'ilp1fi 4

olnnuJs~1:run q (Adjective clause)

q

I
d'
i

"

ds:lu~~naii~diimaiufi~~t~nt:u"ds::lu~u7uni~~iu~~w::~u"~u iia
ds:~ummnuhu (Complex Sentence) d'1:~urnds:mnu~m5d~~id~~mfld7.~~d~7n ds~~ummmunu~~ll~diauit~da ~ ~ i l : ~ ~ t ~ u n n d i a 8 ~ ~ i u n : t a " u ~ 1 1 u t 17 d~~da.~uun d'c: d I d ~uunurdulso~~ow y d5:~umqdwn'

d 3 t b clc l ? l u l h ~(Complex Sentence)

L>\%".

v3i

*L

Complex sentence

~ ~ E I U A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B Independent U X ? U clause

Main clause

- .
I_

Dependent clause Adverb clause

Adjective clause

Noun clause

Examples

Notes

Simple sentence

a. 1 want h e book on' the "on the shelf' UUIIU "book"

shelf.
Complex sentence b.

uank+?ilain*ln " Y
"which best seller" t . 8 ~ clause %UlU "book"

I want the book which i s

the best qeller.
1

....

Simple sentence

c. I went shopping yesterday.

"yesterday" L ~ Adverb U
UUIU~I?UI "went shoppingn

Complex sentence

d.

I went shopping afier I had

finished my work.
8 ,

"after

L.work" L?lu clause

?.1tnUn3Ul"weit shoppingn

Simple sentence

e. Collecting stamps is my

"my hobby" complement

LSUNoun

hobby.
Complex sentence.

f.

Collecting stamps is what I

"what most" t a u clause ql

HUIYIL~U Noun Complement
v d d

....

like most.
3

Exercise 1

Read the following sentences c ~ f u l l y and identify dependent clauses used as Nouns, Adjectives or Adverbs.
Example

a. b. c.

Jack wondered how dimcult the exam would be. Noun The only thing that she cares about is herself. Adjective The baby always cries when it is hungry. Adverb

1.
2.

You can spend money op whatever you like. Clara lost the cap that belongs to this bottle.
,

3.
4.
5.
6.

The boy behaved nicely because the teacher was looking at him. Please fasten your seat belt when the plane is landing. The airhostess asked whether we had fastened our seat belts. The children will agree to whatever you say. What will come next is in the program. The person who made the inquiry did not leave his name. My father cannot remember the time when he should go to see the doctor. Why he did not come t"othe party was obvious.

7.
8.

9.

10.

A 9 ~ld 9 d 3 % l f l f(Adjective l clause)

Adjective clause ~ u l ( l 8 4 dependent clause

C(~~HC~C((IV~OATUW

w%c*swu7u ~ d s d ~ u s - ~ v l 3 o o ~ u ~ u ~ us-ii.rao4 mmn H~~'Lxu'D~RL~~?cuA~ 8 d.4 ahuu nlsunii Adjective clause ~ w m r l ) l u ~ s n ~ i ~ ~ ~ 0 i ~ d u Adjective l~u3n'ud~

a. Martha bought a beautiful dress.

"beautifulyy l f l U Adjective YUIU "dressyy

b. Martha bought a dress which is beautiful. c. We liked the first singer.

"which is beautiful" LQUclause C(~II IU "dress" "fnstyYL.aV Adjective YUlU "singery"

d

d. We liked the singer who sang the first ''who....songyy LQV clause n l l U l U

song.

"singer"

Adjective clause %fll)0l::~6!1U

% I Dependent

clause SGGI DU R~PIIP~DP

u'diL ~ D N (connector) iinui dln3udid8uh ~djectiveclause fianii Relative

pronoun ( ~ S ~ ~ ~ R ~ S W ~ UV I u U7 ) 4 d i l ~ ~ Pclause ~ U f lS~?GI+I Relative clause Relative pronoun &#~'IHu~ Adjective clause
7

dl

who, whom,

whose, which, that,where Ua:: when L L ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I U ~ U I U L I ~ : : ~ ? I M ~

Function Subject

Persons who that

Thingndeas which that which that whose

Place

Time

Object

whom that

Possessive

whose

of,which
Adverbial Phrase where prep + which when
I1

prep + which

luo?lduu Adjective clause UDP Adjective clause 'LRdui~ NU

01

l$~fdw~?stu'71att~ ZPR ~ ~ ~ I I ! I I U ~ S J ~ { Q J
d

PY

1. ~ILLMU'JUDP Adjective clause s i l ~ a ' ~ d M 7U ~f l 7 I f l~

2.

2 hJ%ugu;au Relative pronoun

3. Relative pronoun

t d ~ l # t t ~ ~ td 7 ~~ ~ z~ ~ q1m ~ ~ % t d u~ t 'iIh Ia

6~u7uuu bdu

a:

~ W HL M L W I J ~

Type of Sentence
Simple sentence

Examples

a. The lady has gone to Paris. The lady was here yesterday.
(she)
b. The lady who was here yesterday has gone to Paris.

Complex sentence

(that) Simple sentence c. The fish was not fresh. I ate the fish last might. (it)
d. The fish which I ate last night was not fresh. (that)

Complex sentence

Simple sentence

e. The students are fools. The students listen to you. (They)

f. The students who listen to you are fools. (that)

Complex sentence

G~8qsnol

lumsdduudszltl~l~8u Adjective clause ar6aqmsaaaou-h &ro~dsrl~~id~~~uAn'w tdaw1167u1ud&n'~l~3"t#~l~)9?' ~7alu' 2. sd~uuhu~uludszh~dae~1sl'~du Relative pronoun C(LMWZRU
1.
3.
Mltl Relative pronoun ~ ~ & 3 @ clause h fl'lM~7fl~lD~$7~M~I
d
VY

n~maau'w-d

01

01

4.
d:
w w

n7n clause ~uo@hwind1~7~dauw n~nu7um clause

vv

d:

U71?'R&

A~WIUMW mumaaii-~-by d bw:: f

5.

~elative pronoun jiqa~~~ti6dub~uan"u d7u7UAdb b n u d~uhodw

l ~ ~ l D f l

a krjl "the lady" b$UbDflW~c"who" &

-f D dTh d ~"the

studentsyyIQUW~~WP$ "whoy' k ~ Q ~ ~ v ~ o r l d i t ~

nonu~sz~an 9 9 dsztnn8t~w3zttazPd8t~w~z
(Restrictive and Non-restrictive Adjective clause)
Adjective clause uI.~IL~~u 2 (lfifl RD
1.

Restrictive clause

clause ~!!FI?~u*~&JJ~ U R Z ! F I ? ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ W D

~~'I,$ U ' i i 7 d 7 u 7 ~ kv"ii~bbuflm di7

n%ddm
d

luuwlrni~liuni7 Defining
d t ~dvw
W C I

clause LWCIZL~U clause d d ? ~ "define" 6 7 ~ 7 ~

2.

Non-restrictive clause
v d
4

clause nuuiudiuiunrdun~pflfluflbbaaa7
d

~~ugm~o2iJ2m ~qiinu7n~vtu~1iKia~abio~ biiu~vi7u"u 1uu79siisii-1iiunii Nondefining clause LWn:~~6irhf.l "define" A i u ~~ D f l 9 i f l u ' u " 9 1 d b ~ ~ ~ M U comma ifl

(,) d o a u n s ~ n n n d . r : ~ u ~ ~ n " ~ n ~ m ~ a u

Type of clause

Examples

I
Restrictive a. The man who wrote this book is coming to the party. (that) b. Clinton, who wrote this book, is coming to the party.
I

Non-restrictive

Simple sentence

c. I want to buy a car which is economical. (that)

I

Complex sentence

d. I want to buy Honda City, which is economical.

I
I

'plos uaaq sag 11!q agl uo sqs 1w.p uo!sueur plo ag,L

alagM uo!l~w3und lnd pua Al~qara3 saauauas % u ! ~ o ~ l o ayj j poq

asp~axa

nor g q g ~

~ L L U O ~ ~ ~ ~ O $ ~ I ; ) I L + ~ ~ ~ ~ C L ~ ~ U R q-L ~ unpSpnL
P

' 6

~pc.~enayr
'

, , P ~ ! u o u o ~s! ~ 11311

nppnpii u~nnii crrrLube2 lenpspn~ .z

buyq
m
I

66

bk ,,qoOCl"'orlM,, na2O LflZbSULL>C$l 1 ~n::au@ ~f;&~mngeny1. q o ~ q * . ~ ~ o g ~ , ,

unpspnl

"I
lou~qq

9.
10.

Have you ever been to Songkhla which is my hometown? gardening.

He spent a large sum of money on his only hobby which was

dsmhaasrnu7uunudsm (Replacement, of Subjects)

(who / which / that).
I

,
V d d

Relative pronoun i n ~ g ~UU<U 3 ~ Adjective clause LLR:$IHU?IIL~U

qd

dsrrnulu Adjective clause UU

b:

Type of Sentence Simple sentence

Examples a. Here is the teacher. The teacher gave us useful advice.

Complex sentence

b. Here is the teacher who gave us useful advice. (that) c. The book is mine. The book is lying on the floor.

Simple sentence

I
Complex sentence d. The book which is lying on the floor is mine. (that)

I
&khrno;l
1.
W d d

ludsdsp~ -b 6 6 ~ h I$LLW ~" ~ a te o w *

* ,

Jsriktp~n u ~ a h

H U I ~ L ~ U ~ ' S : ~ "gave" U~~DQ

2.

~udsdsa-d
Adjective clause

"which"

r~uds:muus~ "is lying" I$i~nu "the

v
U

bmkn & L S U ~ Q W M
3.

- which ........floor ~Q~IUUIL~UU~~HRJ "the book

niunpi.jl Adjective clause ~ M I ~ U U ~ + ~ U & ~ S ~ U ~ U ~ U U ~ U

s97~1361~.a'll~od "which" ~ U ~ S Z ~ : I U -dF I ad 6

1 6

lunsrunrdodnisr3uuuuu\u'r8uni~ "that" rrnu "who" 16' GqCaoeii

5.

ma1 English)

81ql#

---

Exercise 3
Read the following sentences cafefully and fill in the blank with "who, or which".

Example
a. b.

I bought some

ere bad yesterday.

The little boy who brings the milk hasn't come for three days.

1.
2.

The chair

was broken has been mended.

The old man -------- lives next door has just died. Women - - - - - _work in the hospitals are to be admired. The streets The girl The man ------The boy leads to the school is very wide. lives opposite my house is very pretty. cutt your hair did it very badly.
I

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

threw thatstone will be , punished. -

8.
9-

The pencil The tree

is lying on the desk is mine. stands near the gate has lovely flowers.
'

-----

1 0 .

The butcher meat.

sold me this beef always gives me good

JtrrEits~~~rtw~w11n~n5'1~ (.rho / whkh / that)

Relative prodom R ) U R ~ ~ & # U Adjective &J clause 66Wfi~#iff&!rmf~~
t: U D ~ ~ ~ Uclause I ~ U UU

Type of Sentence
Simple sentence

Examples
a. Give it to the girl. You've just seen that girl.
I

Complex sentence

6. Give it to the girl whom you've just seen.

(that)

Simple sentence

c. I want the book. You lent her that book. I

Complex sentence

d. I kint the book which you lent her. (that)

1

8a#4tnoI
1.
V d d

lUdszItIFl -b 6741 "whom" ~#66nU'the girl" & L ~ U ~ f i ~ R 6 6 R ~ f i l

.a
A

HU7n6dUf155~~04 "have just seen"

2.
v d a

b d 5 I A ~ d

f i i l "which" l h n u "the bookw

d-aflunssu~tnr:

~ ~ u ~ n ~ d ~ n ' "lent" 5 5 ~ u a u

3.

'lud5:I~m

-b La:: d 6da1#
oun

whom I which 6inuununssuaa4 clause R7UngC(i7 Adjective

6 L m U "which" L W 5 7 z "that"

which U 7 1 % lh clause & ~ 4 $ ~ & 6 2 Relati ~

4.
fUd~8IUfl -d

~?~7'5nl#61j7 "that"

l#t~nuhuiuI~fluka~itnr:fi~iu~m1# dd d 5. lunstun~du~~s~~suuuulri~duni~n~'~ (informal English)

"that" 66nU "whom"
6.

a7d#
vlv 4'

1 ;

q.j~3i~d14 b

u aJ

IUUNR~~~P whom G~~ Iwhich ?,U(r70d74

-b Liar d ~ a f i a ' ~ ~ 4 ~

Give it to the girl you've just seen.

I want the book you lent her.

@?

Ep 2Q5

Exercise 4 Read the following sente or which". Example b.

c.

lly and fill in the blank with "whom,

Themanw Thepenw
/

1.
3.
4.

The magazine The flowers The f3ms ---------

e is very interesting. morning are still fresh.

The music --------- the orchestra is playing is a Strauss Waltz. The doctor --------- she visited is famous. The man --------- you see at'the desk is my math teacher. All the people -------- I have ever met dislike him. The meat ------teacher. we had for lunch was every tough. The woman -------- you have just seen is our new English

d 5 ~ h a 8 3 5 M u l ~J b~ d M ~ ~ ~ T T u " P I (Preposition ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( P+ J who* w

1~fl566w&3tk~uu whom riuu 2 uuum4u

wd'

which? which r$unssusllun~4i7ywun o-8%

Type of Sentence
1

Examples

Simple sentence

a. Dr. Jones is a visiting professor.

I was introduced to Dr. Jones yesterday.

Complex sentence

b. Dr. Jones, to whom I was introduced yesterday, is a visiting professor.

1 c. Dr. Jones, who (m) I was introduced to yesterday, is a

visiting professor.

d. The Scarlet Letter is a classic novel. We are talking about the Scarlet Letter. e. The Scarlet Letter, about which we are talking, is a classic novel. f. The Scarlet Letter, which we are talking
about, is a classic novel.

1.
2.

lufl1sduut~~utfiurn4n1.1 (formal ~nglish) 1jn~zr3uud7~w~nfu

W Q l

6~clause Q)'~u&~u whom / which Gl40170d74 -b

Ua::

Iunlsr!flub~~lJl$~n74flls (informal English)

ad
a

079ri~u whom

which $udb clause ahriiuuil wunuunld*ifr~uii~mn'iu "who" rrnu "whomn l&h%ni14-c

3. l ~ n ~ ~ n r ~ u u i ~ y ~ ~ n r r u n 1 3 ' r clause ~ u ~ D~PI#~ ~~~n'iu~10~

Exercise 5 Combine the followirig pairs of sentences ihto a complex sentence by using "which or whom" as an object of the preposition.

Example The plan is wonderful. We are talking about it. The plan about which we are talking is wonderful. or The plan which ing about is wonderful. g from her.

1. Here comes the g

2.

The house is mine. They are looking at it.

3. The people are coming to see you. You used to live with them in
Perth.
4.

I should like to see the trees. You picked these apples from them.
Can you remember the person? You took the hat from him. That is the knife and fork. I eat with the knife and fork. The picture was sold, You are talking about that picture. The man is a crook. I pointed out the man to you in the street. The paint on the seat is still wet. You are sitting on the seat.

5.
6.

7.
8. 9.

10. The dog is fierce. I am afraid of it.

d.lc~Ma~.l.lnu?uuon~o?~ntta~t217 (where &a=when)

? "where" UR : : when" 01~l;tflU Relative pronoun L L W U ~ ~ % I ~~flWdM3D

yrmna~uonrmufi I nai laauu

V Y

d'

Type of Sentence

Examples

simple sentence

a. Bangkok is growing very fast. I live in Bangkok.

Complex sentence

I
b. Bangkok where I live is growing very fast. (in which)
-

Simple sentence

c. Songkran is held in April. People enjoy splashing water during Songkran d. Songkran when people enjoy splashing water is held (during which) in April.

Complex sentence

#durnm
1.

"where"

% ~ L Lpreposition ~U +

place H ~ D fl%n?tflWd~Dfl~mun

luRinriiu -b
2.
3.

hh "when" 'l&inu "in Bangkokn vl30 "there"

"when" ~ ? L A U preposition + time M ? O ~ ~ E I I ~ L ( ~ Y ~ U D ~ L ? IU (II
YI~D "then" ~7flki# where Iwhen LMIU preposition + d v d

s i ? o h -d dii7 "when" lg~tnu "during Songkran"

place I time ~79fiEIulu

ad preposition

+ which

kknunla k ~ d u"in which" na~iuwriiua ~ & o -b d ~

L L a : "during which"

~ D ~ ~ U ~ U L ~ ~ -dU U U I U

ose)
did1

"whose"

Ia'~b~jm~a-~~ ~lf~ l& u~ ?~d i tq l~ zd I i I i ~U ~~ ~

VNII&~~DI~I~~VR~~U IT ~ IU~~~H~O~~UDJI~K~U

Type of Sentence
1

Examples

Simple sefutence

a, The professor is daining here. I admire his work.

Complex sentence

b. The professor *de work I admire is coming here.

r n

Simple sentence

c. The room looks n h . Its walls have been painted.

' Complex sentence 1

UBflQLflO)
v
Y

d. The room whose &Ils *ave been repainted looks new.

c'whose" L ~ Adjective U ?ILL~~R~I QIL ? U~ UP u PL ~ J~ L~ u UL UD ~ ~~ M~ (~ ~DQ

b: r

d-tu-tunuuiur~ua~ u ~ a a U (-b i5
ngC(jid7 Relative pronoun
d7b8t12Iu"l
&DJ~%Ju

w "whose" Idl58u clause Q17U e clause lbdQ~81U "whose" I d

-b
?E]

~ ~ & ~ ] 5 ~ 1 d ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ 11 5 1 % I

"whose work"

d 3 ~

caadw -d

"whose walls"

Exercise 6

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one by using a relative pronoun. Be sure to put punctuation where necessary.

1.
2.

Therewasafull My mother w

night. His son was born last night. pictorial dictionary. The pictorial

3.
4.
5.

Paul introduced his wife to Henry. Henry used to be his class-mate. There is no one. We can rely on no one. This is a house. John lived in that house during the Second World War. The house is made of stone. That house can last longer. Yesterday we met Mantida. Nantida's album will be released soon. The man told me to oil the bicycle. I bought it from ahat man. ~ n ~ b cwill kl~ never forget the match. Anybody watched the match. The ladder began to slip. I was standing on the ladder.

6.

7.
8. 9.

10.

Exercise 7
Fill in the blank with suitable clause and also put punctuation where necessary.
1. 2. 4.
5.

Mary wants a car which

.
. .
,

Ramkharnhaeng University is an open university where Don't trust anyone who

3. . ,We need a leader whom

A person who violates the law

.
,

6.

The room was filled with flowers which

!.

7.
8.

Mr. Peterson whom

The red purse which
Songkran Festival when
.

is a famous lawyer. is quite expensive. is Thai Mew Year.

9.

10.

Pete whose

used to be the top-seeded tennis player.

$8

EN' 2 0 9 '