2
) HEME + ribossomos mRNA
HbA
2
(o
2
o
2
) o o o o
| | | |
o o o o
cadeias da aminocidos precursor
globina tRNA mRNA
Legenda:
ALA-S Sintetase do cido o aminolevulnico CO Oxidase do coproporfirinognio
PLP Fosfatase do piridoxal PO Oxidase do protoporfirinognio
ALA-D Dehidratase do porfobilinognio FECH Ferroquelatase
COs Co-sintetase do uroporfirinognio Tf Transferrina
URO-D Decarboxilase do uroporfirinognio Hb Hemoglobina
Modificado de Bottomley et al. (18)
38
Tabela 7 Classificao das Anemias Megaloblsticas
Secundrias Deficincia de Vitamina B
12
Ingesto diminuda Dieta pobre, vegetarianismo estrito
Absoro prejudicada Incapacidade de liberar a cobalamina da protena animal
(indivduos idosos, gastrectomia parcial);
Deficincia de fator intrnseco-FI (anemia perniciosa, gastrectomia
total, destruio da mucosa gstrica por custicos, deficincia
congnita isolada de FI )
Doena pancretica crnica
Parasitoses competitivas (bactrias nos divertculos intestinais,
Sndrome da ala cega, infestaes por tnias de peixes)
Doena intestinal intrnseca (resseco ileal, doena de Crohn, ilete
actnica, espru tropical, doena celaca, doena intestinal
infiltrativa, m absoro induzida por drogas, m absoro seletiva
congnita- Sndrome de Imerslund-Grsbeck)
Utilizao prejudicada Deficincia de transcobalamina II
Induzida por drogas: administrao de xido nitroso.
Secundrias Deficincia de Folato
Ingesto diminuda Dieta pobre (falta de vegetais)
Alcoolismo
Idade avanada
Primeiro ano de vida
Absoro prejudicada Circuitos intestinais curtos, espru tropical, doena celaca,
defeitos congnitos da absoro do folato
Drogas - contraceptivos orais, sulfasalzina, barbitricos, fenitona
Utilizao prejudicada Induzidas por drogas: antagonistas do cido flico-
metotrexate, triantereno, trimetropim, pirimetamina, etanol
Deficincia enzimtica congnita
Necessidade aumentada Gravidez
Primeiro ano de vida
Hipertireoidismo
Doena hemoltica crnica
Neoplasia
Dermatite esfoliativa
Hepatopatia
Perdas Dilise
Secundrias a Defeitos da Sntese de DNA
Antagonistas da purina (6-mercaptopurina)
Antagonistas da pirimidina (arabinosdeo C)
39
Agentes alquilantes (ciclofosfamida)
Outros (sulfasalazina; arsnio)
Secundrias a Distrbios Hereditrios da Sntese de DNA
Sndrome de Lesch-Nylan
Acidria ortica
.
Tabela 8 Macrocitose induzida por medicamento
Toxicidade medular e interferncia no metabolismo do folato
lcool
Toxicidade medular
Medicamentos quimioterpicos
Zidovudina (AZT)
Metabolismo alterado do folato
Anticonvulsivantes
Contraceptivos orais
Triantereno - clofan, diurana
Sulfasalazina
Sulfametoxazol
Trimetroprim
M-absoro da cobalamina
Colchicina
cido paraminossaliclico
Neomicina
Utilizao insuficiente de cobalamina
xido nitroso
Modificado de Colon-Otero et al. (29)
40
Tabela 9 CLASSIFICAO DA ANEMIA APLSTICA
ADQUI RI DAS
SECUNDRI AS
Radiao
Benzeno
Agentes Citotxicos
REAES I DI OSI NCRSI CAS
Cloranfenicol
anti-inflamatrios no hormonais
anti-epilpticos
sais de ouro e outras
V RUS
Epstein-Barr
Hepatite (no A, no B, no C)
Parvovirus
HIV
DOENAS I MUNOLGI CAS
Fascete eosinoflica
Hipoimunoglobulinemia
Timoma e carcinoma tmico
Doena do enxerto contra hospedeiro
Hemoglobinria Paroxstica Noturna
Gravidez
I DI OPTI CA
HEREDI TRI AS
Anemia de Fanconi
Disqueratose congnita
Sndrome Shwachman-Diamond
Disqueratose reticular
Trombocitemia Amegacarioctica (TAR)
Anemia aplstica familiar
Sndrome no hematolgicas: Down,
Dubovitz, Sechel
Modificado de Hoofman et al (9)
41
Tabela 10 Medicamentos associados Anemia Aplstica
Agentes que regularmente produzem depresso medular em doses habitualmente usadas,
tendo como toxidade maior a depresso medular.
- agentes citotxicos empregados em quimioterapia: bussulfan, melfalan, ciclofosfamida
- Antimetablicos: antifolatos e anlogos de nucleotdeos
- Antibiticos: Vincristina, Vimblastina, Colchicina
- Antibiticos: doxorrubicina, daunoblastina e outros
- Benzeno (Solventes: querosene, gasolina, clorofenois, etc.).
Agentes que potencialmente se associam AA, porm com freqncia rara.
- Cloranfenicol
- Inseticidas
- Antiprotozorios: Quinacrim e cloroquine
- Anti-inflamatrios no hormonais: indometacina, ibuprofeno e outros
- Anticonvulsivantes: Hidantoinatos, carbamazepina e fenacemida
- Metais pesados: ouro, arsnio, bismuto, mercrio
- Sulfonamidas: Antibiticos
anti-tireoidianos: metimazole, metiltiouracil
anti-diabetgenos: Tolbutamida, clorpropamida
inibidores da anidrase carbnica: metinazol
- D-penicilinamina.
- Estrgenos.
Agentes que muito raramente se associam AA.
- Antibiticos: Estreptomicina, tetraciclina, meticilina, mebendazole,
griseofulvina, flucitosina
- Antihistamnicos: clorfeniramina, cimetidina
- Sedativos e tranqilizantes: clorpromazina, prochorperazina, piperacetazina,
clordiazepxido, meprobamato, metilpirolone
- Quidina
- Carbonato de ltio
- Guanidina
- Perclorato de potssio
- Tiocianatos
- Carbimazol
Modificado de Hoffmann et al (9)
42
Tabela 11 - DEFEITOS DE ENZIMAS GLICOCITICAS DAS HEMCIAS
Enzima Herana Anormalidade
da Hemcia
Anormalidades em
outros sistemas
Comentrios
Hexoquinase
Autossmica
recessiva
Hemlise
moderada
Nenhuma
Raramente autossmica
dominante
Glicose fosfatase
Isomerase
Autossmica
recessiva
Hemlise
moderada
Nenhuma Segundo defeito mais comum
Fosfofrutoquinase Autossmica
Complexa
Hemlise e
eritrocitose
Miopatia Doena de Tauri, mltiplos
genes, herana complexa
Frutose difosfato
aldolase
Autossmica
recessiva
Hemlise Retardo mental Muito rara
Triose fosfatase
Isomerase
Autossmica
recessiva
Hemlise
moderada e
severa
Anormalidades
neuromusculares
severas
Esplenectomia no til
Fosfoglicerato
Quinase
Ligada ao X Hemlise
(varivel)
Alteraes
neurolgicas e
mentais
-
Difosforogliceratom
utase e
disfosforoglicerato
fosfatase
Autossmica
recessiva
Eritrocitose - Diminui o suprimento de
2-3 DPG
Enolase - No descrita No descrita -
Piruvatoquinase
Autossmica
recessiva
Hemlise
(varivel)
- Representa mais de 90% dos
defeitos de via glicoctica.
Esplenectomia benfica nos
casos mais graves
Modificado de Hoffman et al. (9)
43
Tabela 12 - Drogas capazes de promover episdios hemolticos
Acetanilida Primaquina
Azul de metileno Sulfacetamida
cido nalidxico Sulfametoxazol
Naftaleno Sulfanilamida
Niridazole Sulfapiridina
Nitrofurantona Sulfona tiazlica
Pamaquine Azul de toluidina
Pentaquine Trinitrotolueno
Fenilhidrazida
Modificado de Hoffman et al.(9)
Tabela 13 Sndromes Talassmicas
Talassemia alfa Talassemia beta
Portador assintomtico (o/oo) Talassemia maior
(anemia de Cooley)
diagnstico na
infncia
Trao talassmico (o/o)
(/oo)
Talassemia
intermediria
acompanhamento
com hematologista
Doena da hemoglobina H
(/o) Talassemia menor Trao talassmico
Hidropsia fetal
(/)
.
44
Tabela 14 - Classificao das anemias hemoliticas auto-imune
- Por anticorpo quente, IgG
Primaria ou Idioptica
Secundria Doenas linfoproliferativas: LLC, LNH, Mieloma, Doena do colgeno: LES, AR, Sindrome mista
Tipo hapteno penicilina
Drogas Tipo complexo imune: quinidina
Tipo auto-anticorpo: o metildopa
- Por anticorpofrio (igM)
Primria ou Idioptica
Secundria Doenas linfoproliferativas: LLC, LNH.
Infeces: Micoplasma, mononucleose.
Hemoglobinria paroxistica a frio.
Associada sfilis terceria
Associada infeco viral.
Modificado de Axelson & Lobuglo (41)
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