Chapter 10 Fluid

1
CHAPTER 10. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CHAPTER 10. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 1
Example 1. Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 4.0
ft and a flow rate of Q =200 cfs. Determine the minimum Q
channel width if the flow is to be subcritical.
s ft V and feet width b
b ft b
s ft
A
Q
V /
50
) 4 )( (
/ 200
3
= = = =
s ft
b
y g
V
Fr
) 4 )( / 2 . 32 (
/ 50
2
= =
ft b or
s ft
b
y g
V
Fr
Fr Set
41 . 4
1
) 4 )( / 2 . 32 (
/ 50
1
2
=
= = =
=
2
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
Example 2. Water flows at a rate of 1,000 cubic feet per second in
a horizontal channel 30 feet wide with a 2-ft depth. Determine p
the depth if the channel contracts to a width of 25 ft. Explain.
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
3
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 3
Example 3. Plot the specific energy diagram for a wide channel
carrying q =50 cfsper foot (50 ft
2
/s). determine (a) the critical y g q p ( ) ( )
depth, (b) the minimum specific energy, (c) the alternate depth
corresponding to a depth of 2.5 ft, and (d) the possible flow
velocities if E =10 ft.
y s ft
s ft
y
y g
q
y E
8 38
) / 2 . 32 ( 2
) / 50 (
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
+ = + =
(a)
ft
s ft
s ft
g
q
y NOTE
y
y E
c
27 . 4
/ 2 . 32
) / 50 (
8 . 38
3 / 1
2
2 2
3 / 1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
4
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
y=4.3 ft y 4.3 ft
E=6.4ft
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 3
2
ft ft y E b
c
41 . 6 ) 27 . 4 ( 2 / 3 2 / 3 )
min
= = =
ft y and ft y ft y
y
y
ft
y
y E then ft y if c
91 . 1 ; 12 . 8 ; 5 . 2 ;
8 . 38
71 . 8
71 . 8
5 . 2
8 . 38
5 . 2
8 . 38
, 5 . 2 )
2
2 2
= = = + =
= + = + = =
5
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
8 12ft y=8.12ft
E=8.71 ft
y=2.5 ft
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 3
2
8 . 38
10 10 )
2
y
y then ft E For d + = =
; / 3 . 22
22 . 2
/ 50
; / 22 . 5
57 . 9
/ 50
/
81 . 1 ; 24 . 2 ; 57 . 9
2 2
s ft
ft
s ft
s ft
ft
s ft
y q V
y roots
y
= = = =
=
6
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 2
y=9.57 ft
y=2.24 ft
EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 4
Example 3. A weedy irrigation canal of trapezoidal cross section
is to carry a flow of 20 m
3
/s when built on a slope of 0.56 m per y p p
km. The side slope ratio (Z) is 1.0 and the bottom width is 8
meters. Determine the width of the waterline at the free surface.
1
Z
7
EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 4
Quess d,
m Area, m
2
Per, m R
h
, m Q,calc Top, m
1.00 9.00 10.83 0.83 6.28 10.00
1.10 10.01 11.11 0.90 7.37 10.20
1.20 11.04 11.39 0.97 8.53 10.40
1.30 12.09 11.68 1.04 9.76 10.60
1.40 13.16 11.96 1.10 11.06 10.80
1.50 14.25 12.24 1.16 12.44 11.00
1.60 15.36 12.53 1.23 13.88 11.20
1 70 16 49 12 81 1 29 15 39 11 40 1.70 16.49 12.81 1.29 15.39 11.40
1.80 17.64 13.09 1.35 16.98 11.60
1.90 18.81 13.37 1.41 18.63 11.80
2.00 2.00 20.00 20.00 13.66 13.66 1.46 1.46 20.34 20.34 12.00 12.00
2.10 21.21 13.94 1.52 22.13 12.20
2.20 22.44 14.22 1.58 23.99 12.40
EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 4
8
EXAMPLE 10.3 TEXT (Modified) EXAMPLE 10.3 TEXT (Modified)
Example 3. Water flows in a channel of trapezoidal cross section.
The bottom drops 1.4 ft per 1000 ft of length. The canal is lined p p g
with new finished concrete. LET Z =2!!!!
FIND: (a) the flow rate and (b)The Froude Number for this flow.
Example 3. Water flows in a channel of trapezoidal cross section.
The bottom drops 1.4 ft per 1000 ft of length. The canal is lined p p g
with new finished concrete. LET Z =2!!!!
FIND: (a) the flow rate and (b)The Froude Number for this flow.
Z = 2 Z = 2
S
0
= 0.0014 ft/ft
b = 12.0 ft
d = 5.0 ft
9
b =12 ft, d = 5 ft, Z=2
A = bd + zd
2
P = b + 2d (Z
2
+1)
1/2
R
h
= A/P
Q = 1.49 (A) (R
h
)
2/3
S
0
1/2
h
n
F
r
= V/(gy)
1/2
= V/(gd
h
)
1/2
with d
h
= AREA/TOPWIDTH
10
n Material n Material
0.012 Finish Concrete
0.015 Brickwork
0.016 Asphalt
0.025 Rubble
0.035 Pasture
0.050 Light brush g
0.075 Heavy Brush
0.150 Trees
11
Area, ft
2
Per, ft R
h
, ft Q, cfs Top, ft n Material
110.0 34.361 3.201 1110 32.0 0.012 Finish Conc
110.0 34.361 3.201 888 32.0 0.015 Brickwork
110.0 34.361 3.201 833 32.0 0.016 Asphalt
110.0 34.361 3.201 533 32.0 0.025 Rubble
110.0 34.361 3.201 381 32.0 0.035 Pasture
110 0 34 361 3 201 266 32 0 0 050 Light brush 110.0 34.361 3.201 266 32.0 0.050 Light brush
110.0 34.361 3.201 178 32.0 0.075 Heavy Brush
110.0 34.361 3.201 89 32.0 0.15 Trees
Finish Concrete
Brickwork
Asphalt
Rubble
Pasture
Heavy Brush
Light brush
Heavy Brush
Trees
12
Material Velocity, ft/s Fr
Finish Conc 10 09 0 96 Finish Conc 10.09 0.96
Brickwork 8.07 0.77
Asphalt 7.57 0.72
Rubble 4.84 0.46
Pasture 3.46 0.33
Li ht b h 2 42 0 23 Light brush 2.42 0.23
Heavy Brush 1.61 0.15
Trees 0.81 0.08
b =12 ft, Z=2
Q = 400 cfs Q 400 cfs
S
0
=0.0014 ft/ft
WEEDY n = 0.030
FIND depth of flow
A = bd + zd
2
P = b + 2d (Z
2
+1)
1/2
R
h
= A/P
Q = 1.49 (A) (R
h
)
2/3
S
0
1/2
n
13
Quess d,
ft Area, ft
2
Per, ft R
h
, ft Q,calc Top, ft Vel, ft/s Fr
4.00 80.00 29.89 2.68 286.6 28.0 3.58 0.37
4.10 82.82 30.34 2.73 300.6 28.4 3.63 0.37
4.20 85.68 30.78 2.78 315.1 28.8 3.68 0.38
4.30 88.58 31.23 2.84 329.8 29.2 3.72 0.38
4.40 91.52 31.68 2.89 345.0 29.6 3.77 0.38
4.50 94.50 32.12 2.94 360.5 30.0 3.82 0.38
4.60 97.52 32.57 2.99 376.5 30.4 3.86 0.38
4 70 100 58 33 02 3 05 392 8 30 8 3 91 0 38 4.70 100.58 33.02 3.05 392.8 30.8 3.91 0.38
4.75 102.13 33.24 3.07 401.1 31.0 3.93 0.38
4.80 103.68 33.47 3.10 409.5 31.2 3.95 0.38
4.90 106.82 33.91 3.15 426.5 31.6 3.99 0.38
5.00 110.00 34.36 3.20 444.0 32.0 4.04 0.38
5.10 113.22 34.81 3.25 461.9 32.4 4.08 0.38
14
EXAMPLE 10.6 TEXT EXAMPLE 10.6 TEXT
Water flows along a drainage canal having the properties shown in
the figure below. The bottom slope S
0
=0.002 ft/ft. Estimate the g p
0
flow rate when the depth is 1.4 feet.
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
Q
i
= 1.49 (A
i
) (R
hi
)
2/3
S
0
1/2
n
i
S
0
= 0.002
i A
i ,
ft
2
P
i ,
ft R
hi
, ft n
i
Q
i,
ft3/s
1 1.8 3.6 0.500 0.020 3.78
2 2.8 3.6 0.778 0.015 10.52
3 1 8 3 6 0 500 0 030 2 52 3 1.8 3.6 0.500 0.030 2.52
16.82
TOTAL 6.4 10.8 0.5926 0.0179
15

Chapter 10 Fluid

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