1

Dynamic Frequency Control Support: a Virtual Inertia Provided by Distributed Energy Storage to Isolated Power Systems
Gauthier Delille, Member, IEEE, Bruno Franois, Senior Member, IEEE, and Gilles Malarange
always capable of responding quickly enough to prevent unacceptably low frequency in such cases, even when the available amount of frequency control reserve exceeds the power deviation. It results in relatively frequent use of Automatic Load-Shedding (ALS), with subsequent consequences on the economic activity, to restore the power equilibrium and prevent frequency collapse. In previous works, the performances of Distributed Energy Storage Systems (DESS) and their applications for the players of the electricity value chain were reviewed [1]-[2]. It was shown that the available storage techniques outperform conventional generation in terms of response time: values as low as a few milliseconds are even achievable in most cases. By using the small signal theory, many papers demonstrated that storage can improve the dynamic response of power systems [3]-[6]. These studies were put into concrete form as early as 1987, when the system operator of the isolated grid of West Berlin commissioned a 17 MW / 14.4 MWh lead-acid battery for frequency regulation and the provision of spinning reserve [7]-[8],[10]. The success of this plant was confirmed by the satisfying outcome of the multipurpose demonstration project of a 10 MW / 40 MWh leadacid battery from 1988 to 1997 in California [9]-[10]. That is why some utilities decided to rely on batteries to solve system security concerns: a 20 MW / 14 MWh lead-acid plant and a 27 MW / 15 min. nickel-cadmium battery were studied in the 90s and built respectively in Puerto Rico (1994) [10]-[12] and in a weakly interconnected area of Alaska (2003) [10],[13]. Both of them are still in operation to date and provide various services to the system operators including frequency control. Over the past decade, new storage techniques have found their way to the market [1]. Most of them have higher efficiency, longer cycle-life, lower maintenance and smaller footprint than the more mature lead-acid or nickel-cadmium batteries. Their appearance originated new research efforts on the participation of storage in frequency control, and interesting advances have been reported: e.g. it has been shown that fast-acting storage such as lithium-ion batteries or advanced flywheels can provide frequency control services more effectively than conventional resources [14]-[15], at lower life-cycle cost [16] and reduced CO2 emissions [17]. Modular products up to 20 MW with a charge/discharge time at rated power of 15 min. have been developed [18]-[20]. In isolated grids, high amounts of energy are not necessarily required to derive benefits from storage: in this

AbstractIn electrical islands, frequency excursions are sizeable and automatic load shedding is often required in response to disturbances. By injecting active power in the timeframe of hundreds of milliseconds up to a few seconds after the loss of a generating unit, fast-acting storage can support the conventional production assets during the activation of their primary reserve. Using dynamic and hardware-in-the-loop (realtime) simulations, the provision of such a dynamic frequency control support by distributed energy storage systems has been studied in the case of the French island of Guadeloupe. Dedicated control algorithms have been developed and tested on a smallscale ultracapacitor storage unit. By acting as a virtual inertia, it has been shown that fast storage systems can improve substantially the dynamic performances of electrical islands. Index TermsDispersed storage and generation, energy storage, frequency control, isolated power systems, power system dynamic stability, power system security, power electronics.

I. NOMENCLATURE
ALS DESS DFCS EDF SEI EDLC RES ROCOF Automatic Load-Shedding Distributed Energy Storage System(s) Dynamic Frequency Control Support EDF Island Energy Systems Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors Renewable Energy Sources Rate Of Change Of Frequency

II. INTRODUCTION

RIMARY frequency control is a critical problem in isolated power systems. EDF Island Energy Systems (EDF SEI) operates several electrical islands with peak loads in the range 115-435 MW, namely Corsica and the overseas French departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana and Runion). These small power systems are characterized by very fast changes in the rotating speed of generators after any sudden imbalance between production and demand such as the loss of a large generating unit. Conventional technologies used for power generation are not

This work was supported by the French Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) under its annual PhD Grant Program (TEZ0725) and by EDF, R&D division, dep. Economic and Technical Analysis of Energy Systems (EFESE), France. G. Delille is with Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille and EDF R&D, dep. EFESE, F-92140 Clamart (e-mail: gauthier.delille@ieee.org). B. Franois is with Univ Lille Nord de France, F59000 Lille and ECLille, L2EP, F-59650 Villeneuve dAscq (e-mail: bruno.francois@ec-lille.fr). G. Malarange is with EDF R&D, dep. EFESE, F92140 Clamart (e-mail: gilles.malarange@edf.fr).

particular context, response time is the key factor of success. For instance, in Azores, a great improvement in the dynamic performance of several MW-scale hybrid power systems have recently been achieved using 350 kW / 5 kWh flywheels [21]. The present research deals with the use of fast-acting DESS to provide prompt, short-term backup to frequency control in isolated power systems such as the ones operated by EDF SEI. The main goal is to take advantage of the dynamic performances of modern storage technologies to compensate for the technical limits of conventional generators: with an appropriate control strategy, fast-acting DESS can help island utilities to mitigate the frequency excursions caused by generation outages, thus reducing the need for load-shedding. As explained in [22], dynamic and power-hardware-in-theloop simulations have been used to study the provision of Dynamic Frequency Control Support (DFCS) by DESS in Guadeloupe, including cost/benefit analysis and experimental test of a small-scale prototype. Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC, [23]-[24]) have been found to be wellsuited to such a pulse power application and have therefore been included in the storage units modeled for this research. This paper first defines DFCS and explains how it could complete the current frequency control scheme in French islands. The layout of the proposed DESS to provide this service and the control strategies that have been developed are then briefly described. The last part presents some simulation results to illustrate the impact of fast-acting storage on the transient response of the Guadeloupean power system following a major loss of generation. III. WHAT IS DYNAMIC FREQUENCY CONTROL SUPPORT? A. Frequency Control in Power Systems In any power system, the active power generation must constantly match the demand. Disturbances in this balance are compensated for by the kinetic energy of the rotating generators and motors connected to the network, resulting in a variation in the system frequency f from its set-point value f0. Under small signal conditions, the time derivative of the frequency deviation f can be estimated as follows: P ( t ) df P (t ) Pe (t ) = f0 (t ) = f 0 m (1) dt 2 E Keq 2 E Keq

forecast so as to match the demand. However, in practice, power deviations are unavoidable: controlling the power equilibrium i.e. the frequency requires some flexibility in changing the active power output of the generating units to handle both the continuous variations in demand and the possible contingencies such as generation outages. The frequency deviation must notably be kept as low as possible, since generators are automatically disconnected from the grid when f reaches a few Hz to avoid mechanical damage or unwanted operation of their auxiliaries. Several levels of control are performed to maintain the system frequency at its set-point f0. Each of them has its particular specifications and relies on a given amount of power reserve that is kept available to cope with power deviations. The survey [28] identifies a general classification into 3 levels that are usually present in large interconnected systems: - Primary frequency control is local and automatic. In the timeframe of seconds after a disturbance, speed governors adjust the power output of the generating units of a synchronous area so as to restore the power equilibrium. This action aims to arrest the frequency drop and keep its amplitude within admissible limits. It is usually supported by the self-regulating effect of frequency-sensitive loads such as induction motors (see [25],[29] for details). - Secondary frequency control is centralized and automatic. In the timeframe of minutes after a disturbance, the power setpoints of selected generating units for control are adjusted using a correcting signal computed by the system operator. This action is performed in the area where the imbalance originated and aims to return the frequency and the power cross-border exchanges back to their reference values. - Tertiary frequency control refers to manual changes in the dispatching of generating units. In the timeframe of tens of minutes up to hours after a disturbance, it is performed in succession or as a supplement to secondary control and aims notably to restore the primary and secondary reserves. B. Transient Frequency Response of Power Systems The restoration of the power equilibrium in the first seconds following an incident is performed by the primary frequency control. This function is therefore critical from the point of view of system dynamic performances of after a disturbance. It must comply with quality criteria so as to ensure the security and reliability of power systems [29]. All the generating units located in a synchronous area are fitted with a speed governor to perform this control. In steadystate, the activation of their reserve follows a proportional speed-droop characteristic that can be expressed as: Pi (t ) 1 f (t ) = (3) Pni i f0 where Pi(t) [MW] is the variation in the power output of the generator i provided that its reserve is not completely used up, Pni [MW] is its rated power and i [w/o dim.] is its permanent droop. On a power system scale, the contributions of the generating units combine with the self-regulating effect of load to restore the balance between generation and demand after a disturbance. Fig. 1 shows the typical aspect of the system frequency response after a large loss of generation.

where EKeq [MW.s] is the total kinetic energy stored at rated speed in the rotating masses of the considered synchronous area (mainly in the generators and turbine rotors), Pm(t) and Pe(t) [MW] are the power generation and demand, which respectively tends to accelerate (supply power to) and decelerate (draw power from) these rotating masses. The above equation is often normalized in terms of per unit inertia constant H in a given VA base, as in [25]-[27]: P pu (t ) P pu (t ) d (f ) = f0 (t ) = f 0 dt 2 H eq M eq (2)

where Heq=EKeq/VAbase [MW.s/MVA] and Meq [s] are respectively the equivalent (system) inertia and mechanical start time constants of the considered power system. The production profile is scheduled using short-term load

f0
Frequency (Hz)

f (t0) fmax f

fmin
Time (seconds)

Fig. 1. Typical system frequency response to a large generation outage.

C. Frequency Control in French Island Energy Systems. The current framework used for frequency control in the isolated power systems operated by EDF SEI is presented in Fig. 2 (based on the grid code [30]). Secondary control does not exist in French islands, as often in isolated grids. Frequency regulation is therefore performed using automatic primary and manual tertiary controls. Regarding the primary control, generating units must be capable of increasing their active power output within 15 seconds on predefined system frequency excursions. They must also be able to maintain this response for at least 15 minutes to enable other generation assets (e.g. peaking turbines) to be brought on line.
Pactivated
Progressive replacement

Early in the transient stage, the power imbalance is supplied by the kinetic energy of the remaining generators and turbine rotors, which causes speed and frequency to decrease. The initial Rate Of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF) following the outage is proportional to the magnitude of the initial overload on the remaining generation (e.g. a loss of power P0<0 [MW]) and inversely proportional to the remaining kinetic energy E'Keq. It thus depends on how many and which units are running at the time of the outage. From equations (1) and (2), we derive: P0 P pu f ' (t 0 ) = f 0 = f0 0 2 E ' Keq M 'eq (4)

f(t)
f0

t0

Primary frequency control Activation Maintenance t0+15 seconds

Tertiary frequency control

t0+15 minutes

Within seconds, the primary control reserve is activated by the frequency deviation and restore the power equilibrium. The frequency drops to a nadir fmin that depends on many factors, among which the amplitude of the power imbalance, the kinetic energy stored in the rotating machines, the deployment time of the primary reserve and the sensitivity of demand to variations in the system frequency [29]. Provided that the primary reserve capacity of the remaining power plants is sufficient to cover the incident, the frequency stabilizes and stays at a value f (which differs from f0 because of the proportional type of action shown in (3)) until the slower controls start acting. The quasi-steady-state deviation f is governed by the amplitude of the disturbance and by the network power frequency characteristic K [MW/Hz]: P (5) f = 0 K where K can be estimated by adding the power frequency characteristics of the generators subject to the primary frequency control (Ki = Pni/(i f0) for the machine i) with the one corresponding to the self-regulating effect of loads [29]. If the primary reserve is insufficient to overcome the disturbance or if its deployment is too slow, the only way to prevent a frequency collapse or a hazardous deep drop in the system frequency is ALS. It is performed using underfrequency relays in HV/MV substations: the system load is divided among several stages that are gradually shed when the frequency reaches preset thresholds. This staggered operation allows to disconnect the appropriate amount of load for the restoration of balanced conditions.

Time after the disturbance Fig. 2. Activation of reserves in French isolated grids: current framework.

Table I compares some data concerning frequency control in the former UCTE and in Guadeloupe. It emphasizes at least 2 typical properties of isolated systems: - 1) For technical reasons, the inertia constant of island grids is usually low, even if the connection of combustion turbines drives it up during peak demand periods. - 2) For economic reasons, generators in island grids are large compared with the system load. Sudden outages thus cause considerable immediate overloads of the remaining units. In Guadeloupe, the minimum amount of reserve capacity is set so as to maintain the risk of activating the different stages of ALS under predetermined power quality limits. In realtime, the system operator adjusts the dispatching of the available generators to allocate at least as much reserve as needed (usually around 20 MW). However, because of 2), the requirements cannot be matched precisely and, at times, the actual primary reserve can be twice as high as required. The combination of 1) and 2) leads to a high frequency variability in islands: Table I shows that the ROCOF can be over 20 times higher in Guadeloupe than in former UCTE after occurrence of a reference incident consisting respectively in the loss of 25 MW (usual output of the largest unit) and 3 GW (twice the rated power of the largest unit). Most of the generation technologies used in island grids, including Diesel engines and steam turbines, cannot respond fast enough in such cases to prevent a deep frequency drop. In spite of efforts to provide ample primary reserve, with subsequent costs, it results in the activation of the first stage(s) of ALS.

4 TABLE I COMPARISON OF SOME SALIENT FIGURES REGARDING FREQUENCY CONTROL Former UCTE [29] Off-peak Peak System load (2009) 250 GW 400 GW 3000 Reference incident [MW] 15000 21000 K [MW/Hz] 49.8 49.86 f [Hz] using eq. (5) 12 Meq [s] -50 mHz/s -30 mHz/s f '(t0) using eq. (4) 49 Hz 1st stage of ALS [Hz] Guadeloupe Off-peak Peak 150 MW 250 MW Around 25 70 100 49.64 49.75 7 9 -1.2 Hz/s -0.6 Hz/s 48.5 Hz

Considering the results shown in Fig. 3, such an application may be valuable to island utilities as it may noticeably reduce the annual outage time linked to ALS.
Pactivated
Progressive replacement

f(t)
f0

To estimate the share of such events in the total load interruptions, the 2006-2008 record of generation outages in Guadeloupe has been analyzed. For all the incidents that occurred during this 3-year period, the residual reserve (i.e. the available reserve on the remaining generation) has been calculated and compared with the loss of power. The events can be sorted into the 3 categories defined in Fig. 3.
(a) (c)

t0

Dynamic support

Primary freq. control

Tertiary frequency control

t0+15 seconds t0+1 second

t0+15 minutes

Time after the disturbance

Fig. 4. Activation of reserves in French isolated grids: proposed framework.

(b)
(a) No activation of ALS (b) Activation of ALS - Residual reserve < disturbance (c) Activation of ALS - Residual reserve disturbance

Fig. 3. Analysis of the generation outages in Guadeloupe over a 3-year period.

It appears that the 2/3 of the incidents have no impact on network users (a). The other cases, for which load-shedding was required, evenly divide among types (b) and (c). In other words, over this 3-year period, only half of the recorded activations of ALS occurred because the residual reserve was insufficient to compensate for the power deviation (b). For the other half of the recorded activations of ALS (c), the primary control reserve was sufficient to handle the loss of power: from a static point of view, no consequence on the consumers should have been reported. As explained above, it is very likely that ALS was required during these events for dynamic reasons. These load interruptions could have been avoided by supporting the deployment of the primary reserve using fast-acting storage. D. Dynamic Frequency Control Support (DFCS). The purpose of DFCS is to take advantage of the short response time of DESS to improve the dynamic performances of isolated power systems. As presented in Fig. 4, it consists in injecting (or possibly absorbing if required) power in the timeframe of hundreds of milliseconds up to seconds after a disturbance so as to support the other generation assets during the activation of their primary reserve. Some power is supplied by the DESS for a short period of time in lieu of being drawn from the kinetic energy of the rotating masses: during the frequency fall, the storage behaves as a virtual inertia from the system point of view. Consequently, it mitigates the ROCOF and the depth fmax.

By reducing the ROCOF before and during the activation of the primary reserve, DFCS would complete the existing frequency ancillary services. Considering the characteristics of the French island grids (including Guadeloupe), dynamic support should comply with the following requirements: - Deployment time: As the ROCOF can exceed 1 Hz/s in French islands, the dynamic reserve must be deployed as fast as possible, within 1 s at most (i.e. before ALS starts). - Duration of delivery: the dynamic reserve must be supplied at least until the power deviation is completely offset by the primary control, i.e. until the frequency nadir is reached (which takes 2 to 3 s). This duration can be extended to about 10 s so as to support the frequency recovery as well. - End of delivery: the end of delivery must be progressive in order to smooth the transfer between the DESS and the other generators and to avoid creating any sudden imbalance in a weakened system. A 10-second ramp down from full power to zero has performed well in dynamic simulations. Finally, the amount of dynamic reserve should be sized so that the nadir fmin can remain above a predetermined target: e.g. in the Guadeloupe case study presented below, the goal was to make sure that the 1st threshold for ALS would not be reached after occurrence of a given reference incident. IV. OVERVIEW OF THE DESS STRUCTURE AND CONTROL A. Overview of the EDLC Storage Unit A generic model of DESS for power system analysis has been developed and validated during this research. This model (not detailed herein) will be published as a contribution to a technical brochure of CIGRE (WG C4.606). Fig. 5 shows the structure of the ultracapacitor DESS that has been designed, modeled, simulated and then tested using real-time simulation. The EDLC bank is connected to the grid through a power electronic conversion system including a PWM boost chopper and a PWM voltage source inverter. The DESS supervision selects the appropriate operating mode and computes the active/reactive references Pr_ref / Qr_ref that are tracked by the automated control routines. A Phase

Fig. 5. Layout of the ultracapacitor DESS based on a voltage source converter to perform DFCS.

Locked Loop (PLL) is used to synchronize the DESS to the grid. The control of the inverter is carried out in the rotating dq frame. To track the active power reference Pr_ref , the control routines alter the storage current isc through the chopper: the resulting power flow is followed by the inverter since its direct current component ird is used to control the voltage of the DCbus. The reactive power of the DESS is controlled through the quadrature current component irq of the inverter. This control scheme was chosen to facilitate a future upgrade of this DESS model to a multi-source power station as in [31]. B. DESS Supervision for Dynamic Freq. Control Support The proposed supervisory control is local and automatic so as to take full advantage of the dynamics of EDLC. This paper focuses on the calculation of Pr_ref , even if voltage control strategies based on reactive power have been tested as well. As stated in [22], the DESS supervision has been developed using an iterative process including dynamic and real-time simulations: all the refinements that have been found necessary to improve the operation of the small-scale prototype (filtering, delays, etc.) have then been included in the dynamic models to make the simulations as realistic as

possible. The provision of DFCS relies on the filtered frequency estimation fest from the PLL. The following 3 operating modes have been defined: - The first one is based on two power/frequency droops (1 and 2 for low and high frequency situations resp.) as shown in Fig. 6. With 1 set at 1 or 2 % (full activation of the reserve for a f of 0,5 and 1 Hz resp.), this control was found to perform well during moderate transients: it provides sufficient support without inducing any unwanted disturbance on the system operation as the DESS response is proportionate to the amplitude of the event. A user-defined deadband DB is introduced to ensure high availability of the storage: it avoids progressive discharge due to continuous action of the DESS when the frequency is close to f0. The main drawback of this 1st operating mode is its relatively long response time (Pr_ref follows the frequency excursions), which has a detrimental effect on the ability of the DESS to handle serious outages. - That is why the DESS supervisory control was completed by a 2nd operating mode based on the time derivative of the system frequency. Full deployment of the dynamic reserve is performed immediately when the measured ROCOF falls below the preset threshold boost for at least Ton_boost (Fig. 6,

2a). This boost control is deactivated and a progressive transition to the 1st operating mode is carried out as soon as the ROCOF is positive for more than Toff_boost (2b), indicating that the frequency recovery has started. With appropriate settings of boost (that can be studied using equation (4)) and of the time delays, this function has been shown to enable a fast (a few 100 ms) and selective detection of major generation outages. - The DESS switches to charging and stand-by mode when fest stays inside the deadband for at least Tcharging. Delaying the charging by a few 10 min. after an event is useful to avoid adding extra load onto the system as long as it remains possibly weakened. Once charged, the storage stands by: the state of charge (SoC) remains at its reference SoCref and a small amount of power (a few % of the DESS rated power) is drawn from the grid to cover the idling losses.
Pr_ref Pmax
f

1
2b 1

2
2a: Boost activation dfest / dt < boost Hz/s for at least Ton_boost 2b: Boost deactivation dfest / dt > 0 Hz/s for at least Toff_boost

The transmission system is operated at 63 kV and includes 13 substations, each consisting of 2 step-down 63/21 kV transformers (10, 20 or 36 MVA) equipped with on-load tap changers. The main existing generating sets as at the end of 2009 are presented in Table II [32]. Fig. 8 shows a typical generation profile in Guadeloupe. Within the French feed-in tariffs scheme, RES have the highest priority level in the dispatch order (bottom of the dispatch stack) and do not participate in frequency control. The priority level of the fossil-fuel stations is established either by contractual agreements in the case of non-utility owned facilities (e.g. bagasse/coal-fired plant) or according to the economic merit order in any other cases. The generating sets with the highest operating costs (peaking combustion turbines) are at the top of the "dispatch stack": they are dispatched last and for the lowest possible number of hours. The primary reserve is provided by Diesel engines, bagasse/coal-fired units and combustion turbines during peak demand periods.
TABLE II MAIN GENERATION ASSETS IN GUADELOUPE AS AT THE END OF 2009 Power station Jarry Sud Embedded Jarry Nord Le Moule Pristyle Bouillante Embedded Embedded Embedded
225 200 175 Combustion turbines "Jarry Sud"

2a

fest f0

DB Fig. 6. Calculation of the active power references of the DESS for DFCS.

V. CASE STUDY: DFCS IN THE GUADELOUPE ISLAND GRID A. Presentation of the Guadeloupean Power System Located in the eastern Caribbean Sea, the archipelago of Guadeloupe is an overseas department of France composed of five main (interconnected) islands. It covers 1,600 km2 and its population was 407,000 inhabitants in 2008. The peak demand on the system reached 242 MW in 2007-2008 [32]. Fig. 7 presents the structure of the HV grid as well as the major generation centers of this isolated power system.

Number Unit rated Total (plant) of units power rated power Peaking and contingency generation Combustion turbines 4 20-40 MW 113 MW Backup Diesel gen. 3 0.8-7.1 MW 9.1 MW Conventional baseload / intermediate generation Diesel engines 8 20.9 MW 167.2 MW Bagasse/coal boilers 2 32 MW 64 MW Diesel engines 3 5 MW 15 MW Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Geothermal 2 5-10 MW 15 MW Small hydroelectric 12 0.1-3.5 MW 9.6 MW Wind farms 12 0.5-4.4 MW 26.4 MW Photovoltaic arrays Many Variable 11 MWp Plant type

Power (MW)

150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0:00 3:00 6:00 Diesel "Peristyle" Bagasse / Coal "Le Moule" Geothermal "Bouillante" 9:00 12:00 15:00 Hour of the day 18:00 21:00 Embedded wind farms Diesel "Jarry Nord"

Fig. 8. Example of a daily generation profile in Guadeloupe.

Fig. 7. HV grid, major generation plants and DG locations in Guadeloupe

B. Dynamic Models Used for the Simulations. The provision of DFCS by DESS in Guadeloupe has been characterized using the Eurostag software package v4.4. Eurostag is a time-domain simulation program that uses phasor representation for power system dynamic simulation (transient, mid and long-term stability) [33]. The model of the Guadeloupe grid is based on the data provided by EDF SEI, including line impedances, transformer specifications, etc. The dynamic models of all plants contributing to primary frequency control (developed using

real measurements) are provided by EDF R&D. RES are represented using standard models from the Eurostag library. The inertia constants of the generating units have been computed using manufacturer information. Finally, five real (measured) outages have been reproduced on Eurostag so as to tune the load representation and validate the Guadeloupe model: the simulation results have been found in good agreement with the real response of the system. The DESS model described above is interfaced to the grid using the Eurostag converter, which is an advanced current injector controlled in the d-q frame. Table III shows some characteristics of the storage unit designed for the simulations.
TABLE III SOME SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MODELED ULTRACAPACITOR DESS Power conversion system Rated apparent power (Sn) 600 kVA Rated active power (Pn) 500 kW Efficiency at rated power Around 95 % Ultracapacitor bank EDLC bank arrangement 6p x 16s Maxwell BMOD0165-P048 Total system capacitance (Csc) 61.9 F Operating voltage range 300 V (SoCmin) 750 V (SoCmax) DESS control and local supervision 1 / 2 2%/4% DB 100 mHz boost -0.8 Hz/s Ton_boost / Toff_boost 100 ms / 100 ms

of the power system (storage in stand-by mode, a), the outage occurs at t0 = 10 s and results in a ROCOF around 1.1 Hz/s that activates the instantaneous deployment (within 500 ms, b) of the dynamic reserve. The boost signal is disabled during the frequency recovery and the storage units switch to the 1st operating mode (c). They sustain their power injection until the minimum SoC limit is reached, which curtails the DESS power (d). It clearly appears that the DFCS performed by fast storage units improves significantly the dynamic performances of the studied isolated power system. The outage experienced by the customers in practice could have been avoided by some margin with an installed DESS power of about 3.5 MW.
50,0 49,5

Frequency (Hz)

49,0 48,5

1st stage of ALS

48,0 47,5 47,0 46,5

6,0

Total DESS output power (MW)

5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 -1,0 0,0

Storage 5MW Storage 4,5MW Storage 4MW Storage 3,5MW Storage 3MW Storage 2,5MW Storage 2MW Storage 1,5MW Storage 1MW Storage 0,5MW No storage
6 0 , 4 0 , 2 0 , 0 , 0 2 0 , 0 2 1 0 3 , 0 5 , 0 0 4 , , 6 0 7 8 , 0 0 , 0 , , 0 T i m e ( s )

C. First Sizing of Storage to perform DFCS in Guadeloupe Various configurations of the simulated power system have been taken into account to assess the potential of fast storage for DFCS. This last paragraph presents a representative example of the results that have been obtained. The scenario considered herein has been extracted from the 2006-2008 record of generation outages in Guadeloupe. This data has been analyzed to identify the worst event of type (c) of this 3-year period, i.e. the most critical situation from the dynamic frequency control point of view during which ALS was required in spite of sufficient primary reserve. As shown in Table IV, it consists in the outage of a coal-fired unit producing around 23 MW during off-peak hours, i.e. at a time when the rotating kinetic energy of the system is minimal.
TABLE IV SET-POINTS OF THE GENERATING UNITS FOR THE CONSIDERED SCENARIO Power station Jarry Nord Le Moule Pristyle Renewables Total Units online 4 1 1 3 Various Power set-point 65.2 MW 25.6 MW 22.7 MW 15 MW 10.8 MW 139.3 MW Reserve 18.4 MW 4-5 MW Disconnected 22.4-23.4 MW

c d a
10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0

Time (s)

Fig. 9. Simulated frequency response and DESS output power.

VI. CONCLUSION This paper deals with the use of fast-acting DESS to provide prompt, short-term support to frequency control in isolated power systems. A fast-acting storage unit based on ultracapacitors has been studied and a dedicated DESS local supervision has been developed to take full advantage of its high dynamic performances so as to compensate for the technical limits of conventional generators. At the end of this paper, an illustrative case study on the island grid of Guadeloupe has shown that fast-acting DESS can effectively mitigate the frequency excursions caused by generation outages, thus possibly reducing the need for load-shedding. Although this paper illustrates the use of EDLC to perform DFCS, all the results presented herein remain valid with any other fast-acting storage technology. In particular, any device with an appropriate storage capacity could sustain its contribution as long as required to perform other(s) level(s) of control in addition to DFCS. Further development includes onsite deployment on a 1-MW sodium-sulfur (NAS) battery operated by EDF SEI at Runion island.

To study the impact of the proposed service of fast-acting storage, ultracapacitor DESS performing DFCS are gradually connected to the distribution system of the simulated Guadeloupe grid. The results are presented in Fig. 9; it should be noted that the simulated ALS relay was disabled in order to facilitate the comparisons. Starting from undisturbed operation

VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of S. Biscaglia, (ADEME), F. Colas, X. Guillaud, D. Marin and Y. Wang (L2EP), M. Chami, J. Maire, J. Pestourie (EDF R&D), P. Rioual, Y. Bastin and Y. Barlier (EDF SEI) for their kind help and meaningful discussion throughout this project. VIII. REFERENCES
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IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Gauthier Delille (M2010) was born in Lens, France, on March 23, 1984. He graduated in electrical engineering from Ecole Centrale de Lille (France) and received a second Masters degree in Electrical Energy and Sustainable Development from the University of Lille in 2007. His field of interest includes power system analysis, distribution grids and distributed energy storage systems. At present, he is a PhD student, working closely together with EDF R&D and the French Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME). Gauthier Delille is a member of the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics of Lille (L2EP). He is with Ecole Centrale de Lille, Cit Scientifique, BP 48, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. Bruno Franois (M1996, SM2006) was born in Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, France, on January 19, 1969. He received the PhD degree in electrical engineering in 1996 from the University of Science and Technology of Lille (USTL), France. His field of interest includes power electronics, renewable energy sources and power systems. He is currently working on renewable energy based active generators and on the design of advanced energy management systems. Bruno Franois is with the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics of Lille (L2EP) and is an Associate Professor at the department of Electrical Engineering of Ecole Centrale de Lille, Cit Scientifique, BP 48, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France. Gilles Malarange was born in Mauriac, France, on February 20, 1960. He is a project manager at EDF, R&D division. His field of interest includes distribution system planning and operation, grid codes and distributed generation. At present, he manages an R&D project dealing with the integration of renewable energy sources in distribution networks. He notably studies the new ancillary services that could be provided by DG to distribution system operators in the years to come, such as local voltage control (local or coordinated). Gilles Malarange is with EDF R&D, dep. Economic and Technical Analysis of Energy Systems (EFESE), 1 avenue du Gnral de Gaulle, BP 408, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France.

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