Date: 1st 4th December 2008 Subject: Chemistry Class: Grade 9 No.

. of students: 22 Duration of lesson: 1hour 10 minutes Unit topic: Mixtures and Compounds Lesson Topic: Mixtures Strategies: Lecture-Discussion and Direct Instruction, General Objectives: Students should gain knowledge about mixtures and compounds. Specific Objectives: From the notes given, students should be able to: 1. Identify different types of mixtures (solution, suspensions, and colloids). 2. Identify the properties of solutions and suspensions. 3. Define solute and solvent. 4. Explain the differences between mixtures and compounds.

Previous Knowledge: Students are familiar with the definition of elements, compounds and mixtures. Summary of Content: A MIXTURE is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other. Most natural substances are mixtures. In the graphic on the left there are four substances - water, alcohol, oil, and food color dye.

MIXTURES PURE COMPOUNDS A mixture can be physically separated into A pure compound has a constant pure compounds or elements. composition with fixed ratios of elements.

Although it is almost physically impossible Just about everything that you can think of to isolate absolutely pure substances, a is probably a mixture. Even the purest of substance is said to be pure if no impurities materials still contain other compounds as can be detected using the best available impurities. analytical techniques. Physical properties such as boiling point or Mixtures may exhibit a changing set of melting point of pure substances are physical properties. invariant. For example, mixture of alcohol and water For example, pure water boils at 100 degrees boils over a range of temperatures. C

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES The prefixes "homo"- indicate sameness A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES The prefixes: "hetero"- indicate difference. A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases. The three phases or states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid. Graphic on the left of "Dancing Raisins" shows liquid, solid, and gas substances in a heterogeneous mixture.

Particle size distinguishes homogeneous solutions from other heterogeneous mixtures. Solutions have particles which are the size of atoms or molecules - too small to In contrast a suspension is a heterogeneous be seen. mixture of larger particles. These particles A colloid is a homogeneous solution with are visible and will settle out on standing. intermediate particle size between a Examples of suspensions are: fine sand or solution and a suspension. Colloid particles silt in water or tomato juice. may be seen in a beam of light such as dust in air in a "shaft" of sunlight. Milk, fog, and jello are examples of colloids. For example beach sand is heterogeneous Corn oil is homogeneous, White vinegar is since you can see different colored particles. homogeneous. A sugar solution is Vinegar and oil salad dressing is homogeneous since only a colorless liquid is heterogeneous since two liquid layers are observed. Air with no clouds is present, as well as solids. Air with clouds is homogeneous. heterogeneous, as the clouds contain tiny droplets of liquid water.

SOLUTIONS are homogeneous mixtures.

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase. At least two substances must be mixed in order to have a solution. The substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves or disperses is called the SOLUTE. The substance in the larger amount is called the SOLVENT. In most common instances water is the solvent. The gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in water are the solutes. In the graphic, the blue bottle is a homogeneous solution mixture of water, KOH, glucose, oxygen gas dissolved, and methylene blue - an indicator. Since solutions are mixtures, their compositions may vary over a very wide range. The concentrations may be expressed using a variety of measures. The non-specific terms concentrated and dilute are sometimes used. A concentrated solution has a relatively large (but non-specific) amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. A dilute solution has a smaller quantity of solute dissolved. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Concentrations Solute Less than 50% liquid solid gas gas gas liquid solid liquid solid Solvent More than 50% liquid liquid liquid gas solid gas gas solid solid alcohol - water salt - water oxygen - water air = oxygen - nitrogen hydrogen - platinum water in air smog mercury - another metal alloy Examples wine beer, vodka acetic acid / water - vinegar saline (NaCl) solution sugar solution CaCO3 - hard water CO2 - carbonated water NH3 - ammonia solution

Instructional Materials: Computer, Multimedia Projector, Notes Procedure:

Step 1. (10 minutes) Teacher introduces the lesson and will lead a question session to revise elements, compounds and mixtures. Step 2. (50 minutes) Teacher will develop the lesson using diagrams where necessary. Step 3. (10 minutes) Teacher will ask students to think of everyday mixtures and say whether they are homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Evaluation: The lesson went well. Students were curious and asked many questions. They were also excited about actually performing separation techniques in the next class. Students understood the lesson and there were no problems.