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It is usual practice to provide heating for indoor swimming pools, both for the pool water and for the pool hall, changing rooms etc. On the other hand, the heating of the water in open-air pools is rather less common in the UK. In the UK and countries with a similar climate, an open-air pool can only be used in reasonable comfort for about 45 months during the year, and during this period there are many days when only the most determined swimmers will be willing to use the pool unless the water is heated, and wind protection provided. The term pool heating means a properly designed and installed heating system connected to the water circulation system of the pool.
(160l000l.00)4.180.80=836 000 kJ=836 0003600=232 kWh (1 calorie=4.18 J). To this figure of 232 kWh should be added a percentage to cover heat loss during the warming-up period of, say, 5%, thus making an estimated boiler capacity of say 245 kWh (or 924 000 Btu/hour). The boiler would be gas or oil fired.
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chlorine is not caused by the presence of elemental chlorine, but by chlorine compounds, such as nitrogen trichloride, and dichloramine. When chlorine is used as the main disinfecting agent in the pool water, the air should not be recirculated, but should be discharged, preferably in total, to the external air. The air changes per hour (ventilation rate) will normally vary in different parts of the building. For the pool hall, the ventilation rate will be closely related to the area of the pool and the area of surrounding walkways as it is from these areas that evaporation takes place.
Heat is a form of energy and exists in a body in the form of motion of the molecules. Heat can be transferred from one body to another by conduction, when the bodies are in direct contact, by convection through a liquid and by radiation by which heat can be transferred through a vacuum. There are two forms of heat, the latent heat of the fusion of ice and the latent heat of evaporation. The unit of heat is the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1 C and is known as a calorie, and this is equivalent to 4.18 J. During the change of state (ice to water and water to steam), the temperature remains constant. The latent heat of the fusion of ice is about 80 calories (360 J) and the latent heat of evaporation of water is about 540 calories or 2260 J (2.26 kJ). It can be seen that the amount of heat energy required to convert water to vapour/ steam is very high. All reasonable steps should be taken to reduce heat loss and thus reduce energy consumption. The first principle is to ensure that the floor, walls and roof have appropriate low U values. The Building Regulations 1985 Approved Document L Conservation of Fuel and Power requires that the U value of exposed walls, exposed floors and ground floors for industrial buildings should not exceed 0.45 (W/m2K). For semi-exposed walls and floors, the U value should not exceed 0.6 (W/m2K). As far as heating and ventilation is concerned, there are many systems available to conserve energy. There is an excellent and comprehensive publication from the Energy Efficiency Office entitled Energy Efficiency Technologies for Swimming Pools (details are given under Further Reading at the end of this chapter). It is claimed in this publication that, in a typical indoor public swimming pool, the annual cost of energy consumed can be reduced by a significant figure by the adoption of well-tried techniques. The main factor which controls the use of energy in maintaining satisfactory conditions in an indoor swimming pool is the evaporation of water from the pool surface. The energy used operates on two distinct levels, namely the heat used up in the evaporation process, and the energy used by the mechanical ventilation system which is needed to reduce the relative humidity to an acceptable level, say, 60 70%. It has been established that the energy used at these two levels is over 60% of the total energy used for the whole building and its operation. There are a number
of methods which will make a material contribution to the conservation of energy and these include the following: 1. 2. The provision of a thermal insulating cover to the pool for use when the pool is not in use, e.g. at night; The reduction of the mechanical ventilation (rate of air change) when the pool is not in use and the pool hall not occupied. This can effect a saving of 10 12% in the energy consumed, with of course, a corresponding reduction in operating cost. However, if the pool hall has a pressurised roof void, the closing down of the ventilation system can cause problems (see Sections 7.147.16); Accurate and effective control of temperature and humidity; The use of heat recovery and/or heat reclaim techniques.
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Solar Heating of Swimming Pools. The Code makes recommendations for components, design and installation of equipment, performance and commissioning. In addition, a great deal of useful information is included. Contrary to general opinion, properly designed and installed solar panels can collect a significant amount of heat energy on overcast days. The temperature of the water in an average unheated open-air pool in the UK during the four summer months (mid-May to mid-September) is likely to be about 18 C. With properly designed and installed solar heating, this could average about 23 C. This is undoubtedly very useful from the point of conservation of energy (fuel) and money, but for those people who like warmer water (the 23 C is an average figure), it is necessary to install a conventional heating installation in addition to the solar heating. The boiler can have a smaller output and the operating costs would show a considerable saving compared with an installation without solar heating. The conventional system should be considered as a back-up to the solar heating. The two systems should be controlled thermostatically to obtain the best results. The solar collectors are in the form of panels made from a patented form of polypropylene which has a black matt surface. To secure the best results, they have to be correctly sited and orientated; they are connected to the water circulation system of the pool.
Further reading
Acoustics & Environmetrics Ltd. Some Ways of Saving Energythe Nature of Heat and Cold Energy, 1988. British Standards Institution. Code of Practice for the Solar Heating of Swimming Pools, BS6785, 1986. Department of the Environment. The Building Regulations 1985, Approved Document L, Conservation of Fuel and Power, 1989. Energy Efficiency Office and Sports Council. Energy Efficiency Technologies for Swimming Pools, January 1985. Sports Council. Energy Data Sheets 121. Towler, P.A. Protection of buildings from hazardous gases, Journal of the Institute of Water and Environmental Management, 1993, No. 7, June, pp. 28394.