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Computer Networks
Lecture-5, January 21, 2013 Rahul Banerjee, PhD (CSE)
Professor, Department of Computer Science & Information Systems
E-mail: rahul@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Interaction Points
Architecture of the Internet What is the Internet today? Of Network Architectures & Network Reference Models Current State-of-the-art and Evolving Research Directions
From Clusters and Grids to Clouds Wearable Computing Ubiquitous or Pervasive Computing
Applica7on
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data
Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
5
Layer-4
Layer-3
Layer-2 Layer-1
Application Layer
Upper
Layer-to-
Lower
Layer
Interface
Host-1
Host-2
21/01/13
Current Status:
It is loosely hierarchical. Has no single body that owns it or rigidly controls it. --Mostly run through volunteer efforts and by consensus. Runs several services, in a distributed manner, including the immensely popular World-Wide Web. Is helped by global cooperation including those from governments and corporates apart academia 21/01/13 (c)
Dr.
Rahul
Banerjee,
BITS
Pilani,
from INDIA
8
Currently, the TCP/IP stack is the dominant protocol stack over which the Internet runs. Keeping the needs of expansion and improvement, this protocol family has continually evolved over last 30+ years.
Current version of IP is IPv6, although IPv4 is still dominant in use.
(c)
Dr.
Rahul
Banerjee,
BITS
Pilani,
INDIA
21/01/13
The Internet Layer The Host-to-Network Interface Link-Layer as per OSI Reference Model LLC Sub-layer MAC Sub-layer Physical layer
11
SHARED BUS
N1
N2
N3
N4
12
The original Ethernet protocol proposed and implemented by Robert Metcafe was actually based on 1-p CSMA/CD protocol It did have a scheme that allowed greedy access to the channel by a station which led to lower efficiency Schemes like Random Back-off / Exponential Backoff were devised to improve the efficiency to a certain extent
21/01/13
13
An
Ethernet
LAN
Personal
Computer
WorkstaPon
Workstation WorkstaPon
14
C
C
15
C
C
16
NC22
NR
17
N4
S
N3
N2
Switch
C
18
19
Networks: A set of autonomous compute/communicaPon nodes interconnected for the purpose of meaningful resource sharing, require supporPng protocol stacks, not transparent to the users Clusters Homogeneous (pla[orm / OS), all involved nodes o]en belong to a single enPty and frequently designed for high-performance compuPng, may be limited to one or more racks within the same room (example: HPC clusters), easiest to deploy and manage Grids O]en heterogeneous (pla[orm / OS), Frequently spread over mulPple networks and network types, may involve single or mulPple organizaPons, require greater eort in deployment and administraPon Clouds May be public, private and hybrid, support mulPple levels of abstracPons / virtualizaPon, typically spread over wide areas, expected to be transparent to the user, oer the highest levels of redundancy / availability,
VirtualizaPon is the underlying common technology involved in all the three paradigms Networking is the key enabler ingredient in each of these cases Cost-eecPveness, robustness and scalability improve as we move from cluster to cloud but overheads and internal complexity add up
References
Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie: Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Fifth Edition, Morgan Kaufmann / Elsevier, New Delhi, 2011. <System design approach> S. Keshav: Computer Networking: An Engineering Approach, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 1997. A. S. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2012. <Conceptual Approach> Y. Zheng and S. Akhtar: Networks for Computer Scientists and Engineers, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. <Structural approach> A. Leon Garcia and I. Widjaja: Communication Networks: Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2004. Mohammed G. Gouda: Elements of Network Protocol Design, Wiley Student Edition, John Wiley & Sons (Pte.) Ltd., Singapore, 2004. Thomas G. Robertazzi: Computer Networks and Systems: Queuing Theory and Performance Evaluation, Third Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000. <Analytical approach>
21/01/13
28
Summary
Intranet: Completely private network of networks
Wireline Wireless
Fixed Mobile
Hybrid
Hybrid
Concluding remarks
Networking
support
of
some
kind
is
already
inside
most
of
the
operaPng
systems
we
use
today
in
variety
of
forms
on
Notebooks,
Laptops,
WorkstaPons
and
Servers.
All
Smart- phones
and
several
set-top
boxes
support
it
too.
Subsequent
lectures
shall
introduce
you
to
the
following
topics:
Network
Architectures
Performance
Quality
of
Service
Reliability
Security
21/01/13
30
References
Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie: Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Fifth Edition, Morgan Kaufmann / Elsevier, New Delhi, 2011. <System design approach> S. Keshav: Computer Networking: An Engineering Approach, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 1997. A. S. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2012. <Conceptual Approach> Y. Zheng and S. Akhtar: Networks for Computer Scientists and Engineers, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. <Structural approach> A. Leon Garcia and I. Widjaja: Communication Networks: Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2004. Mohammed G. Gouda: Elements of Network Protocol Design, Wiley Student Edition, John Wiley & Sons (Pte.) Ltd., Singapore, 2004. Thomas G. Robertazzi: Computer Networks and Systems: Queuing Theory and Performance Evaluation, Third Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000. <Analytical approach>
21/01/13
(c) Dr. Rahul BRahul anerjee, BITS Pilani, INDIA Dr. Banerjee, BITS, Pilani (India)
31
31
Identification 16-bit
Flags 3-bit
TTL 8-bit
32
Frames
can
take
dierent
formats
and
sizes
depending
upon
the
protocol
in
quesPon
Frames
do
include
elds
like
synchronizaPon,
addressing,
payload,
control-informaPon
etc.
Frame
Forwarding
The
process
of
moving
frames
from
one
port
to
another
in
a
bridge
or
switch.
34 (c) Dr. Rahul Banerjee, BITS, Pilani, India
36
hmp://www.javvin.com/pics/10GigE.gif&imgrefurl=hmp://www.javvin.com/protocol10GigE.html&usg=__VuNx4T-UphUAzm- _AEsDqMqvzLQ=&h=374&w=576&sz=34&hl=en&start=10&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JlvKsLiP2xuOfM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgigabit%2Bethernet%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Do%26um%3D1
hmp://www.ovislinkcorp.co.uk/linkd.GIF
Summary
of
Dierences
Between
L-2
Switches,
Routers
(L-3)
and
L-3
Switches
Bridges
and
Layer-2
switches
divide
the
network
into
segments
or
micro-segments
(apart
from
helping
in
Layer-2
protocol
translaPon,
management,
security
etc.)
In
eect,
we
can
say
that
Layer-2
Switches
/
Bridges
separate
collision
domains
Layer-2
Switches
/
Bridges
can
carry
out
protocol
translaPons
21/01/13
(c)
Dr.
Rahul
Banerjee,
SDET
Unit,
BITS- Pilani,
INDIA
38
Summary
of
Dierences
Between
L-2
Switches,
Routers
(L-3)
and
L-3
Switches
Routers
are
Layer-3
devices
who
handle
Layer-3
packet
rouPng
within
and
outside
the
local
network
/
internetwork
and
therefore
eecPvely
separate
broadcast
domains
which
end
at
its
dierent
network
interfaces
each
of
which
carries
a
separate
Subnet-idenPer
/
Subnet-address
(apart
from
Layer-3
protocol
translaPon,
monitoring,
security
and
management)
Thus,
in
eect,
we
can
say
that:
Routers
Separate
broadcast
domains
(each
of
such
broadcast
domains
which
end
at
its
dierent
network
interfaces
each
of
which
carries
a
separate
Subnet-idenPer
/
Subnet-address
)
Routers
can
carry
out
interior
rouPng
and
/
or
exterior
rouPng,
depending
upon
their
locaPon
in
the
network
Routers
can
carry
out
protocol
translaPons
(in
terms
of
protocol-specic
packet
formats
as
well
as
in
terms
of
allowing
appropriately
formamed
selecPve
data
specic
to
rouPng
protocols
they
may
support).
21/01/13
(c)
Dr.
Rahul
Banerjee,
SDET
Unit,
BITS- Pilani,
INDIA
39
Summary
of
Dierences
Between
L-2
Switches,
Routers
(L-3)
and
L-3
Switches
Layer-3
switches
are
devices
which
can
handle
all
funcPonaliPes
of
Layer-2
Switches
as
well
as
fast
(o]en
based
on
header/tag/label
switching)
Layer-3
packet
rouPng
within
but
not
outside
the
local
network
/
internetwork;
and
therefore,
eecPvely
separate
broadcast
domains
which
end
at
its
dierent
LAN
interfaces
each
of
which
carries
a
separate
Subnet-idenPer
/
Subnet- address
(apart
from
opPonal
Layer-3
protocol
translaPon,
monitoring,
security
and
management)
Thus,
in
eect,
we
can
say
that:
L-3
Switches
Separate
broadcast
domains
(each
of
such
broadcast
domains
which
end
at
its
dierent
LAN
interfaces
each
of
which
carries
a
separate
Subnet- idenPer
/
Subnet-address
)
L-3
Switches
can
carry
out
fast
interior
rouPng
/
packet-switching
o]en
based
on
header/tag/label
switching
Layer-3
Switches,
opPonally,
can
carry
out
protocol
translaPons
(in
terms
of
protocol-specic
packet
formats).
21/01/13
(c)
Dr.
Rahul
Banerjee,
SDET
Unit,
BITS- Pilani,
INDIA
40
41
Fixed Lasers
1 2
Optical Electronic Receivers Switches Linecard 1 MxL Crossbar Linecard 2 Linecard L Group 1 2
1 2 3
LxM Crossbar
GxG MEMS
LxM Crossbar
3 M
GxG MEMS 3
1 2 3 M
GxG MEMS M
Rahul Banerjee