BIOL10004 Lecture 22 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw, Department of Zoology.

Ref:

KLES3: ch 18; Chap 25, esp pp 608-9, Fig 25.17

KLES4: ch 19,; Ch ap 27, esp p 647-648, Fig 27.10

Two approaches to reproduction are ________________ and _______________

Sexual reproduction needs 2 sexes to make gametes, which involves _____________ cell
division
Males make _______________ that are small and motile
Females make ______________ that are ___________ and ____________
Offspring are a _________________ of the genes of the parents
Reproduction involves mechanisms to get egg and sperm together to ensure ___________
and _________________..
________________ is a specialised form of cell
division where haploid _________________ fuse to
form a new _______________individual

Asexual reproduction relies on _______________ cell

division.
Offspring are genetically _______________ to parents
Examples include ____________, _____________,
____________

Two variations on the theme are H_______________ and P__________________.

Hermaphrodites are animals that can produce both eggs and sperm (not necessarily at the
same time). For example Blue wrasse can change from female to male if the dominant male
in the harem is removed.
Parthenogenesis is a process whereby unfertilized eggs can develop into a new individual.
For example aphids use parthenogenetic reproduction to increase in numbers rapidly in
summer, but sexual reproduction in autumn to produce more robust offspring to survive
winter.

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

Two broad reproductive strategies:

Both strategies work. Circumstances
may make one or the other more
effective for a given species

Costs and benefits in reproduction

Benefits
Mating displays
attracting mates
Harems
access to mates
external fertilization physiology simple
internal fertn
make fewer eggs/sperm
viviparity
high survival of young
post natal care
high survival of young

Costs
attracting predators
male fighting
high loss of gametes
complex physiology
risk to preg. mother
huge investment by
parents

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

External vs Internal Fertilization

______________ fertilization.

eg toad no specialised external genitals needed, but males have

_______________ on forelimbs to help grasp the female in _____________
(see fig 18.25)

_______________ Fertilization

requires specialization of the external genitalia to allow sperm transfer, eg

________________.

prerequisite to __________________ (ie internal gestation and birth of live

young)

Other Reproductive Organs include

___________________,
_____________________,
_____________________

Other resources; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_reproductive_system,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction.

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

Revision Questions
1. List the main differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
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2. List 3 different forms of asexual reproduction, and give an example of a species that
does each one.
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3. Using a simple diagram outline the alternation of haploid and diploid generations that
characterizes meiosis

4. Define a hermaphrodite _________________________________________________

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5. Why do blue wrasse change sex? __________________________________________
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6. Define parthenogenesis _________________________________________________
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7. Write a short paragraph explaining why some animals have lots of young and others
have few.
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BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

8. What are the basic components of a reproductive system?

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9. Draw and label a male reproductive system

10. Draw and label a female reproductive system

BIOL10004 Reproduction 1

Geoff Shaw

11. Compare and contrast internal and external fertilization

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12. List 3 reproductive organs that are not part of the unrogenital tract, and list their main
reproductive functions.
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