HEAT BALANCE EXERCISES 1.

Dry solid fuel (no moisture) with the composition C 85%, H 12% dan S 3% is burned in the furnace. The fuel does not contain ash at all. Orsat analysis of the stack gas is shown as follows: CO2 13.03% and CO 0.38%. Air and solid fuel enter the furnace at 25C, and the stack gas temperature is 340C. Calculate excess air and thermal efficiency of the furnace. CO + 0,5 O2 CO2 H2O (liquid) H2O (gas) HHV 6800 cal/gram. Mean specific heat: N2 7 O2 7.3 H2O 8 CO2 10 CO 7.1 SO2 8.2

HR,298 = - 67636 cal H298 = 10520 cal

2. This catalytic reaction is run adiabatically in a fixed bed reactor: CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O (exothermic) CH4 + 2 H2O CO2 + 4 H2 (endothermic) Oxygen from air totally reacts, and methane-steam feed has a ratio of CH4 : H2O = 1:1 (mol/mol). Methane-steam enters the reactor at 220C, while air enters at 25C. The reactors effluent has a temperature of 500C. If the total conversion of methane is 60%, calculate the air needed per mol of methane feed and the composition of effluent. Hf,298K (cal/mol) - 17,889 - 94,051 - 57,798 ------Cp average (cal/mol/K) 11.5 10.8 8.5 7.5 7.2 7.0

CH4 CO2 H2O (gas) O2 N2 H2

3. Adiabatic reaction of NH3 oxidation is conducted at gas phase: NH3 + O2 NO + H2O (complete the stoichiometric coefficient!) NH3 is completely oxidized. Air and NH3 gas are charged into the reactor at 40C. The reactor effluent is 950C. How much air is charged into the reactor? hf,298 (cal/mol) - 11000 - 57798 21600 ----Cp mean 6.7 8.2 8.1 6.7 6.8

NH3 H2O NO N2 O2

4. Hydrocarbon fuel is burned with excess air in the combustion chamber. Orsat analysis of flue gas shows that flue gas consists of: CO2 10.2% ; CO 1% ; O2 8.4% and the rest is N2.

Air and fuel enter the chamber at 25C, and the combustion takes place adiabatically. Calculate % excess air and exit flue gas temperature! HHV of fuel is 10500 cal/gram. Average Cp can be taken at Exercise no. 1! 5. Gas with the composition CH4 40%, CO 30% and H2 30% is burned adiabatically, with 300% excess air. Gas and air enter the burner at 25C. Calculate adiabatic flame temperature. Hf,298K (cal/mol) - 17,889 -26,415 - 94,051 - 57,798 ------Cp average (cal/mol/K) 11.5 7.2 10.8 8.5 7.5 7.2 7.0

CH4 CO CO2 H2O (gas) O2 N2 H2

6. In the manufacture of nitric aicd, NH3 is adiabatically oxidized with air. NH3 + O2 NO + H2O (complete the stoichiometric coefficient!) NH3 gas enters the reactor at NA0 mol/hr, and the ratio of NH3 : air = 1 : 9 (mol/mol). The reaction rate of ammonia is rA = k(CNH3)(CO2) mol/(L.hr). Develop differential equation for conversion XA and temperature T under steady-state process in tubular reactor! dXA/dz and dT/dz. 7. Liquid as much as 5 m3 in stirred tank vessel is heated in batch operation. The vessel is equipped with heating coil: heat transfer area 3 m2 and overall heat transfer coefficient UD = 4200 cal/(m2.hr.C). Liquid density is 0.95 g/cc and its specific heat is 0.3 cal/(g.C). The initial temperature of liquid in the stirred tank is 30C, and the target temperature is 110C. Steam is used as heating mdium, which condenses in the coil at 150C (constant). Due to poor pipe fitting and connection in the outlet stream, there is leak flow from the effluent stream, around 0.3 m3/hr. The volume of liquid in the tank is maintained by feeding the fresh liquid into the tank, at the flowrate of 0.3 m3/hr and 30C. How long is the target temperature reached?