Social Studies Agriculture the science and art of crop and livestock production - Covers a wide range of activities

s associated with the production of plants and animals Factors that influence the kind of agriculture: 1. Climate 2. Soil 3. Topography 4. Nearness to market 5. Transportation facilities 6. Land costs 7. Other economic variables 3 Major Patterns of Agricultural development 1. Traditional subsistence farming o Farmers cultivate land and plant crops primarily to feed the members of his household o Kaingin, slash-and-burn 2. Modernizing Farmers produce not only to feed its household but to produce enough surplus to be traded in the market for cash or exchange for other commodities. o Uses fertilizers, harvesting, threshing and milling 3. Modern Agricultural agricultural processes are specialized and are characterized by a large portion of the product being produced for commercial purposes o Uses a highly mechanized farm system IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ECONOMY 1. Source of food for the economy 2. Source of cash crops used by households, industries and foreign buyers 3. Source of foreign exchange 4. Source of employment for a portion of the labor force 5. Source of a potential market for the products of the other economic sectors Land Tenure System The system of land ownership in the agricultural sector 5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAND TENURE 1. Full owners are those people who own all the land which they work on. 2. Part owners are farm operators who own a part of the land they work on

while they hold the remaining portion as tenants. 3. Tenants farm operators who rent or lease from others the land they cultivate 4. Cash Tenants Farmers that pay cash as rent for their use of the land 5. Share of produce tenants tenants that give the owner of the land a share of their harvest as agreed upon beforehand. 6. Fixed-amount-of-produce-tenants these farmers pay rent in the form of a fixed quantity of the harvest agreed upon by the owner and the tenant 7. Cash and fixed amount of produce tenants pay rent for using the land in a mix of cash payment a fixed portion of the harvest agreed upon 8. Cash and share of produce tenants tenants who pay the owner of the land a combination of cash and a portion of the harvest agreed beforehand by both parties. 9. Rent free tenants tenants who till land with the consent of the owner without having to pay rent in cash or kind 10. Farm managers these individuals supervise the day-to-day operations of large farms and receive wages, a salary or part of the harvest for their service 11. Farm operators they operate farms under the conditions other than those previously mentioned