INTRODUCTION STELLA or simulation in teaching and learning is a one of the ways or approach to give the student better understanding

with the topic that difficult to explain. Then, we can illustrate it with this simulation so that they can understand better. Actually, it is not only can make student understand better but can make teacher work more easily. With this approach also the student gets more excited to learn because they can explore with themselves. Teachers just give the instruction to them and let them do for their own self. Teachers become a facilitator that just monitor and help them not teach anymore. They will learn for their own self and find the answer for each question that has been given. They can make a discussion with their group regarding the topic they are learn so that it will make them understand better. In addition, the modeling and simulation is one of the domain skills in information and communication technology (ICT) that we can use in teaching learning process to make the session it is more interesting and enjoyable for all student. A model is defined as a mathematical object that has the ability to predict the behavior of a real system under a set of defined operating conditions and simplifying assumptions while simulation is defines as the process of exercising a model for a particular instantiation of the system and specific set of inputs in order to predict the system response. In other words modeling and simulation is the use of models, including emulators, prototypes, simulators, and simulators, either statically or over time, to develop data as a basis for making managerial or technical decisions. The terms modeling and simulation are often used interchangeably. Modeling and simulation is a discipline for developing a level of a understanding of the interaction of the part of the system, and of the system as a whole. The level of understanding which may be developed via this discipline is seldom achievable via any other discipline. A system is understood to be an entity which maintains its existence through the interaction of its parts. A model is a simplified representation of the actual system intended to promote understanding. A simulation generally refers to a computerized version of the model which is run over time to study the implications of the defined interactions. Simulations are generally iteration in their development. One develops a model, stimulates it, learns from the simulation, revise the model and continues the iteration until an adequate level of understanding is developed.

STELLA is a flexible computer modeling package with an easy, intuitive interface that allows users to construct dynamic models that realistically simulate biological systems (visit the High Performance System website for more information). Given the combination of ease of use and modeling power, the STELLA system is ideal to interface with student investigative experiences. In its most basic form, modeling in STELLA proceeds in three steps:

constructing a qualitative model, parameter it, and exploring the model's dynamics. Stella presents 4 model building blocks that are used in the modeling process such as stocks, flows, connectors and converters.

Stocks: The basic building block is the stock that is used to represent anything that accumulates (populations, biomass, nutrients, and water). These are tangible, countable, physical accumulations. You can also use stocks to represent the degree of non-physical accumulations such as knowledge or fear. Flows: flows are used to represent activities that lead to inputs and outputs to stocks. Flows include births, migration and nutrient or biomass transport. These activities will change the magnitude of stocks in the system. Connectors: connectors transmit information to regulate flows. Connectors can connect into flows or converter but never into stocks. Only flows affect the magnitude of stocks. However, connectors can affect both inputs and output flows.

Converters: Converters contain equations that generate an output value during each time interval of a simulation. Converters often take in information and transform it for use by another variable in the model. They are also handy for storing constant values.

Steps to Constructing a STELLA Model: 1. Constructing a Model: To build a qualitative model, modelers first define stocks. Stocks represent anything that can accumulate or change in number (populations, biomass, nutrient content, water, etc...) and are related to the biological question of interest (i.e., represent the important dependent variables and other variables that influence them). In addition to tangible, physical accumulations, stocks can represent degrees of non-physical entities such as knowledge. Next, users construct links to variables that affect the size of the stocks. These are usually direct inputs or outputs modeled using flows. For example in a population, births would represent a flow into the population. The magnitude of these flows can be adjusted by converters using links or be affected by the size of stocks in a density-dependent manner. During this first modeling step, students are forced to consider what the essential elements of the biological problem are, and how they qualitatively influence one another. Their resulting models are not unlike concept maps. 2. Parameter the Model: During the second modeling step, students quantify the relationships among elements in their model. STELLA allows both linear and non-linear relationships to be expressed. Once again, students need to apply their understanding of the biological problem to assist in this process. 3. Exploring Model Dynamics: The last step of the modeling exercise is to explore the model output. Modelers generate output in tabular and/or graphical form to explore quantitative or qualitative outcomes. Also, modelers can manipulate parameters easily and perform sensitivity analysis.

This modeling and simulation application can be used Stella software to understand the simulation and make a prediction. The topic that can be used Stella software such as balloon problem, plant succession, pharmacokinetics and others. This time it will focus on pharmacokinetics which is branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. So, from this simulation we will observe the relationship between amounts of dosage that take by human with the level of blood concentration. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients and toxins. In other words, pharmacokinetics is concerned about with the movement of drug within the body including the process of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation and excretion. In this simulation and modeling approach it will more understands regarding the pharmacokinetics process. In the illustration, a simple interactive simulation lays the foundation for understanding the basic process of drug-physiology interaction. Generally, the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of too much or to little drug in our bloodstream. The objectives of this simulation are to keep the concentration of the drug in the therapeutic range.

Picture 1 The picture above shows that the pattern of the graph when the simulation started without any changing of the manipulated variable. Based on the picture above we can see that have two parameter will influence the blood concentration in the body. Seems that we use only same person for our sample in this experiment therefore the initial body weight in pounds does not change in this experiment which is constant 150 pounds. While, we just change the other parameter which is amount of dosage in (mg) that will take by our sample. Since this experiment very dangerous if we carry out this real experiment because the person will take a drug with the different amounts. So, we can use this stimulation rather than use a person to take a dosage of drug to avoid any bad event to happen. For a starting point, the dosage of drug is 0 mg as a initial condition before the person take a drug which means the person are free from drug or do not take any medicine that have drug. After that, we running the experiment without change any value to the model; we get a graph as shown as above. From the graph we can says that the blood concentration of the person is a normal stage because there is no drug was inserted into the bloodstream. Hence, the pattern of the graph is constant or has a straight line.

Picture 2 Now, the body was inserted 200mg dosage of drug to see its response in the bloodstream. From the graph we can see there is no response yet because the amount of dosage does not that much it means that the dosage is under control. The blood concentration in the body also in the normal stage does not have any affect by the dosage that inserted in the body. So, the body can accept the amount dosage of drug. It still does not happen anything the blood concentration in the body.

Picture 3

The picture 3 shows that the graph has a changing with the blood concentration which is a little bit go up and then it slowly reduce the blood concentration in the body. The amount of dosage is 400mg it is little bit higher than the previous graph so that the concentration of the blood is higher. It means that, the body give a response when we adding the dosage of drug and inserted in the body. The effect is appearing when the blood concentration was growing up and then slowly going downward.

Picture 4 The picture shows the changing of the graph that represent the blood concentration increase slightly and almost reach the therapeutic concentration when we inserted the amount dosage of drug is 1000mg. it is more higher than before to see what happen to the blood concentration in the body. From the graph, we can make a prediction that when we adding more dosage it will increase gradually. It means that the relationship between amount of dosage and blood concentration is directly proportional to each other. In overall, we can say that this dosage puts the concentration exactly at the therapeutic level for almost all the time. Since that is the goal of the physician this seems to be an ideal dosage for the body. It is not dangerous to our body when we take it.

Picture 5 As shown as in the picture above we can see that ascending drastically when we adding the dosage of drug in the body. The concentration is higher rather than the previous picture but the pattern is still the same. The graph with the red colors goes up near to constant graph with blue colors. It is almost reach up the minimum therapeutic concentration which means the dosage of drug that inserted into the body was reacted with the body system that make it the concentration of the blood was higher than the normal stage. Then, we will see that what will be happen if we rise up the amount of dosage that will inserted in the body.

Picture 6 The picture shows that it was the highest amount of dosage that can be inserted in the human body and the reaction will occur in the body system. It will make change of blood concentration in the body. From the graph we can observed that the blood concentration was reach and pass through the minimum therapeutic concentration which is highest than previous picture. The reaction of drug in the body was faster and the effect was immediately formed when we injected the drug in the body. But it will slowly decrease the blood concentration over time. From this graph we can make our own prediction if we inserted the amount of dosage of drug

into the body greater than 2000mg. we can predict what will be happen to the blood concentration in the human body. It will gradually increase and reach the toxic concentration it means that our body already reaches the toxic of blood concentration and it will cause death. So that, for the pharmacist it will do this simulation before they create a medicine. From this simulation they can know amount of dosage of drug that can be human body accepted without any harmful in their body.

CONCLUSION As conclusion, this simulation is not only can be used by student and teachers but also other professions such as pharmacist to create a medicine to their patient. It is good simulation because we can make a prediction before we carry out the experiment. For pharmacist it will do this simulation to know appropriate dosage that can insert into the human body. So that, it will help them to make sure there is no mistake when create a medicine for patient. The sample also not a real human which are very dangerous to make testing on the human body. So, from this simulation we can avoid any bad that will happen. For teachers it will make their teaching are very interesting and can motivate the student to learn and learn. The student has high motivation to study by using this simulation. They are very enjoy and excited to do the simulation and can make their assumption or prediction for their own self. They also can make a conclusion regarding the topic they are learn.