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Biochemistry Review of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Overview: 1. What are Carbohydrates?

2. Glucose is an example of a carbohydrate which contains a (an) ______________________ group 3. Fructose is an example of a carbohydrate which contains a (an) ______________________ group 4. What are the functions of Carbohydrates?

5. How are carbohydrates classified?

6. Carbohydrates containing 1 ____________________ or 1 __________________ are called ___________________

7. Carbohydrates containing 2 10 ___________________________ are called _______________________

8. Carbohydrates containing more than 10 _______________________ are called _______________________ Monosaccharides: 9. What are monosaccharides? 10. What are 2 common characteristics of monosaccharides? 11. Monosaccharides classified based on their functional groups: Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group are called ________________________ Monosaccharides with a keto group are called _____________________________ 12. What is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature? 13. Monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbons present: Monosaccharides containing 3 carbon atoms are called ____________________ Monosaccharides containing 4 carbon atoms are called ____________________ Monosaccharides containing 5 carbon atoms are called ____________________ Monosaccharides containing 6 carbon atoms are called ____________________

14. An isomer is a compound with the same _______________ ______________ but different ______________ ________________ 15. Two examples of an isomer are ______________________ and _______________________ 16. They can be called _________________ _____________________ _____________________ 17. What is an asymmetric carbon atom (chiral center)? 18. What is Stereoisomerism? 19. We say that monosaccharides exhibit stereoisomerism when ______________________________________ (Glyceraldehyde GAGs) 20. What is a D-glyceraldehyde? 21. What is a L-glyceraldehyde? 22. Which of two above glyceraldehyde is most prevalent in mammals? 23. Explain the difference or similarity between the D-glyceraldehydes and the L-glyceraldehydes 24. Glucose oxidase strips are used to test _____________________________ levels in urine. 25. What are glycosides? 26. Two monosaccharides are linked together by a ________________________ 27. What is a glycoside bond? 28. List 2 types of glycoside bond and explain how they differ? 29. What are disaccharides? 30. List the disaccharides and how they are comprised

31. What is the enzyme which is responsible for the digestion of maltose?

32. What is the enzyme responsible for the digestion of sucrose?

33. What is the enzyme responsible for the digestion of lactose?

34. What is lactose intolerance?

35. What are polysaccharides? 36. What are the 2 types of polysaccharides? __________________________ __________________________ 37. Differentiate between a homopolysaccharide and a hetero-polysaccharide 38. What is starch? 39. The unbranched portion of starch is called ________________________ 40. The branched portion of starch is called ___________________________ 41. What is glycogen? 42. Where is glycogen stored?

4 43. The ____________ glycogen helps to maintain blood glucose levels, whereas the _______________ glycogen provides energy during muscle contractions. 44. What are hetero-polysaccharides? 45. Glycosaminoglycans are long ________________ ________________________ 46. Where are glycosaminoglycans located? 47. What are proteoglycans?