no means instrumental. Word count: 207
40
Elsey, G. (1969) Oral History on Containment. Interviewed by: Hess, J., Washington, DC, 7 of July. Available from <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/elsey7.htm#375> Page 376
th
13
Criterion F: Sources and word limit

Books: Brett, P., (2000) The USA and the WORLD, 1917-1945. 4th ed., Great Britain, Hodder & Stoughton Educational. [Cited 18th of May, 2011]. Byrnes, J. (1947) Speaking Frankly. 1st ed., New York: Harper & Brothers. [Cited 18th of July, 2011]. Chernyaev, A. (2000) My six years with Gorbachev. United States of America: Pennsylvania State University Press. [Cited 18th of June, 2011]. Edwards, O., (2004) The USA and the COLD WAR. 4th ed., Great Britain, Hodder & Stoughton Educational. [Cited 18th of May, 2011]. Elsey, G., (2009) An unplanned life: a memoir. United States of America, The Curators of the University of Missouri. [Cited 22nd of May, 2011]. Ferrell, R., (2006) Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists. United States of America, University of Missouri Press. [Cited 23th of July, 2011]. Ferrell, R., (1996) Harry S. Truman: A Life. United States of America, University of Missouri Press. [Cited 23th of July, 2011]. Gaddis, J. (1972) The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. United States of America, Columbia University Press. [Cited 28th of June, 2011]. Gaddis, J.L., (2005) Strategies of Containment. 2nd ed., United States of America, Oxford University Press. [Cited 15th of May, 2011]. Hanhimki, J. and Westad O. (2004) The Cold War: a history in documents and eyewitness accounts. United States of America: Oxford University Press. [Cited 28th of June, 2011]. 14
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Hixson, W., (1989) George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast. United States of America, Columbia University Press. [Cited 22nd of May, 2011]. Lukacs, J., (2007) George Kennan: a study of character. United States of America, Yale University Press. [Cited 24th of July, 2011]. McCauley, M. (1995) The Origins of The Cold War 1941-1949. 2nd ed., Malaysia: Longman Group Limited. [Cited 10th of May, 2011]. Medvedev, Z. and Medvedev, R. (2006) The Unknown Stalin. (Dahrendorf. E, trans). India: Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. [Cited 28th of June, 2011]. Midgley D. and Lefton P. (2007) Barrons SAT Subject Test U.S History. United States of America: Barrons Educational Series, Inc. [Cited 17th of June, 2011]. Todd, A. (2011) History for the IB Diploma: The Cold War Dubai: Cambridge University Press. [Cited 14th of May, 2011]. Truman, H. (1997) Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. Ferrell, R. (ed.) United States of America: University of Missouri Press. [Cited 22nd of May, 2011]. Web pages: Clare, J. (no date) The Long Telegram [online]. [Cited 13th of May, 2011]. Available from <http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war7_Kennan.htm> Institute for Advanced Study. (no date) The Long Telegram [online]. [Cited 10th of May, 2011]. Available from <http://www.ias.edu/people/kennan/the-long-telegram> Koeller, D. (no date) Historical Sources [online]. [Cited 22nd of July, 2011]. Available from <http://www.thenagain.info/classes/basics/usingsources.html>
15
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), United States Federal Government (no date) Vision and Mission [online]. [Cited 27th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.archives.gov/about/info/mission.html> PBS (2009) Primary Source Lend-Lease Act of 1941 [online]. Community Television of Southern California (KCET). [Cited 29th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/pdfs/LendLeaseAct.pdf> The History Guide: Lectures on Twentieth Century Europe. (no date) George Kennan, The Sources of Soviet Conduct (1946) [online]. [Cited 10th of May, 2011]. Available from <http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kennan.html> Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. (1st of March, 2007) Kennans Diplomatic Doctrine [online]. [Cited 29th of May, 2011]. Available from <http://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/kennans-diplomatic-doctrine> Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, the Avalon Project. (no date) Avalon Project-A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-1949-Potsdam Conference. [online]. [Cited 24th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade17.asp> Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, the Avalon Project. (no date) Avalon Project-A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-1949-The Yalta Conference. [online]. [Cited 24th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp> Electronic Journals, articles and contributions: Fakiolas, Efstanthios T. (1998) Kennans Long Telegram and NSC-68: A Comparative Analysis. East European Quarterly, [online]. 31(4) [Cited 28th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/fakiolas.htm>
16
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Williamson, D. (no year) The Cold War. New Perspective [online]. 6(2) [Cited 29th of June, 2011]. Available from http://www.history-ontheweb.co.uk/concepts/coldwar.htm> Paterson, T. (1969) The Abortive American Loan to Russia and the Origins of the Cold War, 19431946. Journal of American History [online]. 56(1) [Cited 26th of July, 2011]. Available from <http://www.jstor.org/pss/1902064> Government and other Official Publications: Russian Foreign Intelligence Declassified archives (October 1945) Bomb of HE (High Explosive) Type and To comrade L.P Beria. (Anon, trans). [Cited 22nd of May, 2011]. Available from <http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/News/Voprosy2.html> Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Cold War International History Project (March 1994) New Evidence on the Soviet Rejection of the Marshall Plan, 1947: Two Reports. United States of America (Ostermann Report). [Cited 25th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB73.pdf> US Department of State (22nd of February, 1946) Incoming Telegram (George Kennan to James Byrnes [Long Telegram]). [Cited 10th of May, 2011]. Available from <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/index.php?docume ntdate=1946-02-22&documentid=6-6&studycollectionid=&pagenumber=1> Interviews: Elsey, G. (1969) Oral History on Containment. Interviewed by: Hess, J., Washington, DC, 7th of July. [Cited 29th of June, 2011]. Available from <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/elsey7.htm#375>
17
Appendixes:
Appendix 1: Scanned copy of the original Long Telegram read by President Truman.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Appendix 2: Truman learns of the Manhattan Project (24th of April, 1945)
37
38
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Appendix 3: Summary of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: Essential points of agreement at the Yalta Conference: World Organization: United Nations set up, principles with basis of voting and territorial leadership adopted. Declaration of Liberated Europe approved: Atlantic Charter is adopted, securing liberated people from Nazism. They are to also benefit from principles of national self-determination, free democratic elections, and methods to sustain internal peace be pursued. Dismemberment of Germany: committee to examine the procedure taken for dismemberment set up with the likelihood of implementing French opinion. Zone of occupation for the French and control council for Germany: the previous zones of British and American control are formed as a zone under French occupation and allocation. Reparations: to be extracted from Germany with the intention to eliminate war potential, first given to countries sustaining great damage as of German aggression and those who greatly contributed to Allied victory. Reparations to be extracted in three forms; national wealth in Germany or wealth of Germany abroad, annual delivery of goods produced and acquisition of German labor. Poland: current provisional government is reorganized with principles of universal suffrage adapted as soon as possible. Yugoslavia: On the question of the building of Yugoslav-Bulgarian relations, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov agreed with the proposal of Secretary of State Stettinius to have include the British and American ambassadors in the discussion with Molotov on whether a country under armistice may be permitted to be a signatory of a treaty under another country. Iran: It was agreed that the current situation of Iran be discussed under the diplomatic channel.
39
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Three Foreign Secretaries Meeting: The three foreign secretaries will meet at a regular basis once in a few months. During their next meeting, they should discuss the Montreaux Convention. Japan: Land rights and borders were changed along with land originally belonging to Japanese Sovereignty handed over to Russia. Essential Points of agreements at the Potsdam Conference: Council of foreign ministers: A council of foreign ministers should be established between the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France and the United States with the view to manage postwar treaties. Treatment of Germany politically: Germany should be completely disarmed and demilitarized with the Nazi party, its laws, should be no longer in existence, while the rest of the population should be treated fairly with equality. Treatment of Germany economically: Although split into different economic zones, Germany should be treated as a single economic unit and decentralized, where economic sectors should be focused on agriculture and domestic industries. Reparations from Germany: Reparations should be extracted from each zone in Germany. Russia should receive extra reparations from the Western zones. Future of German navy and merchant ships: Existing ships and submarines from the German navy should be equally split among Russia, UK and the United States. Remaining ships should be sunk. City of Koenigsberg and immediate areas: the western frontier of Russia opposite the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the Bay of Danzig north of BraunsbergGoldap, to the meeting points including the frontiers of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and East Prussia. Reparations from Austria: Austria should not pay any reparations. 40
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Peace Treaties to the UN: The irregular positions of Italy, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, and Romania should be ended by the peace treaties. German populations: The transfer of the German population from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary should be done in a peaceful and orderly manner. Iran: Allied troops should withdraw from Tehran without delay. Satellite reparations: Satellites should not sign treaties limiting Allied Nationals to freedom of the industry and trade. Any prior arrangements that oppose this should be changed.
Adapted and selectively paraphrased from:
Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, the Avalon Project. (no date) Avalon Project-A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-1949-Potsdam Conference. [online Available from <http://www.avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade17.asp> Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, the Avalon Project. (no date) Avalon Project-A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-1949-The Yalta Conference. [online]. Available from <http://www.avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp>
41
To what extent did George Kennans Long Telegram influence Trumans policy on containment? Appendix 4: Outline of the Clifford-Elsey Report, (Sent to Department of State on 24th of September, 1946)
42
43
44
45

IB Historical Investigation TO WHAT EXTENT DID GEORGE KENNAN'S LONG TELEGRAM INFLUENCE TRUMAN'S POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

IB Historical Investigation TO WHAT EXTENT DID GEORGE KENNAN'S LONG TELEGRAM INFLUENCE TRUMAN'S POLICY OF CONTAINMENT

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

THE REGENTS SCHOOL PATTAYA THAILAND

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Criterion A: Plan of the investigation

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Criterion B: Summary of Evidence

This for that in Latin. It does not suggest equality.

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.

This linked with the

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

It permitted America to intervene in

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Criterion C: Evaluation of sources

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Criterion F: Sources and word limit

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012

Word Count: 2000 IB History Higher Level

Candidate Name: Li Chun Ho Candidate Number: 001408-032 Session: May 2012