Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Dr.-Ing. Naseem Uddin
Mechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Technology

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

1 Introduction 2 Continuity Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

3 Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations Chapter 5(RTT) and 6 Munson etal.

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Basic laws of Physics

1 Law of conservation of mass Continuity Equation 2 Law of conservation of momentum Navier-Stokes Equation 3 Law of conservation of energy Energy Equation

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Mass cannot be created or destroyed. This laws for an innitesimal control volume or region is called Continuity equation. Figure shows the mass balance for a xed volume element in 2-dimensions (x,y plane). Depth is unity.

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Velocity in x direction u = u(x,y,z,t) Velocity in y direction v= v(x,y,z,t) Velocity in z direction w= w(x,y,z,t) Density = (x,y,z,t) Size: dx & dy Mass ow rate (m )= velocity normal to surface surface area m x /unit area= .u m y /unit area= .v m z /unit area= .w

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Net mass ow rate = rate of mass accumulation/decrease in CV . Using Taylor series (neglecting higher order terms) we have: Net mass out-ow rate = 1 u 1 u dx dy u dx dy 2 x 2 x 1 v 1 v dy dx v dy dx + v + 2 y 2 y u + Mass decrease in CV = dxdy t (2)

(1)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Simplify and we get: (u) (v ) + + =0 t x y For three dimensions: (u) (v ) (w) + + + =0 t x y z + .v = 0 t where v = ui + v j + wk (4) (3)

(5)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Reynolds Transport Theorem

A system of uid is passing through a ow eld V(x,y,z,t). The streamlines are shown in gure and system takes a new position in time t+ t. An extensive sytem property N is changing in the system. is N per unit mass.

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Three distinct regions are: I - System at time t II- System passing III- System at time t+ t dN = Limt0 dt dN = Limt0 dt (NIII + NII )t+t (NI + NII )t t (6)

[(NII )t+t (NII )t ] + (NIII )t+t (NI )t t (7) [(NII )t+t (NII )t ] t t

Limt0

d
CV

(8)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

Net eux rate= Limt0 (NIII )t+t (NI )t t (9)

The volume of uid that swept out of area dA in time dt is: d = V dt dA cos or d = (V.dA) Eux rate through control surface = V.dA
CS
Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

(10)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Dierential formulation Integral formulation of Continuity Equation

dN = dt

V.dA +
CS

d
CV

(11)

Now as = N/mass we have =1 (in case of mass). dM =m = dt for incompressible ows: m =

CS

V.dA +
CS

d
CV

(12)

V.dA

(13)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

1 Body forces fb (gravitational, magnetic etc.) 2 Surface forces fs (pressure, forces due to shear & normal stresses) F = m.a F = m. Du Dt Du Dt (14) (15) (16) (17)

F = ..

F Du = fb + fs = Dt

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

There are two types of stresses, Normal strsses ( ) and shear stresses ( ).

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

Forces due to surface stresses

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

Net force in x direction= (yx ) (xx ) dxdy + dxdy x y Du (xx ) (yx ) (zx ) = fx + + + Dt x y z (18)

(19)

for y direction: (yy ) (xy ) (zy ) Dv = fy + + + Dt y x z (20)

for z direction: Dw (zz ) (yz ) (xz ) = fz + + + Dt z y x (21)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

Relation between stresses and velocity gradients

xx =

2 u + 2 +A 3 x 2 v + 2 +A 3 y 2 w + 2 +A 3 z = u v w + + x y z

xy = xz = yz =

v u + x y w u + x z w v + y z

yy = zz =

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

For simple ows A= - thermodynamic pressure = - Pthermo Average pressure = 1 P = (xx + yy + zz ) 3 It is related to thermodynamic pressure as: P = + Pthermo For constant density ows is zero! u 2 xx = P + 2 3 x 2 v yy = P + 2 3 y 2 w zz = P + 2 3 z
Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

(22)

(23)

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

Navier-Stokes Equations

Du u u u u 1 P = +u +v +w = + 2 u + fx Dt t x y z x Dv v v v v 1 P = +u +v +w = + 2 v + fy Dt t x y z y

(24)

(25)

Dw w w w w 1 P = +u +v +w = + 2 w + fz (26) Dt t x y z z

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Outline Introduction Continuity Equation Navier-Stokes Equation

Balance of forces Constitutive Relations of Stokes Dierential formulation Integral formulation of momentum equations

dN = dt

V.dA +
CS

d
CV

(27)

Now as = N/mass we have =V (in case of momentum). dM omentum = F orce = dt t

VV.dA +
CS

Vd (28)
CV

Dr.-Ing. Naseem UddinMechanical Engineering Department NED University of Engineering & Te Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics