Draft RevisiontotheICESPERWSpecification

Contents RevisiontoChapter10 RevisiontoAppendixD RevisiontoUsernotes CompiledbythefollowingCommitteemembers: DrM.England(Chairman) MrT.Chapman MrP.Kingston

Staticloadtestingofpiles
10.1General Thedesignandconstructionoftheloadapplicationsystemshallbe satisfactoryfortherequiredtest.Thesedetailsshallbesubmittedtothe Engineerpriortothecommencementoftesting. Thefollowingmattersare,whereappropriate,describedintheParticular Specification: (a)typeofpile (b)typeoftest (c)loadstobeappliedandproceduretobeadoptedintestingpreliminary .piles,includingmaximumtestsystemcapacityanddirectionof .loading (d)loadstobeappliedinprooftestingofworkingpiles,including .maximumtestsystemcapacityanddirectionofloading (e)specialmaterialstobeusedinconstructionofpreliminarytestpiles .whereappropriate,includingneedforextratestcubes (f)specialconstructiondetailrequirementsfortestpiles,including .requirementsforsamplingorinsitutesting (g)specialrequirementsforpiletestingequipmentandarrangement, .includingrequirementsforanypileinstrumentation (h)pileinstallationcriteria (i)timeintervalbetweenpileinstallationandtesting (j)removalofTemporaryWorks (k)specialrequirementsfortheapplicationofalateralloadto apile .detailedinaccordancewiththeexpectedconditionsofloading (1)whetherinterpretationisrequiredandextentofinterpretation (m)additionalrecordsorinformationrequiredfromloadtest (n)detailsofworktobecarriedouttothetestpilecaporheadatthe .completionofatest (o)otherparticularrequirements. 10.3Constructionof apiletobetested 10.3.1Noticeof construction 10.3.2Methodof construction

10.2Particular Specification

10.3.3Boringor drivingrecord

The ContractorshallgivetheEngineeratleast48hoursnoticeofthe commencementofconstructionofanypilewhichistobetestloaded. Eachtestpileshallbeconstructedinamannersimilartothattobe usedfortheconstructionoftheworkingpiles,andbytheuseofsimilar equipmentandmaterials.Thecontractorshallconfirmthatthe structuralcapacityofthepileisadequateforthestressestobeapplied tothepileduringthetest.Ifthecontractorhasconcernsthatthe maximumtestloadmayoverstressthepile,histestingproposalshall includemeasurestoovercometheproblem.Extrareinforcementand concreteofincreasedstrengthwillbepermittedintheshaftsof preliminarypilesprovidedpriornotificationismadeandagreedbythe Engineer. Foreach pilewhichistobetestedadetailedrecordofconditions experiencedduringboring,oroftheprogressduringdriving,shallbe made andsubmitteddaily,notlaterthannoononthenextworkingday. WheretheEngineerrequiressoilsamplestobetakenorinsituteststo bemade,theContractorshallpresenttheresultswithoutdelay.

10.3.4Concretetest madecubes

10.3.5Preparationof workingpiletobe tested 10.3.6Cutofflevel

Fourtestcubes,orasrequiredbytheParticularSpecification,shallbe fromtheconcreteusedinthepreliminarytestpileandfromthe concreteusedforbuildingupaworkingpile.Ifaconcretepileis extendedorcappedforthepurposeoftesting,afurtherfourcubesshall bemadefromthecorrespondingbatchofconcrete.Thecubesshallbe madeandtestedinaccordancewithBS1881. Thepiletestshallnotbestarteduntilthestrengthofthecubestaken fromthepileexceedstwicetheaveragedirectstressinanypilesection underthemaximumrequiredtestload,andthestrengthofthecubes takenfromthecapexceedstwicetheaveragestressatanypointinthe capunderthesameload. IfatestisrequiredonaworkingpiletheContractorshallcutdownor otherwisepreparethepilefortestingasrequiredbytheEngineerin accordancewiththeParticularSpecificationandClauses10.5.5and 10.5.6. Thecutofflevelforapreliminarytestpileshallbespecifiedinthe ParticularSpecification. Wherethecutofflevelofworkingpilesisbelowthegroundlevelat thetimeofpileinstallationandwhereitisrequiredtocarryoutaproof testfromthatinstallationlevel,eitherallowanceshallbemadeinthe determinationofthedesignverificationloadforfrictionwhichmaybe developedbetweenthecutofflevelandtheexistinggroundlevel,or thepilemaybesleevedappropriatelyorotherwiseprotectedto eliminatefrictionwhichdevelopsovertheextendedlength. Thesettingupofpiletestingequipmentshallbecarriedoutunder competentsupervisionandtheequipmentshallbecheckedtoensure thatthesettingupissatisfactorybeforethecommencementofload application. Alltestsshallbecarriedoutonlyunderthedirectionofanexperienced andcompetentsupervisorconversantwiththetestequipmentandtest procedure.Allpersonneloperatingthetestequipmentshallhavebeen trainedinitsuse.

10.4Supervision

10.5Safety precautions 10.5.1General

10.5.2Kentledge

Design,erectionanddismantlingofpiletestreactionsystemandthe applicationofloadshallbecarriedouttotherequirementsofthe variousapplicablestatutoryregulationsconcernedwithliftingandwith handlingheavyequipmentandshallsafeguardoperativesandothers whomay,from timetotimebeinthevicinityofatestfromall avoidablehazards.Anexperiencedtesttechnicianshallbenominated asthePersoninChargeofthetest.Appropriatesafetychecksshallbe undertakenaccordingtoawrittenprocedure.Documentedrecords mustbeavailableforinspectionatalltimes. WhereKentledgeisusedthecontractorshallconstructthefoundations forthekentledgeandanycribwork,beamsorothersupporting structureinsuchamannerthattherewillnotbedifferentialsettlement, bendingordeflexionofanyamountthatconstitutesahazardtosafety orimpairstheefficiencyoftheoperation.Thekentledgeshallbe adequatelybonded,tiedorotherwiseheldtogethertopreventitfrom becomingunstablebecauseofdeflexionofthesupportsorforany otherreason. Theweightofkentledgeforeachtestshallbegreaterthanthe maximumtestloadforthattest,andiftheweightisestimatedfromthe densityandvolumeoftheconstituentmaterialsanadequatefactorof

safetyagainsterrorshallbeallowed.Additionalkentledgerequired shallbedeterminedtakingintoaccounttheaccuracyofpositioningof thecentreofgravityofthestack. 10.5.3Tensionpiles, Wheretensionpiles,reactionpilesorgroundanchorsareusedto reactionpilesand providethenecessaryloadreaction,theyshallbesodesignedthatthey groundanchorages willresisttheforcesappliedtothemsafelyandwithoutexcessive deformationwhichcouldcauseasafetyhazardduringthework.Such pilesoranchoragesshallbeplacedinthespecifiedpositions,andbars, tendonsorlinksshallbealignedtogivestablereactioninthedirection required.Anyweldingemployedtoextendortofixanchoragestoa reactionframeshallbecarriedoutsothatthefullstrengthofthe systemisadequateandunimpaired. 10.5.4Testing InallcasestheContractorshallensurethatwhenthehydraulicjack equipment andloadmeasuringdevicearemountedonthepileheadthe wholesystemwillbestableuptothemaximumloadtobeapplied. Ifinthecourseofcarryingoutatest,anythingshouldoccurwhich producesahazard,thetestloadshallbereducedtoasafeleveluntila properassessmenthasbeenmadeandappropriateactiontakento removethehazard.Readingthegaugesshould,however,becontinued wherepossibleandifitissafeto doso. Whereaninadequacyinanypartofthesystemmightconstitutea hazard,meansshallbeprovidedtoenablethetesttobecontrolledfrom apositionclearofthekentledgestackortestframe. Theratedcapacityoftheentireloadingsystemshallbeadequateto ensurethesafeapplicationofthemaximumtestload. Allcomponentsoftheloadingsystem,includingjacksandbeams, shallhaveinscribeduponthemtheirmaximumsafeload.The maximumtestloadshallbeprominentlydisplayedandalloperators shallbemadeawareofthislimit. 10.5.5Pileheadfor Forapilethatistestedincompression,thepileheadorcapshallbe compressiontest formedtogiveaplanesurfacewhichisnormaltotheaxisofthepile, sufficientlylargetoaccommodatetheloadinganddisplacement measuringequipmentandadequatelyreinforcedorprotectedtoprevent damagefromtheconcentratedapplicationofloadfromtheloading equipment.Anypilecapshallbeconcentricwiththetestpilethejoint betweenthecapandthepileshallhaveastrengthequivalenttothatof thepile.Sufficientclearspaceshallbemadeunderandaroundanypart ofthecapprojectingbeyondthesectionofthepilesothat,atthe maximumexpecteddisplacement,loadisnottransmittedtotheground bythecap. 10.5.6Pileconnection Forapilethatistestedintension,meansshallbeprovidedfor fortensiontest transmittingthetestloadaxiallywithoutinducingmomentsinthepile. Theconnection betweenthepileandtheloadingequipmentshallbe constructedinsuchamannerastoprovidestrengthequaltothe maximumloadwhichistobeappliedtothepileduringthetest,with anappropriatefactorofsafetyonthestructuraldesign.

10.6Reaction systems
10.6.1Compression tests Compressiontestsshallbecarriedoutusingkentledge,tensionpilesor speciallyconstructedanchorages.Kentledgeshallnotbeusedfortestson rakingpiles. Wherekentledgeistobeused,itshallbesupportedoncribwork and positionedsothatthecentreofgravityoftheloadisascloseaspossibletothe axisofthepile.Thebearingpressureundersupportingcribsshallbesuchas toensure stabilityofthekentledgestack. Tensiontestsmaybecarriedoutusingcompressionpiles,raftsorgrillages constructedonthegroundtoprovidethenecessaryreaction.Inallcasesthe resultantforceofthereactionsystemshallbecoaxialwiththetestpile. Whereinclinedpilesorreactionsarespecifiedortheiruseisplannedbythe Contractor,fulldetailsshallbesubmittedpriortothecommencementof testing. Ifthecontractorplans touseworkingpilesasreactionpiles,heshallnotify theEngineerofhisintentionpriortocommencementofwork.Working reactionpilesshallnotupliftbymorethanhalftheirspecifiedpermissible settlementatworkingload.Theintegrityofallworkingpilesusedasreaction pilesshallbecheckedoncompletionofstaticloadtesting. Whereworkingpilesareusedasreactionpilestheirmovementshallbe measuredwithrespecttheirpositionpriortoinitialloading,atmaximum appliedloadandoncompletionofthetest,withanaccuracyof0.5mm. Ifdoubtsareexpressedabouttheeffectsoftheloadtestontheworking reactionpile,theContractorshalldemonstratebycalculationthatthe durability,strengthandstiffnessofthepilehavenotbeensignificantly adverselyaffected. Wherekentledgeisusedforloadingverticalpilesincompression,thedistance fromtheedgeofthetestpiletothenearestpartofthecribsupportingthe kentledgestackincontactwiththegroundshallbenotlessthan1.3m. Thecentretocentrespacingofverticalreactionpiles,includingworkingpiles usedasreactionpiles,fromatestpileshallbenotlessthanthreetimesthe diameterofthetestpileorthereactionpilesor2m,whicheveristhegreatest. Whereapiletobetestedhasanenlargedbase,thesamecriterionshallapply withregardtothepileshaft,withtheadditionalrequirementthatnosurfaceof areactionpileshallbeclosertothebaseofthetestpilethanonehalfofthe enlargedbasediameter.Whereverticalreactionpilespenetratedeeperthan thetestpile,thecentretocentrespacingofthereactionpilesfromthetestpile shallbenotlessthanfivetimesthediameterofthetestpileorthereaction pileswhicheveristhegreatestunlessthebasecapacityofthetestpileisless than20%ofthetotalultimatecapacity. Wheregroundanchoragesareusedtoprovideatestreactionforloadingin compression,nosectionoffixedanchorlengthtransferringloadtotheground shallbeclosertothetestpilethanthreetimesthediameterofthetestpile. Wherethepiletobetestedhasanenlargedbasethesamecriterionshallapply withregardtothepileshaft,withtheadditionalrequirementthatnosectionof thefixedanchortransferringloadtothegroundshallbeclosertothepilebase thanadistanceequaltothebase diameter. 10.6.5AdequateThereactionframesupportsystemshallbeadequateto transmitthereactionmaximumtestloadinasafemannerwithoutexcessive movementor influenceonthetestpile.CalculationsshallbeprovidedtotheEngineerwhen requiredtojustifythedesignofthe reactionsystem. Themethodemployedintheinstallationofthereaction systemshallbesuchastopreventdamagetoanytestpileorworkingpile.

10.6.2Tensiontests

10.6.3Workingpiles

10.6.4Spacing

10.6.6Careofpiles

10.7Equipment forapplyingload

Theequipmentusedforapplyingloadshallconsistofahydraulicramor jack.Thejackingsystemshallbearrangedin conjunctionwith thereaction systemto deliveranaxial loadto thetestpile andmaintainitconstant whenrequired.Thecompletesystemshallbecapableofsafelytransferring themaximumloadrequiredforthetest.Thelengthofstrokeofaramshall besufficienttocaterfordeflectionofthereactionsystemunderloadplusa deflectionofthepileheadupto15%ofthepileshaftdiameterunless otherwisespecifiedintheParticularSpecification. Thetestloadshallbemeasuredbyaloadcellorprovingringcapableof resolvingtoanaccuracynogreaterthan1%ofthemaximumloadtobe applied.Ifanelectronic transducerisusedeachreadingshallbe immediatelystoredsothatincaseofpowerfailurethereadingsarenot lost. Theloadcellreadingshallbecheckedagainstthehydraulicpressureapplied tothejackoveratleastthefirstloadincrement. Theloadcellorprovingringshallbecalibratedimmediatelypriortothetest andacertificateofcalibrationshallbesubmittedtotheEngineerorbepartof aroutinecalibrationprogramforwhichthecalibrationhistoryofthejackis recorded. Asphericalseatingofappropriatesizeshallbeusedtoavoideccentric loading.Careshallbetakentoavoidanyriskofbucklingoftheload applicationandmeasuringsystem.Loadmeasuringandapplicationdevices shall beshortinaxiallengthinordertosecurestability. Theloadingequipmentshallenabletheloadtobeincreasedordecreasedina regularfashionortobeheldconstantatanyrequiredvalue. Allincrementsofloadshall bemaintainedtowithin1%ofthespecifiedload. TheContractorshallensurethataxialloadingismaintainedatalltimesduring thetest.Ifatanystagetherearegroundsforsuspectingthatsignificant eccentricloadingisbeingapplied,thetestshallbeunloadedfollowingthe loadreductionprocedureinClause10.13.2,thejackingsystemrepositioned andthepreviousloadincrementrestarted.

10.8Measurement ofload

10.9Controlof loading

10.10Measuringpile headmovement
10.10.1Independent monitoringof displacement Twoseparatemethodsforconfirmingthemagnitudeofdisplacement duringthetestshallbeused. Theprimarydisplacementmonitoringsystemshallbethereferenceframeand displacementgaugesdescribedinClause10.10.2.Thesecondarysystemshall followtheprinciplesofClause10.10.3. Checkobservationsofanymovementsofthereferencebeamorbeamsshall bemade.

10.10.2Primarysystem Anindependentreferencebeamorbeamsshallbesetuptoenable Referencebeamsand measurementofthemovementofthepiletobemadetotherequired displacementgauges accuracy.Thesupportsforabeamshallbefoundedinsuchamanner

andatsuchadistancefromthetestpileandreactionsystemthat movementsofthegrounddonotcausemovementofthereference beamorbeamswhichwillaffecttheaccuracyofthetest.Allbeam supportsshallbeatleastthreetestpilediametersor2mfromthe centreofthetestpile,whicheverdistanceisthegreater.Thebeamor beamsmustbe freetomovehorizontallyatoneend. Checkobservationsofanymovementsofthereferencebeamorbeams shallbemadeandacheckshallbemadeofthemovementofthepile headrelativetoaremotereferencedatumatthestartandendandat maximumload. Themeasurementofpilemovementshallbemadebyfourgauges rigidlymountedonthereferencebeamorbeams,bearingonprepared

10.10.3Secondary system

flatsurfacesfixedtothepilecaporheadandnormaltothepileaxis. Alternatively,the gaugesmaybefixedtothepileandbearonprepared surfacesonthereferencebeamorbeams.Thegaugesshallbeplaced equidistantfromthepileaxisandfromeachother.Thegaugesshall enablereadingstobemadetoanaccuracyofatleast0.01mmand haveastemtravelofatleast25mm.Machinedspacerblocksmaybe usedtoextendtherangeofreading.Equivalentelectrical displacementmeasuringdevicesmaybeused. Thesecondarydisplacementmonitoringsystemshallbecompletely independentoftheprimarysystemandbecapableofmeasuringpile headdisplacementtotherequiredaccuracy.Thesystemmaycomprise optical levelling oraprovenalternative. Wherealevelandstaffare used,thelevelandscaleofthestaffshallbe chosentoenablereadingstobemadetowithinanaccuracyof0.5mm. Ascaleattachedtothepileorpilecapmaybeusedinsteadofa levelling staff.Atleasttworeliableindependentdatumpointsshallbe established.Eachdatumpointshallbesosituatedastopermitasingle settinguppositionofthelevelforallreadings.Nodatumpointshallbe locatedwhereitcanbeaffectedbythetestloadingorotheroperations onthesite.

10.11Protectionof thetestingequipment 10.11.1Protection Throughoutthetestperiodallequipmentformeasuringloadand fromtheweather movementandbeamsshallbeprotectedfromadverseaffectsofsun, windandprecipitation.Temperaturereadingshallbetakenatleastat thestartandendofeachloadstep 10.11.2Preventionof Constructionactivityandpersonswhoarenotinvolvedinthetesting disturbance processshallbekeptatasufficientdistancefromthetesttoavoid disturbancetothemeasuringapparatus.Fullrecordsshallbekeptof anyunavoidableactivityanditsaffects. 10.12Noticeoftest TheContractorshallgivetheEngineeratleast24hoursnoticeofthe commencementofthetest.Noloadshallbeappliedtothetestpile beforethecommencementofthespecifiedtestprocedure. 10.13Testprocedure
10.13.1Proofload testprocedurefor workingpiles Themaximumloadwhichshallbeappliedinaprooftestshallnormallybe thesumofthedesignverificationload(DVL)plus50%ofthespecified workingload(SWL).Theloadingandunloadingshallbecarriedoutin stagesasshowninTable10.1. Anyparticularrequirementsgiveninthe ParticularSpecificationshallbecompliedwith. Followingeachapplicationofanincrementofload,theloadshallbe maintainedatthespecifiedvaluefornotlessthantheperiodshowninTable 10.1anduntilthehigherofthefollowingrateofsettlementcriteriais satisfied: (i)therateofsettlementislessthan1%ofthecurrentcumulative settlementwhichhasoccurred. (ii)therateofsettlementis0.1mm/hrorless. Therateofsettlementshallbecalculatedfromtheslopeofthedisplacement versustimedata.(Seeusernotes)

Table10.1Minimumloadingtimesforpiletest Load* Minimumtimeofholdingload

25%DVL
30minutes

50%DVL
30minutes

75%DVL
30minutes 100%DVL 4hours 100%DVL +25%SWL 1hour 100%DVL+ 50%SWL 4hours 100%DVL+ 25%SWL 10minutes 100%DVL 10minutes

75%DVL
10minutes

50%DVL
10minutes

25%DVL
10minutes 0 1hour SWLdenotesspecifiedworkingloadDVLdenotesdesignverificationload. Thetimeanddisplacementshallberecordedimmediatelyonreachingthe load,andthereafteratlessthan 5 minuteintervalsupto15minutes,atless than15minuteintervalsupto1hour,atlessthan30minuteintervalsbetween 1hourand4hours,andatlessthan1hourintervalsbetween4hoursand12 hours. UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheParticularSpecification,theextended loadtestprocedureforpreliminarypilesshallconsistofoneloadingcycle accordingtothefollowing: i.anormalproofloadtesttoDVL+50%SWL ii.furtherincrementsof25%SWLuptothespecifiedmaximumtestload. Followingeachapplicationofanincrementofload,theloadshallbe maintainedatthespecifiedvalueuntil: aperiodoftimeofatleastonehourhaselapsedand therateofsettlementcriteriainclause10.13.1issatisfied.

10.13.2Extendedload testprocedurefor preliminarypiles

10.13.3Directionof loading

10.13.4Cyclicalload tests

Theloadshallbereducedinatleastfiveapproximatelyequalstagestozero load,withdisplacementandloadateachstageandatzeroloadbeing recorded. Irrespectiveofwhetherpilesaredeclaredascompressionortension,all pilesshallbeloadedincompressionduringatest,unlessotherwise specifiedintheParticularSpecification. Ifthedirectionofloadingisspecifiedaslateral,thenClauses10.13.1and 10.13.2alsoapplyunlessotherwisespecifiedintheParticularSpecification. ThecyclesofloadingandtimeperiodswillbespecifiedintheParticulartests Specification.

10.14Presentationof Duringtheprogressofatest,allrecords takenshallbeavailablefor results inspectionbytheEngineer. 10.14.1Resultstobe Resultsshallbesubmittedasfollows: submitted (a)apreliminarycopyofthetestrecordstotheEngineer,unlessotherwise directed,within24hoursofthecompletionofthetest,whichshall show:foreachstageofloading,theperiodforwhichtheloadwasheld, theloadandthemaximumpilemovementattheendofthestage (b)thecompletedscheduleofrecordeddataasprescribedinclause10. 14.2within10daysofthecompletionofthetest. 10.14.2Scheduleof TheContractorshallprovideinformationaboutthetestpileinaccordance recordeddata withthefollowingschedulewhereapplicable. (a)General
Sitelocation Contractidentification Proposedstructure Maincontractor Pilingcontractor Engineer Client/Employer Dateandtimeoftest

(b)Piledetails Alltypesofpiles
Identification(numberandlocation) Specifiedworkingload(SWL) Designverificationload(DVL) Commencingsurfacelevelatpileposition Headlevelatwhichtestloadwasapplied Typeofpile Verticalorraking,compressionortension Shapeandsizeofcrosssectionofpile,andpositionofanychange incrosssection Shoeorbasedetails Headdetails Lengthinground Leveloftoe Dimensionsofanypermanentcasing Whetherpileincorporatesinstrumentation

ConcretePiles
Concretemix/grade Aggregatetypeandsource Cementtypeandcementreplacementtypewhereused Admixtures Slump Cubetestresultsforpileandcap Dateofcastingofprecastpile Reinforcement

Steelpiles
Steelquality

Coating Fillingorcorematerialstypeandquality

(c)Installationdetails Alltypesofpiles
Datesandtimesofboring,drivingandconcretingoftestpile Difficultiesanddelaysencountered Anynonconformancesnotedduringtestpileconstruction Dateandtimeofcastingconcretepilecap Resultsofanyintegritytests

Boredpiles
Typeofequipmentusedandmethodofboring Temporarycasing diameter,typeandlength Fulllogofpileborehole Methodofplacingconcrete Volumeofconcreteplaced Basegroutorotherrelevantrecords

Drivenpreformedanddrivencastinplacepiles
Methodofsupportofhammerandpile Drivenlengthofpileortemporarycasingatfinalset Hammertype,andsizeorweight Dollyandpacking,typeandcondition Drivinglog(depth,hammerdrop,blowsper250mm,interruptionsor breaksindriving) Finalsetinnumberofblowstoproducepenetrationof 25mm Redrivecheck,timeintervalandsetinnumberofblowsto producepenetrationof 25mm Atfinalsetandatredriveset:foradrophammerorforasingleacting hammerthelengthofthedroporstrokeforadieselhammerthelength ofthestrokeandtheblowsperminuteforadoubleactinghammerthe operatingpressureandthenumberofblowsperminute. Conditionofpileheadortemporarycasingafterdriving Useofafollower Useofpreboring Useof jetting Lengthening Methodofplacingconcrete

(d)Testprocedure
Massofkentledge Tensionpile,groundanchorageorcompressionpiledetails Planoftestarrangementshowingpositionanddistancesofkentledge supports,rafts,tensionorcompressionpileorground anchorages,andsupportstopilemovementreferencesystem Jackcapacity Methodofloadmeasurement Method(s)ofpenetrationorupliftmeasurement Detailsofpileinstrumentation Calibrationcertificates

(e)Testresults,includinginformationrecordedbyinstrumentation
Intabularform Ingraphicform:loadplottedagainstaveragepileheaddisplacement measuredbygauges,loadplottedagainsttime,displacementplotted againsttime. Inelectronicform:spreadsheetorotherformagreedwith theEngineer Ambienttemperaturerecordsduringtest

(f)anyotherinformationrequiredintheParticularSpecification

10.14.3Interpretation

TheContractorshallprovideaninterpretationofthetestresults,ifrequiredof testresultsbytheParticularSpecification.Theinterpretationshallconsistof anassessmentofeither(a)onlyor(a)and(b)below: (a)Pilebehaviour Specialfeaturesofthetestpileandanydifferencesfromthe specifiedmethodsforconstruction Capacityofthepileshaftandbase,whereitispossibleto distinguishbetweentheirresponsesusingChin,Fleming/Cemsolve orotheracceptedmethodsofanalysis,includingconsiderationof actualdisplacementorextrapolatedsettlementifcalledforinthe ParticularSpecification. Portionofloadcarriedbydifferentsectionsofthepile,wherethe pilehasbeeninstrumented (b)Comparisonofpilebehaviouranddesign Statementof designapproachusedforpilecalculations Comparisonofthecapacitieswiththeoreticalcapacitiesfromthe designcalculationsandstandarddesignreferences Confirmationastowhetherpilehasmetthespecificationlimitsfor pileheadmovement Commentsonanydifferencesbetweentheinterpretedand theoreticalcapacities Commentsonsafetyofthepiledesignanditsapplicabilitytothe groundconditionsencountered Generalconclusionsonsuccessandapplicabilityofthepiletest results

10.15Completionof thetest 10.15.1.Removalof Oncompletionofatestallmeasuringequipmentandloadapplication

thetestequipment devicesshallbedismantledandchecked.Allothertestequipment, includingkentledge,beamsandsupportingstructuresshallberemoved fromthepiletestlocation.Measuringandotherdemountableequipmentshall bestoredinasafemannersothatitisavailableforfurthertests,ifrequired,or removedfromthesite. Temporarytensionpilesandgroundanchoragesshallbecutoffbelowground level,andoffcutmaterialsremovedfromtheSite.Thegroundshallbemade goodtotheoriginalcommencingsurfacelevel. Unlessotherwisespecified,theheadofeachpreliminarytestpileshallbe cutoffbelowgroundlevel,offcutmaterialshallberemovedfromtheSite andthegroundmadegoodtotheoriginalcommencingsurfacelevel. Oncompletionofatestonaproofpile,thetestpileheadshallbeprepared asspecifiedandleftinastatereadyforincorporationintothePermanent Works.

10.15.2.Preliminary testpilecap 10.15.3.Prooftest pilecap

AppendixD. Guidanceonstaticloadtestingofpiles.
Itmaybedesirableinunfamiliargroundconditions,orwhereanoneroussettlement performanceisrequired,totestatleastonepileforeachmajorgroupingofpilesonasiteorat leastonepileforeveryparticularsetofgroundconditionsintowhichpileswillbeinstalled.In decidingthenumberofcontractpilestobetesteditwillbenecessarytoconsider (a)therequirementsofthelocalstatutoryauthority (b)theextentandreliabilityofthegroundinvestigationandvariationsinground conditionsactuallyencountered (c)knowledgeofthebehaviourofsimilarpilesinsimilarcircumstancesonadjacent site (d)thestandardofworkmanshipandofsupervisiononthesite (e)anyunusualdifficultyormajorvariationencounteredintheformationofthe contractpiles (f)theextentofintegritytestingbeingcarriedout (g)thepiledesignapproachincludingoverallfactorofsafetyandfactorofsafetyon ultimateshaftfrictionalone Themeasurementofthemovementofthepileheadshouldbecarriedoutbyoneofthemethods describedinthe Specificationforpilingandembeddedretainingwalls.However,itshouldbe notedthattheestablishmentofareferenceframeonshallowsupportswhichisunaffectedby extraneousmovementsisoftendifficult.Movementmaybecausedbyanyofthefollowing (a)grounddisplacementsduetochangesofloadinginthevicinity:forexample,asthe kentledgeloadisremovedfromthegroundsurfaceduringatest,thevertical displacementofareferenceframesupportedonshallowfoundationsonsoftclay canbe20mmormore (b)theeffectsoftemperatureandwindonthedatumframestructure:thedirectraysof thesuncausedifferentialmovementsintheframeandwindcausesvibrationa framewhichisshieldedfromthesunandthewindbyboxingwillstillbesubjectto dailyvariationoftemperature,whichmaycauseacyclicdisplacementof0.25 0.5mm (c)constructionplantoperatingincloseproximitytotestequipment. Cyclicmovementsandtheirpatternduetocausesasin(b)canbeestablishedifaseriesof readingsistakenbeforetheloadingteststarts.Theeffectsofcyclicmovementsmaybe minimizedinatestoflongdurationifreadingsaretakenatthesametimeeachday. Whenapprovingthereferenceframeanditsfoundations,theEngineermustconsiderthetype oftestandtheprecisionrequiredinthemeasurementofmovements.Animprovementinthe accuracymaybeobtainedifthereferenceframeissupportedonpiles,orifdeepdatumpoints areformedateachtestlocationinordertomeasurethelevellingmethodsthemovementofthe framerelativetoastabledatum.Iftheprecisionrequiredinthemaintainedloadtestisgreater thanthatobtainedwiththelevellingmethodnormallyavailabletotheEngineer,thenanoptical levelincorporatingaparallelplatemicrometershouldbeused.Thisenablesanaccuracyof 0.1mmtobeobtained. TheEngineershouldstate inthecontractdocumentstherequiredmaximumloadtobeapplied toeachtestpileandtheContractorshouldprovidethenecessaryreaction.Whendecidingthe magnitudeofthisreaction,accountshouldbetakenofthepossiblevariationsinthesoilstrata, whichmaynothavebeenrevealedinthegroundinvestigationandwhichmayresultindifferent

ultimatecapacitiesfromthoseestimated.Providedthestructuralintegrityorstabilityofthe preliminarytestpileisnotlikelytobedamagedandthecostofapiletestiswithineconomic andpracticallimits,considerationshouldbegiventomakingthemaximumtestloadofsuch magnitudethatsoilfailurewilloccur.Suchatestloadwillgiveaguidetotherealfactorsofsafety

andmayassistintheinterpretationofvariationsinthecharacteristicsofthecontractpiles.Contractpiles shouldbesubjecttoproofloadtest,commonlythedesignverificationloadplus50%ofthespecified workingload(seeclause10.13 ofSpecificationforpilingandembeddedretainingwalls). Whenconsideringappropriatesettlementcriteriaforpileteststhefollowingshouldbeconsidered (a)theabilityforthestructuretotoleratedifferentialmovement (b)greaterdifferentialsettlementsshouldbeexpectedwherethepilesarepredominantlyend bearing (c)pilesderivingthemajorityoftheirultimatecapacitybyshaftfrictionhavelowsettlement (d)pilesderivingthemajorityoftheirultimatecapacitybyendbearingmayhavehigher settlement (e)elasticbehaviourofthepile Thespecificationmaybeusedforotherloadtestingarrangementsforexamplelateralloading,axial tensileloadtestingofpilesorbidirectionaltestssuchastheOsterbergcell(1989),whereajackiscast withinatestpile,andhalftheloadisappliedtoeachsectionofthepile.Careshouldbetakentoensure thattheapplicationofloadforsuchtestsadequatelyreflectthemannerinwhichthepilewillbe loadedin thepermanentworks. Forinformationonproceduresandinterpretation,referencemaybemadetotheliterature(deBeer,1977 Broms,1981Patel,1992Fleming1992).

UserNotes:

Section10.Staticloadtestingofpiles
General 1.Thissectiondealswiththetestingofapilebythecontrolledapplicationof anaxialload.Itcoversverticalorrakingpilestestedincompression(i.e. subjectedtoloadsorforcesinthedirectionsuchaswouldcausethepilesto penetratefurtherintotheground)andverticalorrakingpilestestedin tension(i.e.subjectedtoforcesinadirectionsuchaswouldcausethepiles tobeextractedfromtheground).Staticloadtestingofpilesistheonly reliablewaytoestablishapilesloadsettlementbehaviour. 2.Piletestsshouldbecarriedoutaslongaspossibleafterinstallationofthe piles.Fordrivenpiles,thesetuparoundthepilethatoccurswithtime afterinstallationresultsinalargeincreaseincapacity.Butfornearlyall piles,therewillbeanimprovementincapacitythelongerthetime gap betweeninstallationandtesting.Generallypilesshouldbeleftforatleast oneweekandpreferablytwoweeksbeforetesting. Thepurposeofpreliminarypilesistovalidatethepiledesignand performancecriteriaandtoprovethataContractors methodofconstruction canconstructviablefoundationsinparticulargroundconditions.Where preliminarypilesarerequiredtheyshouldbeconstructedsufficientlyin advanceoftheinstallationoftheworkingpilestoallowtimeforthetest,the evaluationoftheresultsandtheadoptionofmodificationiftheseprove necessary.Ifitisnecessarytospecifyaprecisetimingfortheconstruction andtestingofpreliminarypilesthisshouldbeincludedintheParticular Specification.Normally,arrangementswillbeestablishedwhendealing withtheContractorsprogrammesubmittedunderClause14oftheICE th ConditionsofContract,7 Edition(orotherconditionsofcontractas appropriate). Workingpiletestsareseldomtestedtofailure.Generally,workingpilesare testedtoverifythattheconstructionmethodsusedhavenotchangedsoas toproducepilesinferiortothepreliminarypiles,ortoverifythatpiles whichareforsomereasonsuspect,havesatisfactoryloadsettlement performance. 3.AworkingpilemaybetestedatanytimeduringtheContractbutthe potentialbenefitofchoosingapilefromseveralthathavebeencompleted mustbebalancedagainsttheriskofdelayingtheremainderoftheWorksif thepileprovestobeunsatisfactory.Forallcasesitispreferabletotestat leastoneworkingpiletesttobeconfidentthattheperformance requirementsoftheSpecificationhavebeenmet.Thereareprosandconsin whethertestpilesarepreselectedornot.Overall,itisdesirablenotto pre selectpilessothattheyaretrulyrepresentative,butprovidedtheContractor buildsthepreselectedtestpileinthesamemannerastheotherpilesandthis canbeverifiedindependently,thenthereshouldbenofundamental objectiontopreselection.Thepotentialreasonsforeachchoiceare summarisedinthetablebelow:

4.WheretheContractorhasdesignedthepilesandperformancecriteriaare specified,atestisanessentialpartoftheContracttoestablishthatthe pilesmeetthecontractualperformancecriteria.

5.Preliminarypilesshouldbespecifiedunlessthedesign,factorofsafety
againstfailure,constructionmethodandgroundconditionsaresuchthat theriskoffailureofworkingpilesisnegligible. 6.Guidanceonpileload testingproceduresisgiveninCIRIAReportPG7. Themethodsofloading,i.e.underkentledge,againstanchorpilesoragainst groundanchors,shouldbesubmittedbytheContractorandnotspecifiedby theEngineerexceptinsomeinstancesfordrivenpileswheretheupliftof thetestpileduringdrivingoftheanchorpilesisofinterest.Safetyofthe testarrangementisofparamountimportanceandtheContractorshouldgive theEngineerthespecifiedperiodofnoticesothatthetestassemblycanbe inspectedbytheEngineerbeforetheapplicationofanyload. 7.TheEngineershouldsatisfyhimselfthattheContractorsmethodofload applicationwillonlyimpartanaxialloadintothepile,unlesstheloadis onalaterallyloadedpile. 8.Thetypeof testshouldbestatedintheParticularSpecificationas: MaintainedloadtestasClause10.13.1 ProofloadtestasClause10.13.1 ExtendedproofloadtestasClause10.13.2 Othersystemssuchascyclicloadingorbidirectionalloading. Whereothersystemsoftestarestated,detailsshouldbeprovidedofall theloadingstages,measurementrequirementsandacceptancecriteria. 9.Theconstantrateofpenetrationtestisnolongeradvocated.Thisisbecause itsresultsgenerallyimplyhigherbearingcapacitiesthanthosederivedfrom themoreaccuratemaintainedloadtestduetorateeffects.Thehighrateof loadingwhichleadtothoseapparentlyenhancedcapacitiesarenot representativeofmanyrealsituationssoitsusageshouldbeconfinedonly tosituationswheredynamicloadingeffectsmaybeimportant. 10.Specialconstructiondetailsmayberequiredforpreliminarypilesinorderto providedatathatarerelevanttoworkingpileswheredowndragisexpected orwherepileswillform partofadeepbasementorsubstructure.Details mayincludesleevingandinstrumentationwithinthepile.Themethodof

constructionshouldotherwisereplicateascloselyaspossiblethemethods usedtoformworkingpiles. 11.ItisimportantthattheDesignVerificationLoadisappropriatetothe situationofthetestandthelongtermloadsforwhichthepilesarebeing designed.Asanexample,ifnegativeskinfrictionordowndragisexpected ontheworkingpiles,twicetheexpecteddowndragforceshouldbeaddedto theSpecifiedWorkingLoadtogivetheDesignVerificationLoad,onceto overcomethepositiveskinfrictionovertherelevantlengthandasecondto replicatetheactualdowndragloading.Whereworkingpilesarebeing installedinadvance ofanexcavation,theDesignVerificationLoadshould takeaccountofthesupportprovidedbythesoilthatwillbeexcavatedand alsobythehighereffectivestressesgivinghigherstrengthsinthesoils beneath. 12.Preliminarypilesinstalledandtestedbeforethestartofthemainworks shouldbemeasuredinaseparatebillofquantitiesorbethesubjectofa separatecontract.Theirinstallationshouldbemeasuredinaccordancewith theappropriatemethodofmeasurementforthetypeofpile,andseparate itemsshouldbemeasuredforeachspecifiedloadingandtypeoftest.The specificationshouldstatewhetherpreliminarypilesaretoremainas constructed,orthetopsaretobecutoff,oriftheyaretobeincorporated intotheWorks,ortobewithdrawn.Fortestsonworkingpiles,separate itemsshouldbeprovidedinthebillofquantitiesforeachspecifiedloading sequence.Theitemdescriptionshouldincludeallpreparatoryworksuchas sitesurfacing,bringingthepileheadtothecommencingsurfacelevel, trimmingtheheadofthetestpileandallworkrequiredinconnectionwith theformofanchorageusedincluding,whereapplicable,thesupplyof kentledge. Clause 10.2(g) Instrumentationcanbespecifiedeitherasdevicesat particularlocationsorlevelsorasageneralrequirementtoestablish forinstanceelasticshorteningoveraparticularlength. 10.3.3 Cautionthatspecialtestingduringconstruction,forinstancetaking samplesordoingtests,maydisturbthesurroundingsoilandmake thesubsequentpilebehaviourdifferenttoworkingpiles. 10.3.4. Wheretestpilerequiresignificantquantitiesofconcrete,additional setsoffourtestcubesshouldbetaken. 10.3.5 Whereverpossible,thecapshouldbecastatthesame timeasthepile isconstructed. 10.5.2 Liftingofkentledgeisamajorsafetyhazardintestingpiles.The weightofkentledgeblocksareoftenoverestimatedleadingtounder capacityandasignificantsafetyhazard.Itisrecommendedthata safety marginofatlest20%isallowed. 10.6.3 Thefundamentalchecksifworkingpilesareusedasreaction pilesare: thatthestrainsinthepiledonotimpairitsdurability thatthesubsequentloadsettlementperformanceisnotsignificantly adverselyaffected.

10.6.4 Duringacompressiontest,thereactionfromthetestanchorsmay unloadthetestpileandpotentiallyyieldsalowercapacitythana loadedpileremotefromanyanchors.Theoppositemayoccurina tensiontestwherebytheanchorsincreasetheeffectivestressesinthe groundaroundthepileandmayleadtoahighertestcapacitybeing measuredthannormalworkingpiles.Itisforthesereasonsthat anchorspacingsarekeptbiggerthaneconomicallydesirable,and especially sofortensiontests. 10.7 10.8 Shimscanbeusedtoextendthetravelofashortjackstroke. Theroutinecalibrationprogrammeofloadcellswouldnormallybe partofaQualityAssuredsystem,withcalibrationintervalsatless thanevery6months.Significantdrifttendstobemoreunusualthan changesduetoinstrumentdamage.Ifthemeasuredloadsettlement performanceappearsunusual,arecalibrationmaybeappropriate. Devicesshouldalwaysberecalibratedbeforeusewhenrepairsor damage haveoccurred.Thecheckonhydraulicjackpressureisan approximateverificationthatthecorrectloadhasbeenappliedtothe pile.

10.13.1 Cyclingofloadhasbeenomittedfromthestandardspecificationasit isnotrepresentativeofloadingconditionsformoststructures.Where cyclingofloadmayberelevantforthedesignofastructure,then considerationshouldbegiventocyclingofloadduringthetest. Thenewholdtimeshavebeenselectedwithregardto: Contractualsignificance andthereforeneedforaccuracyof displacementsmeasuredatDVLandat DVL+ 50%SWL Timetakentogathersufficientdatatoextrapolatebehaviouragainst timeforkeyloadstages TraditionalholdtimesusedintheUK,balancedagainstshorter holdtimesof1hourforeachincrementcurrentlyproposedinthe draftEuronormonpiletesting.TheseICEproceduresareshorterfor theinitialstages,butexceedthedraftEuronormvaluesforthekey stagesofDVLandDVL+ 50%SWL. Settlementrateisthevelocityofthepilehead.Anyofthefollowing methodsforcalculatingthepileheadsettlementrateareadmissible: 1.Determinethedifferenceindisplacementrecordedoveraperiod of30minutes. 2.Calculatetheslopeof thedisplacementtimedata provideditis calculatedfrommorethan10readings overaperiodofmorethan5minutes. 3.Calculatetheslopeofthetangentatthelastpointbymodelling allthedisplacementtimedatarecordedfortheconstantload. (UsingmethodssuchasChinorTimeset) Itshouldbenotedthattheaccuracywithwhichthesettlementrateis determinedincreasesaccordingtotheindexofmethodslistedabove. Intheeventthattheprimarysettlementmeasuringsystemdevelopsa faultandthesecondarysettlementmonitoringsystemisbeingrelied upontocompletethetest,theperiodsoftimeforwhichloadsmust beheldconstanttoachievethespecifiedratesofsettlementshallbe extended asnecessarytotakeintoaccountthelowerlevelsof accuracyandtoallowcorrectassessmentofthesettlementrate.

FEDERATIONOFPILINGSPECIALISTS
SpecificationforPilingandEmbeddedRetainingWalls bytheInstitutionofCivilEngineers
Proposednewchapter13toreplaceexistingchapters13and14

13.SecantPileWalls 13.1.General
AllmaterialsandworkshallbeinaccordancewithSections3,4,11,13and20ofthis Specification,exceptwheretheremaybeconflictofrequirements,inwhichcasethis Sectionshalltakeprecedence. 13.2.ParticularSpecification Thefollowingmattersare,whereappropriate,describedintheParticular Specification: (a)specifiedworkingloads(ifany) (b)performancecriteriaformovementunderlateralloads (c)typesofcement (d)cementreplacementmaterials (e)typesandsizesofaggregate (f)gradesofconcreteoralternativepilemixes (g)designedorprescribedmixesandmaximumfreewatertocementratio (h)methodoftestingconcreteworkability (i)grades,typesandbondlengthof,andcovertoreinforcement (j)supportfluid (k)requirementsforselfhardeningslurrymixandlowstrengthconcretemixes (1)pilediameters (m)pilespacingandoverlapatcommencinglevel (n) waterretention (o)instrumentation (p)temporarybackfillmaterial (q)integritytesting (r)disposalofexcavatedmaterial (s)otherparticularrequirements 13.3GuideWalls ThedesignandconstructionofguidewallsshallbetheresponsibilityoftheContractorandshall takeintoaccounttheactualsiteandgroundconditionsandtheequipmenttobeusedonsiteto ensurestabilityandavoidundercuttingasappropriate. Guidewallsshallbeconstructedinreinforcedconcreteofothersuitable material. The minimumdepthofguidewallshallbe 0.5m andtheminimumshoulderwidthshallbe0.3mfor wallsin reinforcedconcrete.

13.4Materials 13.4.1 Concrete andsteelreinforcement Cementmaterials,aggregates,additives,waterandsteelreinforcementshallbeaccordancewith Section20ofthisSpecification. 13.4.2 Selfhardeningslurrymixesandlowstrengthconcretemixes TheContractorshallsubmitdetailsfortheselfhardeningslurrymixorforthelow strength concretemixproportionstobeusedpriortocommencingtheWorks. Cementmaterials,aggregates(ifused),additivesandwatershallbeinaccordancewitSection 20ofthisSpecification. Trialmixesshallbepreparedforeachmixunlessthereareexistingdatashowingthat themix proportionsandmethodofmanufacturewillproducehardenedmaterialofthe strength, permeability,shrinkagepropertiesanddurabilityrequired,having adequate workabilityfor compactionbythemethodtobeusedinplacing.Theperformancerequirementsaresetoutin theParticularSpecification.Limitsonworkabilityandtimeforplacementareincluded.The requirementsfortestingwillbesetoutintheParticularSpecificationandsamplesshallbetested inaNAMASaccreditedlaboratoryforthosetests. WhereatrialmixisrequiredaftercommencementoftheWorkstheaboveprocedureshallbe adopted.Theworkabilityofeachbatchofatrialmixshallbedeterminedbythemethodas specifiedintheParticularSpecification. Novariationsoutsidethelimitssetoutintheproportionsshallbemadenorintheoriginal sourceofthematerialswithoutdemonstratingcompliancewiththisSpecification. Mixesshallbecheckedforcompliancewiththemixproportions.Cylindricalorcubesamples shallbemadeattherateoffoursamplesforeach50m3orpartthereofineachdayswork. TestingwillbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheParticularSpecificationandcarried outinaNAMASaccreditedlaboratoryforthose tests.Theresultsshallcomplywiththe ParticularSpecification. TheContractorshallkeepadetailedrecordoftheresultsofalltestsonselfhardeningmixesor forthelowstrengthconcretemixesandtheiringredients.Eachtestshallbeclearly identified withthepiletowhichitrelatesandthedateitwascarriedout. 13.4.3 Supportfluid Wheresupportfluidisusedtomaintainthestabilityofthepileboreitshallbeinaccordance withSection21. 13.5 Boring 13.5.1 Boringnearrecentlycastpiles Pilesshallnotbeboredsoclosetootherpileswhichhaverecentlybeencastandwhichcontain workableorpartiallysetconcretethataflowofconcreteorinstabilitycouldbeinducedor damagecausedtoanyinstalledpiles.The Contractorssequenceofconstructionshallbe submittedpriortoworkcommencinginaccordancewithSection11ofthisSpecification. 13.5.2 Stabilityofbore Temporarycasingshallbeusedinunstablegroundwithorwithoutsupportfluidtomaintainthe stabilityoftheboreunlesscontinuousflightaugersareused.Theprocessofadvancingthebore

andthetemporarycasingshallbesuchthatsoilisnotdrawnintotheborefromoutsidethearea ofthepileandcavitiesarenotcreatedoutsidethe temporarycasing. 13.5.3 Cleanlinessofpilebase Priortoplacingsteelorconcrete,theContractorshallremovefromthebaseofthepileasmuch remouldedorloosedisturbedmaterialsaspracticalandinaccordancewiththemethodof construction. 13.5.4 Cleaningofsupportfluid Priortoplacingsteelorconcrete,anysupportfluidincludingwatershallbewhollyorpartly removedandreplacedwhilemaintainingthefluidheadifitdoesnotcomplywiththe Contractorsstatedlimitsforsupportfluidpriortoconcreting. 13.6 Steelreinforcement Thenumberofjointsinlongitudinalsteelbarsshallbekepttoaminimum.Jointsinsteel reinforcementshallbesuchthattherequiredstrengthofeachbariseffectiveacrossthejointand shallbemadesothatthereisnodetrimentaldisplacementduringtheconstructionofthepile, followingtheguidanceofBS8110. Reinforcementshallbemaintainedinitscorrectpositionduringconcretingofthewallelement. Whereitismadeupinto cages,theyshallbesufficientlyrigidtoenablethemtobehandled, placedandconcretedwithoutdamage.Ifthecageistobeweldedtogether,weldingshallbe carriedouttotherequirementsofBS7123.Detailsoftheproceduresshallbesubmittedpriorto thecommencementoftheWorks. Spacersshallbedesignedandmanufacturedusingdurablematerialswhichshallnotleadto corrosionofthereinforcementorspallingoftheconcretecover.Detailsofthemeansbywhich theContractorplanstoensurethecorrectcovertoandpositionofthereinforcementshallbe submittedpriortocommencementoftheWorks. TheminimumprojectingbondlengthsrequiredbytheParticularSpecificationshallbe maintained. Forcontinuousflightaugerpilessteelreinforcementcagesshallbeinsertedintothepileshaft immediatelyaftercompletionofconcreting.Themethodofinsertionofreinforcementcages shallavoiddistortionordamagetothesteelreinforcementandensureaccuratepositioningof thecagewithinthepileshaft. 13.7. Placingandcompactingconcrete,lowstrengthconcreteandselfhardeningslurrymixes

13.7.1 General Theworkabilityandmethodofplacingoftheconcreteorselfhardeningslurrymixshallbe suchthatacontinuous monolithicshaftofthefullcrosssectionisformed,andthattheconcrete orselfhardeningslurrymixinitsfinalpositionisdenseandhomogeneous.Concreteorself hardeningslurrymixshallbetransportedfromthemixertothepositionofthepile insucha mannerthatitdoesnotcausesegregationofthemix. Beforecommencementoffillingapilebore,theContractorshallsatisfyhimselfthatthe supplierwillhaveavailableasufficientquantityofconcreteorselfhardeningslurrymixto constructthepileinonecontinuousoperation. Eachbatchofconcreteorselfhardeningslurrymixinapileshallbeplacedbeforetheprevious batchhasachievedastiffnesswhichpreventsproperamalgamationofthetwobatches.Removal

oftemporary casings,whenused,shallbecompletedbeforetheconcreteorselfhardening slurrymixwithinthecasinglosesitsworkability. Forcontinuousflightaugerpilesinjectionofconcreteorselfhardeningslurrymixshall continueuptothecommencingsurfacesothatfreedischargefromthedeliverypipecanbe observedtobetakingplace,andreinforcementplacedafterfilling. Nospoil,liquidorotherforeignmattershallbeallowedtocontaminatetheconcreteorself hardeningslurrymix. 13.7.2 Workabilityofconcrete Theconcreteworkabilityshallbedeterminedusingtheslumporflowtableinaccordancewith BS1881andasspecifiedintheParticularSpecification.Theslumporflowshallbemeasuredat thetimeofdischargeintothepile boringandshallbeinaccordancewiththelimitsshownin Table3.1 13.7.3 Compaction Internalvibratorsshallnotbeusedtocompactconcrete. 13.7.4 Placingconcreteindryboreholes Theconcreteshallbeplacedthroughahopperattachedtoa lengthoftremiepipeandinsucha waythattheflowisdirectedanddoesnothitreinforcingbarsonthesideofthebore.Thetremie pipeshallbeatleast3mlong. ThisClauseisnotapplicabletounreinforcedpilesortopilesconstructedusingcontinuousflight augers. 13.7.5 Placingconcreteunderwaterorsupportfluid Concretetobeplacedunderwaterorsupportfluidshallbeplacedthroughatremiepipeinone continuousoperation. Thehopperandpipeofthetremieshallbecleanand watertightthroughout.Thepipeshall extendtothebaseoftheboringandaslidingplugorbarriershallbeplacedinthepipeto preventdirectcontactbetweenthefirstchargeofconcreteinthepipeofthetremieandthewater orsupportfluid.The pipeshallatalltimespenetratetheconcretewhichhaspreviouslybeen placedwithaminimumpenetrationof3mandshallnotbewithdrawnfromtheconcreteuntil completionofconcreting. Atalltimesasufficientquantityofconcreteshallbemaintainedwithinthetremiepipetoensure thatthepressurefromitexceedsthatfromthewaterorsupportfluidandworkableconcrete abovethetremiebase. Theinternaldiameterofthepipeofthetremieshallbeofsufficientsizetoensuretheeasyflow ofconcrete.Itshallbesodesignedthatexternalprojectionsareminimized,allowingthetremie topassthroughreinforcingcageswithoutcausingdamage.Theinternalfaceofthepipeofthe tremieshallbefreefromprojections. Thedepthstothesurfaceoftheconcreteshallbemeasuredandtheembeddedlengthofthe tremiepiperecordedatregularintervalscorrespondingtotheplacingofeachloadofconcrete. Thedepthmeasuredandvolumesofconcreteplacedshallbeplottedimmediatelyonagraph duringtheconcretingprocessandcomparedwiththetheoreticalrelationshipofdepthagainst volume.

13.7.6 Placingconcreteincontinuousflightaugerpiles TheplacingofconcreteincontinuousflightaugerpilesshallbeinaccordancewithSection4. 13.7.7 Timeperiodforexcavationandplacingconcrete Thetimeperiodafterapileisexcavatedandbeforetheconcreteorselfhardeningslurrymixis placedshallnotexceed12hoursunlessotherwisespecifiedintheParticularSpecification. Iftemporarycasingwhichhasthesamediameterasthepileboreisused,thisperiodshallstart whenexcavationbelowthetemporarycasingcommences. 13.8Tolerances 13.8.1. GuideWall Thefinishedinternalfaceoftheguidewallclosesttoanysubsequentmainexcavationshallbe verticaltoatoleranceof1in200andshallrepresentthereferenceline.Thereshallbenoridges onthefaceandthecentrelineoftheguidewallshallnotdeviatefromitsspecifiedpositionby morethan+ 15mmin3m. Theminimumcleardistancebetweentheguidewallsshallbethepilediameterplus25mmand themaximumdistanceshallbethepilediameterplus 50mm. 13.8.2 Secantpiles Atcutofflevelthemaximumpermitteddeviationofthepilecentrefromthecentrepointshown onthesettingoutdrawingsshallbe25mminany directionexceptthatanadditionaltoleranceof 5mmshallbepermittedforeachadditional1.Om(1:200)thatthecutofflevelisbelowthetop oftheguidewallunlessotherwisespecifiedintheParticularSpecification. Inthecaseofconstructionbycontinuousflightaugerstheadditionaltoleranceshallbe10mm foreachl.0m(1:100)belowtopofguidewall. Theexposedfaceofthepileshallbeverticalwithina toleranceof1:200unlessotherwisestated intheParticularSpecification. Inthecaseofconstructionbycontinuousflightaugerstheexposedfaceofthepileshallbe verticalwithinatoleranceof1:100unlessotherwisestatedintheParticularSpecification. Anadditionaltoleranceof100mmwillbeallowedforconcreteprotrusionsresultingfrom cavitiesformedbyoverbreakintheground.Wherevoidedorloosenaturalormanmade ground,softclayorpeatlayersareanticipated,orobstructions aretoberemovedpriortoor duringboring,anadditionaloverbreaktoleranceshallbestatedintheParticularSpecification. 13.8.3 Recesses Ifrecessesintheformofboxoutsaretobeformedwithinapileshaft,theverticaltolerance shallbe inaccordancewithClause13.8.4androtationaltoleranceshallbe10degrees. 13.8.4 Steelreinforcement Averticaltoleranceof+l5OmmJ50mrnshallgenerallybepermittedonthelevelofsteel projectingfromapilecutoff.

13.9

Castinglevel Nopileshallbecastwithitsfinalcutofflevelbelowstandingwaterlevelunlessthe Contractorsmethodofconstructionincludesmeasurestopreventinflowofwaterthatmay locallyreducethepilescrosssectionalarea(necking)orcontaminatetheconcreteorself hardeningslurrymixastemporarycasingiswithdrawn.Thestandingwaterlevelwillbetreated asthecutofflevelforthepurposeofcalculatingthecastingleveltolerance. Forpilescastindryboresusingtemporarycasing,and forpilescastunderwaterthecasting levelabovecutofflevelshallbewithinthecastingtolerancesshowninTable3.2exceptfor continuousflightaugerpileswhichshallbecasttogroundlevel.

13.10Backfillingofemptybore Whereconcreteorselfhardeningslurrymixisnotbroughttothetopofthe guide wall,the empty pileboreshallbebackfilledassoonaspossiblewithmaterialinaccordancewiththe ParticularSpecification.Priortobackfillingtheboreshallbclearlymarkedandfencedoffsoas notto causeasafetyhazard. 13.11 Waterretention TheContractorshallberesponsiblefortherepairofanyjoint,defectorpilewhereorexposure ofthewallvisiblerunningwaterleaksarefoundwhichwouldresult it leakageperindividual squaremetreinexcessofthatstatedintheParticularSpecification.Anyleakwhichresultsin waterflowemanatingfromthesurfaceoftheretainingwallshallbesealed. 13.12 Instrumentation Movementofthewall,thesurroundinggroundandexistingstructuresshallbemonitoredin accordancewiththeParticularSpecificationandSection19ofthisSpecification. Otheritemstoconsider 1.Clause20.8.3ofchapter20needstobeamendedtostate. Foreachgradeofconcretefourcubesshallbemadefromasinglebatchforeach50m3of concrete 2.Shouldthetolerancesinclause13.8.2matchthosequotedinTable3.8inthenewCIRIA reportFPICP/96 Embeddedretainingwalls:guidanceforeconomicdesignorbesimilarto theoriginalvalues? WallType Hard/soft Hard/firmusingCFA Hard/hardusingcasing CIRIATypical Verticality 1:75 1:75 1:75 CIRIAOptimum Verticality 1:125 1:125 1:200 Proposed Verticality 1:100 1:100 1:200

3.TheGuidanceNotesto ICESPERWwillneedamendingaswell 4.OthersectionsofICESPERWcouldalsobeamendedtoremovepadding andimprove consistency