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Mandi Brewer Mr. Berry AP Human Geography May, 21 2011 Capstone Project 1. a. Why did the U.S enter Somalia in 1992? What was the stated purpose of the mission? The U.S. entered Somalia in 1992 because there was a concern regarding the war that they felt needed to be watched closely after government stopped functioning. The stated purpose of the mission was to help with the mass starvation and gain some level of control thus ending the conflict. b.Who expanded the role of U.S. forces in Somalia? President Clinton worked very much with the U.N and helped expand the role of U.S. forces in Somalia. c. What was the stated goal of U.S forces in Somalia? The stated goal of U.S forces in Somalia was to bring food to the hungry in order to help them live, and to control conflict in the area. d.What happened on Oct. 3-4, 1993 in Somalia? On this day, there were eighteen servicemen from the United States that were killed in Somalia due to the Battle of Mogadishu.

e. How did the events of Oct. 3-4, 1993 affect the U.S. thinking towards intervention in Africa? The U.S. thinking changed in that they were slowly learning how dangerous this intervention could be and that they needed a stronger plan. 2. The leader of Somalia, Siad Barre , was forced to leave the country in fear of his life in

1991 because he was found to be corrupt. Violence soon broke out and caused massive break down of the country. The government collapsed and the economy was next to nothing. Drought during the time made matters worse. There was a shortage of resources causing famine, which is why there was a need for outside intervention. During the time, Bush was president and felt that the situation could not be overlooked. Entering a country in civil war is dangerous, but it had to be done. The U.S. airlifted food from Kenya to Somalia and trying to avoid an unfair distribution of food and other supplies. During the intervention in Somalia, the U.S. was caught up in the civil war. The Battle Of Mogadishu was one in which two U.S. Black Hawk Helicopters were shot down. A few other helicopters reported damage as well. Many people were unable to make it to safety and had to endure the intense fighting in the streets. The U.S. quickly sent in extra help to clear the crash sites, but one had already been conquered by Somalis. Many people were killed in this deadly battle, including innocent civilians. The U.S. lost servicemen as well. The U.S. prestige was greatly impacted after leaving Somalia. All U.S. plans had failed in Somalia. The mission was never even completed. No longer was it viewed as a successful country in peace keeping. Still, people were dying with no hope of protection. Poor planning resulted in many lost lives of not only Americans, but innocent civilians. The United States had been a deemed a failure.

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a. What was the U.N. response? The UN sent peace keepers to ease tensions. They attempted to protect the countrys authorities and ultimately the civilians as well. They also talked with the opposing sides to try to calm the conflict. b. What was the U.S. response? The U.S. decided that in order to maintain international political peace it would only send supplies to help. This did nothing for the Rwandan people in means of intervention. c. What was the E.U. response? The E.U was of very little help. It finally showed up in 1994 and even then there were only small efforts in helping citizens. d. When did the killings finally end? As would be logical, the killings ended when most Tutsis were killed and the UN took power.

4.

a. What kind of person does Paul initially appear to be to us, viewers? Paul initially appears to be successful and professional. He seems very logical and level-headed. b. What event seems to start the genocide? Does the film handle the political and historical background adequately? (Was enough information given to explain why the genocide occurred?) Explain. The event starting the genocide is the ultimately when colonial powers no longer had power. The Hutus took charge after years of being oppressed by the Tutsis. The movie does not handle the background adequately because at first it is very confusing without knowing information. The fighting starts soon in the movie.

c. What do you think UN Colonel Oliver means when he says, We are peacekeepers, not peace makers.? Is there a difference? If so, what is it? If not, why does he say this? UN Colonel Oliver means that they are supposed to keep the peace where there already is peace. They arent supposed to make peace where there is none. There is technically a difference because peacekeeping is keeping peace while peace making is making peace. However, in the grand scheme of things it isnt much different. He most likely said this as an almost excuse to why they arent helping more. d. Why does the UN withdraw its forces and the non-Rwandan inhabitants? The UN withdraws its forces because it didnt want more causalities from people trying to help. They offered refuge to the non-Rwandan inhabitants because they were not involved in the conflict and were in great danger. e. Explain the UN Colonels disturbing comments on the UNs decision not to intervene. The UN Colonel disagrees with the UNs decision. He says its a racial thing. He says that they are getting the whites out of there and not caring about the Rwandans because they are black. The UN Colonel believes they are afraid to lose anything to stand up for whats right. f. Describe your reaction to the scene immediately after Pauls meeting with George Rutaganda. Why do you think the filmmakers decided to make the film this way? I believed that the scene was very disturbing. It showed just how many people were being killed in this genocide. The filmmakers most likely made the film this way to generate that very emotion of disgust for what the fighting has done and what the lack of intervention hasnt done.

g. Recall the convoy of Rwandans who have obtained visas to leave. What are your thoughts on the conflict between Tatiana and Paul after he decides to stay? Place yourself in one of the two characters position. What are they feeling during this scene? Why? Is there one who is more correct than the other? Why? I believe that Paul was trying to be a good father and husband. He wanted them to get to safety, but he had an obligation at the hotel. By deciding to stay, it left the kids and Tatiana no time to say goodbye in case something were to happen. Tatiana would have to look after the kids by herself, and there were still dangers awaiting them. During the scene, they most likely felt sadness and despair. Tatiana probably felt helpless and abandoned while Paul probably felt guilt and regret. Tatiana ended up being more correct because she could have been in immense danger without Paul, and she didnt even know she was being left alone. h. How is Paul able to convince General Bizimungu into helping him at the end? What does this say about how the outcome of the war might have ended differently? Paul told the general he would tell the Americans that he was not a war criminal. Paul would say he helped them at the hotel. They would believe Paul over General Bizimungu because he would do anything to keep his name clear. If this hadnt happened, there may have been many more deaths. i. To what degree do we witness the Rwandan genocide in the film? Though the whole movie was about the genocide and there was a significant amount of graphic depictions of the genocide, it was much lower key compared to what really happened. Much of the most disturbing images were kept off the screen so that it was not

to terrifying to watch. It was disturbing and triggered strong emotions from the viewers as the movie was meant to do. j. How, in general, are Rwandans represented in the film? The nation of Rwanda itself? The Rwandans were represented poorly in some ways as they killed their own kind in civil war. In other ways, the film highlighted the innocent, good people of Rwanda. The nation was portrayed to be scary and hostile. k. Rwanda was widely considered the most Christianized country in Africa. Close to 90% of Rwanda claimed to be Christians. How do you account for the genocide that occurred in light of this information? Most religious groups claim to be peaceful in all that they do. They try to live good lives and spread the word. However, there are many extremists who either use their religion as an excuse for violence or do not truly believe in the religion all together. l. Based on the end of the film, what might you speculate about Rwandas future? Based on the end of the film, there was nowhere to go but up for Rwanda. The future could hold more fighting or peace. From the perspective of 1994, I would speculate that it would take some time for the country to become safe and friendly. 5. a What happened in Tunisia? A corrupt leader was stealing money from the government and using it for himself resulting in high taxes and a degree of inflation. Protests started and included lighting areas on fire. b. What happened in Egypt? In Egypt, the protestors were fueled up for a protest against another corrupt government. The protests were so wild that it was considered a dangerous riot.

c. What happened in Libya between December 2010 and today? The revolution in Libya was started because Fathi Terbil was arrested. There were protests. Fathi Terbil was the human rights attorney and he represented relatives of more than a thousand prisoners said to be killed in a Libyan jail in 1996. d. Who is Mehidi Zeyo? Medhi Zeyo was a Libyan who was an unsuspected hero. He was said to have saved many other lives by blowing his care and himself up to force a hole in the gates of a military base in Benghazi, Libya. He is now known as a symbol of courage for a youth led rebellion. e. What led to the U.S. using force in Libya? Muammar Gaddfi attacked his own civilians with no real reason. The US thought that this was reason enough to investigate what was going on with the corrupt leader. f. What is the stated goal of the U.S. in government in Libya?The stated goal of the U.S. government in Libya was to protect Libyas innocent civilians and to keep an eye on without getting much involved.

Works Cited

"Ambassador Yates Discusses U.S. Involvement with Somalia." America - Engaging the World America.gov. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs, 23 Jan. 2008. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.america.gov/st/texttransenglish/2008/January/20080123195254xjsnommis0.3506128.html.
"BBC News | AFRICA | UN Admits Rwanda Genocide Failure." BBC News - Home. Web. 20 May 2011. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/714025.stm>.

Fadel, Leila. "In Libya, an Unlikely Hero of a Youth-led Revolution." The Washington Post: National, World & D.C. Area News and Headlines - The Washington Post. Web. 20 May 2011. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022805873.html>.

"Intervention in Somalia (1992 - 1995)." BBC - Homepage. BBC News, 15 Nov. 2005. Web. 19 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A6110948. Shoup, Anna. "U.S. Involvement in Somalia." PBS: Online NewsHour. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions, 26 Jan. 2007. Web. 19 May 2011. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/africa/somalia/usinvolvement.html. "The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994." U.S. Army Center Of Military History. Web. 18 May 2011. http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/somalia/somalia.htm.

Mandi Brewer Mr. Berry AP Human Geography May 21, 2011 Capstone Project Rwanda and Libya both have had some sort of conflict in the recent years. This conflict is a result of many things including corrupted governments. However, the United States only used force in Libya. Is there something to be said for this? Perhaps the only way to answer this is to investigate the similarities and differences between the two countries. Rwanda and Libya are similar in that the government repressed its own people. There was civil war in Rwanda and conflicts within the country in Libya. Both countries also had a level of poverty. In both circumstances, there was an uprising against the government. The differences were that Libya makes a larger amount of money due to oil production, thus creating a still poor in world standards, but better level of poverty than Rwanda. In fact, the life expectancy in Rwanda is only 50.52 while Libya has a life expectancy of 77.26. (CIA World Fact Book). Also according to the CIA World Fact Book, the current account balance in Libya is $37,390,000,000 while Rwandas account balance is $-292,000,000. This reflects the economy accurately of both countries. Another difference is that the protestors are rising strong against the government alone. While people are still being harmed in the process, the protest is aimed at the government. In Rwanda, there was revolt against the Hutu government from the rebel Tutsis and then mindless attack of the Hutu government to kill all Tutsis. There were ethnic divisions that caused this conflict.

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It is likely that the United States only used force in Libya due to race, ethnic groups, religion, wealth, and timing. Though the United States is one of the most diverse countries, there is certain prejudice place upon racial groups by some. This could be why Libya, being more middle-eastern, was helped. Also, the ethnic groups of Rwanda were hostile and out of control. The United States may have thought it too dangerous to get involved in such barbaric acts. The Hutus and the Tutsis were two ethnic groups that were on a rampage. Religion in Rwanda is mainly Christian which is also predominating in the United States. In this common link one would think help may come. In Libya, the main religion is Sunni Muslim. Wealth is large in countries. The United States loves to help if there are hopes of returning the favor someday. Doing intervention work in poor countries would be more of a cost than a gain. If the United States gains Rwanda as an eventual ally, not much is offered. However, with Libya producing oil and being wealthier, it may be more beneficial to intervene and possibly gain access to the oil in Libya for lower prices. When all is said and done, it may be all in the timing of the two incidents. With the failed intervention of Somalia happening around the time of the Rwandan Genocide, the United States couldnt risk failing twice. Choosing to keep out of the conflict kept them from being failures, but it also kept them from being heroes to many. In Libya, time has passed with my successful chances to help countries. Our reputation is somewhat restored, and there is less chance of failure. The two countries are similar and different in their conflicts, but one thing is for sure. Only the innocent civilians in Libya were helped. Why is this? One can only hypothesize. However, we should never let history repeat itself. These incidents mock the phrase Never

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again. said after the Holocaust. Sometimes it is a bad idea to intervene, but there comes a point when you have to stand up for whats right.