ARTS

history of art is the history of any activity or product made by humans in a visual form for aesthetical or communicative purposes, expressing ideas, emotions or, in general, a worldview.
PRE HISTORY

Human arts might have origins in early human evolutionary prehistory. According to a recent suggestion, several forms of audio and visual arts (rhythmic singing and drumming on external objects, dancing, body and face painting) were developed very early in hominid evolution by the forces of natural selection in order to reach an altered state of consciousness. The first tangible artifacts of human art are found from the Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic), periods when the first demonstrations that can be considered art by humans, appear. During the Paleolithic (25 000-8000 BC), man practiced hunting and lived in caves, where cave painting was developed.[6] After a transitional period (Mesolithic, 8000-6000 BC), in the Neolithic period (6000-3000 BC), when man became sedentary and engaged in agriculture, with societies becoming increasingly complex and religion gaining importance, the production ofhandicrafts commenced. Finally, in the Bronze Age (c. 3000-1000 BC), the first protohistoric civilizations arise. Paleolithic Main article: Paleolithic art The Paleolithic had its first artistic manifestation on 25,000 BC, reaching its peak in the Magdalenian period (15,000-8000 BC). The first traces of man-made objects appear in southern Africa, the Western

Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe (Ad riatic Sea), Siberia (Baikal Lake), India and Australia. These first traces are generally worked stone (flint, obsidian), wood or bonetools. To paint in red, iron oxide was used, in black, manganese oxide and in ochre, clay.[7] Surviving art from this period is small carvings in stone or bone and cave painting, this especially from in the FrancoCantabrian region; there are pictures with magical-religious character and also pictures with a naturalistic sense, which depict animals, notably the caves of Altamira, Trois Frres,Chauvet and Lascaux. Sculpture is represented by the so-called Venus figurines, feminine figures which were probably used in fertility cults, such as the Venus of Willendorf.[8] Other representative works of this period are the Man from Brno[9] and the Venus of Brassempouy.[10] [edit]Neolithic The rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin dated between Mesolithic and Neolithic contained small, schematic human and figures, with notable examples in El Cogul, Valltorta, Alpera andMinateda. Neolithic painting was schematic, reduced to basic strokes (man in the form of a cross and woman in a triangular shape). There are equally noteworthy cave paintings inPinturas River in Argentina, especially the Cueva de las Manos. In portable art, the Cardium Pottery was produced, decorated with imprints ofseashells. New materials were produced like amber, crystal of rock, quartz, jasper, etc. In this period there appear the first traces of urbanisticplanimetry

Metal Age

Megalithic complex of Stonehenge

The last prehistoric phase is the Metal Age, as the use of elements such as copper, bronze and iron proved to be a great material transformation for these ancient societies. In the Chalcolithic (also called Copper Age) the Megalith emerged, monuments of stone, i.e. the dolmen and menhiror the English cromlech, as in the magnificent complex of Stonehenge.[13] In Spain the Los Millares culture was formed, characterized by theBeaker culture and pictured human figures with big eyes. In Malta, noteworthy are the temple complexes of Mnajdra, Tarxien and Ggantija. In theBalearic Islands notable megalithic cultures developed, with different types of monuments: the naveta, a tomb shaped like a truncated pyramide, with an elongated burial chamber; the taula, two large stones, one put vertically and the other horizontally above each other; and the talaiot, a tower with a covered chamber and a false dome.[14] In the Iron Age the cultures of Hallstatt (Austria) and La Tene (Switzerland) mark the significant phases in Europe. The first was developed between the 7th and 5th century BCE by the necropoleis with tumular tombs and a wooden burial chamber in the form of a house, often accompanied by a four-wheel cart. The pottery was polychromic, with geometric decorations and applications of metallic ornaments. La Tene was developed between the 5th and 4th century BCE, and is more popularly known as early Celtic art. It produced many iron objects such

as swordsand spears, which have not survived well, but bronze continued to be used for highly decorated shields, fibulas, and other objects, with different stages of evolution of the style (La Tene I, II and III). Decoration was influenced by Greek, Etruscan and Scythian art.[15] In most of the continent conquest by the Roman Empire brought the style to an end.

Venus of Brassempouy, Muse des Antiquits Nationales, SaintGermain-en-Laye

Venus of Brassempouy, Muse des Antiquits Nationales,

Splint on Flood myth, of the Epic of Gilgamesh

Main article: Ancient art Art, in the first period of history, began with the invention of writing, founded by the great civilizations of Near East: Egypt and Mesopotamia. This period also differed from others because artistic manifestations occurred in every culture of all the continents. In this period appear the first great cities in the main big rivers: Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Yellow River.
MESOPOTAMIA

Mesopotamian architecturewas characterized by the use of brick, lintel and the introduction of construction elements like arc and vault. Notable are theziggurats, large temples with the form of a terraced step pyramid, from which we have practically no traces left except their bases. The tomb was usually a corridor, with a covered chamber and a false dome, as in some examples found in Ur. There were also palaces walled with a terrace in the form of a ziggurat, giving great importance to gardens (the Hanging Gardens of Babylon is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). Sculpture was developed through wood carving and relief and was used in religious, military and hunting scenes, depicting both human and animal figures, whether they were real or mythological. In the Sumerian period there were small statues of angular

form, with colored stone, bald head and with hands on the chest. In the Akkadian period there were figures with long hair and beard, noting the stele of Naram-Sin. In the Amorite period (or Neosumerian) notable is the representation of king Gudea of Lagash, with his mantle and a turban on his head and his hands on the chest. During Babylonian rule famous is the stele of Hammurabi. Assyrian sculpture is notable for its anthropomorphism of cattle and the winged genie, which is seen flying in many reliefs depicting war and hunting scenes, as in the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III.[17] With the advent of writing, arose literature as a means of expressing human creativity. The Sumerian literature is represented by the Epic of Gilgamesh, written in the 17th century BCE. In it were written thirty myths about the most important Sumerian and Akkadian deities, which are: Innanas descent to hell and the cycle of gods Enki and Tammuz. Another example of relevance is the poem Lugal ud melambi Nirpal (The hardship of Ninurta), whose content type is moral and didactic. During Akkadian period notable is Atrahasis, which includes the flood myth. In Babylonian literature notable is the poem Enma Eli, which describes the creation of the world.[18] The music was developed in this region between 4th and 3rd millennium BCE, used in Sumerian temples, where priests sang hymns and psalms (ersemma) to the gods. The liturgic chant was composed of responsoriessong alternated between the priests and choir and antiphonssong alternated between two choirs. They had several instruments like tigi (flute), balag (drum), lilis(predecessor of timpani), algar (lyre), zagsal (harp) and adapa (pandeiro).[19]

The pyramids of Giza

In Egypt arose one of the first great civilizations, with elaborate and complex works of art, which assume the professional specialization of the artist/craftsman. Its art was intensely religious and symbolic, with a highly centralized power structure and hierarchy, giving great importance to the religious concept of immortality, especially of the pharaoh, for whom were built great monuments. The Egyptian art spans from 3,000 BC until the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great. However its influence persisted in the Coptic art and Byzantine art. The architecture is characterized by its monumentality, achieved by the use of stones in large blocks, lintel and solid columns. Notable are the funerary monuments, with three main types: mastaba, tomb of rectangular form; pyramid, which can be a step pyramid (Saqqarah) or smooth sided (Giza); and the hypogeum, underground tomb (Valley of the Kings). The other great building is the temple, a monumental complex preceded by an avenue of sphinxes and obelisks, which give way to two pylons and trapezoid walls, a hypaethros, a hypostyle hall and a shrine. Notable are the temples of Karnak, Luxor, Philae and Edfu. Another type of temple is the rock temple, which has the form of a hypogeum, like in Abu Simbel and Deir el-Bahari. Painting was characterized by the juxtaposition of overlapping planes. The images were represented hierarchically, i.e . the Pharaoh is larger than the subjects or enemies at his side. Egyptians painted the head and limbs in profile, while the shoulders and eyes in front.Applied arts were developed significantly in Egypt, in particular woodwork and metalwork, with superb examples like cedar furniture inlaid with ebony and ivory of the tombs at the Egyptian Museum, or the

Egypt
Main article: Ancient Egyptian art

pieces found in Tutankhamun's tomb, which are [20 of great artistic quality.
AFRICAN

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. There are examples of cave paintings all over the worldin France, India, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia etc. Various conjectures have been made as to the meaning these paintings had to the people that made them. Prehistoric men may have painted animals to "catch" their soul or spirit in order to hunt them more easily or the paintings may represent an animistic vision and homage to surrounding nature, or they may be the result of a basic need of expression that is innate to human beings, or they could have been for the transmission of practical information. Islamic art

Matisse and several other young artists including the precubist Georges Braque, Andr Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[3] It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.

Medieval art was produced in many media, and the works that remain in large numbers include sculpture, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass,metalwork and mosaics, all of which have had a higher survival rate than other media like fresco wall-paintings, work in precious metals or textiles, including tapestry. Especially in the early part of the period, works in the socalled "minor arts" or decorative arts, such as metalwork, ivory carving,enamel and embroidery using precious metals, were probably more highly valued than paintings or monumental sculpture.
Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art. Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Czanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri

Purposes of Art Art is created and enjoyed by many people for many reasons. However, one of the things that art does is extend and expand our shared common visual language. When new visual ideas are first introduced by the artist, they are often seen as shocking, and perhaps even as incomprehensible. However, with time the best and most effective of these ideas are accepted. There is nothing harder than trying to grasp what was shocking or illuminating about certain images, or ways of making images, once the shock is gone, and we have all absorbed this bit of visual data into our own vocabularies. Artists show us new ways to see familiar things, and how to interpret new situations and events through various kinds of visual shorthand. This creation of visual language may be the artist's intention, or it may be a side effect of other

purposes. So what are some of the purposes that art fulfills? Probably the oldest purpose of art is as a vehicle for religious ritual. From the prehistoric cave paintings of France, to the Sistine Chapel, art has served religion. For centuries the Church was the primary patron of artists. In traditional societies even today, the primary purpose of art is religious or ceremonial.

Rockwell's Rosie the Riveter. It might also be a purpose we disapprove of. In either case, the power of visual images has frequently been used to persuade masses of people to accept beliefs, take action, or follow leaders. The artist as social commentator may simply make us more aware of the human condition as he/she perceives it, without suggesting particular action. All societies engage in propaganda, but here are some links to propaganda art created in China, and by the Allies during World War I. and during World War II.

Art may also serve as a commemoration of an important event. The event may be of major historical importance, such as the coronation of Josephine by Napoleon as recorded by the artist David, or it may be important only to the participants, like the image of a wedding or a baptism.

Art has often served as propaganda or social commentary. Propaganda images are attempts to persuade us toward particular viewpoints or actions promoted by public or private institutions such as political parties, lobbyists, governments, or religious groups. The propaganda purpose may be one we approve of, such as World War II efforts to get women behind the war effort, as epitomized in Norman

Art may be simply a means of recording of visual data-- telling the "truth" about what we see. After the Renaissance, artists became preoccupied with new ways of capturing reality such as the use of linear perspective, and the realism possible through the use of oil painting technique. In time, artists like Courbet and Cezanne (and many who followed them) began in various ways to challenge the basic idea of what it is for an image to be true and real.

Art can also be seen as pleasing the eye- creating beauty. Yet the idea of beauty, like that of truth, has been challenged in the modern era. At one time, the artist was expected to portray perfection-- lofty and noble ideals of

beauty. Yet as society became more industrialized and democratic, many thoughtful people began to broaden their notions of what could be beautiful. For example, Rembrandt could celebrate the tactile quality of paint and color in his picture of a side of beef, and Courbet and Millet could see beauty in the life of ordinary peasants.

variously by use of dramatic or exaggerated color, light, form, and/or other elements.

Art is also a powerful means of storytelling. This was a common device of religious art of the Middle ages, for example in the frescoes by
Giotto from the Church of San Francesco de Assisi , where sequences of panels were

used to tell stories from the Scriptures or lives of saints. It is also the great gift of Norman Rockwell, who had the ability to tell powerful and subtle stories about ordinary people and events, in just one picture. A picture is truly worth a thousand words.

Art can also convey intense emotion.The expressive power of art can be seen in literal ways in the capturing of facial expression and body language. Certain religious art, and the works of expressionists such as Munch or Kirchner are charged with powerful emotions. Picasso, in works such as Guernica (also an example of powerful social commentary and storytelling) is able to communicate intense emotions. This is accomplished

In any case, one of the primary functions of art is to interpret the subject matter at hand. Subject matter does not change all that much over time. Although new subject matter has evolved, the human condition, nature, and events still continue to capture the attention of artists. The media used have changed relatively little; though new materials have appeared in this century, the conventional media continue to be used. Nor can we say that the quality or artistic merit of art works has increased or lessened with time. However, throughout the course of history as society has changed, so also has the interpretation of specific subject matter. A portrait executed byMatisse in 1907 could not be confused with one done by van Dyck in the 1630s.Even landscape is reinterpreted in the context of a changing world. Each work is an expression of the subject in the context of the values, culture, and events of its specific era.
Art is the products of human creativity. There are many types of art.

They include: 1. Graphics art: the arts of drawing or painting or printmaking 2. Plastics art: the arts of shaping or modeling; carving and sculpture 3. Applied arts: such as making and decorating pottery and metal art 4. Architecture: design of buildings 5. Interior design : decoration of interior of buildings 6. Visual arts: such as drama, poetry, dance, fashion and music... etc. There are many kind of plastic arts for example : 1-leather work. 2-Paper folding. 3-Carving in round. 4-Pottery. 5-drawing. 6-Weaving. 7-Mosaic. 8-Minimal art. 9-Collage. 10-Textile printing. 11-Arabesque art. 12-Ceramic.

Maha Khayat There are plenty kinds of arts: Fine arts Beaux arts- and it include painting, drawing, sculpture, and graphic design. The plastic arts. The plastic arts are the art form that involves moulding or making models. Clay, metal and wax are examples of the plastic arts. The applied arts. This kind of art implies everything that can be useful, artistic, and beautiful. As when an artist forms a vase using clay in an artistic design. The Applied arts include ceramics (pottery), printmaking, weaving and metal art. There are other kinds of art as, visual arts, the art that includes cinema and theater. Pop art, as folkloric art. Art of arts sake as philosophy, and criticism. also Architecture, Photography, Industrial Design, Interior Design kinds of art. MANAL AL HARB There are two main kinds of arts are: major arts ("fine arts"): music, literature,painting, sculpture, architecture. minor arts ("applied arts"): ceramics, furniture, weaving , photography, meatal work , etc Also we can say that the kind of art could be : performing arts .. art forms that move like plays e.g. live music , dance, opera, movies .

13-Metal work. visual arts usually exist in two-dimensional form, e.g. drawing, 14-Wax painting. graphic design , interior design, paper art ,mosaic, silkscreen, 15-Sculpture photograph, poster, computer art. 16-Silkscreen. Literature is language that affects our imaginations , and this 17-Relief. makes us think and feel differently e.g. poetry , music. 18-Design. 19-Photograph. Kinds of Art sculptural arts, solid-object art we can touch, exist in threedimensional form like building, relief, carving, rock garden, pottery, sculpture

2. Renaissance a. The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.

Medieval Art Art during the Middle Ages saw many changes up to the emergence of the early Renaissance period. Early art subjects were initially restricted to the production of Pietistic painting (religious art or Christian art) in the form of illuminated manuscripts, mosaics and fresco paintings in

churches. There were no portrait paintings in the art of the Middle Ages. The colors were generally somewhat muted. The subject of Medieval architecture is also covered in this section. The following links provide facts and interesting information about Medieval Art and Architecture and the famous artists of the Middle ages:

http://prezi.com/o3clzc1x7p6r/copy-of-art-history-timeline/ http://prezi.com/o3clzc1x7p6r/copy-of-arthistory-timeline/ http://prezi.com/o3clzc1x7p6r/copy-of-art-history-timeline/ http://prezi.com/sfdyurscmjmy/copy-of-architectural-history/ http://prezi.com/gshqiu-cffsz/copy-of-architectural-history/ http://prezi.com/5fehc7wvmz55/copy-of-renaissance-art-history-assigment/ http://prezi.com/gsfjslbnf8lv/copy-of-the-history-of-art/