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University of Delhi for the AfHffcatotte tbe supervision of Professor D. under It -!1c d of 1977. Delhi, L f Fd1lhiversity

FErf,qi @ NisdrAlgmed tsirst Published 1979

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Wahb on the History of Yemen Nature and Style of his Reports An Examinationof the Reportsfrom Wahb b. Munabbih Age of the World Creationand Fall of Adam Sources of Wahb The Bible CHAPTER: VI TThe Qur'iin as the Sourceof History : History of the Qur'dn Raison d'etre or the Occasion of Descent Conformitiesto the Companions The Qur'6n Revealed at Mecca The Qur'in Revealedat Medina lhe Compositionof the Qur'En The Collectionof the Qur'an The Compilationof the Qur'dn The CompilationBoard " The Qur'an in the Light of New Archaeological Excavations The New HistoricalKnowledgeand the Old ReligiousConcepts . _*-,,"I{istory in the Qur'6n Creationof the Heavens and the Earth i: Creationof Man Sirqh of the Prophet Batrleof Uhud Banu al-Nadir Battle of the Trench Truce of IJudaibiya The Conquestof Mecca The Tafsir Literature: ForeignInfluenceon Isrdeliyydt The Element of Isrdeliyydt in Tafsir

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all t* ;dalvalue of-.Qurhistqdcal-"rccords withsut going into trc.tg-{Jdits. Moreover, we cannot follow various intsrpretationsof our historical material as laid down by the Western S$olarship-.or- tho heteJgdgx"-Mt'j!ip* t-ectsf ro m wg havedrawn out certain rules to distime to time, unless is the iight and wrong. Equally desirable between criminate betweery relationship badiLh of 3,!"4 ]]iljg-{y, understand-ii[' of oral trarstnisboth of which are fogl.{e{.-glt-t!9-,p.ri-a-ciple autho-rit_V-cnains, su!rq-?rteA,91 and sion For example, al-Jabari is one of our important critically' we ivill historians. But, if we examinehis sources findthatinwritirrgaboutthepre-Islamicage,hehasrelied on various sources rvhich certainly include some nonrelied upon historicalones. Among the narrators he has 'Awana b' al'IJmar, al-Kalbi' Ibn Abfr Mikhnaf, Saif b. 'IJrrva b' al-Zubair and alI.{akam, Naqr b. al-Muz6bim, K'ab al-Abbdr iubri,as well as on Wahab b' Munabbih',in their politicdl vary transmitters Ibn Is'[r6q,etc. All these personal levels and Eraiities, as well as views,intellectual 'of and stytes of transmission tn"y iif"t in their methorJs thoroughly be therefore, larration' Early'rd'v'/is should, respective of their context .' stutliedand judged in the wider -'/ background' milieu and religio-cultural socio-political Tbe'S'trahoflbrr Is'lraq is the oldestbook on the subject come dorvn to us and 6llqb*:-aL"Mqehazt of Strah w-ffieh"[a-s the only parallel to it, Investigation_s perhaps r\ of al-wa(idi which thut narrativesand anecdotes ,"u*l sources his into he has incorporated in his bgok,*'Y4-ly in regard to .their ..t" Sive.n-nriorityJ?{ " unC urrfu"oti"it'. (.if2oiii.h.s significance 1: nraterial in llis worksl Rest of the ,"i.io.,, historical elements trjbal fablesdominatedby the from derlved Islh6qic in Ibn of piety or vaingloiiousiales ofihe exploits'suppor"oo".pi ted by u .ontlA".*Ute qu3ntity- olfabricated poetry' Lqg, third portion of the Saichof i,UnI{baq-is- derived- from the or J"t"i.ft sources. It compriseseither of Israelite legends TalmuoictalesofJewishcharacterandformswhatiscal|ed the 'Beginning of the Sirah' or at-Mubtada' After a careful and proper arrangement of Sirah-titeratufeand its various

?7

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XX

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

having history was ours and what pregently it is' Once nvirone rnental ooaurrtooa the-ffefffiiKTfff?tr-Siiiffffin;.tud tl'ansni-itf6rs,we might be ablc to descrythe .iina l"* ;paoorami" view of a t6ndentialty segmentedsociety" from becomes an a closer cotner. And the present book v'' endeavourtobf@er'

Nisdr Ahmed Fdruqi

of Arabic' Departmeot UlirprsitY of Delhi; Dclhi-r10007. September 9, t978

'porJod iloqs fltulzBlll? u3 ultlll/\\ 'S aql Surdfr uI lnJllnp pue luelclge almb se,ttglv, wltgN trdrJcs 'JW 'paredard o1 {ooq sJqi 3o ldrrcsadf} lcerJot ps" 1"ar e 1eF 'slq Jo arntrsaSdlpuotr; orrr roJ llntglp oltnb ueeq eA"q plnoAA1l srql roJ tn{ 'oulJt 3uo1e oilnb 'roglesodsrp ,{tn 1e autqceur Sutd'{} 'npr11 pue ecIJJo slq ul ulooJ e 1nd peq lbbere; ueunfuy 'mnfuy-b11eq; '16 puaul '{yi1 " elpuJ 11y rf,relor3as lrorloD

jq ut,J:ffifiiliffilH olpJB otqeue o.l ,qr ?tu *.s,I^ "*o.,

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xxu

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRPPHY

my heartfelt gratitude to Professor I also wish to express Mukhtir al-Din Abmad, head of the department of Arabic, Muslim University, Aligarh ; Ptofessor Mo[rammad Ytsuf Kokau, formerly head of the departmentof Arabic, Persian & Urdu, Universityof Madras ; Mauldnd Sa'id A[mad Akbarabedi, presntlyVisiting Professor, University. of Kerala, SyedMaqbool Ahmad, Director, Centre Calicut,and Professor for West Asian Studies,Muslim University' Aligarh, for their bclp and encouragement. A.W. Azhar, Professorof Persian, My friends Professor and Dr. Ntrul l.{asanAnqari,-University, JawaharLal.Nehru Delhi, have all along been of Readerin Persian,University me. a sourceof love and strengthto Lastly, I expressheartfelt gratitude to my friend Mr' MohammadAhmad of Idarahi Adabiyat-i Delli, for the keen iateresthe has displayedin bringing out this book within a short spanof time. His assistaotBabu Lachhman reasonably for his patientlyfollowing the commendation Dasji alsodeserves rigorous processof printing. Messers Jagowal Printing Press were also very courteousand co-operative in providing proofs anGenduringthe diffculties of diacriticalmarking. Allah aloneis besoughtfor help and ou Him alonewe depend. . -:. N.A:F.

Dqlartment of Arabic University of Delhi, Delhi. 9,1978 Septenber

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n"Lt 'Tirikh' or HistorY , {), , 'Tdrikh" so According to Lisdn al:irab lthe wotd 'history', is deriy'ed from the .toot 3r!$commonlyu*"d fo, and 'Tdrikffr oflag-gvent; time the rsggldigg which rneans whtn a Barticglgr;Xgnt too( plae-e'.t is actually tne@ ,hisioriography is the scienceofiortffiftting g'iiecdgJesl' ''l Thus, and their causesto writing:-lritb-rgferencc-ls-Ibe-ltlq9-9l their occurrence'. calendar' times, Arabs had no 9er-Tanent. It pt-I-I"-t"

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the tribls settlea in fli;az ind nearbyareas' remembered llke (ayyani) battib-days their lamous date of an event from tribes Yemenite the while etc', Fijdr thebattle of Basiisop people counted it by the llc4:ii-oq their rulers (tubba'); the people and Dam' of M6rib of Ghass6n6y the $sijrrcti""Abyssinian the by land their of of $an'i Uy ine inision colonialists.'But the use of a perllqaaentcale-n-{4r-sEqrintror,\ylfiG' duced during the r9.lgr9f the Second Caliph l! Y'ald b. Umayya, whghad apparently gon"roo, in Yenn-en Iollowed the practice of the Yemenitesr/'Umar wantedto permanent Islamic calendir and after much introduce a -adopted the Immigration (Hijra) of the Prod"'i,6.iuiioo, -FFeTlo Me.lina, as a suitablestarting point of such a caleni"i. So he advisedthe Muslims in general, and the state officials in particular, to use the Hijra era for recording the date and time..,2 i::'' S!q! is !rsjg1V.-t Accordingt-o,.qtp classicalArabic historiographers,it is 'knowledge pErfliiriiil!,i'to a country, cus^toj:.mJ and manners y'di"e, well as an as of a people,remains of the peopleof to u".ouot of tn" actions of those alive" AiE6rding al'Kafiji .
-1. Ibn Man?iir : Lisdn al-'AraD Vol' 3 p' 481 (Btl6q reprint) see also Bulfrgh al-Arab Vol. III P. 214. Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam, the University of the Paojab, Lahore (1959) Vol. IV Fascicule l-2 pp' 36'76.

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: sucirsnlcuoc Eul,nrollog eql ol sn spzel asodrnd pue apn1rll" Jroql Jo fpnls lecll,(leu uV 'BJocrruulsl eql Jo runluallrur olur aurc sorJolsqpeJpung isrg eql Eurrnp ,(1uo ecualsrxe xrs tnoqe qcrqa Jo llnp:_g*:B dqderEorrolsrq ol uolluelt" / qcntu os pred sqzry"fq,n'suoseor eql eos sn 1eJ 'alo51 .__---*-;j-pol @+CoA uo lcedur Jregl e^eJ gcrqa\ s?epl pue $lJon lueuodurr i,dbu go uortr -BIiqFT pue fpnls 'e.r '1sed3un1J,go fpnls B lr roprsuoc ,(aql snr{I'(fro1slg-actasaeurrl-1-ueur; lnruroJ aldturs e ur drolsrq ql eugep dIqoqcs urolso/U\luese.ld eq1

'plql ' '896I'eroqT'preog npr6 'Oq-LZ'dd IzB{rBII qtlynoJ-lo lqY orawoqq uou ll qryqnoJ-Plq uq,E-lo: $\pqiBs-lv 'z .I .llc .do lqatv,-lY n lh, L.r/ 'f1lse1 'fgretrsod Jo lgouoq eql JoJ peilrursuerl flluenbes -qns eJoA\qorq^r pup 'ppom urrlsnl i eql Jo sEeJE Jo r"J uJ pe^rl ogar sJe^alleq Qsorll JoJ perrroserd flsnoJndnrcs ere,n 'relcereqc ro sEur,{es 'suollcz srq SuiqiJdsap slrelep elnurru ueao 'og 'podsar frarra ur sturlsnl l, eql JoJ 1eep1lcepad eq1 ug e s?Ar peurrne{o4 leqdor4 eq}'rdlprlq#ug.rn} punoJ sr urogAr ol ecueJeJeJ 'lcurlxe EuolXSrlrunuuoc orll EutpreEe.r slllep oJoru urelqo ol snladuir uB gtrJ^a pepraord ug.rn| aql 'Jaldeqc fropnporlul slql ul eJeglrrosle lno pelurod e^uq eA\ se 'flpuoceg '{11pqou rrarll Jo Joord - qjn elep 1ec6o1eouo8rraql anrbsord p!noq9_ 'poolq-enlq rreql gb pnord os 'qr}rf eql elri uoileu e leqr lernleu lnq osle sB^\ lI fep-apleq Jlegl Jo uorssrrusuJl I"Jo Jo unrpeur :seAJtr"JJBu eql {q s.reqiegeroJrreql Jo s{rol( aql aaraserd pu lceJIoJ -er ol fcuepubi d-traqi"Brioue paleerJ ftturrueu qcnla pus -tnord jo ere,r ,(eqt gctq^\ srols$q" rroql Jo slueuo^erqr" snouolE tsuorlcrluoc, pu stuolsnc')plo-e8e leql ,lsrrC t 1p ; .'t!j rri, I .

*"rq; tsurlEop ue ae s? lr 'seugapl/rlgqlBs u?rJolsrq-Jlorlcs snou"J Jeqlouvx

Jo fEolouorqc eqr qll,r{ SurJeape'pq,uoul Jo qruerq e s u't1t1y/g-p uU, tt ninlqInq-l" s$ ul (.H.V 6/g .p) /
c/

rl"qil;*ffifrffit'-eqr

.ii aur

rlslEala

NOII.JOqOUINI

SARLY MUSLIM HISToRIocRAPI{Y

rulers of eady centurieshad also developedtheir the Muslirr-r, and policibsof powerful interest in learning the achievements of the non-Arabcountriesin order to understand monarchs their strategies in subjugatingthe rebelsor in making themand the ruled. selvespopular among the vangLl

, of the.art of historioAt first the-Arabs)werefrot graphy- in.,its.stridFsdentifie matter of fact, was to have been century. Instead,they took for hi literature, poetry, tribal legends,Biblical myths and the like. Each Arabian tribe had its own history; its warp and woof was made of quasi-historical,semi-historicalor evennonhistorical material. Suih legends are also found among Romans etc. These like the Indians, Persians, -oftre+eations Ayv4m ql'' Arab (ot the were called tribal tal$ of the Arab narratid-isof wqrs contained narratives). They bEtc-IFdats' Dlbis, at-Ghab*, Bas0s, rival tribeslike the War of between Dhi Qdr etc.l -fhese narrativesnaturally contained descriptions of the herois'who fought in the battle, their chivalrous deedsand some of the detailsof their genealogyaccentuating on the purity of their blood and magnanimity of their forefathers from whom they inheritednoble qualities.
--t' ,.\--

between Ayy,4 and Qi;a; was The distinctivef#u) that narration of the ormer was ullo :gppg{gd -bJ.l9eji-c,gl comoositions.In fact, these narrations of the battle-days *"-Ii-5'J6"nsmitted to posterity through theseverseswhich always carried some description in prose of the incident which inspired the poet to recife extempore. When professional lRdw?stransmitted these verses they always narrated in order to make the context intelligible their background to their listeners.These prose descriptions and thq main eachother' As poetical compositionactually complemented of arrangesystems any lack they style, and diction their ior chronological lack any they as as well cohesion or ment
l. Fordetails ofthese narratives see'Ayydm al: Arab fi al-fahiliyya' 'by Mobammad Abmad rJdd al-Mauld etc' (3rd ed.) Egypt, 1968, pp.488 atd Ayydm al"Arab fi al'Isldm bv M. Abul Fadl Ibrdhim, Egypt, 1968.

'60I 'd 'rqrru) .rq Tnsn; porurrrcqop fq .r1npr61 'q4trnoJlD lqv oturuotlo uour q|lryqiloJ.lD lq uq,g-to : g^tgrHes_I?' 0e-62'ddI11.IoA ,qqoq1lo [ryny1 ; tp!,sBI^[_Ie I '791'd rutpeNuql '.(09 'd .lo1 qltott7lo 7s1.u4g-l" ; n furnw epv) Ipg;s?w.le Jo eltrll eql Illun eJq?[B^e s/n{ooq egl .I

'lng e',g"llV go arnsueJd eql urlqo, ol s?^\ ,{rolsrq Burlrr,r go esodrnd eql go .alelrr crleuEop rurysnry ,(1ree, eq; ,/ : ArolslHJo ldocuoJ

feql o.teg,) : s,(es oiooneuoqxo1iloo, 1r "rq^".1ngq11iij'.qr e seeBpelmou{ug.r&b egl lecriolsJq Jo peau oql sasso4s

(II)
...s1unoJ-rE-1ec -lrotsJq qlial dri Brilclfd>1ul tr{8lu go uo4rod e 1toisoatJlds&t1q lueds a{ sriqa 'reuueur lcogred e ur Burl orll oJoJeq JeprroJ ol JepJo ur useq z(q slunocce oseql ureal otr petruroddeo;eo, ,{eq1 fesodrnd oql JoJ peur"J} ,(lprcadse serreJs funof ,r(q 'Jle sue1s,{s prcrpnf u4g ol lno por eJa^t esaql rroql IIV 'suoprpedxe Jrerll .1sed eql Jo slunocJ? Jo sJolnJ trrraJegrp Jo seqderEolq uenrJm peur?luoJ qclqa tulq eJoJeq lqEnorq ersat srelslEer 'lro1q 'sluatugso+oJ errros per{ eg slql JaUV - .seldoed euoEfq ogl suorlJJ?u Jaqlo sB IIoa\ se .c1e.sepoc leued Jo 'sarceuroydrp 'sre,tr .rreql ,sqcreuortr Joqlo Jo sarqderEorq pue 'prue1s,(s 's8ur4 gery-uou oql Jo sorJolspue ,seirJl leuad leql -Brr?u .s.{p-epl?q rreql 'sq"JV orll Jo reqqyy eqt otr Eurue -lslt q lqEru eqt Jo prlgl-euo lnoqe pueds ot pesn iolels oql go slred snorJBA urorg Eurqoeo.r sgoder o1 Burpuallu JaU" pu 'slerJrgo olets pue sJolsrurur ,sn srq ol aJrratpneEullue.lEJo1ge,, sruJoJur sa .orl1r\.eluqdrlec pedfeur;1 Jo JopunoJ zlpp,sDry-lp oql ('H'V 09-0t) ug,(gng lqv .q e,(rarp,n141 roJ flW,pry-lo rpqq4y Der 1UpIU-lD qgUX pagaao {ooq e spdruoc osl" pry .q og^a selel rolerreu qcns euo sem efreqg plqv, Ieqrrl Jo 'selsrile oql leuorsse;ord s" tuegl po8"Eue irqqJFai(Fn []un serlqures$ I"qrJl ro stoqleSol-1aE pwrogur ur pelJJBu Euol rog aJo/h selel aseq; ',{11ero sJotr?JJEu fq leuorssegord pollusueJl e-q 01 ponurluocqselel feqrr1,go 1e1:etruu eql

*'*.to*..., :aiqffilecrlrloc pue,{1r1erged 'secrpnferd 'sJepJo uro{ ee{ }ou ere ,{eql ,:aaosro141 IsqJJl
NOIIONOOUINI

BARLY MUSIJM HISTORIOGRAPIIY

not travelled in the lind to seethe nature of the consequence before them ? They were mightier for those who disbelieved (in the) traces (which they) left bethan thesein power and hind them in the earth. Yet, Allah seizpdthem for their sins and they had no protector fronl Allah".r)According to Muslim 'to travel on earth' was a substitute for a commentators, formal study of higlory, because historical accounts of the life of nations of ioie weib not recorpedat that time and the only way to acquaint oleself with \heir history was to see them.z their ruins and io near !Sg94dS-+bout nations and bygo.neThe Qur'dn, while .qeferring !o {heextinct civilizations, has, in its own rvay, presentedthe idea 'the lYiil of Allah', that 'Naturbr;-bi--in Is!4mic terminology does not work blindly and arbitrarily; and there are certain or revolution L$lqjgahgelgns leading-!9.every changQ. which the Qur'dn calls the [Sunna of Allph'lf The Qur'6nic way of referringto ancient-peoples,and th6ir civilizations and of exhorting the faithful to learn a lesson from the\r history, clearly show that Islam is a religion essentially history.-conscious. tir" of the Prophet we gather Sufficientl AG;ffim1G " evidence that he was$rell-informed about the lifg and teachings of the propheti who preceded him. Fdr instance, when he was distributing booty at I.{'unayn, one of the Angrs of Medina protested against the system of distrihis annoybution adopted by him, the Prophet expresbed 'May His mercy on shower Allah ance in these words : pestered more than this'.4 Moses,he was During the first year after his migration tq MQdina, the Prophethad.ordered his followers to make a cbnirls of the entire Muslim population of Medina, and the early
t. 'That Tloe Qur'dn LX:21 cf. is because Allah never changeth the grace He hath bestowed on any people, until they first change that which is ia their hearts'. (VIII : 53). Siddiqui (M. Ma?har-ud'Din) : Islam Krt Na(ariyya'e-Tdrlkh, Lahorc

2.

pp.12-13. 1962, 3 . T\e Qur'an I : 134seeal-Tabari,Tafstrl t 563. 4. al-Bukh5rl,al-Adabal-Mafrad,vol. I, p.481 (Cairo, 13?8H.)

. q wowwoVntfioS, : qglpP$lefi 6'd'qlqqounyl' 'Pg'd't1t1Po1JiD u4ln, : urllEsrqgnsi '(uetuI qeC)''i3'i'ljfq)tng-Ie.I -t-qslpt)ullnl{'(seu-le I rreurl-le legerH

?q1l:: l"ql peJ oqr '{9 pelroddns:x:+-K"S urrrsnl^l e se rli;qi\I-o us.rn| agl ruor; uo4erldsq Eu',rrep$t1uJ l:d srullsntr peEreue I "qtrd'ootutssausnotislrd)'f,iol:g lqJ, :., ri,$l':sultinweqlJosseEsnolcsuo3'('to1q11 .{oonno J-'::.**
qr Suldolelop pus '$etcos cltulsl Eutdeqs 3o 1znlcellatul ol EutoE sear '(qderE su?ertr p;roalod lsoru agl' s elJe-s 'e.rfrHegl 3o dlnluec lsJg -olJolsrq lgl luepl^a eul@oq t[

'pon'ra*ia tnoii"n otaolaool'q @W Jopue eql,{e

crleso-|ds-ro fpee go suoll?JJ?ueql elzauuodplnoqs,euol 'saoloept uuslued e treqlIsJnl"u lnq sB^\l1 "{11uenbesuo3 B pu" sl"^IJ I"c urnpatu 3o ,noiEJ1",snolJua ;o uoqeEedord pue seeptsnotE ? s pesnse't 'fto1s1q -tlltoitrqnan uodn"^ 'er[t11 -g1"rqq,o' dn pe>1ur1 ;o '(lnluec lsJUegl 11]un'eJe,rt ,{larcosqeJv eq} Jo suolsl^lp IsqI$ pu suollJBJlcJlllod 'uALtUPPDqnw 'porrad 'I pus slsrrnf 'a o]IIe snot1er eql o] pa3uoleq popduroc pu pol flres eql Eulrnp leclrolsrq "lup pue sraqderSoctxal r'reJ e Jo "r*np1 -c51ocoq1( osogl 'su?tJtuluJE 'sng1,'lereuot ur 'fuotrslq 3o oorldrr"" aql gllrr 'l"ql pug a,$
pue ecueuodur eql Jo uollszll"al 8 ol pol 1l pus sJallrM'qDJts 'u9. fq peleroqeloeq o1 PBq sJolBlUOIutuoc ,(Fee sE 'pooq Jo AlIn

eql ul

Edtffi

ol ueEaq ,(ro1sq ut -rrolsiq ogl ol onp ,(1u1eul ,(ppeals alorE" 'ta,{ '1t'3o url1snyr1 1ou prp'6rt"ridi-sdi555 lttr"lul rieql "noidde 'tu?lsl eJoJeq Jq"JV ut Eutqslrnog eql 'lsJg 1e 'qSnoqa sto1e;;nerio" iibtlnlllsut eq1. fpeerle sex (ug'tt*gtqt1t1o)' poJpunquaeug lnoq r'.seut?u SIg pJocoJ pelsll o,t\ 'os 'lsrl snsuaceql uI OUI?U "(lero reAe luor; upel I Jo suazltrJc ue1s1 sessegord -391-Egoule 'IJPWInSJB ol Eulproccy -osoqil\, :poputuuoc laqdor4 eIIl 'per'resard sell procei snssecslql l?gl sn ItrJoJUI seplJoqlns
NOIICNqOUINI

I"t rolteJTlqlffi-v 'ug.rn| aql q secuoroJer

ln!:, l,\... i:, t*i;. ll,t.

lil

_*'----'-,.-:^*iakhbar-nanator$ from the very beginning, showed no in(pre-Islamic) period of Arab history, /'i 1EIffi irtffi-Jiifiiliyya immediateneighbours-the Byzantheir ot in the history of I tio"r and Persians. Tlgg P*qgCls-with-historJ--.-beeiss-ruith I \.*-the adventof Islam-more precisely speaking-:with the later life, when he settled in Medina to %eriod"d-1fi6ffiphet's translate Islamic social conceptsinto practice. That is why our early reporters provide us with very meagre kno.ivledge of the Meccan period of the Prophet's life-anil-whateverwe c:rn get, was collectedduring his life at Medina.n'Thus,we r ,-ll\ that the history of Muslims beganwith the can safely assume -t o^ first-Ejjra year. 1 isi- A' H, I it Arab historiography continued flourishing in its own native spirit and ferm, free from any forgign influence,. -Greek until histoAlthough, cettury. Hijra the -ged. -.gf".qeqqqd . riography at that time had reached a mature stage of development, yet no traces of the Arab narrators' being influencedby the Greek or Persianhistoriographical methods are to be found in the first two centuries of the Hijra. was, perhaps, the first Muslim historiort-sndm-ifffi] grapFei-To made use of ehristian archives and someold ffi-ve it was motivaled by the fact that his inbgriplirons. But, and some primary concernwas with the Arab genealogies preserved was in the them regarding very useful information exploited him in writing were also by churches.Persiansources about the Arab-Persianrelations.l
,_-* | .*-4

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

I t

During _,the.-lastdeys .qf Ba4gLUm.afya, the famous prose-writer Ibn al-Muqaffa'I translated the Persian book 'Khuddi Ndma'--int6 Arabic.z This book, undoubtedly, had far-reaching effect on the development of Arab historiography, though not a benefi.cialone. Because, when Muslim
t . Seeforexample al-Tabari,
wal-Mulilk, I: 86 et. seq. for his works and notice seeKitab al-A{ndm (introduction) ed' Ahmed ZakiPacha. (for detailed discussion Supra : Chapter III). 'Majalla al-Majma'al*e Encyclopaedia of Istam, lY : 180 and ' 'Ali, Ilmt aI-' Irdqi, Vols. I-II (1950-51 Dr. Jawdd article by on the ) Sourcesof tbe History of al-fabari. 'Tartkhal-Rusul

2.

.99:gE'dd'g,rE$tBs{e'I uqJle,rrasord aql q pelsoJalu ,(prerutrd oJe^\ slllllsnl l

JJogl laetu o1 frolsq ,'.e8uo11eqc dn 111nqalr\ suollsJJeu osl"J ut 6ul31npul peuels taqoq1 'eo) J sreillusu?4 ueqd\, :ples eg ueq$*lf3plu,d-U:y*lSl 'snotEtlor d1a}nd se,rt grrcg1,:1e upf;nql BqV leq/{ q l"gl 'es red 8ut1um-r{rolsrq Jo u eql glftr uJacuoJ Jleql '(q 1nq palsAJlou louseu.'nqoq1 Jo uoll?AJeserdro3 ,pgus!' Jo BInIU -JoJ egt Eurrrlolo ut {ool suIIsnW eqt sutud Je^otrgd|.

'

'lr roJ &!tt!!, pnule-1, rleql Euol retJ" aql slillsntrAl pslue^ul . sY 'ocuoplae peg slra1"-elll- 'pe; 3o relltu \etdope " elenbep6*,tq-Fuo0Ans lou $ qclq^\ uoJldrunsse orbtr 3 sl 1l lnq s/(el flree eql ,{q pesrlcerd osls seur\ (tnqoqy Jo uollet -lluoqtne) ,ppus!, Jo uopnlpsul eql lPql ples ueoq sg lI 'selJlunoc SulrnogqEleu egl go seldoad peztllAlc eJoln . I"tIroFIq eql Euoue Jo qrv ue8ed eql Euoue Jeqlle "1"p eql Eunraserd ur pe,{o1due Euleq pog}eru slql Jo ecueplAa 'ItrBIsI due pug lou op e11\ Jo lueAp" eql ol roJrd enSo,r q lou s.lr\ lI 'stllflsntrAleql /(q pocnporlul lsrg sean'-'sJa}tJttr

uqE.ogg#1 -sur{lJ'-o_ ul"qc uo{orqun

-1a--- -a --a

I1!l

toqoq4-lo ?FItrroJ oql sngl -ueqln" aq lsod ol umop oruoclsed aql Jo slueaaluqtroldlcurrd prauaS lno pe{ro1(

'slsenbuoc uIISntr l Jo slunotc? d"ql 'osodrnd slql Jod 'selopJeue pue selEoleaue8 'setqderEotq leclJolslg osl lnq eq1 ieqdor;sqt Jo suolllperl ?IIlJo fJuo 1ou uotlearose;d e8ernocue pue azuojled ol olels eql pol urnl uI qcqn ,{qder8 -olJolsrq lecrpoqlau 8uldoleirsp Jo paeu eql pozlseqdue el"1s rurlsn141arll Jo sluotuellnbar snotEller-orcos lturelur eq;

: lueu4EalJ, IJIPoqleI I ,r' 'QU.ol u[ IBcJJolegJorem dlseu'{p ..';'" 'J31l3Iu plugsgs ogl qlll\ Surpap sreldeqc lsl sll opg^\ sein 'sraldeqc I"crJolsrg-rues pu? spue8el 1ecrq1,(tu Jo IInJ 'sEutllraa r1eq1peleeur.ted Euruedo sll uI llosll DtupN gpnqx ureEe lueuele lecr8oloqiltu pu I?clJolslq-rtres eql spuaJl suelJolsJq lectqderEouolsFl uslsJad aql qrJA\qcnol ut oIIrBc
NOIICnqou${I

IO

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

of the original wording of their Holy Scripture' i'e''the it directly from Qur'in, transmitted by those who received of accurate importance the of sense the and the Prophet, to insist on them induced word revealed the of transmiision general. in reporting of the accurady Secondto the Qur'6n was the place of ltadeth-the word of the Prophet. So, every hadtth of the Prophet is traced to the first narrator that is some Companion of the Prophet' Similarly, the practice of the Prophet could only be authenticatedby ardwi or reporterwho wasblessedto witnessit in his own person. mvths and legends,Jet tne principles of screeningthe hiJtor-ical data evolved by the Muhaddithun (tradi"i,aita6t. tionists) paved the way for historical researchand careful evaluationlf sources.This helped in eliminatingthe mythical and pseudo-historical elements from-iEe Eiolraphy of the Prophet, thus exposing the early days of Islam to the full from the juristic as well tighi of Lirtory, o'ni"U *u. necessary ai scientificplint of view' Sincethe words and deedsof the ,Prophet*"ra uo important sourceof Islamic shar?''a second only to the Qur'iin. Even minute details of the life and deedsof the Prophet were recorded on the authority of one or more unbroken chains of reliable reporters' Sometime'

tt. e6;i;;tt Although,

Arabdoes*:gqruglv of the.

tundre{1..of report hasbeen.;ransn{trp,e4 1,!!9ugh a single iio oftrer t*dition suchchains. This is ;-6,jg*,}'*hi.h

oi'.u3o, religion of the;mld shares with Islam' Further' in there are definite methods of evaluation of these chains any of order to determine the accuracyand authenticity particular version. Early transmitters, sometime' report contradictory versions. But, historians are so scrupulously honest in iiving all versions that every perceptiVF-rea<H thim in the light of the accepted principles *o ."u.loi of them was re' oi ,crutiny to decide for himself which liable. It appearsthat Muslim historians of the early centuries were of iUe view that the institution of personal transmission collecting of khabar is more reliable than other methods of

't8'd.Plqr! esoqlJo setueu eglJo uele lu?Jougrsr ogtr !ge[V dq uoqea 1es peluerE uooq el"g nof ecurs a.lrsap nor( Jeleleg^r o(L :pIBs s?tall uroqA{ }noqg Jp"g go suoueduoJ esoql lnoqg turqilue ^\oDI lou seop oqar u?ru B luccapq go lsenbuo3 oql Jeili" perflreu eJetr Jo .esmc eql uJ se^ll JJeql pecg -rJcs Jo uorlpedxe BccoIAIegl pecueugogtr Jo .,(eulpe;A1 o1) prg palerEru oqia asogl Jo eEpelalouq ,(ue tur,req lnoqll,tr J"loqcs e Eureqsur"lJ oq^r u"tu 3 Jo uorlpuoJ erll sJ elqeresrl4l,, :sf?s (ff OOg zcrrc .qo) slrpd .q peuqv

';.;:lii:f '1eqdor4 -qsFI d1o11 eq1r"

i:t]llT"ffiil

Eurples w seoJcapsnorgllar lnoqlrn selndsrp enssr 1ete1 Jo DsDrpDW ur qoael pFoqs euo l?ql sr g pgecergsrp aioq " 'fFeprulg 'saq[uuosred pue salq Jreg]Jo slrelepEul,roul lnoglJAr seur?u Jrsgl leader fldurs pFoqs eq .rfto1eEr1qo sr uroqa ur qll"J .g?[V go sloqdor6 esogl lnoqe pels? Emeq uo tnq uopsra\ pue eEpay,raoul olq ol sturclcusur ? J eq plnoar lJ InJeu?qslrrog ...suorleiloqxe s{ reAorspuod ppoqs pue frolsq go dpnls eql ol flalrsnlcxo eunl slg elo^ep pFoqs eg uoql :IIIagl Jo qroq Jo lunorrrs JI?Je ermbol o1 '(puo4rpe4) grbue4 pue lgEno u?ur (leuoner) 'Xtb,en V 'tWX -sauoEolec .o,r$ sl gEpsprouy, :.tgqty,lp.1 Jo qg:r!x, pellque {ooq sq .tb t4ttto n Qqt,Iloafu,pdtoryat ur se^resqo (SVg-ggt .qo) 1*rb"ei[, ulq_pFlbEl] t?g/rruro{ luepr^e sl f.rolsrq o1 sru11sn1ffiuo eqt Jo epntl$e eq; 's{Jorn_I"cIJolsIII Jleql ur ureql ,{q posn pu? peun eq q .l?lreluur-Iri; arll se pelJes pue frolsrq reynEerJo srelrr r oi paltpisubrl eq plnor porrad fJreo go Jgqqqo egl Jo .lou Jo elqerteJ Jeqleg^a .suorsJoA eql Il" ler1l 'oldrcuud srgl s"ar lI .poder srqgo flrpqeJloJaql Jo esnecog go oerEepoq1Euqecrpursnql rolJodar eql Jo rolceJeqc l"roru srq ol"ut .Jeaei[oq,ppoc uurJolsJrl leroua8aql Jo luorussessu eqJ, 'rueql rno{ secuaragulEurmerp pue rueqt Eurlard -ralu rtrorgsufrlergD rro ruaql sszd puu irqrrl4 Jo suorsre^ .A\$zrpuosrad.-trfib'-snt \ IIU lceiloc o1 pepedxe s?,rr aH , se dJerupofqo se uoder'e ( Bm$ilffiiiS?frfi lnogtra\ ,oJqJss_od semragoder ry wgry .lerJeleru llrsu?Jl o1posoddns I"JrJolsJrI

II

NOIII)OqOXJNI

r
12 HISTORIOGRAPHY EARLYMUSLIM Companions of the Prophet who were present at the time of nor bay'it al-RiQwdn' and whom the helt-fire cannot touch; 'Do commanded: of those Anpdr about whom the Prophet good unto him from among them who doeth good unto you a and forgive him who doeth ill uuto you' Make their love part of your faith'.r This is sufficient to show that the main interest of detaiied Muslim scholars in historiography was in acquiring directly were which events the of and authentic knorvledge persovarious with or Frophet, the related with the sirQh of the On events' those in role nalities who played a significant new of hundreds Islam, of other hand, with the expansion problbms were faced by the jurists' Unprecedented legal Mufti' .ur., *.r" brought to th; Qedi or the governor or the the of light the in Qur'6n' or lvho had to settle them either was to be case the Where (badith). in that of the tradition to necessary was it l.tadtth, a with decided in accordance a that In order reiiabiiity' its possible, ascertain, as far as be to had it precedent' legal a ftadtth could be regarded city of .rtublirh.d that its hrst transmitter had iived in the personally had Prophet, the of Medina, was a Companion 'witnessedsuch case brought before the Prophet, and decided judgement with all by him, and reported the case and the point judicial of view, it was the essentialdetails. As, from 'law of evidence' to the of principles incompatible with the certain ltadath reported by a judge -sinlte a case in the light of a narrator, whatever degree of honesty and reliabiiity he jurists migit have been credited with. The Iraqi school of conthe down laid (A[u Hanifa being its raaiq exponent) 'continuity(tuwatur) 'for such traditions as were-to iition of serve the basis of declaring something lawful or unlawful' rigorous Since a very small number of traditions fulfilled this 'analogous deduction, (qiyds) was adopted qualification, the section of as the guiding prinCipie tf tegislation' But' to a that accepted be hardly orthodoi Muslims, the idea could and word the and any other source except the Qur'dn, formulation in the used practi"" of the Prophet, should be l. I b i d .P P . 8 6 - 8 7 .

selrnluac ,{1reaur pug e^\ 'g8noqllv ',{letcos ulrFnl I oql " go lueudoJelep pue qurror8 Buoure .sseusnorcsuoc-r{ro1sJq, pelnqlJluoc pu" pepelerd 'uo te1e1 oqt ol ,{11er1ue1sqns 'rrrJel egl 'oututn Jo osuosuJoporu aql ul trou ;o ldacuoc srgJ q8noql '(nutwn) .uolleu, Jo lql ol peucpeorq serndnor8 ro '(sreqlo eqr4Jo ldecuoc aql 'ruelsJ go uorsuudxa eql rlrll[ ueql luenbole eJoIII ecueq pu poeJq Jleql uJ re.rnd srern 'Jla clrolaqJ sequl ursilJet l"gl uollou oqr ,(q patrelrloru) 'rruursrE 'fEopeueE 'sorlsueltsJegc IeqIJl o1 uoltruoll eJolu eql :eiuqdllpJ oqt Jo slBIIuE pred slooqcs erieg pue "JB) prl trsJU pue SzpqBnut 'qprls eql uo lB sEA\sseJls ,fttrde;Sorrol -slq Jo Iooqcs uul.pjlrl eql ur 'ecuelsur rod . fi6-iE6i5^lfinuro{ pecu?^pe flpnper8 sieqd.eJE E ol {ooltno pcol " oqtr,fto1srqJo -orrolsrq urlsnl l flr"e luernl"erl rlerll u\,i 'drolsrq pue qtryoQ 's3d{?.1 i[ aql uee&\]eq sferrr eql 3o Eurged aurec snqJ lenErro 3o il serueu out ot SuIpJoJcBJo esrlrlcelqis paSueue sE^\ aJnl"JeJ.ll

-l

I i -slq aql qclqa\ osJnoc lseq orlJ 'estJu plnoqs luorue8ue;re pue uollepduoc s1 Jo pogleur go uorlsenb eql }eq1 Iernlsu 'lupunqe owBcaq lnq s31I\ lI I"IJotru ecJnos eg] rcql(\ 'odocs ur Japre\ pue qceordde ut relncas 'r{leltlu.ltdwoc (qloq 'erucaq rpqq4D 'se8ueqcotuos lue^\Jopun Jo oJnlcnJtrs eqtr se se 'elfls eqt 'dllenperg :pgasl qUM .rcqDqyJo IIa^\ 'ernleJeq1 ttlryDq oql s? Ierreletrr eru?s oqtr uo pesuq sB^\ JJear sB 'ernlerelrJ lJrJolsrq {JJ"o aq} 'tnqoq4'e'r o{u?s eql pue euo ss/h esogtr II Jo ecJnos ,{teurrd oq} ecurs '{1rcr1ueq1ne JnJlqnop go rolroder Jo IoAeJ JoA/r.ol ol u^\op lqEnorq " 'sn1u1s sEMUgqqlD eql gedrelunoc srq ayrqzrr snorSrlerraqErq e pormbce Wlppzqnry eql 'ourrtr Jo osrnoc eql uI 'eloq.{t a1urlurJcsrpuru? s pel"sJl ueeq 'reg os 'peq qcrgn+3zgt1?ou plte qD4s (gllpotl uea^d+aq uorlcurlslp esrcerd pue te515 ap?u osls '1nq '1erre1ew W1pDq go furlnrcs oql JoJ seldrcurrd JelcrJls peldope ,(po 1ou deql 'dqdurEorrolstq Jo asnaJ agl ol ooraJes e ',{llcerrpul 'perepuer (slsluorlrpera) lue:8 ttrypoqlo plii eq1 snql 'f1rcr1ueq1ne :roq1 o8pni oi seldrcuud sno.to8rr oJorrr oAIoAo 01 s IIea sB suortrrpuJJ eJortrJeUe qcJeesol ponurluoo Iooqcs repcrired s1q; .D,upUS oql Jo
I
NOIICN(IOUJ,NI

ottqrt\ '-riproleii8dt"t"ffi'ui uorlelrdurbc 3o ilqupoq,it'1dopu plnor uplrol plp pu 'paldope o^Eq ,(11un1ci; tnql tn^

t4

EARLY MUSLIM HTSTORIOGRAPI{Y

vast-pervasive tendencyof local and tribal loyalties when we seepeople of a particular clan or area engaged in collecting data about a subject of limited scopeand utility. yet, when these transmitters of narrow outlook and interest were exploited by the later historians like al-Tabari, in compiling more comprehensivehistories of thE dEfly-period of Islam, they constituted an organic whole of a ,universal' type of history, because of their richnessin minute details regarding local or trivial eventsof their period. During the first two centuries of Islam, Muslim historiography was constantly subjectto social and political pressures.Bantr Umayya, for example, tried to justify their assumption of power through propagatingthe idea of predestination,which, in the long run, exercized its influenceon the outlook of writing of history. Similarly, regionaland tribal prejudicesinfluenced the historical literature of that period and their impact is clearlyseen not only on history but even on books of genealogy and grammar written during that period. Every transmitter brings his own clannish outlook to bear on his account ofhistorical events,and by the beginning of the third century of the Hijra two rival schoolsof Muslim historiography emerge confronting each other at every level and producing far-reachingeffects.These are the Medina schooland Iraqi school.l

1.

al-Dlri Bahth fi Nash'at 'Ilm al-Tdrlkh 'inda al-'Arab. Press,Beirut, 1960,p. 48 et. seq.

Carholic

'?lnsuruod u?JqeJV eql Jo frolsq luelcue egl lnoqe e8pal,noul Jo {Jols Jno ol pepp sB&\ IerJelsllr qse{ puB pegu3un a.re,raEpelnoul IBcIJolsIqJo secJnos Atou suogo ellsuelul pu s{eirrnscllslnEutl Jreql qlJlfi 'serynls lecrEoloaeqcre 'suorlelecxo qBJV uJ IIJrzaseJ qEnorqt ,{ro1sq luelcue 'lqnop bu 's1St1e1ualr6 esbgl 'll? Jo s"lsrA mau pauedo pclrolslq ou peq hrepqcs IuJIsnhI fFee aqt l? uorlepunoJ -ifJbtslQ cguulq-erd, oql pelleosI t?gt\ go uo4rod rofeu 6q eql leql pepnlcuoc,{eql 'fqderEouolsq Jo spoqloE cgJlualcs rrJepow Jo lq6J1 egl ul uop"ururcxe lclllrc pue ss,(1eue deap o1 leual?tu qql pepafqns Pu" 'slrodor eseglJo otuos egl ueglla 'lnfl 'tuBIsI Jo sarynlse^JsuelqopBluslslTluelJo faql reqlaEol selJnlllee go frolsrq egl ol xgerd e s peul?rueJ '.,{rolstq JoJ pu" ssoueurnuaE4eql Eutuo4sanb lnoqlt,t\ crruelsl-erd, roJ sJ?loqcs tullsnI I aql fq uelsl ereA\sq1,(ur pue spuaEalasoql 'frnluec qluaalqEleoql w el"l sV 'se^llotu flourJlJreqlJo ocuang 1ecr1r1od -w eql .rapunporrod cttulsl Jo sJol"JJeuleuotssagor-d ,{g pol -"crrq"J uo^g sFII.J9 uoly:g .uul}sg;13 s"g ueeq lse?{nQ! -_B'spuaEal olll -ulo-IJpoaoJJoq pus qsra\of leqtrt l?rJal"Iueql Jo st 'porradsJqlEurpreEer puu aroJ-41o;'sqlfru go pasoduroc qeJV eql 3o ged ssoroeeruoce^\ l"ql IIV 'dqderEorrolslr{ palcapau lsour ogl st p,ftfill|zfJii por:ad aqt 3o frolsr*1

orqotY
clutDlsl-ard u1 lDuaNW locltolsrH
II VgJdYH)

l6

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

il First of all, they made studiesof preJslamic scriptions the decipler they did found in the Southernareas' Not only also they but totally, script which had sincebeen forgotten and grammar of those deadlanguages compileddietionaries of andcompilation ^t-fr"l. i'imyarite\.Theieinscripions, iil';;; in research openednew alleys of una glosses g*--ui ancientArab historY. made The Orientalists,in search of theseinscriptions the into journeys in various disguises intensive and extensive the into most frightful desertsof the Empty Quarter and their of Yemenite territories, sometimeseven at the cost period of their lives.r Even during the most flourishing did not pay so much activities,ihe Muslim scholars academic ruins and attention to the studyof ancientmonuments'the witl sources such other past, and remainsof the pre-Islamic of history the of account vivid more a view to writing a rightly has Margoliouth Prof' as ancientArabia' Because, : 'what they record directly is not tribal or national observed deity' [it-V, U", ,n" ,"rVi"" rendered by a fictitious deities of the names very The rewarded by a pagan rite' or ridicule : and the offering of could only occasi,on-horror would evokethe samesentiments' If it be true that ' ;;g;" , prethe paganand the Christian periods Judaism between toward religion that of attitude vailed in SoutL Arabia, the less hostile both pagandeitiesand imagesof all sortsis not have been would population than that of early Islam : the Islam before long taught to repudiate such monuments dominant'.2 became : fnscriptionsand EPigraPhs are the most reliable contemporary Theseinscriptions down to us fiom that period qf coming history source We may divide them into two sections: First' Ait-atly. -non-Arab which haveno direct connexion inscriptions thoie record an information about only with the Arab history but
p'33' 1 . Margolioutlr t Lectures on Arabic Historians pp'28-42' the of Qur'dn Geography ttadvi : A Historical 2 . Margoliouth : oP' cit. P. 33.

'09-62'dd suoltotslg elqotv uo sarntcaT: qlnolloSrEl^I 't 'Ig'd PPnel I'lo^'t!t'do : 11t1, '(g1u(;bnuqg 'f 'lo^ olqDry,-lo pq&nT-Io gppy q4ttpJ : ugple7 tfrnl 'd 'pe) 8Z I 'e 'lo^uppryg-lv wo{ng : lBbpi '4 'd A 'l wqlsl-lo goQ qotV,lo q4ltpJ :.llv, pg^rEf 'tt-Et 'd I'Io^

'EuoJeq,{aql 'snoISIIar qclqA\ ol e8e eql Jo solllillce lEJnllnc pue clulotroJo agl uo ]q8ll ogl uo Jo etull Jleql Jo suolllpuoc JcIlIIod-oI3os {u" atoJrl} flprzq ,(eq1 ,'pozltululru sI onla IsJlJolslq Jlegr snqt pu? JelnJ ? Jo Jolqc IqIJl 3 Jo sluotuo^oltl3?pue slua^3 '1n{ JBJos punoJ suolldlJcsut eql Jo lsotll J"uosJedPJOtaJ pu s.."'poJno^?J eJeI\ suos slq '977 l:oef eql q polp (rsquleldeg) InlVJo i(ep qrtl oql uo eH '[up s1q1 ilItr erqlFc slq ul"lqo ol elqs sem Eut4 ou puu 'slsJed pue etuo'll 01 sfoJecl^ slq se ruegl luas pue se suos sq pelurodde pue p9,I I seqrJl egl uo sJouJeAoE penpqns pu? rSurrqs Jo u^\o} eql 'ugJl"N Jo Jp^\sY 'r{up srq} rero ,{ro1cra, pepuetutuoc pue Ug {lq,qpoW poloJop puu 'stelnr rloql pue rgzlN puu p"sv Jo seqlJl osqJv eql ot\l eqtr paleEnfqns pue u^\oJJ oql aio,ro,oq,$' ge go Eurl 'rtuv, 'q sru|-1u JIrrJJo sle;8 eql sl slgl', : spsaJ 'e'I , 1t 'uru1s1Jo lue^pe oql oJoJeqsreof perpunq eaJql etuos qunoJ eq} Surrnp 1dr:cs uee1eqe51 ('C'V SZg lnoqe) ,{rntruoc 'n'lH uI ua$IJd\ ,'ugrne11 uI punoJ uoeq sEq qclqar 'qu}1e BJtuI Jo eler8 eq} uo aq o} peqlrrsep "{' Jo 3un1 oq} 'tueql fq qderErda oql Jo paltc oq uec elduexe pooE y eql Jo eJe s133J peldecce ouaqllq euJoq osl" lno eruos pu" suoltlpuoo pu" oJII clurelsl-erd uo 1qEtl luepunq ,raorql ,(oq1 1'ldtrcs cIqJV luasord oql Jo uuo; arnleuard e se peldacc uaeq seq qcrqrlr lducs 3 ul peAJ"3 uoeq suotldtrcsut IIV 'cle lle/trrn) eleq 'droEel"c lsBI aql u1 3u111u3 ,rF 'ufs 'zelr11e411 elnsuruad uBrqJV aql Jo suolEar snoIJB^ 'spuslsl uI punoJ ueeq eABq srrgtrO {eerg pue erutssfqy 'erqery qlnog '1dr(8g ut por{lJeeun ueoq eleq suopdtrcsut 4 qons 'BIq?JV o1 uEta:og ldlrcs ro a8en8uel ut PepJoceJ ',ftoEalec sJql q suorldlrcsur Jaqlo ouos eJB aJOIII IIBJ suoltr 'flpcnrdure poued leql -dt:csur ueruoy,(qeg puu uelilssy Ll vlavuY cIWYfsI-au'I NI lvluarvttl lvcluorslH

18

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

Similarly, the inscriptions found in South Arabia either record construction of a house,or a temple,or a fortification
or the like.
\.-- \,1.,

Some of the old inscriptions, in Aramaic, Himyarite, Sabaeanand Nabatean characters were found and deciphered duringthe Umayydperiod. Some Muslim scholars of the time were able to decipher foreign languagesand old characters (Infra : Wahb b. Munabbih) and we also learn about the famous saint of the second century Dhn al-Nun al-Misari, that he was able to decipher the old Egyptian language.l Al-Hamddni2 has enumerated the famous remains of Arabia. According to him the fort Nd'it was built by the king of Yemen 1500 years before Islam. It contained an inscription which rvas lafer deciphered by Wahb b. Munabbih in these words : "This edifice was erected at a time when we had our corns from Egypt."t After calculation, Wahb tells, he found that the fort been built exactly sixteen hundred years before.a had

Similarly, during the reign of Mu'awiya I (40-60 A.H.) jAbd al Rahmdn, governor of Egypt, discovered an inscription in a ruined fort of Hadra maut,5 named f.Iipn-i-Ghurdb. That inscription has been translated by J. Forster into English in thesewords :6 "And we hunted the game, by land, with ropes and reeds ; And we drew forth the fishes from the depths of the sea. Kings reigned over us, far removed from baseness,
l. Nadvi : A Historical Geographyof the Qur'an p.24. 2. Hamddni : al-Iklil (ed. Muller D.H.). 3. Yequt : Mu'jam al-Buldanvol. V. p. 253. 4. J. Forster has copied the inscription from Masalik al-Abfar of Nuwairi, but the version of Yaqtt reads : "when we started our journey to Egypt." (vrZeNadvi op. cit. p. 25). 5. Ydqnl ; Mu'jam al-Buldanvol. II pp. 269-271. 6. Forster(J) ; A Historical Geography of Arabia vol. II pp. 90-93.

'(tlgI-III'Io^ rselres wD anbttotsvloufior '8-t'dd L'lo^ uApryg-touP {,nW : }!fuI

uo 'popoeu s? pesol, Jo pouedo eq pFoc qJlqa\ s1{opul'tl Je^\ol pu Joddn Jo rsqrunu aErEI E pq Inec oql Jo lle'$ 'c'g ftntru3J ql8 eqr uI paqslrnou oqa\ (?rBIu8.qlI ro) aql 'uetuo^ Jtuu(?qlA s3^\ Jepllnq lsJg aql Jo sSuI{ lJe^as orll Jo uou Jo su8reJeql poJeLocpue otuJl 3uo1 e {oo} rue{1 -cnJlsuoc oseql suolldlrcsut slaotls oql lesnred y Jo l"ql q"{Y\ " '(snotro1g) rllJrlqq lle(re{uqq puq (luecgeueg tearg1) IuI.uEqnA J3}"111 ut'i{eg li.equeX l1pa11exg)Jnue1 IIB.qwSi'(paqsrnEurlsrq) J?ru"(?ql?A 'zIA oslB sJepunoJ eql Jo soluu eql ul"truoJ oql 3o uotpod luetrxe eql uo suotldtJJsut aq1 )7ilelf sruos seq .'pereqdrcep ueoq ol?q qclg.tr suorldtrcsut'pasdeJlor 'spu"ls lllls 1l Jo prrql au-otrnoqe1nq IIs^\ eqJ 'epl^dleoJ s?q 1I Jo ged leerE y 0S pri" qElq 1ee3 09I II?^r s^\ oJaql 'c'g 008 lnoqu sulelunou o1hl eseql uoe1y\leg 'o{ul e olut sdole'rap IueC oql pelcnJlsuoc sueeeqS eql pue .(o11el leql uI sollnuncce seceld Jeqtropue sul?lunoru 'Iuqpv ruo:g Euttrog Jolsd! 3o ,{elen' eql pollec sI qclq&\ 'tueq1 ollu sullunoru u^\ou{ s belqv e Surleq du8 uaelrleq 'fllc oql er eJeql u^\otroql Jo lsedt qlnos eql uo r'qlrEw 'uotle8tnl ro3 1r Surzrpln pu" JIoAJSseJ JetJe peuu s,r\ lJ B ur Joll?A\ Euuotrs ol A\oIA B rlltl\ BIqBJV uJerllnos eql cIqJV luolcuu Jo suBeqESeql fq polcnJlsuoc se^a,{rleod ut peuollueur l(puenbo4 os rusq glJgrt snoureJ eql : qlrEtr l Jo rtrsc ,.'steds 'reqleSol quoJ lue^\ el6 d>1snp pu lq8retls q$an 'sn epeaur ol IIos rno uodn pepuocsepsaltuoueuaqd[ 'poc Jo ql"oJq ,(q peep eql Jo uollcerrnseJ 'selc?JluruI po^olleq o^\ puv eql pue 'uotlcerlnsat oql 's,te1 lq8tr (reqeg) 'sn JoJ peuollcues doql png Jo uolStler oql ruol;. 'pn?r; pue fpgrod 3o eJdoedogtrlsule3e lueweqel puv 6I NI MUArVn IVCIUOISIH VIUVUV CIHVISI-AUd

20

EARLY MUSLIM HlsroRIocRAPHY

either side of it there were two Jarge doors, through which water, dividing itself, made its way in both directions. Muslim comn'rentators' accouDts of the Dam are mostly confirmed by Arnaud's description of the same : "Artemidorus of Ephesus, who rvrote somewhat iater than Agatharchides of cridus, represents the king of Sabaeans and his court as living in eiieminate luxury at Mariaba, which lay on a wooded mountain. Owing to the abundanceof fruit, the people rvere lazy and inactive, and reclined on the roots ofthe spice-trees. For fire-wood, they used cinnamon and cassia, The occupation of the people was partly agriculture and partly trade in spices, both native and imported from the opposite coast of Ethiopia, rvhither the Sabaeans passed over the inlet of the sea in boats of skins. The neighbouring tribes received the wares from the and then passedthem on to their neighbours, Sabaeans, till they reachedSyria and Mesopotamia".r king SomeAssyrian inscriptionsshow that the Sabaean Itha'amar, was defcated by the Assyrian in the 7th century B.C. It is admitted that the Assyrians never marched on , Yemen, and so the Sabaeans should hav gone as themselves vierv which is supported by the Old far as Abyssiuia-a Teslan]ent.z Other Old Monumef ts : The Sabaeans were great builders. They constructed huge buildings, dams and roads, founded cities and luxurious gardens. Similarly, the'Ad had a most developedtaste for architecture so nuch so that the Qur'an has conferred the title Dhat al: Imdd on then. On the destfuction of Marib Dam a large number of the population depending on the Dam for irrigation of the.ir
Islcmlc Review'.'gol. XXIX No. 8 (Aug. 1941) article by S.M. Nadvi. four al Asiatique (1874). 2. The Bible . (Job I : 15aid VI : 19). Islamic Reiew i yol.)(Xlx No. 8 (1941). l.

'f I "t

'tI-I 'dd qotv,-lo pu!,tttl|rqJlo wfi, to.tts?N g[ qtqos I IrBq-Ie '62'd su0ltotslH tlqorv uo satnpaTi qlnollo8rBl^I '9I-9I:ADOO(.u9irdp '(lt6l) g 'oN XIXX'lo^ i aa!^a[ tlur'Itl

fJopr^ eql qlll\ Eutleap uolldlrcsut u" Jo lxel aqt qBJqV Jo ',t1re1rurrg 'it,pN Jo flrc eql ut re,(tulg pue pqse11 Jo seq!:4 eqt uoal*rleqre^{ egt uo uolllra\ (OStt 'g'f'C 'oN) ul punoJq lxol qcns euo *'esodrnd JIoI{l Jo fltreltuus go osnuceq e1,($ pue ,(Soloeserqd rleql uI erulqueseJ J?eg ,{eqtrled 'q}pt leep ,{eql lcefqns oql Jo luotllortnber oq} o} EuJprocce a4s Jreql w ,{ica, suorlducsur uBrqBJV {lno5 eql qSnoqrly

ed,(l eql ol sonlc epra,ord lou soop 'lug os pueg uI ea"q a,lr 'ssoloqlJoleN 'cla ruetrsr(s uolle8Jrrl 'surep go Sulppnq lBqA\ 'e:nlcelrqcre o{ll sU" fuers ur luercgord erean ,{eq1 ! e3n1 pourlcul eJoa\ ,(oql l?ql p"ol ol u"qJn pezrTr^rc " socJnos eseql uro{ reqleE oste od[ 'cl3 trgouoq cli,qnd 3o s{Joril 'sarlel 's/tll Jroql 'srq?Jv qlnos Jo sJelnJ eql ueJlrleq 'lq8noJ ,(oql suorleler lenlntu lnoq" 4eads osle ,(eq1 sJ"a erll Jo eruos lnoq? nasJnocJo 'pue (en3un pue dluzcs fren qEnoqr) seJ]r^Ilc" 1ec4l1odpue Ircos rroql 'ueuro1 Jo sJelnJ oql Jo sewu suorldr.rcsureseql q8norql /t\ou{ ot elqe ueoq oleq ea\ 'lueurtroJlpue adocs palrturl Jreql go eltds u1 'sSurppnqJroql ol sJaJsJ osp ug.rn| eq1 ,'suepreE pue 13.'olqrsr^ lllls eJ? selrs ollsEc eqlJo 'sEurppnq sJrloJ oql Jreq] Jo surnJ eql Jo lunocJ" ue uolt8 op$oj slq ul osl" o^?g srelle,reri ueodorng ottuntutlgln suq 'o1rre,(rulHoql socgrpo ledor arrg,(1uean1 .{1reeupoqrJ3sop 'pI,eS 'q ug,tdqsN 'sEurppnq Jraql Jo slolqel luluotunuotu eqt fllsour eru 'elqelreae JBJ os 'suotlducsut JIorJL, 'su"aBqEseqtr seFs"c Jo pue secepd go uorldrrcsep oqtr ot t1l4l-lD {rort stq go reldeqc polo^op sEq rugpruBHlv 's>IooqJlsgl uI ueql Jo lunocc? " uelrE aaeq su?rJolsrg turlsnl eqi ue Jo eruos puu tu"lsJ I aqtr oldn paAI^Jns soogqpe learE esaql Jo sul"urer Jo lue^p" 'suoyEor uJerluoN oql ol paprErur spuel pu? surnJ ogl lnfl IZ VISYUVCIruYlSI-A{aINI',rYIUArYt{ .IYCruOISII{

pu'suoqersr grJ^{ sro'ruoc rleqr l'nrn.'r:fffr::i-fi;*

22

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

in Yemen,contains136lines and datesback to 658Himyarite in a very year, correspondingwith 543 A.D., is inscribed Himyarite script.l poor and sp,gjled inscribedin any Such inscriptions, as may be regarded form of Arabic script or dialect,or thosedirectlyconcerned are very few in number and do not with the Arabic language, of some deities or those of names describing go beyond tribes. extinct Arabian CalendarSystemsof the Ancient Arab : Those inscriptions which carry a dateare still fewer. We proof to believethat pre-Islamic Arabs do not have sufficient had any permanent calendar for recording chronologyof events.Instead,they usedvariouswaysto denotethe time of occuranceof a particular incident, most commonamong them beingthe practiceof referringto a ruler during whose reign a particular' incidentz took place. Similarly, theyused the datesof their chiefsof tribes,a practicelong in vogueamSuchinscriptions, and Qabatanians. ong the Manians,Sabians do not provide ones, undated the then useful more though as regardsmodern value historical of material any substantial difficulty is that the Another historiography. of standards period of their determine exact cannot historian modern not have any account of those he does because recording so refer confidently inscriptions these whom chiefs rulers or period. Those related who to their an incident to in dating simple fact that to realize the failed tablets inscribedthese not last rulers would for ever and after those of the fame they were destinedto be consigned to the somegenerations oblivion.s Iimbs of The Himyarites had, however, adopted a permanent calendarfrom 115 B.C. the year of theestablishmentof
Jawdd'Ali : Tdrikh al:Arab Qabl al-Islam vol. I p. 46. al-Mas'tdi ; al-Tanbth wa al-Ishrdf p. 172. 2. al-Mas'udi : al-Tanbfh wa al-Ishrdf pp. 167-183. supposed to have begun from ll5 3. TheyearofMabhudb.Abhad B,C.wasinvogueuntilthe invasionof Abraha on the Ka'ba and also appears on an inscription related to that period. Encyclopaedia of Islam I :,p.377.
l.

'Z 'I8I 'd III'lo^ uDppglo uD{,nW :_}l]bg^ '8t'o 'Io^ I ees 'lu?culu8ls qryrpJ : Itv, pg/r"f golv,lD agFl-lo noa ''C'g fJea lou sl errreroJlp eql lnq 60I ree{ egl Suunp peqsllq}se LuopEur{eql}eq}a\elAeql Jo erB sJeloqcseuos'I seA\sellrdtulHJo

.i .d :';:;T;r' r r.::'-:,;;:;,n:;';:f os :r":;#;

sJeilodeJ ,{pee rno 'suotldrrcsul p1o reqdlcop ol elqe pue 'qlgn pelulenbce oram sJuloqcs tullsntr ,(lJ?o oql JI ue^g [ ',{1e1e1d -nroc ue$oBJoJueeq lou psq ll orull lq} ,(q pue lducs p1o eQl qlJ^\ luesJe^uoc uoeq e^"q lsnlu qlqq etrrre,{ur11 -unntr'q qrlld, 1ql susoIu lI '.pJ^B( Jo uos uoluolos 3o u8tor eql Eurrnp, 'se uorldlrcsul Jo elull eql spJoJoJpue (t4qoy pue ugwQoy spJo^\ eql Surr{uec uorle3oluJ) .olDu,rsog, sap -nl3ur oslB gJIq^\ 391 ,(q peltc uoaq osle s?q lelqBl ?suuotrslq '11 pell"J sJeqto ol ;eqdtcep il" uoqa l"gl Jo uolsrel orll 'q u ,{lelelpaurul qqlA, ot re8uesseru ('d,'b o$ut)'qlqquuntrAl sncse{u?61 eql qcledsop 01 paropJo qdrp3 sql 'enbsotr41 JoJ suonpunoJ lno 3ul33lp Jo ourll eql 1e punoJ se^d lolq?l qcns auo '1rnoc pe,{,(elul} sJ"loqcs og} 01 u1(ou1un ldtrcs 1 'q pue eEenEuel ? ur uallrJld rrgl$,rutr tr IIIBI IJ pqv, Jo porred eql Eurrnp peqileoun eJelA suoIldIJOSuI? plo lql elsclpul qclq^\ slunoccB qcns lrwsuBJl osle sretrrodor ,{1rea m9

eql seIJJ?c 1I 'uollcnJlsuoJ su Jo aIIIJI eql pJoJoJ ol oJaql peceld sa\ lelq"l e 'urep u go Sutpltnq eql peJepro ueq^\ 'q 'qrern;tr eql pqeqrnqg 3ut1 egre,{rulH rBJ IqV "rA 'sluelxe Joql -JJ llrls otr ,{rolrretr sq pepuedxo oturluatu aql uI peg JolnJ oql trql selsclput ,(Fee1c qctqlr 'uewo^ pu? lneuerpzll u?ploy lqq 'Eqes;o Eur4 se ollll slq sproJeJ 'ree,( elrrefrutll 'uppIDY aq1 pue zeges, ZLt, e&p eqt Surnoqs telq"t reqlouY go 3ur4 'urequea rasel 3ur>1oql [q paqlrcsu s"^a 1I '61'V 17 ol Eurpuodse:roc('C'S Sll ut settref,ulH Jo lue^pe oql pre8ar oqllr osoql o1 Sutprocc" sI leql) ggg ree,t e1lre,(ut11 Jleql go lutod oql spJmeJ lelql ouo 'oou1sulJod T'JpuolBJ 'ruop8ur{ Jloql Eurlrels e se flluenbesqns pasn ,{eq} qctqn EZ Nrrvrugrvw lVCrUOJSrrl VISVUVCInV'ISI-AU.r

-uoccrlsreqrouou aqrlnoqe s1eed, u"ru,ri''],i1ffi': ;::";

24.

BARI.Y MUSLIM .HISTORIOGRAPHY

did not show much interest in transmitting from them about of the fact the pre-Islamic history of Arabia, either because source of as a basic value that they did not realise their it, understands Margoliouth historical knowledge, or as 'nonin indulge themselves becausethey did not want to Islamic' studiesat all, sinceIslam had cancelledall that was before it.r CalendarSystemof the Quraish : At one time the tribe of Quraish used to count dates from the (eqgliqgqqiqn of t1ie'K-a-'bi\Then i1_waq qyitched over to tne.ixpeAition launched-by Nebuchadnezzattr, and 'Am al-Tafarruq (i.e the year of perfidy). was called 'Am al'Ghadt(i.e. the year of departure). followedby the During the period immediately prece{ing- th1-advent of Islam, the tribe of Quraishhad adopte('Am ut-F;f (i.e. the 'Year of the Elephant') as the starting idft-of their calendar to mark chronology of events' It referred to the invasion of Abraha, the Abyssinian Governor of Yemen, who had launchedan ex-peditiohfor the demolition- of the sacred 'Home of Allah' in the year 570 A.D. The Qur'6nic Siira During the same entitled 'al-Fil'refersto the sameepisode.z year, and after 55 nights of this invasion, Hazrat Mobammad practised This 'Year of the Elephant'was was born at Mecca.s in Mecca until the introduction of the Hijra calendar.At the time of Prophet'smigration,the people of Medina used the dates of the construction of their castlesas thcir local calendar.r (ayydm) as Other Arabian tribes used their battle-days. their tribal calendar'Thus, we can easily'conclude that the practice of using a calendarwas, in one form or the other, prevalent among all nations around the Arabian Peninsula and the Arabs had also their own way of dating important
1 . Margoliouth '. Lectttres on Arabic Histotians p.47' 2. alur'dn: 105 at-fabari : Tafstr vol. )OO( p.

see also al-fabari : Tdrikh al-Rusul wa al-Mulfik vol' I p' 193' 3 . Ibn Hisham ; Strah vol'Ip' 158 lbn Sa'dz Tabaqdt vpl' I p' 100' 4. af-Madudi ; al-Tanbth wa al-Ishrdf p.206.

'rp'do 'e'z'J (sI I) t!\ttauoqslD : tlErftS-lc 'q I'J ('SW) qrlt'tglttotls'lo $!,(nS-F 'A'V'pEqerepfH'f rrql'I f4srealu11 elEErtrso (StN) ttrttrpJiD ull,{ tt4trpraorls-lD : tiBfns-le :tuelsfs cluepl erp oldn repuelec egt SurcJl snql "' ..pqdord srH se g?oN lues poD II!] ]ue^e slq] tuory selp 8ul]unoc Fells]s fegl ll re^o pEerdssuos slg pue 'qlree uo pepuecsepurePv seqa\,, l3rll rePuelsC eqr 3o EquqEeg egl lnoqe froplg slg u! setlra\ 'IrtIrZ-p ggqlqs uql uo SulPue d{roqlne Jo rileqc e lltlt\ urerlll"q;1 IqY uql l?gt Sullsarelq sl }I

., 't 't

-pJoccv ,'poogeslsJpu? qlnJl ueollrleq uoJl"ultulrcslpJolqd aql s"r\ ll ecurs '1oqdor4 eqt Jo uotlsJEltll egl Jo etr"p eIR rrro{ lJsls plnogs r"puolc qElsJ oq} }q} Eutlnr slg e^?t oq pFoqs 1I pe}saEEns rernll, tnq 'qleep slq uro{ pelunot sreqto : (t\tii,qrtiAlz) uorsirru sq perel3op loqdorg egt euo elp eql ruo{ lr"ls pFoqs Jplrolsc aql lq} pe}soEEns atuos 'suo5rdrlooslq ulo.r; ecl^p? lqEnosJPruIl, ',(Jredord pel"p eq lsnru deql l"gl pu? 's1zpdue rBoq lou plp pe^I3ceJ eq qcrqa sJe$elsrg lsgl JBTIII],01 eloJ^rIJ",qsV-I" ssBI I BqV 'pu?g Joqlo eql uo 'I>1gsy, uq1 lsql lg,Brls-1e selonb 8'llns ogl ttoJIoJ aq :H'V I pgle_ql 13u_erg{a\ otr fluo s?/hJ?rtrIl, 'snql 'll J_o eq pue tuerfulq Jo su"IlslrqC eql otrpass$rppu tr"ql-pelseEtns erfg eql pesn pelslclp eq--tiaqa r-i?TueJc ,'rHV, otr re11513 Jlasrurgleqdor4 eW leql palrode: oqat sroglo pue Qgle$ug1 satonb IiBfnS-I" rng 'paleJcarddu eq qclgn slp EuJreeq " eq re$e[ 'uab-1;o Iuog pealocor rort:e^o8-s,i{ffid-q-gl"F rzun, legl s,{es pque11 'q petuqv e rtror; eepr aql loE ere,rn s/(ePnoJ a'lJ ol PaPPB pus sqluou o^rl lnoq 'e'I uzrregnnl Jo lsl uoJJ pelunoc " ruaf e:1r11 lsJU eql lcf,'lootmy-1o,lqDyJo q]uour 0gl sei$ peq leqdor4 egl Jo uollerEJru eq1 qEnoqrly ur eceld_u,e1z1 luesordeq; {-A:i 8I ro ,I ilrpeldope sr'rrepuel"cerft11 \ ',(1pro ursql ,{q po$Ilusu"Jl eJelr su s}unotc? qonsJo el?p aW pus aruq ogl lno trutod ol sJollJluslrs4 repuepc e rno pedlaqtrl lro Jelq pue 'er[t11urorgSuruulEsq 'r"pualec luaueured pecnpoJlulruu61, qdrc-pnoeSg agl 'sluels elqeldecce fluoururoc s e^eg lou plp feqt qSnoqr
9z VISVnV CU{Y1SI-SUd NI 1vnffitrvH TVCTUOISEI

26

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

ing to another version all of them unanimously adopted the Hijra as the beginning of the Islamic calendar' Ibn Khaithama gives credit to the people of Yemen in an indirect way and tells that a Muslim after visiting the he had Yemen came to see'IJmar and reported to him that o'tiirikh" called they which practised being system a seenthere and that they wrote in the year so and so, in the month so 'IJmar said : "It is very good indeed' We should and so. also adopt it."l It was in accordance with the suggestion luthrnao that Muharram should be the first month made by 'AsSkir says that the Ist of Mularr-qmof the calendar. Ibn of the first Hijra year corresponded toJaursday a-nd't331 (Alexanderian Year).

Arab Historv : Sogrpglg-t-B-l-tltl"mic II. The Jewish

(a) The Torah: also servedthe purposeof filling the The Jewishsources gaps in the pre-Islamic history of the Arab' As the chief itt.-. of the Qur'6n and the Torah was the same,the Old the between showing.relations has many references Testament events and Hebrew aqd"*ql?-tg-'9'n'umber''olfacts the and Arab collection -of various ,were common to both. Torah is the proahets and its major Hebrew to the revealed scriptures wh!!e some of jts .books p"itf"" wii-s recorded in Palestinq were written in the Valley of Euphrate during the time of the time, the oldest the captivity of the Jews. As regards 'Book of Amos' written in circa 750 B'C' amongthem is the its compilawhile the 'Book of Daniel' is the latestasregards Thus' A'D' century second the during written it was tion, as to the Arabs found in thesescripturesdate between references 750 B.C. to the secondcentury A.D.2 to Moses and is composed of The Torah was revealed the five books which are collectivelyknown as : I. Pentateuch: (i) Genesis: which dealswith the creationof the universe and also gives short notices of the early
op. crr. 'Ali Tdrtkh al:Arab : Qabl al'Isldm vol. I p' 54; Jawdd

l. 2.

'd u?,no a\t ellncl?C) 0Z-61 to tqdorSda, lnln$lH

'(961 'l '/ : I^pBN

m saluop?c? gslAlsfaql pu" IuelssnJal slr w dleq papt^oJd ofm pnuzle.6-@)*'i-*fre*ortU peydruocpue ueilIJ&\'uo1w1lsa7o4 osl wq pnulJ paplAfpsllJ-sq":rv 01 secuoroJor IsJoAes : pnw7J aqJ &) r'ullvQaN pue qDnJ eql Jo frelueruuroc pu" uollelsu"Jl cIru"JV orIJ '3te 'sqrolor4 'Jeqlsg 'uouolog 3o sEuog Ialue(I 'stu1us4 n qn1ny) go Eullstsuoc : (s>1oog 'sroglopus leDlszg 'qeresl Je$eT, ogl (q) qcns s" .streqdor4 'sJeqlo pu" Ienllrss '"nqsof seqcns ,s1oqdor4 3gI (B) JoIuJod, : sdnorEoarl qlur pepl^IpsI srql (s1eqdor4eq1) {ooq 'snp ulqnqley 'III : utnq8.rua '61

: ugqqeN 'II

,-oxg ur ueltE saleloqtrJo etuospue soso4 Jo sesJnocslpogl Jo uollrledor B sulsluoc :tutouon4naq Qt) '1r ur pspnlcul osls oJ?s^\l eql Jo aIIIos ss IIoa\s? 'seso6 fq pol sJB^\ Jo slunocce 'ldt(Eg luo{ snpoxo rlorll Jo otull ?uos aql l solllo?Jsl3gl Jo Jaqunu Jo slslsuoc : snqutnTl (tt)
'lD,!tPqS qsr/r\af Jo s^\"1 eql Jo euros sul?luoc {ooq suJL: snz!iliaT Qu) 'J'{ I6tI ur eceld ue{?t e^q o1 posoddns sl qclq^\ ld,{Eg qorqd sulluoJ : snpoxg (t1) 'le?ruqsl sleqdord rIIo{ sa\ef oI{} Jo snpoxe pu? pue sosotr I Jo slunocss ogl 'qdesol Pue qocef {Bnqsof 'rueqerqy 'EepV e{ll

L7,

vlsYuv cIn[v'ISI-sUaINI lYIUErVtrt lvcluorslH

28

BARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

compilation in synagogues.l The most renowned centre of Talmud studieswasTeberiaswhere Rabbi Jochanan'probably during the third centuryA.D., compiledthe Talmud in its earliestform. Other Rabbis, afterwards,wrote commentaries on it, addednew materialto the original text and explained some of its versions,till a final text was adopted during the fourth century A.D.2 Talmud is, divided into two parts : Mishnah (knowledge) itext' and Gemqra also called the second law, which is f6e (conpletion) idsexegesis Mishnah was collected by-Iuda-h-,Ilanasibetweencirca 190-200 B.C. Gemara has also two parts : Palestinian and to have been collected Babylonian. The former is supposed of Teberiasg academies the Jewish in about 400 B.C. by circa Babylonia of Jews by the while the latter was cornpiled comGemara-Palestinian with 5m B.C. Thus the Mishnah mentary is called Talmud Jerusalemand that with Babylonian Gemara'Talmud-BabYlonian'. Mishnah is regarded as the oral law which the vested interest Rabbis made in accordance with their own desires and timely requirements,after the ageof Christ. Moses b. Maimonides says that from the time of the Prophet Moses until the age of Judah Hanasi the Jewscholars on any issueconnectedwith dogmatic did not have consensus Rabbi imparted his own opinion to every beliefs. Instead,
l. For further information about the Talmud reference may be made to: Ytsuf Nagrulhh : (tr.) al-Kanz al'MarEfid fr Qawa'id al-Talmud Cairo,1899. Polano (H) t The Talmud (London) n.d. Robertson t Lectures onthe Religions ofthe Semites (London, 1927). Browne (Lewis) z The ll/isdom d Israel (London, 1948). Barclay : The Talmud, (John Murray, London, 1887)' Fabian (A) z The Babylonian Tabnud, University of Queensland Presq St. Lucia, 1963. (Beirut, 1971). {afar aFlsldm : al-Tahnfid; its History and Teachings 2. Iaved'Alt : Tarikh al:Arab Qabl al'Islnm vol. 1 p. 55. 'Talmud'. 3. fewish hcyclopaedia : volx (1948)

-/

'ulel?snref-pnlrl"I '(V'cl'arnto$tt prmoJ ere t4 J ilarqag) (pJoJxo) t1out1s17,t4: (H) i(qneq 'g 8elBtc34 rnoJ rluo rrou lng'(t6I 'd: an7ota47 $atqag: ,(Blcrg 'Z '(106I lrol ^\eN) 'Gt6I "Hd .lepBIIrId) ltsorptw puo pnurloJ arlt ot aolttnpolr,{ : ('I'H) IcBtlS '6'dd an1ont!1 l^aqag : (I) f"lcreg '(1061'{ro1 /rreN) IA 'l

sa\-J) wlr.lsapoy (,q) selelcert (srefrd EutpruEer I I (sare1 ultlazaN (lll) set?p?rl 91 lercog) salel) utlqsvN (l) sel"purl 1 : (ueruo,nSutpreEer
(sel3lc"Jl

ZI) paoI I (sa1eper1 11)'wyen7:

(srepro) ularapls

(l)

*: sped xls go pesodruoJ sr tlDuqsl4 'Jogloue JeUe euo flr:elsod ol ]r palluusueJl oqts sJelreceJ &rog qEnorql sesol I ulor; fllcerrp pa4tusu?J1 uaeq seq qauqsry[ sq] leq] ilesse s^Aef oq1 1ef'ure1s1 Jo lua^pe egl Jelp sree,( peluclJqJ 3J3^\ Upuqslw Jo uolsslursll?Jl 'terlrea 1no pelulod eAEq o/$ sV rog ,(groqlne Jo surcqc 'ug,rn| oq1 go freluomuro3 s.grequf{? ur rncJo l"q} sgqqv, uq1 ,{es ;o suoder froleueldxe 3ql qll,tt ,{lelueruruoc qslA\af Jo uolsJa^ eloq eql ereduroc e/'r Jr sllnseJ Sutlserelut plstf ppo,t 11

'or ";r:""# s"a pnurreJ raropepu"q l"qr su"e.o ftiTii

'seJnldl.lcg flog luo{ uenlJ,l 'e'l .ruaql qceol feur o[ ler{} os, o^3rl el6, 'qouqs!fi emq spqdor4 aql lega\ : sueelu .uollIJA{ 'sluaurpueuuoo 'ale1 ueBIJAt egl st sJslesunoc pue .uouec, uol eql oJ .slolqel, : plss eH QI:VT, snpoxg)..'tuoql olcnpa 'uou?c ,(eru ef leql os uallIJA\ oaeg ea\ qclq/y\ slosunoc pu" 's1e1qe1 e,uE e/V[,, t1DJoJ egl uo Eutlueuruoc egq,l eql ; IFqs '9 plol oqa\ qsHe'I 'q uourls ulo{ pelJr"u BIUgc ue'L, oql Jo olduera : pnrul"I 3o e1,(1s ue s1 EuJ,trollog 'u"lsJ Jo lue^pe erll JaUB peluerrur .{1pe 'sJolllusueJl IrrIIsnW eql ,{q -tqnopun asogl eJe^r sulBqc lnq pastperd su 'd11roq1ne Jo suIBrIo {rrec oqe seop .pnrul"L r'acuelsrxo olul eur?c suorlelsrdralur le8eJ snoIJ?A Eututuluoo '[11ero sJa^aolloJsJtl s{ooq Jo speJpunq qcg^r Jo }lnser e se 6Z vlsvuv clltlY'Isl-iru.r NI TVIUATVI{IVCIUOJSII{

30

BARLY MUSLIM IIISTORIOGRAPI{Y

Toharoth (Laws regardingPurification) 12tactates Thus the total number of tractates becomes63, which are collectively called Shishah Sedorium(Six Laws)' Apart to be from these, sevenMinor Tractates are also supposed Rabbis latter by written the parf of Talmud; other books afte;the completion of Talmud on the pattern of its tracstories,laws etc' were also tates, containing ethical teachings, and they calledit Midrash' inventedby the Jew ecclesiastics (v) It is intecesting for our purposethat the Gemara was completed by Josein about 498 A.D. and those wlo follow 'Opinionist' a word synonymousto his opinion are called A;kAb al-Rai among the commentatorsof the Qur'dn' Talmud Pilestinian was written originally in Hebrew or words about750,000 It contained WesternAramaic language. i.e' Jewishtales of which about 15 per cent are Haggada& and legends; and the sameare the baseof what is termed Israeliltydt in the preface of Sirah or in the early history of the Arab. Similarly, about one third of the Babylonian Talmud consistsof Haggadah. But the Babylonian Talmud was written by Rabbi by other Ashi (d.430 A.D.). His work was accomplished some adopted was version Its final posthumously. scholars above' of the Each A.D. century sixth the time during mentioned Talmud versionshas its own characteristics' It portrays the country where it was compiled. So, the Palestini' an Talmud follows the pattern of narration and transmission while the Babylonian versionreflects liberality of attitude' profoundity, catholicity in legal matters and richness in contents. These qualities are not found in the Palestinian 'oBoththe Talmud and the Midrashim versionof Talmud. distinctly show traces of foreign influence in their Heggadic often portions,i.e. in the myths,legends, talesand parables, these influences are diametrically opposed to the spirit of they are changedand Judaism, whilst on other occasions of Judaism."l adoptedso as to suit the ethical exigencies
1. Rappoport : Early Literature and Tradition of the Jewish Nation vol. I (introduction) p. XX.

vsgNVSvuvINV n[\rlsl trlsHd/il?nI NVVXVrsnduEtd

'IZ-OZ'd dqdBrSoeD .026I .uopuo.I .Eosu-rl^\ou lucrrolsrH V: I^peN e8Joeg fq serrrnlo^ oA\l q pelBlsu?rl sntopobu lo ,fuo|stg aqa -1

'AJlSeCUe UOUIIuOC p?q seJej {eeJC puB seqrr} urqrv ogtrJo eulos luqi ,{roaq1{eerC plo eql 01 JoJoJ osl s{Jo1( esoql Jo etuos 'serJo}rJJe} uBrrrou puu {ooJc arll pue sBeJqeJV l"lsBoc eq} ueolaleq suorlslej Jo ocuelsrxe go qeeds ,(lelrlrsod s{JoA\ IecrsslcaseqJ 'seJluSJ lIcJetuuoc eseql tuo{ lrJolw Jrog} psrrretrqo sJellr.u 'poreqleE oJond suorlrpuoo I"crssBJO Ircos puB srrrolsn,. rleql 'qery oql lnoq? suorleJJu eJeq^\ eJluec luuilodtur 'lollsql lsoru ogl sB popreEersl errpuexoly Fadsor stql uJ rroql Sqges JoJ selrclrJrel Qery egl otrur deep pelerleuad oq^\ sJourJeru pue sluuqcJeru ueolqN eql ,{q parrnbce oJoa suorlBJJeu eseql Jo lsolN 's,{eunof rreql Jo asJnoJ eql Euunp eurlouros JoJ lueqtr qlyvr pe,{e1spu" seqrJ} qerv eql letu oqlrr sJelleluJl esogl tuoq Jo oserlollrretr q?JV ar{t uo suorlrpadxe utuog Jo >loeJg aql peurof oq,l suosrad gcns ruo{ Ierralru rreql paroqtre8 s4roan esoql Jo sJogtrny 'ureJoql Jncro soqrJl urqBJv 13urlx3 snorJ./| Jo so(uuu esnceq ^rolsFl qerv clgelsl .?rc. ?lfl-_-Y-o slqq elq"np.r urlsoc osl urlT pu {eeJc Jo s{Jol\ lcrsselcetuos :s{rod\ {eer9 IBrlssBIJ (r) 'sleqdord JeUe sorJolseql Sututeluoc slooq sql ul ees e^\ treqld rrro{ lueJogrp olmb seceld }? sr ug.Jnb aqt ur punoJ sr letll qdesol go ,(ro1seqtrueld 'dlneeq pcts,(qd ou s?q ug,rn) eqtr eyg^\ i,(1neeg s.plro.rr srq ol ecrreJoJoJ eqt IIe Jo qtruel-euu eql possossod eq luql qdesol leqdo-t4 eql Jo lunocce lecrqdurSorq oql q pug o^\ sB ses?c qJns ur uaes Jq plnoc eJntrsJelrl lecrJolsrqcrruEISIuo pnurleJ Jo eouengur eq1 '('61'V 00I-rE) snIA"lC snqdesol e{IJ srolrr,s rlsrael Jo s{Jo1( {eoJc Joqlo ruo4 uolltuJoJul(lueos euos .reqluEam 'pnup1 3qr Jo l3q1 pu qeroJ. eql Jo uotlepdruol ,(1o11 eql sluau oql uoeliusg porred oql roJ sv 'ug.rn| -alduoc ernlerell qllpuli egl se ,(en aures ol{l uI qerol eql ol luetuelduroc sr pntulI oql 'lcJ Jo Jelltu sV Ig vrsvuv crnvlsr-irud NrlYrusrvw lYcluorslH

pelrsra oH sr. punoJ erz sqery Szt-6gtx.snloporoH r'('C'fl ol seJueJoJeJ s{Jo1r\ esoq,n'-tn-rs1JA, {eeJc lseplo eql

32

BARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

Egypt and collectedinformation by way of oral transmission as well as by his own observations.His is the first European book written in an ornate style and arranged into chapters' Greeceand He has dealt with the accountof war between his complete not could he Persia.But, it appears that to added been have his book of history and some chapters who writer bv latter writers.lerodotus is the first European cirose the topic oilhistory of the past'.and presentedit with someamount of critical seriSibilityrare in his times' He has mentioned names of some deities of the Ka'ba' Another Greek writer Diodorus Siculus(circa 50 B'C') does also refer to the greatpilgrimagecentre,ofKa'ba'r Of the classicaltravellers, Strabbr (64 B'C'-19 A'D')t compileda llygf.urye book in the Greek language of wbich tne ietn booii'iontaiiii a- chapter on Ara6S; their tribes' activities and an cities, their commercialand socio-economic, account of the Roman invasion led by Aelius Gallus to conquer the Arab territory. Strabo himself joined the army which operated into Arabia so his description of the war is eye-witnessaccount,but no Arab version of this war is "r, available. Strabo mentionsthe Nabateans, makes a passing " reference to the cities of Negrana (Nejran) and Mariabe (Marib). Pliny (23-79A.D.) in his Natural History has also of Arabia and also the expedidescribedthe Easterncoasts Arabia with a view to into led Romans tion which the the East' of coasts making a discoveryof the , But these classical accounts of Greek and Latin were also unknown to our historiographers of early Islamic as were centuries.They mainly depended on suchsources availabletothemandcouldnotgetridoftheBiblical concept bY history.
l. Muir (William) Life of Mohamnad p. ciii 2, Strabo t Geographia edited by August Meineke io three volumes' I-eipzig,1907-1913. is perhaps an gives the dates as 63-24 B'C' which 'Alt 3. Naivi-ipZl) in his alomission. We have opted the dates given by Jawnd work' exhaustive and latst comparatively Mufa+gl whicbis

'Z '17'd u7,nfi aqt V : lApeN to ttldolSoag lnltotsrH '17'd'l1c'do : I^PN 'I

:sn!^Dlr snqdaso1 't

'ulEtlo eql SuFnp IJpuexelv lB paAII qsraol Jo Jolu/r\ ,('tolsrq]{IstJuE 'tiuo oq1 'lsol sI >Iooq 'eq,ey '{1o11 eqi Jo uotpod leat? e 1ng 'IqJV oql pu" artdrue ueel"q"N egl eq qcqll uI {ooq Jo lunocc? u ele8 eH ('J'g 93 ut ,(Pctg uI uroq) ? otroJ^\ 'lu31xo

:snlopolo 'z

',(leleungog sr rq"JV uo relduqc eql '{ooq slg ul ('J'{ VZ 'il oq"rtrS {q Pel -erod.rocutoJe.e\ lI 3o suoltrrod otuos lnq 'lsol sql 'plJo/d sq} Jo sI &ou {oocl e palrduroc pue porrad ,{qderSoe8 lereua8 slrpuexolv Jo Iaerg eqt 8u1rnp ,{rerqtl 'I isauaq$olD'tg VAt'gtil luepuelurredng sBA eH (iA Jleql uI sqJV sIIl pu" urq?-Iv :s>lJo1t\ IsISSelc 'sspJsog gll^r lpep elsq srello^"r} {eorg Eur'uo11o;oq} pu oJoru laou{ o1 ueEaq {e3Jc u'sq"Jv oqtrlnoqe e"rom ',{11ernle51 pue lrpu?xolv Jo 3pE uuls'lo4 eqtr .qr '"roitr.ql 'ISJod sluEgcJelrl qsJV eql glJld lcsluoc uI otuBJ '{1}uenbar; eq1 po" ioraa qlr^\ suoll"le'r crleuroldlp rleql. ol Eutno 4eor9 ''3'g 'll .ssoler{lJoAsN Z uI q}op lJogs s epuru Jo >IJoa\ 'os1e etqury oiloqrq Jo puel perenbuocun urppnr ttq tnt '"iqEJ-V Jo sropJoq oql eqi r"nnuo" o1 Sutlerc 3 pq eH pg sJolplos pus JInD u?rsJod oql /(ou{ o1 ,(llungoddo u" pu" 1d'i3g olq uoIsB^uI srq pue ''3'q IEE-Z;E uI 'snloporaH JetrJe "lsrod '{rnluec y 'l?aJc| oql Jepu"xely un pr1 ' SsAtJloql qcHA\ puo'{eq r'..uol131lqgu"unq ou ,{rlunoc ureqlnos }sBI oq} s1'r ulqrv }sq} lqSnoqr 'raa.eltoq 's?aaIgJv Eurp'reEer snlop eH 'pelIUI ,{rel -oo11 go 'eEpelaloul eq1, 'osle cIq"JV olff pallsueJl 'osle sqBJV egl Jo uolluetll e{em o} uaaq sg {ooq sIH qil,vr sJsr$Jleql ,ftesiecou 1r lq8noql Joqln" egl s4ooJc oql s inq ur suErsrad oql qlJA\ peprs ,{11ereua3sqery 3q} 'erqery qllA\ pelcouuoc ,{1lcer1P usoq JeAoup?g eceoJc,' .IVCIUoISII| vlsvuv 3II{VISI-AUd NI MuArvv\l

J+

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORTOGRAPHY

first century A.D. His works on history are in Greek and Latin and havealso into Engtish.Theseworks beenrendered material on the valuable contain also ancient tsiblical History and on the history of the Jewishwar.1 (it) Christian Sources : : (i) The New-"Tastam'ent is also regardedbV th1 Muslims ,as The New Testament ' the Qur'5'n has also a Holy Writ revealedby A1lah" aad j!." vi91 tlai Jhe uri..t"A ,o ir. But the scholars 3r-e.,,9l the Holy Scrrpture leveaieidtl'Chrisl"has *i"f ffi; by the later generatlons' beenatteredand interpolated of the New Testament'Christians have In their exegesis which the Muslim also produced many talesand anecdotes of the Qur'd'nic interpretation utilizedin their mentioned prophets the and "oro*"otutors bearingupon Christianity verses way found also had Christianity in the New Testament' and Taghlib Bantr like Loog someof the Arabian tribes brought Islam to ' Christianity Nejr6n.2 Thoseconvertedfrom traditions and anecdotes which the Muslim *irn ,t "- accepted for makingtheir pre-Islamichistory more ,'.pot*.t Christian sourcesas tiJn io detaiG and complementedby the of Qur'i.n our early scholars well. In the commentarieJ especiallyin their Testament have referred to the New Among the Christ'3 and Mary A..r.iptiot of the Virgin b' MunabWahb find we sources the Christian ;;;;;;'";;it"m (q'v')' Mohamal-QuraTi' Ka'b it'o tnt.l,t Mohammadb' Yabyd Asbdt' transmitters later med b. Is'[6q, etc. Among
1. Nadvi t oP.cit P'23' : Sirahvol'l Mu'iamat-Buld'anvol'Y p' 266Ibn Hishem ;: Yil;': PP. 553,573. z Tafstrvol' I pp' 405 et' seq-- ^^^ 3. "' al-labari 541' 545' g"ftt* z Sirahvol'-f pp: 31,35'232' n8' ii" pp' 339-340' I +. iUt""A Amin Duhd al-Islim vol' Testament quoted in the commenFor further examples of the New vols' XVI pp' 64'65 et' seq' tary of the Qur'an see : al'fabarl Tafsir

'0?'d

'lo^wqsl-Io-eqUd

tq.I0I{ p@\/

-l

aql lnoqe uorleruJoJuJerrroseprloJd osp .seEenEualceufg Jo {eeJ9 ur luegl Jo trsolu .secJnos u?ltrsFgJ Jeglo : serrnos uspslrq3 Jeql6 ([) 'c1eug.rn| eql eql Jo enssJ ogl e4rl srmr Jo rrorl?oJc -e1odur polJnseJ uo JOIuJ gorql\ suorssnosrp gcns Jo ocuangu! .rusrqdrotuodorqlue-ep oql peqrqtur osle srrrqsntrAl ro uollezrqd ,fes ,suo11e1srdro1ur -rourodorqlu? cgleurEop Jo enssrogl uo Jleql ut suorssncsrp olllnJ ul pedeels ,(1daepera,n lJJds-JrBrI sslls?rseJcso urlsrJgc oql sv .sJ"loqcspue s{uo[u u"rlsrJqJ eqf qlllrt lcluoc ur Euluoc Jo seJuerlc luenberg eJorrr peq sreqderSorrolsrq sB sB .slsruoprpe.rg ,sreqdosolqd JIoAt 'suerSoJooql 'sJ?Joqos EJIsnN (sncseureq ur letrrdec.rreql pagsrlq?tsosroJnr pef,(eun ogl uoql[ .tu?lsl go f:n1uar 4sJg oql Suunp errfg ur ploq8uo.rls e peq flrueltsrrq3 'u61ro uerlsrrgJ Jo suonrp"rl {loJ 'sJ[rn1 ;o .eAe3 oql luoJJ pea\oJJoq ,(lellugop ueoq o^q .c1e go e1doa4egl slrelop eqreln) uq1 ,ryn,se141-p trnoqs 'peqefle o{tt su"rJolsrq ,(Jree s{Jol\ aql uJ .sa}opceu? Jo pu" luotuele1ecq1,(ur ueol\loq Surleunurrcsrp I?crJolsrq-ntras Jo ecJnos lcrJolsrq sBrrorlenlaAJloql ur .{llpqrsuesIeorlrJJ " rteql Surslcrexa uog serJolsrq eql lnoqlrnasuo4rpeJluerlsrJrlC Jleql JoJ I"rJoleur pem}qo osl" su?rJolsq u4lsntr I nog e uelrtE r'suoqnqrJll" Euo;lr qcnsJo seldurexe s"g uluv p?uqv 'laqdor4 Jno ol truomulsel ^\oN egl Jo spro.{\ pelnqrrll" pg qllp"Fl Jo srolrrrqJ or{l Jo owos 'gFeI{ pue ue.{rey41'eyrcqteg 'e,{qe; 'f,1.reprurg Jo suorl -ducsop ogl ut flrepcrged rrollcrJlseJ ,(ue lnoqlr,t. secJnos ullslJgJ polroldxa eleq (sleqdord eql go serrols) 2nuy-ID ioi18 1o 1colqns eqtruo s{ro/r\ }uepuedepurpocnpord oqrn ut d1pe1 ('ff'V ffS'p) o>lrlsralul\ ro1e1'ug.r[e51 Iqllg,egll" -trsrJq3 pue lslrgc 3o uolldtrcsep Jloql uI socJnos eql Jo i(re141 u"rtsrJgJ Jeqlo pu? luetuelsel ^roN eql luoJJ I?IJ3trBItr peurlqoosle oluq 'b?q.sl uq1 ,(pelncrlrud 'srelrrn-ryz.r3g 'slrodarJlaql uJ socJnos usrlsurl) eqt paltoldxa eA?qol uultourlos[?eJBIql4I-1" pue
9 YISVUV CU,{VTSI-SXaINI'IYnffiM{ IVCIXOJSIH

36

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

relationswith ancient history of the Arab people and their like Fersiaand Rome' Christian countries other neighbouring and were particularlyrich in records' Al-Hamddni churches material in $iral and obtained at-Kalbi visitedthesechurches for their histories. SomeRomanandSyriacChristiansduringtheperiodof historiesor compiledgeneral the Umayyadsand the Abbasids Islahistoriescontaining rich material about the ecclesiastical Aiabia' Theseworks are dismic as well as the pre-Islamic iother sources inasmuch as they contain ,l"g"ltfl.J from across in the works of accounts which we hardly come i'e' the diplomatic and political Vfrrfirn historiographers, Christian world before ."tJioo, between the Arab and the the adventof Islam'z and geographer Ptolemy,thoughbasicallyan astronorner lived during a A'D'' century of Alexandria, in the second at the height of was waen tire Great Roman Empire ;;t;; compiled then and world the its glory. He prepareda map of was book This it' of g3"g*pfticat toot in amplification the as but al-KindiB Ya'qub " translated into Arabic by first b. Thabit Qurra , intelligible, translation was not sufficiently ninth century A'D'a producedu o"* ,,uo'iuiion oi it in the the book is extant'6 but in" originuf map of ftol"*y is lost but he frequently Ptolemy himself never visited Arabia' and from them he Alexandria at met the Arab merchants some information regardingthat country'. ;;**u of all famous Ptolemy has given an elaboratedescription commercial and coasts mountains' -But tribes, towns, oi[ugt' changedso since have names their routes of Arabia. to locate most of r"JitAfV that it is well nigh impossible has rejected this fn. well-known author Bunbury ,i.i. vol' II pp' 328'331' al'Buldan l- Ytq", ; Mu'jam vol' I p' 65' QabIat'Islam i. l"*Harr , iarl*tt al-'Arab
3. 4. S. i.

Ibu Nadim t al'Fihrist p. 268, 600-608' al'FihristPP.625 et. seq. p' 22' NuOui z i Historical Geographyof the Qur'dn the of Qur'dnpp'22'23' A HistoricalGeography ; N"A"i

'ta

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Dttlllr.lpIle

'uopuoT 'rrrels 'W'S 'r1)

tI-II

'saJuanbas ' g[ qDtV,-lD utp/uv : ('Y'It) gln"I I-IB ppf '\1961 'dd 'lo^ : reglzploc 'z sarpnls IulIsnI^I .EZ.ZZ dd'llc'do : I^p"N .l I

'/tllurlu"u8uur -Iqd puu sopl etulJqns Jo eslros oql ,'frle,rtqc sepnlcu osle lnq rap.teqc ulnopeg J9 I111C!.p Serqceql,{1uo lou sr tI B'Sulueetu lse,r dre,r e qti.n7fiifrninwrseal ureql olun uerung peulealso r(tqBlq tsorb-aq+-'se^IluJJBu oseql ,(1r1enb asoql_ u_J o1 Eurproccy 'seAItreJJBu P_elcjf?r osl? ore {oollno puu .rnoi,reqeq lercos .rroqj 'qll^\ p3uJosuor 1ecr1r1od-or3r1al . eron ,{sql s3qJJ} oql Jo seJn}EOJsrlsuelssJsqc eqtr JoJJIItr uI qcIJ uago oJ seAIleJJu osl" pu uoll?tuJoJut lectSoleaue8 snolStle.rpu l"Jnllnc-olJos Jleql 3o slcadse esaqJ 'seJlllJtrce '1ue1xa suos oi f pelcrdep sJaqto ellq^\ selllop rletn Jo_ salel eql uo poseq tr:oql;o eiuop/'seqrrl Sulpueluoc snolr?A Suorue 'qo'tY-P tupffp se die,t qlrn lluep fJureu siurllerreu esaql ua\ou{ fluoruuroc 'sqery 3o sr(ep-e1ileqeq} Jo se^I}JJupolel -ncrJc ,tlJero egl sB1I\, Jo uotss:ssod ul sre,la seoJe uJeql'IoN Jo sqrv cturelsl-erd eql grlq^\ ornlJolll l"srJolslg oq;,

(a) c5uru1s1-er4/ ,,/', (:,ufJ.r$ qurfr)Jq 'fr4{ lulraf"IN Iec1.ro1s;1f, i ''secualcs oi 'saddercs pue'sQquc-iunq lercosol 1eF1si!O " oql Jdt-orlnqlrluoc eql lnoq 3u! eJdoed ueruoU pue IeoJC -lrrorDlul sreqderSorJolslq urlsntr I pedleq e^q lsntu ,{eqt led 'Jttroletu lcJJolsqoql rIIJA\,tllcarlppolcouuoclou aJelas{Jo,t! eseqlq8noqlly 'urlsl go f;n1uec lsrg oql Euunp srslogcs ulsnIAI eluos sP lle^\ se usllsJrqS oql ,(q pel?lsu?Jl er3/tt 'r(qdosopq6 'crEo1 'sctsr(qde1e141 eulclpetr I pu" ,{rueqcly 'fruouorlsy 'scls,(q4go spefqns oql uo ,{psour 'seEen8uzl 'celrdg 'uuulog luo4 s{ooq pu" leoJss?lJ {oeJD .a\W'I og ol T'olq"rleJ q"JV oql Jo $lJo.tr seq sreqder8oe8 etu"s eql pezlJe1cJegc sql Eul,(Srrerr JoUe puB 4ooq s.fure1o1duI pourcluo3 uoll sAt."Iq"JV Jo -?IuJoJuI sug'9r8I ur peqsqqnd agl pozlullnJcs 'J61 }sJlsluauo dqderEoagluelouv, {ooq esog,t\ '-re3ue-ldg uewreg eql lnq 'uollcg pue uotleutEurluo pasuq se {ooq
LE YISVUY CIfiYlSI-SUir NI IVIuAIV$I .IVCIUOrSIi{

-"'* ::) 1SgzY:YYI:a"*'"'{q :,'

38

BARLY MUSI{IM HISTORIOGRAPHY

Ianthropic deeds. Among other features of ayydm'narratives d aq$-gle' so-gi4l oare p rid e-on .p-q -rqflgegc-eof a dqy-g1..b.19 time of rvar and in deedq hisaiqluo,us the triOq of membel members individual for y'n qecgs!4Jyit was fact, pea-e et".t qualities pelgonal theabout must know they of a triUe fhat For this tribg of iheil Cfiiefi the formef of and adventures with direct-touch was iu tribe of the puiposeevery meniber as rvhich circulated narratives these uoO nuA a tiking for a held he and consequently them among family traditions life' tribal of their heirarchy social position in the significant of the tribes were narrated in the form of adventures rto-" 'prose(6rieb intervowen with poeticalcompositionsby the poet of the irrbVl These verseseither occur at the end of a narrationor in ihe middle of it. Although these versesare not firmly woven in the main texture, yet they are regardg-d of the narrativeand make the u* u proof of the genuineness siory tiveti, tuiia and effective' For such poetical ;fficompositionsgoesthe old Arab dictum that "poetry is the register of the deedsof the Arabs" ./Genealogical data is of ancestorsare realso preservedin it; achievements corded and philological rules ate authenticatedwith its help.{ This is becausepoetry was an essentialpart of the work conayydmtalesas can easilybe seenin -an1 classical MuIAk Himyar. al-Tiianft taining these tales like the KilAb 'Abd al Ayyub b' $imyari al-Malik b. Hishdm o".rut"d by 'Ab?d b' Sharya ql-Jurhumior (a. Ztz or 218) or Akhbdr alirnayo, al-AraibfiAkhbdr al-Furswa al:Arab by'Abd Hish6'm Ibn like Vtatit t. Quraib al Aqma'i. Later historians ur" comparatively careful in accepting unauthenticated Hishdm has deleted many poetical ^verses n.rr"r. Although Ibn from his source book i'e' the Sirah by Ibn Is'[6q' y., nit work on Sirah isso rich in regardto poetical verses' like alihat tne one-fifth of it is in poetry' Even a historian
l. al-Tabrizi : Diwdn ablfamdsa 2 vols. Passim. 2. al Tabrizi : Sharh l.famdsa Vol. I p' 3' aFSuyrilt ; al'Muzhir Vol. II p. 470' (Cairo, 1921j 3rd ed'

'(0561)

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tbPrIlD

!w[,-\fl

,ou[ow

ollo[og

'Stoqoi-1o q21,1'tqJ-1o pl'tputDl! j UV Pp/("f

plno^r lI 'suoll"JellB ,(ue lnoqlrar sslJnluoc JoJ uotlBlnJns ul perrJutueJ selJols osoql lgl e^olleq o1 qceordde cIlsBluEJ 'lno pelnJ 3q louuec suotle:eue8 Eurpeeccns 3 eg plnol\ lI I"JolII pue suorlelod Jo sJallltllsuJl eql ,(q suoll"Jell"'ssoleqile^eN 3o -Jelu 'suolllpps ^Aeu;o '{Ipqlssod "{r1eod osle suollsJJeu osord esoql'trreeq fq dleq eq1 qlll\ peAIAJns 'so}ou ',fuoleue1dxe sB sasJe^ 3J3 SeSJeAocils 1Uree1,{1ISUo eso;d oql sas?cetuos uI lecrlaod ol pegcell oJ" suolsJol 'uol^llqo olul JauLIoJ oq1 Suraup snql luopJcul alqsJolsau pue lustuluEts oroul pu" qso{ B JO ocueJJncco eq} I[] uollBlncJlc uI psulerueJ 'osord ut solou ,fto1eueldxe qly'r s8urreqle8 se^rleJJ"u qcns o$ql pul sqJJl uldo sll{ Jo IqIJl uI p3trJJ?uoJol\ sesJe^ lao{ u'tt1 rp""p .t otto13 pue sornluolp? eql pesodrnoo oLI^A '}uepuedep-ro}ul 3ur'{e1d;aluJJr}eod sll peg oqlrl r{cg !u-.'slciguoc Sutleap pexlui e e^g Iqul qll.,ro, pue esorA go e1,(1s oql Jo qDJf-P tup{tY ,{preur 'se,ryleltuu f"p-ollisq : salBl tug,{fY Jo oJnltnqs ' . 'tllelsl , , Jo lue^p eql ol;orrd qJV eql Suoure pepe,le.rd }qtrsuoll1puoc Ielcos egl "p,rnltttpon eltnb st olqnlA m ullJot pue slcedseJ sdlaq sn 'lno poJnJ rn rog p.to"tJ selBl eseql uollutuJoJul Je^elsqlt 1a'{ oq uec se3els snotrel 1" suoll1od'tglu1pu -,sgol}rellu Jo 'c1lueqtrne ,{11cejrsdse ueqf prdSor lou serlpqrssod oqtr Jou on" .^ q8noqlle teqtrsolel-Lugt/fu oql pue '{r1eod ot'{ytt497 oql Jo sellllsnb ctlstrelceJqc asoql Jo esnscaq sl slgJ 'cle soIlIAIlc'slusrueletqce's8ulllenp'ssllrleuos 'seqlrl Jleql -rad trueuturs-erdrraqt selllur"J 'suizlc Jo setueu oqt tql ro slu?upY, pue qupiQn(j Jo rnor^eqeq Isunluruoc -Jelu lnoq sn [el ,{aqtr se lla^r se :eurou pue BIsJed 3{II sorJlunoJ iur.rnoqqEroueql pu qJV ot{} uoar'rlaq suollJeJ pctltlod-otcos luslxe sruos ol l?e^oJ' osl op sel?l oseql r'ulpotr[ 1e leqdor4 aq] Jo OJII eqtrqllt\ Surleap reldeqo eql ul sosrel ?I pelonb seq yeqef, 6t vlsYuY 3II4{YI$-gud NI MUAJVW IYCIUOISIH

r
40 EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

equallyoverrate the value of these uarratives if we accord 'historicalmaterial' with all them the statusof deperidable elementhas implications of the term, since the legendary for making out responsible Those them. alwaysdominated whatsoever, consciousness historical had,-no thesenarratives purpose and intention the with them nor did they compose these tales Moreover, knowledge. of preservinghistorical us lve have before unless and are generally one-sided;until possible not be it would tribes, the narrativeiofSoTfi'Tghting to judge the extent of their trustworthinessin recording the deiails of a war and the actualrole of those whom they adoreas heroes. Further,they do not record any chronology and we cannotknow with their help the exact or nearabout timing of the battles they describe. But, in spite of such lacunae, we can certainly obtain from this material much usefulinformation, and their importanceas a basic source history of the Arabs cannot be denied' of the pre-trslamic Ayydm storieswere also valuedas social e.nteitainment. as the cp-[qg[g-pl9!g They were considered 9ftle ryltole narratives were transmitted by the these first, At -tribe. -b.rt .-mert* of the tribe they described, but afterwards, pro(narrators of tribal tales) emerged,and it was fessional Rd.wis during the Umayyad period that these tribal tales were committed to writing to be later on exploited by the historioand Philologists. graphers Scholars of the first centuryA.H' have, without any utilized the ayydm-talesfor -historicalpurposes' reservations, We find in early traditions namesof many personswho were regarded as scholars of ayydm, qnsab (genealogy) and oihba, of the Jahiliyya period. It is a sufficient proof to Islam, believethat during the centuryimmediately preceding so much of study field specialized a was knowledgeof ayydm of branches the two became ayydm so that maghAn and 'knowledSe of-lh9 !9!!ehistory. F.{ajiKhalifal remarksthat davsof the Arab shouldbe taken as a branchout olngny lim-,-Ebtr'u baida had @ccord-inglo
l. Haji Khalifa z Kashfal 4unan pt. I p. 204.

lerflciiouorqc e lueserd se^Ilrreu vnaSou-eqt (n) 'Se411uauou eJ" sel"l utpttfu aql Jo sJellrusu?Jl eql ellqa sn 01 elqslls^? eJErustll oqlSo oql pu? '1eqdor4 Jo tsorueql Jo slunoccelecrqderSorq erll Jo sreprursuura (e) sriffiairo-5 eql oJeA\2zgt73nw
: stllslJal -cur?qc Sulzuolyogeql go lcedsat w utgt{n eq} Jo ssoq} uro{ 'suolllpBJl roJlp ,(llcurlsrp se^llsJJBu XzgtlSotu eql le,( el,(1sslgt ped]o_g_ crrulsJ eql Jo punorE>Iceq eql*ozlplsflc

q'anoq11y elnul.ugo uotl"lu.sf,I 1ql oj-:r1rse1 "rea-ffilep ,(rleod 3oasd3Ulu! u;^',(lpuocas pue ffilpqred,(q--Eq1
'r{1}srg : So^IJBJJBU ocuang'tr eql o}"Jrpul ,(1leo1c orl} up,ttn Jo 'ul"lsl 2zgt1&outogl Jo luo^pe aql reg gcnur IIII 13lu! pue e^rls poulureJ qcrqm ,(lercos I?qIJl qsJv oql uo lcedut daep e p?q se^rtrBJmu u,tg,{rfu 0q} Jo uol}ntl}sul oqJ, : {Elnd uo salsJ urg,{,{Y 5o 1cudu1

'osl" uolsJaa l"3lJotrsq selqtuesallt " pue 'scpsrrolceJsqt pue o1f1s sll uI eJnl?Jelll-{loJ '{letluesse 'suolllpr} Isrntrlnr sr porred otkQ11tqg{ Jo ernlsre}ll eq'I, rleql jo su8ts ou Sutrreq FuJelxe ,(ue ,(q pocuenBul Eureq clqerv,(l1ec1lslralcuJ?qc oJ? sepl-wp tto osoql'uoll"crsllrep oslu lueplcul elq"Jorrreu lect8olouorqc 3o esodrnd eql polJos 'pue 'JA\ ulilec u 3o uoltrdJrcsap Jo truecgru8rs lsour eql aql luoplcul ro eposldo u? sI salJols utq,Q{oJo elueq} I"Jluec 'Jer{lo qco SuJiueuelduroc eso.rduI se}ou peppe g}I^\ suoJr -rsoduoc lecJlaodJo polntrIlsuocsI soAJlsJJ?uesoql Jo Joo^r ',fto1eue1dxe-Jlos pu" sallcago atrlnb pue d:eal eq1 "{1e'r1 eJ? soArpJJeu-tugtffo oq13o e1'{ls eq} pu? uollslp oqJ : seIBI urp[,{Y eq13o e1,{15 'c1awo[,o1s Pue ,nut uto{,n741 'ugp1ng1o uto[,ny,y'puotr-lp pU,-lo'p1,9bo1111o'9upt7371o e4J1frotrsrq pu ornlrelll Jo $looq eql u1 utlssod qpiix pue tsol uoeq punoJ "rlr eJ? S? sa^IlJJau qcns ,{po erruq o,&l|' 'se1e1-u?(to a^?q s4ro&\ eql glog 00u I lnoq" Jo patrslsuor euo re8rel eqt ellq/A so^IIBJJ?u9t pq 1calqns oql uo esJleeJl 'sapq wgtto ogl SuluJluoJ sloog o'nq papduor Ilerrrs v lv IYCIUOJSIH YISntY SU{VISI-AUdNI TVIUSJYI.i{

42

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

sequenceof expeditions launchedby the Prophet while the ayydm absolutelylack in dates or chronology.
(c) As for the historical value of the maghdzi and the

ayydm narratives, we.can derive v3!u*q!l .gi:igtlgt L.gi311_q.t g poeftv inatin t he zi elim gtg4d -.after S!ggi&"o"9_ Jh-p93J-gL style. But, in the ayydm narratives and the exaggerative rioscag!1!g-].qq-elteqd4l thereis v-ery glnphical pg:hqirf*view. (d) The ayydm tales have n9 au1!9ti!y-_gk1!Lj{bk o1t"_L{e*3qt!ptn havebeen transmitted narratives the maghdzi li"y*ffins of generally-ffioiieT of the Hadcth and are
authoritv. (e) The pu{posebehind.the ayydnttales wasto glgr{Jl of pride among the deedsof a tribe and to createa sense requires any authentication or iti_6;mffr.*Tfi*it-rturdly attestation. But, the maghazinatratives, in addition to the abovepurposeand qgglily, also canied a s94q9--af-b1!!gljSal Itlgalg1g. Hence, the status of the maghdzi-reporterwas more important than that of the ayydm-narratoror the mere story-teller. (f) The ayydm narrativesare the g:ejgdicated versions Hence which glorify gffJ.rhrlrrb-e- to wnicn-thtTe1;;E: are not free from exaggeration,tribal partitheir statements sanism and favouritism. This deeply influencedthe history of the Iraqi School which seems to havegreatlyimbibed in its akhbdr andfutfrlt narrations. thesecharacteristics (iD Arabic Poetry as a Source of Historical Material': Diwin al-Arab : 'Poetry is the Archives of the Arab'.r'says an old dictum 'Abbis.2 After the which is sometimes attributed to Ibn advent of Islam, when the philologists, transmitters of poetry and genealogistscooperated in accumulationof historical
1 . al-Mazhir II : p. 235. , al-' Iqil al-Fartd : III p. 122.
Fajr al-Islam: p. 57.
#-__

'86'd 't1rytno1,-1o :Ia\gql"Sle Z lrlv DwuoqT uou llq\|EtqJlolquq,g'lo p3tref 'l : '(0S6I) I 1o1'1bArI,-lo luy,-lD ,otu{oq ulo[opa1 IIV

'uoisJco us gcnsuO pollceJoq ueqar Joqunu elqeJoplsuoc 'ecuelpneslg oJoJoq sweodelrceJ01 posn og uolsJo^IpJo a{Bs aql JoJ'settrtleuIos pf.'qrrgofr-3:o-r{pnts eql ul passortua 'q {1deep }sruorlrperl lueurue uB s?at fellzHfe "g,nqs '.uoll?eJceJ rog r(rleod IUo4 suoJlllcalaql u qcllmssn lol aroN, : lueserd esoql ol ,{eso1pesn aq ol JoAo 'eurlleuros dlog aqr up.rn[ ro tryppog rcS io uolssllusu?J1 retrJ" }3IIl oII} ur paqrosq" Jleswq Sutdee>1 go .{relueururoJ 'sEqg$' 'q 'lsIuoIlIpBJI sql poutrouoJ drleod Jo puoJ os sal. lE crlqnd pue etreltrdJlegl q sesJo^ qBIInpqV, 'seqqruosse -1laodelroorol pou{cur anu.'4.s!oa pue 4IWDH 3o '(1l1cues egl pe^Jesqo ,{1}clrls oAEqo} reodde oII/Y\ SJo}"luouuloJ -.1.tooi1lper; pue '{r1ood esoql uolg 'sa1e1-wpttto ,{1ree pun JoJ els"l qtIA\ pe8reqc ,tllnJ ,g35[19.-Y1e,lleq EulEuJrqdn 'qery aq1 rregl p"q slsruolllprl esoql ;o""'idiil3aj iueltet -aiirf "fi iebd-i't iQ iltp t--]leqt p"n ranrfe'nf t"pnrnq" .qiEiaijiiif trTqqJc'Tia"dJ?JiEe::fsTtese'(rleod trc"JoqtJG'sm?rq:*f p1eil poued clrulsJ dlraa 3o slsluolllprl IIB lsourlY 'Jla {Iool\}egslull se papre8eroJ? pus aJn}eJotrIl ,'r{rotrs1q 'q uqtrIH-le('H'Y ('ff'V OOZ'p) [pV, g,euiy-1e "@tZ'il 607'il'"pl"qn, BqV eTI pleu slql Jo sern8g lueulua-e:d ',(rleod Jo osoql puB QqLI4oJo sJopJJu lsgl os gcnIII os u..*l"q qstn8utlstp ol llncglp elrnb eurecaq1l "{lnluac "qi s1t\ os lI pJrql eql Jo lue^pB eq+,(q leql Eurluoruelduroc'ro1ul laJdrnd eql pu" ecuepodun1zc pezlpln sueJrolslq JoJ Jtoql ll qcng -lJolslq eEnqpeprlord sslou ,fto1eue1dxo Jo lelJetrru 'trrqlllAbuolB ',(1erntre51 'cla ouop osl? oJen salel-wpt,fu Jo selJols eql 'stuorpJ pu spJo^l Jloql pu soqlJlsnoIJsA suotEer Jo strcolelp s1l o1 preEar suosrg-{-.l91asoduroc eEue:ls 'uleJoql 01 peJreJar

qrl*-q"rqpJffilft-ClgFSq

piiuqdif eqi jo sepyulce

acrnos Jo luerrodrulJ* IntcelloluJ pu" Irnllnc .qi=lo ',{qderSotrotrsll{ Jo pleg uollrsod eql perdncco,{r1eoduo51 *fllsof *"Isrxstr?u eql ut uoiltsod' lifCg[uSis -pbaTu5--'oool En \/Isvuv clwvTsl-AudNI lvlxarvm lYSlUOrsIH

44

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

someone from amongstthe listenof poeticalcompositions, our mounts said : ''We emaciate and ers took an exception you start and Bus16m, Abu O by reaching your assembly 'I for me!, is better what know reciting verses before us'. 'By God recitation of poetry is saferfor retardedShu'ba, of fladith'.1 me than transmission 'Imrdn b' al-f{usaynthe well-known companSimilarly, ion of the Prophet,while settledin Basra,beganto read out poems before his audience who came to listen to lladith iransmissions from him so much so that people thought he 'By God" he exclaimed one had no Traditionsto transmit.z 'I withdays day, can transmit Hadiths for two consecutive out break'(butI avoid it deliberately)' It was this commonlyprevalent taste for ayyd'm-tales poetry that the maghdzi and futfrh literature, from the and remained under the influence of qyyam' beginning very tn spiteof the fact that Ibn Hishdmhas madea compendium of the Sirah of Ibn Is'!6q, casting aside less important details, more particularlyfrom early chapters' the present Sirah of Ibn Hishdm consistsabout one-fifth of its total volume, of poetical compositions attributed to various poets in different contexts. In order to understand and its deep the role of poetry in the early Islamic centuries some detail study in will we literature, historical on impact jdhiliyya poetry of transmitter famous a of the contribution one of period is and Umayyad during the who flourished responsible regarded are who transmitters those important it on to for preservation of iahiliyya poetry and for passing the posteritY. Eammiidal-Riwiya : (75 A.H. 156A.H.) During the iahiliyya we notice the Arab tradition that every impo{4nt 'poet had his own Rdwi who memorizedhis verses and transmitted them to others. But, by the advent of the first century of Islam, a classof narrators specializpd
1. Ibn Sa'd t TabaqiitVol. VII p. 2. 2. $ublri Sdlim z'Ulfrm al-Iladith p.411.

sql z 'I.g.L-le uq:{-I" plez 'gJ"uq{l! Ilo ppou urlg sPreEergl?rno '0I 'd II 'lo^ uslqlD gqnd '8S '0S 'ddwp,1s1-1o r[o[ | ElwY PeEtIV tPbDqDi gy'd 1 1o,r PqDPqJD 'gzi:o : Ll16^qppv-1o loupzttlx : IpePgB{ : ug4lIIBrD uql 't9I 'I 'lo^ tptololl uqt,7-1o 'so|'d II tlqznry-lv : Iilfns-Ie '

' 8gZ'69I' ddl1t9,o 1't1 : eqlern| ugr (z16l 'oJl?c) \p'nus-ID ot^ rlqs'lD -p zol'd Q9t1X. rog 'I prurrrrH r'ot ecuereJer EuydoIIoJ : secrnos "q "qlIi"p"-

Zlqef'Ie 'LSZ i I qiqotrlo on up'(og'1o | te t, +, Lt, o :; ; H',#$l-i; )..it;t:;{,

'solq?nl?a Jor{}o q}l,t\8uol? pue Euruleluoc [Eoloq1ue u muolgl pls uTq-::: euo euros Jo esnoq egl olul o4orq-og uo Jel?l 'rft}eod go ,"i1r.,un'1 'npdod 3 olul peuJnl oq lI

s,.a u rgl eausrls 'Jq) f"i"j q cn oq'sfep '{Fee s$ uI p"q pue relSrnq ? s^a rieg \ueg glnow egt sa\ItuEII"c{ lqEnorqs/( eH a'll.g,Aryq 'q nrnrr"1i1io igqss ll'I oqv 'q pstilo,H >I?rgqnlIJE
'llns Pslholloj-lqqc

:tt.qq"i'1n"il*+11j Jod"ojl-:

pputulell--"* "tiiliir""tqt.;r 'q t*V,3o ,{rerodureluoc ? ,'e'{l'u'911-1e lrrv,itn

i,

r repprnr L:t9-llg"irry.ff *oIoJ^ -W"#it;T **

lra6mfr-'Tarrrnep 1sly-.::-t"i
'seqIJl

otr s}resep - eEpelalou>l ullqo ulnopo8 Jo sraqluelu eql ruoJJ 'so8usn letqrea'ord ro .rlrqrw ilu, oeep pereileutd f,oqr 3{II gcurq r"lnc sscuapaceld cttrculu.(s-ro rGolopqd ro 'fuleod 'sprenrolSy :t*;" ut pezlletceds sJolcellooeseql Jo eruos 'sqrelord 'uol1"U$IIlJcsIp Jo [Iolls^rase'r ^{ue trnoq}JAilc}3elclp 'sesraa crug.rn[ .rfttreod q?JV plo ogtr trcelloc ol paqsru feql eql Jo otqwvt eql Jo *torone* lc"xo eql Eurpre8er 'ftleod eqtr Eqrnp ueql6 p"ro .q1 pezqer srulsnl^I ,(rnluec trsru 'sapEcepcIIlrBlsI

ere'u tssl Po11r>1 5ql iirrnPffiduc suqc_eql -1sodeqt Plnoq teql sr^ilJo uottrrod ,ft sll ,s3..t1?u eg1uI '1e;eueE ut ,(r]eodod{111t;797 Jo uolss$ususrl roleur aqa
9? vlsYuv cu{v'ISI-gUd NI .IYl[srvy{ avSIUOrsIH

46

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

verses of Anqdr poets alsofell to his lot. When he went and through that notebook he was very much pleased, by the memorized the whole of it. Ilaving been inspired about learning Jdhiliyya poetry he spentmost of his time in a taste for the ayyam and akhbdr of it; he also developed the old Arab. Leavingasidehis criminal activities,he began to transmitthe poetry and the skhbar, and rose to the position of a most honoured reporter and an authority on the rzlsubject so much so that he is now known as F.{ammdd Rawiya(the greatreporter).l I.{ammddenjoyedthe patronageof Yazid b 'Abd alhim,lilammid Malik; when Yazid died and Hish6msucceeded and came from Syriato Iraq to pass his life in detachment seclusion. But, after sometime Hishnm summoned himg the through the governorof lraq. Fammd.d againreached therefore quite sometime' During this court and remained period he used to attend the Umayyad court regularly and narratedbefore the Caliph tales of the kings, akhbdr of the Jahiliyya Arab and Islam.s al-Suy[li and Ibn Khallikdn differ in their versions: 'Abd al-Malik who .according to the former it was al-Walidb. to his court. Ibn Khallikan alsoexpresses summoned f,{amm6d that Yusuf b. 'IJmar was not the governor and says his doubts in this report. It wasKhalid b' of Iraq at the time mentioned 'Abdullah. His was an exceptionallystrong memory and among his in the ayydm he was the most knowledgeable contemporaries and the akhbdr; but he specializedinthe Jdhiliyya poets and their works. The Umayyad rulers patronized him and very often he receivedfrom them fabulous awards in cash and
1. There were three men of the same nomenclature in Ktlfa living at the same time and all of them had a taste for poetry and philology too. 'Ajrad, (d. 161) Hammad b. al-Zabraqer arrd They were : I{ammed Ilammed al-Rziwiya. A1l of them were accused of heterodoxy zandaqaby the theologians of their age. (Ibn Qutaiba z Kitdb aIShi'r wa al'Shu'ard p.302 lbn Khallikan vol. I p. 166). 2, Wafayat vol. I p. 164 cites text of the letter written by Hishem to '(Jmar al Tbaqafi. Yisuf b. 3. ahsuydli t Tuhfat al-Maialis p.71 (Egvpt 1908).

'$ZZ'd lslt ll['la) osle -t 'Sg6I o4eC (SgZ'd lrD,DWlo qPtlx)'q8lqpieqloEar"suolsqut -$terl srH '(sre'lel) perpsng ee[I] Jo sepo ue^e wlq g]I'td Pug ros dueduoc eqr peutofl:prEs eq 1eqr1,ttusv plp pue pgrnnefi;o 'llB'IqgvsBA -p go i(rJ.roqrn egl uo urligll Bqv fqplolse.'v\I 'lIsrDI-I pPZ 'q e^eF Jo JF{nW oounl sygpue Ilnelleq e s?a{eH 'znurrn11 'q pguruIl,, : s'(es egrlnb uql z eql seAr 'znturng pue 't 'f9l :IusYtllottx uql'ZL'd ol'tU : Iir-r'{ns-Ie

'q eq lnq 'reqleJ stq Smurnoru IIrguruI"H uBJHJo fEelo aqr rsqrrrsrnorolpJ"q peul eH 'sgqqv,-p 1lqv roglorq srqJoqr"aP ',{true1ndod puB oIIIJ sr-qJo s?r\ JBiu?w{v egtruo perrerrE {"ed oql peqceer,(peerp pq p?tutreH Jo^rodo} elusc r13ue1r1 'obopuoz 1o pasnocs ueoq pg pEruuH {? uogl[ z'swoqtlP g{3I euo tuH pepra\" p"q p[I1$,1? pu? ouols s}ood 8un1rs l?ql u-r DtlQlntgteql Jo sepo8uoi6g67 pollsergppuureH 'dprreeq wq pepraeJ pue p?Joq treql peuoder sI 1I pgrurn"H 'ollceJ ol u.rq qd;1u3eql Ul Eutlrcor pelJ?1s 11eg o1no,( 1nd qdlleC egl '.1s31 popuuruoc pue oples 1, leqs '.uleql ur oJe 01 uolllppB '.JelloJ orusoql uo pu" sopogoqs, 'paqderpgtuuel'1 sacerd sapo8uo1perpunq'porredclmlsl3o sleodegl Jo suoll Surpue ogl uro4 ocuosord -rsodruocogl uro4 lrede 'sleod o,&Q1t1p1 . rno,( ur eilceJ ue3 J lnq, 'peqder oq 'u3q1 JO ,(1Ue16, .qdrTe3eqi u,o11, pa{se [ ,ueeq dq :aqwaruorno,{ op sasJal,(ueru
'(J3rllo oql 'll\ou Jo plo 'osJel ? ruo{ euo qsrn8urlstp ol olq? ru J }nq 'paSdeJ p3ltrtlreH '.tnoql eru eJoJoq ellceJ plnos ,(poqou puy, lnoqs pJEeq JoAo eAeq Jou /(ou)I lou op nof uroqat esoql 'aou4 suorllsoduroc ,{-re,'le no{ leod treql 3o Jo s3 IIeAr s? 'llursue.rl uc 'asnuce{, 'Iqqll"d oql Jepu"uulo3 O I Jo nof ere ,{q6, : ulq ,1,.e,(1irlga1epe11ec ocug 'sJoasu? ualqJla 8ututulqo po{s" plzI 'q pgei[{" JoJ uIH otr potrceJlp osl? eJot\ sorronb sorullslllos pue ntQ11t1pl eql gll1y\pal3ouuoc sJeil?w uo uorl"tuJoJul ulelqo ol 'pull ttlq pe{s8 puB ilno3 oql o} wlq poll?t spe,{,(eul61eqJ LV vlsvuv 3IIM$-AUaI NI MUAM'IYCIUOISIH

48

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPT{Y

When the latter failed to recollectit' He sent for Hammdd' the above elegywhich called on him he was askedto recite he promptly' Al-Manstr wept bitterly when was reproduced .y.r, ih"r. were the qualities of my late heardit and said brother'.1 (158 A'H' . I.{ammdd lived till the reign of al-Mahdi alcontemporary his and 169A.H.) who usedto invite him the of poetrv old the to ut-putui for listening il;i;;"i trustto somecriticsthe latter was more According Arab. was It transmission' of *orrfry than Hamm6d in rnatters and interpolate to used commonly believed that t{amm6d and stlye same the in even at times fut'i"ui"a iL" uttt"t demanded'z question in as the poet characteristics dialectical AccordingtoAbuJa.farb.al-Natrb6s,Fammddcompil. Jahiliyya poets'3 He also ed the famousSevenOa"' of tlre of many other Arab poets collectedthe poetical "ompositions of the to differenttribes as well as compositionsbelonging volume for each poets of the Umayfad times in.a separate He is said to havecompiled tribe or fcr eachlooividualpoet' the Quraish; anotherof the an anthology of the pooty of are ' ;"""t r:haqir andihe like' But all thesecompilations "f now extinct. took interestin the It appears that this Hammid also. Waqidi has quoted from akhbdr of early Islamicperiod' A1 that the Prophet' in him on the authority oi Su'id b' Jubair of $af6'and rounds made his Last Pilgrimage to Mecca' to other report this prefers Marwa on his *oo,,.. Al Waqidi transmitter same the fto* to have versions. This seems "otn* lore.a Arab of the
p' 169 see also al-Suytrti Tuhfa '. " 1. Al-Isbahani Kilab at-Aghdni vol'V p. 70. was not well-versed in his Arabic' 2. Ibn Khallikdn saysthat Hammdd pronounced incorrectly at more IIe learnt the Qur'dn by heart aod p' 165' than thirty places' Wafaydt I and fabrications see For reports about Hammad's falsification Duba'it'tstam II P. 3lo' yaqi't : al'Irshatl lV : p' 140' Ibn Khalfiken : 3. Fair'al Isldm p. SS,D.utra al-Isl6m II P' 310' Vot. I' P. 164' WafaYdt III p' 1099' a. al-friqitli : Ktib al-MashdztYol'

'6e

I-8I

'dd

tnxx

'lo|

'ELi 6V: uE..rno-lE 'Ifi'rn| 'dd .lo^ tpbpqDi : p,Suql AI : rrEg?j -l .l : 6tr :ug.;n| eq1 4WJ

slq ul pocunouord oslu toqdor6aql ,'.snord lsour sr oqll 0q $ q[V go oq] ur no,{ Euoure olqou tsoru eql ,t1rran. lq8rs : suJel lucollnbeun ur peJ.eJcop ug.rn) oql ueql\ u^rop pegJnt ,(pre:odtuotrsezufcuepual s1ql 'poolq go {1rnc pue utSuoolgou s1rJo ta,l!-Eggaqrrt qo"g '{1snoeuu11nur* uorleruJoJurlecrEopeua8paiireluoc soarldrreu fup-olltEq aqtr I srotsecusJo sluowe^erqcoql uo pepuedap {11urr.1 'suorlrsoduroc Jo Jnouoq arll sV lecrlood ur ,{rolsru " ',(ro13 fgureg rloel'Jp p?^rls?rd slupd ,{eq}_ ;s1qc l?rlsaf,ur puu ,{lytgouqq.AprJda;a,n,fu}ood Jrog} scrdotr uruur :q: Jo 'ruoql Suorut aouls 'oo1 .ft1eod qll&\ leqf pqlQaguoc sgt tI o8pela,roul goueJq pue 'so1qe1 e w&\ ll Jo lerceds lecrSoleau$ lraql Surnresa;d go ecrlcerdp1o-aEe uu puq sqsrv oql s.ral]laql Jo luqnfJe JJluy, 'q ?qb;I. ,',(8o1eeua8 poulroJul ocuolbqdord eql p,Suql ot Surprocry'e8paynoul ur lsoJelur srq u.^Aoqs osl" perl leqdor4 aq1 lecfoJeauaE
1'.,raQlo{lE) aztuSorar .,{eur noI }Br{l os sulJ prc saqrji ui-rtol patea,Lr e/{\ {11ra6,, : sf,es 1r uoqal e8pel,trouT Jo aoJnos e su ug.rn} eql ,(q palordde uoeq suq f3o1eouo9 go ecuoros aql

,&1dnfioluo$!n qDty {o acmos o sn ,(&oynaua7

III YZIJYH)

50

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

of his Last Pilgrimage discourse delivered on the occasion regardedsuperiorto a be would iiat,;rrro""forward no Arab All of you are only becauseof being an Arab' was created of clay and "-#et"U irr".oOuot, of Adam' and Adam dust'. in genealogicalstudies But, the interest of the Arab Calipiate period' Abu lafr continuedto grow' During the in the ge-ueat-ogy.'of=the himself was regarded an expert of lJijdz'z ,ne Vt"uda'and othei outstandingtribes til",.n,t 'aUuas, 'Abdullah U. Jubairsb' Mut'i1' Makhrama b' Naufal of the b. Abi fdlib were the other.companions knowledge'a ""i:enfr who had *p'"iuti"tO in the-g-e4"911o-qigal Prophet 'Abid b' Sharya, about whom we shall speakin some an expert in the genealogyofdetail in another chapter, was rule the tendencyof Umayyad the the Yemenite. Ouiing' political motives of because glorys was rivivea riiat to the connpilaattention "tJAfu ilistorians paid special ffi;h. Most of tribes' ve1lus gtotutoei"ui details .or ;;;i;;" state patfonprovided

il;Jil;"i

in this branch ofknowledge' One researches aseto encourage was to prove their this encouragement ffi";; .otiutt-utnind political factions The blood and purity -of race.., ;;;1"" prejudicesassumed during the Umavyad'p"tioO "4 1ti9"l vs'Adndni ot An$dr afua1t like-@ the shapeof targerlrouping the early Abbasid period was iater-during A"nililwhich i* 'n""" "t"en grouping of developed into a still larger i" ShuAiab under the influence of the Arabs and the non 'ilbiYYa' AnotherincentivewastheArabpenetrationintothefar Islamic world' of the vast and ever-expanding flt";';;;;

rulers uoaG Abbasid

vol' II'.51' al'Farid T fU'Abd al-Barr; al:Iqd vol'l p' -416' al-Ashraf Ansdb ri : i. from genealogy "li"r"Ar,t Mut'im ttJ-ttt"i"td the koowledgeof al-Musayyab 3. Jubairb. b' Sa'id to itotJitJitwasimparted AbnBakr,uoo p'
vol' I 244)' (Jabi?: al'Bavan wa al-Tabytn p' 295' III vol. i Sa'd' Tabaqat +. iUn' '1Jit (1950)' Maialla uoi^i' al:Ilmt al:baqi vol' I ;: Ja*td

'pe) 'd 'l':o^Ultil-lo : 'tg6l 'eleqsl ('EerSJoT Iu"prusH-l S 'OV'd q4l.tpJlD ull ,|o.t|sDN{ ttttog : Ir!(I-le

',{rnluec puocas etrruoIIIOtr e lnoq? solIJA{ IuEpurH{v eql pu lsJg eql go sroqderEolJolslgqJV oql 3o suos '{q pelroldxe Jelel eJe^a spJoceroseql 'lqerv r{lnos Jo saqlri eurosfq poulelule{DosJ? oJolrlslunoJce Dqnz pu" salq"r aq 'sapls oql Surureluocs,relsrEer luql sn surJoJur lecrSoleaus8 peul?ltllsrlr aJo'trs? -ag Eupnp eq1 olnJ egl Jo u'oltreftulH puB sluslrlncopqsns otrsJeJeJ spJoJoJ-ol?ls lugpttr"H-lv 'relduqc slrlt Jo Puo oql 1" Ilep w ,{qderSorrolqqpu" ,{rolstq q"ry aql. o} uol}nqlrluor srg squcsep II"qs eilt 'lcetqns slql uo s{ooq popdutoc lsrg ogl Euunp osp erl i ere cyuelsl-1sod eq13o ,ftn1uec 'Go1 e8pe1,nrou1 Jo qcueJqslql Jo sreeuotderll Jo euo se/rl' -eeue8Jo sJolluruuI poIIoJ,(prrueq sroqderEouo$Iq JalI aql ruoq^\ uo ('H'V 6tI 'p) Igl"){ qI.?S-I"'q peutueqoyq .ZqEH Jo $qrr,l rofern reqto o1 ueql pue-qste;n| aqlrl s.1eqdor6 s^\lI Jlosrulq ,{114-ln1eu oqi Jo slunocce ogl o1 pepuol-xe aw e.1_qe1 Jo poou ogr re5go.,l4.. t.e.cFoleege!.11p--Sutltdtuoc {o Itol bielir,n-{zr3g pue sfsluolllprl oqtrueqa ue8eq elep pc -rEoleeueE go uollepdmm eql Jo epr aql ieql sreeddu11 'stuJoJ {ooq ur et"p srql pepdruoc sltraofeJua8 aql luqt- spe,{,{etnn eql 1r pue ,(1pJb,(po pasrlce'rd go porred eql uerll JaIIrBe lou s1r\

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qcns 3o redae4-proce'r {upQtFtv egl ro wpv eql ea1i"s1!e1ep Jo sslc e se peEreue (tqSolueue8) DqgssDN leuorsseg6rd 'pun'ecliceid.*ubruuroc e allrmoq'$ 'aulll Jdi3zssed aql "qf 'lnq saqlJl snolre^ qlla Jo slrclep leciffoleoueEogl Jo uoll '1srg19 -ea.rosard oql spJ"1(oluo4uells pled sreloqcsr(po 'lueruuorr^u5qsrv-uou e u1dnlQBngrq3.9ar]sorpllqr io reidAusrpplnoqs 'teqt lsal uopoaio; rroql ,(q ,{1e1e1duoc 14 f15uc3rreql SuJr'raserd 3o pue punorE4ceq .if"rrp 1zcr8o1eeue3 rse.rluec ,(eq1 l?qlrl rlaql rnorg '{emy pr"o .rlni.tturl aqi 11ag IS .f,HaM{coluorslHqvuv do acunos v sv ADO'MNSo

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52

BARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

as the Himyarite kings suchdocuments scholarwho possessed in treasures.l had preserved their ,r U At anotherplacehe saysthat genealogical tablesof the of al-Hanfisc' were found in the zuber accounts descendants oftheHimyarites'StateArchives.Similarly,thenamesof 'Amr' b' Hamdin were also the rulers of the dynasty of at one place, al-Hamddni recordedthere.2 He cameacross La'wa in zuber records Banu of tables family the says, the statement compares also He M[sa. b. Ahmad to ascribed of the records such with al-Kalbi b' Motrammad of HishSm archives.s HimYarite

/..EachArabiantribewasresponsibleforthepreservation suchscholarsemerged But, at a latet stage, of its genealogy. l'Lt one tribe, its past about the knowledge in who specialized akhbar, personal glories' achievments, genealogy, history, etc' As we data biographical their qualitiesof the chiefs, knowledge specialized had a who persons know about such Makhrama Madina' of tribes of the Quraishor the AnqSr with the tribe of Quraish and also b. Naufal was convrsant knew the history of the deities kept in the Farem before the .adventof Islam.aIt was because of his being knowledgeable 'umar I introduced the instituthat in matters of genealogy made by him'5 tion qf Diwnn-in-thelisht of suggestions under the impact of The scienceof genealogywas at first 'Adndni prejudicesand tendentioustraditions of Qaftani and duringtheCaliphategenealogiststriedtoglorifytheirown regions.DuringtheUmayyadrule,studiesingenealogywere focussedto glorify the Arah.*rad*tjoesand -the characteristic Arab qualitiesof the age of Jahiliyya' But, during the last daysof the Umayyadrule, it assumed 'frbiyyamovea new direction under the influenceof the 'Sftu
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. al-Hamdanil. al-Iklfl vol.Ip. 5. Ibid. vol. X P' 30. lbid. vol. X PP. 119'120. al-Tabari : Dhail al-Mudhayyal p. 2326' al-Tabari : Tartkh vol. IV P. 209.

sl leql Il? Jo '$qrJl qEJV oql Jo suorlrp"Jl eql pus ,{rolsrq Jo sorJolrsodop oq1 osl? arord. slsrSoleeueE eq1 .1sud eql -suorldrrcsop Jo uotu luourtna go leuosJad 3urlt3 ur luenboye osle oJo.r feql : s8urfes pue orlsrJolceJqc,{ldreqs .poqs 1de ur osogl Surzrreururns eql peq pue ,soqul go sorlrpnb Jo 1JIS oql Jo uorlducsep pue uorlzrJolcJ"rlceql qlJ^r"'peuJecuoc osle oJoA\,(oql 'r{rorueru lmuolsrq go sue8ro ,{1uo eq1 erarrt s,{ep crurulsl-erd ul oqaaleod plo eql Jo serlr^rlcoql Fedsor stql ur Surnulluo3 'seJnplcuoruou Jo sJo?cellooereru deql aJOA\ Jou 'luocsep Jo sJa$Brrrur elqeeEpolnouq .{Juo lou eJe/rt, 'roqrzplog elonb o1 'looqcs p1o eq1go slsrSoleeuataq;, 'puls rraql goddns ol JopJo ur ',{cuepuel o,t,!qg.,nqg Jo sJe}lrur -suerl JoleJoql,{q popnlJur ueaq o^q spJo^\ 6soql l?ql su"atu dpuarudde qcrqn'u1{qo1-lD DM ugrfuglo srq ur spro^\, eseql .1eqdor6 eql palrc sq 'lqn,nqs pacunouo:d e '2rqp1-1u 1ng Jrorll ur spJoAt osaql godar Jo osJnocsipprs oql Jo suorsJoA :lou op '1;eqef,-1e pu" p,ss ug1 '(otrrurpa6 e) bgq,s1 uq1 '..snord eq1 ur trsornsr or{&\aq sl qellv go trqEls no,( uro4 peJnorroq oq? ,(lran 'lsnp pue lsEuome lsotu go petrBoJO ,(egc puacsep no,{ s^{ pue ru"pv wBpV ruo{ 'ftreld pue ,{gsor811or sratrtreu ur ldecxa olrqar Jo IIV Jo ol >lcelqe rou 'qety-uou ? ol rorradns sr qBJV oN,, " ' i spro&\ oseql vr (,gpv4l-lo |ottofl e8eurrrEp41se1 slq Jo oulll egl l srurlsnl l eql pessorppo^q o1 pepode.l sr leqdor4 eqg 'qJV eql ;o dqde.lSouolsq aql uo aJuang 'sdrq;ed 'plnol\ eldurexa uy -ur ottlqp,n /S aql oleJlsnllr 'asodrnd rloql e^Jesplnoc qcrqa pefqns r(1uo eql se.t- ,{SopaueF 1nq 'sarpntrs snotErlerpue eJnlrelrl Jo saqrueJq lF uo lleJ sen nt{rqyt1rts Jo ef,uang -ul eqJ '3uo1 acurs grv aql urorg SutatecoJsaeq peq foqf rlcrq^\ luetulueJl oarleurrurJosrp eql lsuJeEe pelloAeJ peg orl^d 's1enpaJ1e1ur ut8rro qe;y-uou agl go suerSoloaql pue 'sJollJutA aql Suoru 1ue1e,ra;d fcuapuel B JoqtreJ sBAr lI iluaruslour pezue8ro fJlucrlrlod ? lou sex o$tqy,nqs et43. 'spnoJ qeJv-uou snsra{ quJV o}ur pouJnl socrpnferd ef,{eur6 qug 's^ tulqsgH BuBg ro lugupv, snsrel lugiqb oql pre lrroru

AHdVU9oIU,OTSTESVUY dO aSUnOS V SY .I'9o1YSNflO

54

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

calledakhbdr i.e. accounts of the battle days of old Arabs (ayyam al-Arab) and the proverbs which could not be understood without knowledge of the ancient Arab history, to which they constantly referred. They were also concerned with archaeological questions and linked also this pafi of of ancientpoetry"l their information to the exegesis of reIn Medina, too, some people were in possession various regarding information containing cords and tables Medinite the among that Ibn Sa'd tribes. We learn from 'Abdullah b. Mohammad b. 'Umdra al-Anqdri was Muslims an expert in the genealogyof the An95r'.2 Ibn Sa'd seemsto have utilized his book on Ansdb in the descriptionsof the Anqdr. Daghfal al-Nassiiba: It was during the Umayyad period that due to discrepancies inthe Diwdn and as a consequenceof rivalries betcreatedconfu' ween various contending tribes genealogists of that genealogist sions in tables.s The most distinguished timewasDaghfalb.Hanqalaal-shebSniwhohadcollected in material on this subject' He had specialized . considerable the of ansdbal-Arqb and was so confident of his knowledge suqectthatoncehedifferedfromAbriBakronsomeissue of a tribe' He went to the court the genealogy con-cerning regarding oi vro.a*iyu and narratedin his presencetraditions al-f,abari has also historian famous The genealogy. the Arab of the age the regarding him from report one obtained Prophet.a Hrjr b. Hdrith al-Kin6ni, commonly known as Daghfal al-Dhuhali or Daghfal b. Hanqala al-Sadtrsihad lived during the time of the Prophet but could not presenthimself before him.5 He was summonedto the court of Mu'6wiya when he
1. Goldziher : Muslim Studies vol. I p. 170. I Tabaqatvol. III pp' 442. 479, 513,522,548, 552, 575, 582' 2. Ibn Sa'd, 625,626. 3. Fordetails see : Goldziher : Muslim Studies vol. I p' 164'190' 4. al-Tabart : Tdrikh vol. III p. 216. 5. Ibn Qutaiba : al-Ma'arif P. 232-

't 'EEZ'd .{!.tp,ow-l, : ?qretno uql'iVZ'd I Io^ astpg-lo | z\qut-lY 'lZZ'6 : tuJpBNugl 'Z ts!.ttt!tr-ll2 'LVE',dI"',Lo1' wglsl-lD aEnQi v{nv pewqv

asodrn dostr po^Ies ^t"*:":r::.:il:Jili'.,:;,.," 3o

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qdlleJ puoces aqt ,{q po}orc Lt?/14!O uoqn}llsq eql pue otll Jo 'fSoleeuaEgo ,tpn1seql ol uorsuourp,.reu *nlfl ,,, . ","1.:7 'soAIl?.rJIr ,tpqu4o ,(Feo eql Jo uolltlp puu 41,{1soq} uo uorsserdurr deep e Euureelur pus s}ueluoc qJrJ qlr^\ suBrJotslq ,{1ree Sulpnord uI qloq dqderSolrolstq

1l1\.A{.")

-lp uqJ pu rp,qsv-le 'q ebere6 'u{?g{? (',r'b) z,fieqg 'q plqv, sqt o+ sppe eqreln$ uq1 'lrlurN-I" soruu trsII Jo qqn$ 'ruepuruq 'q rl"tu1 repiuel\ sr,{.(e14 pue uqJ geue111e 'q feql leql s,{espue urlsl Jo .{rnlusc le3q8eq : JnoJeJo^a ,(lr"o oql go slsrSoleeuo8 eq1 pel?Jorunuoseq 2rq91-1e z'tpl.uluY 1 D q94X pavgue 'egr.r1 sre}-1epqy, oq} ruo{ polleq {ooq B papdurorperl eH pu" go elfirgq;4 s 'lP9V, uguqln, eqtr srelroddns Jo ouo se,u. sllggV, 'q JBqnS slstSoleeuo8 ,{rerodrueluorsrq Suoury }ou p1ppue ebrrpzy eqt ,tq u1e1s r'{Jo/( uellIJA\due ezruel eg suli pu? sellfrgg;1 eq1 trsureEesJe^\ uI ped >1oo1 'Perldar le3q8uq'..e8Ps1trou>1 .,{tu go sIunJ eg} un{}r.r }ou sr lL, '..qleop ,(ui 3o arul} aql ore sloollsJtro eszeld no51 'lrorJoc dletrnlosqe lnoqe eur 11e1 ,t11urzg ,{tu lnoqe poqucsepe,reqnod luql sll"lop IIV 'leod oIITBS eql w? f,, 'pelldereH .,i no,t aru oqlrroS '1eode reqlo eql 'uetu snotd e euo suosotrl pq eH,, tplss oq eurgpn| slr Jo sll"tep lno 8ut Jo oruerreql Eulqceer uo pu" ,(Eoleeue8 -rnod palrels oq oqrrtroql oru"u agl tury uorg Eurreaqug Jo 'pa8uoleq eq eqrrl rlcg,r\ polse u4g ol 1e;q8e( :ulFI ol elu?r pgJu.t'q q"JV eugpn| snoIrBA eouo soqrJl lql Jo sllelopI"c -tEopeue8 purutuoc eql JeAo ue gcns p"q oH ,{.reurpro-er1xe 'soqlrtr rrBrqBJV oql Jo set8oleeueE lnoqe spodeJar{} pe}BlJ?u ss lHirvuooruorsrH {vuY iro aSunosY sY AcolvaNsD

att,'

56 '

t"-,

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BARLY MUSLIM HIS'.RT'GRAPHY

'IJmar,1addedfresh zeal to it' We have already indicated patronized that tie Umayyadsl-foi their political motives, credits this branch of tslamic knowledge' Ibn Nadim Mu'dwiya I, for showinginterest in this subject'2 Walid II had issuedorders for the preparation of new registers containing genealogical details of the Arab tribes the state neededsuch data for the re-otganization of be-cause theDiwansystem,andforobtaininginformationaboutsuch bedouintribes as had settledin new townships'3 studiescamefropq*th-q\( for genep-logical Another incentive political facti6nsi* affiilfiii$'with their tribal conflicts and the Umayyat Islam during aristocfrfr-h new of a Emergence to the contributed also stratification social perioJ and a new knowledge' of branch lrowing interest in this At the end of the Umayyad rule the Shu'ilbiyya movementaalso turned out to be a factor behind the grorvth of the ansdb sttdigs\ since the movement condemned the Arabs most vef,ffiin-tty and not only minimized their role and conand humanities,but also challenged tributioil to-socialsciences their purity of blood which Arabs had since long been -grcu$;ned to holding so high. For this purpose' both the details: frrti.., pro-Arab and anti :Areb-g99ge-q-genealogical in" Ar"ur to prove theirg5lqg.s33:9!try' the Shu'ftbivva to condemnit. As a resultSoth sidesof the medal cameto the fore. -, .1. Ancient satirical poetry of the Arab, and afterwards' during the Uila@d period, the famous Naqd;i{ of alFarazdaq,Jarir and al-Akhfal etc. were also rich in genealogical deiails about the ancestors of conttihiliag parties' Mo."ouet, it was also a practice of the-h-grthai-Significant

and 1. Ibn Sa'd : Tabaqdt vol. III p. 296 (on the authority ofal-Zuhri Sa.idb.al-Musayyab)thedateoftheestablishmentofDiwdnis given : Muharram 20 A'H. For Diwdns of other provinces seeTabaqdt lI p.234. 2. Ibn Nadim ; al'Fihrist P. 91. 3. al-Dnri t Bahth pp.40'41. 4. Goldziher (Ignaz) : Muslim Studies I p' 177 et' seq'

'p 'LEZ 'd qryqnDJ-p aq,g-lD : Ia\grI{?S-lB n 'c 'LtE'd II'lo^ uplsl-lo oqnQ i a{nY peurqv 'lo^ tl\t.tpJ : 'tI9 'd 'Ot'd tttllDg : IA Irqei-l u trB(I-le .T 'lo^ 's0t'd tgb0qoj: p,s uqJ lI fral qste;n| oql Jo n',(llecrlsersnqlue sernluolp pue slueue^arq3e eql peiq8rlq8rq stq lJ osnscaq 'qstern} eql Jo qpsou ualcll JoqleJ (uolleurro3ur snorrnc) qo{o, qlyx slsop >looq eql lql po{rBluer sBq cl}Iro e q8noql 'qsre:n| olqnie^ qtl^\ cgrlord osl" Jo eqrJl eql uo "trp sl slqJ 'sorunlo^ oa\l ur qsrern| oqt Jo ,{Eolueue8 oql uo qellnpqv, 'q rp{{Eg qe,inpq Iro^r srg perederd VrcgrLz-1.r'cla 'q ',{Eoleoue8 q?qnz-I\/ qll^\ eseql s{roa\ IBOp,{1a,rJsn1cxe Dpun, Dq,lottorylo qosvN pue qlpi tqv ry { qq?ilp 'p.u1sy1o qpsuy e41 potred.ralel Sutrnp sqderSouourelqe -nl"A IJoAosgo uorlepdwoc ogl ur paqnseJ ,{11en1uor'e'elep 1e'rrSopeuoEur srepoder {1rea eql ,{q unoqs lseJetul eqJ 'qpsuv aql e'IllleJ dq uerlstrq3 B sB^\ oH 3o a3po1,nou{slq JoJ poul\oual osl" ssa\ lr{eg-p "qgssBN-JE 'q pl,es ere drntuoc : I,IWJ peqsrnEurlslp eq1 'qe,{,{esn}\trJe lsJg aql Surrnp ,(EoleeueEgo sJ"loqcs Jeqlo Suotuy '{ro1$ slq Jo odocs pue eJnleu ogl puelsJopun sn dloq ,{eql pue asuIJo} -sq re1e1 ,{q petronb ueeq e^q luogl uro{ sl3Jlxa tnq sn o1 olg"lls^" lou er s{ro^\ sIH JIpu$X puu uIIu"J Jo ,{3oJ -eoueE aql oTI q?suD peydruoc oqa,r Jo 1celqns eql uo {ooq " lqSopaue8 trsJg eql sen, oq puu tufeqng se,tretu?u sIH

'p) us2bea-1u ('O'V SOS/'H uqy V 06I

'olql7 lw.rsfTil lD uJq selonb p,S uql -oc?Jlun qcrqt\ aou slg uI slrctreplecfoleaue8 qlt,lt sr {JoA\ 'sreqde;Sotrotrsrq ,t1reaaql /tq ll?ep osle peq eqbn, 'q sBI t 8ur1rr,r o1 peilruiruoc Eureq eJe.[ suollerrea QEIyD eql ]tsq] 'oEraure oqul ouo uql eJoul o1 ue8eq r'..lTlfri5urlt slql tr" se/( lI '11'y frnluec puocas Jo srleige uJ olque8pal&\ou{slstEopeue8 egl Jo lue^pe aqt r(g ',(11ule1 Jo equl uI?Ue, e ul pozletcads 'polred peffzutg egt SuIJnp el"q ol petur?lo ralroder ,{rolg pereadde slslSoleauaE leuolssa3ord ;o dnor8 lsrg egl 'sJelsJSer ^{te1;lur ur popJoceJ arem uaur,(uu Jo suo!}}pJ} {UurJ L9 Y SY.I'C01YANSC AYXYtO ACUOOS AHdYrICOIUOTSIH

_--_

58

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

Among other eminent genealogistsof the early period 'Umair al-Hamdini (d' 144 A'H') was Mujdlid b. Sa'id b. 'Adi has derived his knowledge' from whom al-Haitham b. Muj6lid's reporterswere al-Sha'bi and Masrrlq' His grandfatler.umair Dhu Murrdn al-Hamddni had receiveda letter of MujSlid'l One from the Prophetwhich was in possession oUmair by al-Mukhtdr killed was b. of his sonsnamedYazid al'Sab?" at the battle field of Jabbana b' Yazid b' Dd'b? genealogist'Isa The otherdistinguished of the tribe of Kindna, family of Ban[ Shidakh' was a poet and also a scholar of ansdb,akhbdr and ash'dr' 'Ubaidullah al-'Utbi was an akhbdri and Mohammadb. most of his narrativesare about the family of Banrf Umayya to which he himself belonged.s Mofammad b. Al-Se'ib at'Kalbi : (d. 146A.H'/763 A'D') b. al-Sd'ibb. Bishr al-Kalbit is Abtr Na{ra Mol-rammad akhbdr, and the tribal tales of genealogy, the the symbol of to the study of ansdb, himself the Arab. He devoted Besides accumulating Arab. the philology and history of major tribes of the Arab various detailedinformation about he made a fairly large collection of the Arab traditions and
1. Ibn Qutaiba Kitdb al-Ma'arif p.234' 2. for his reports see : al-Tabari : Tdrikb vol. I : p. 357' vol. IIIpp. 434' V pp' 359' 381.vol. VIII pp' 178' 593,vol. IV : pp. 213,218,225,vo1. 202,220,223. 3. lbn Qutaiba i Kifib al-Ma'drif p.234. 4. For description of al-Kalbi sec : Ibn Qutaiba ; Kitab al-Ma'drif pp.233-234. Ibn Sa'd z Tabaqdt vol. VI P. 249. Ibn Nadim ; al-Fihrist P.140. Ibn Ilajar : Tehdhtbal-Tahdhib vol. IX p. 180. Ibn Khalliken : Llafaydt al-A'yan vol. I p.493. Ibn Kha-tib : Tartkh Baghdddvol. XIV p.45. Tadhkira al-tlufaz vol. I p.214. Brockleman:Supl. I p. 211. Alrmed Amin: puha al-Isldm vol. II p. 347. al-Diiri : Bahth pp. 40-41. 'Abd 'Ubaid and al-Ralgman had parti5. Al-Sa'ib and his two brothers 'Ali and the cipated in the battles of Jamel atrd $iffin on the side of (Kitdb p.233). al'Ma"arif former was killed with Mu!'ab b. al-Ztbait.

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'l .9 .s 't 'g .Z 'I

!'ool urpBN uql ,(q pesorluou sr 4stoJ srr{ {tts[DJlo qq?S Erq sllBc osl" trnq rpqqlo eql Jo srelJodoJ pu? slsrEoleeuoE aql Euolu IIIrg pouoBuartr sg eqrBlnb uql e'rgle)Je Jo rlStDJ orus aql ruor3 uolel 'sdeqred'os1esr JI{psV, uql Jo frolsq oglq 'loqdord or{t 'ulqrqJJo uol}dlrcsepoqJ .s>lro^\ pq rqnB,ql-I? u'uerual4corg slq q pezrltrn o1 Eurprocce qcrgl\ 'ug.Jnd r{tog eql Jo ,treluerutnoce pepdruocosl" peq srq ur pe,{,{erug-r}ue aH 's/darl 1ecr1J1od us selrrIql;41V *'('q'V Igrl'H'V 79) rmtsruelle rl61 Jo elrs egl l tulq lsatu osl ed;rgebeql-1e Jns!.I 'q qll^{ uol}eluo{uoc srg ul ql,qsv-1" 'q pprurneqolt fe[.feH-1e 'q uguqeg-le-pqv, qll^{ spueq peurof peq Iqle;1JV ogl suorleleJ,{lgnreg Surqrrcsep Jo a'troqdoJd ul pue qsern| go eqlrl eql Jo slrclep lecrSoleeueE eql ol paFIeJ sJell?u uJ rrrq uo pusdap ,{llaeoq sJolrra\-rlr,/q5' 'sq?JV [F"e eqtrgo ,(8o1eeueE oIIl Jo fpnls eq1ur paalerceds p3g arl l"ql lJrupBscrtrrrcslq ue^o 'ln{ '",lqs xopogto dlpecunouord Eulsq $rI Jo esneceq usrcrlrJceJoles ol uFl popelqns relo^\oq emq (ugtlttppninW) stsruortrrpe{ogl 'porred pefdeuill oqt Jo sleod eqt p pl,pbou Jo serpnls osl" plp eq pue sllolsnlcuoc pclSoleaue8srq deap worg JeJur plo eql 'cls ?.rqug 'p9,(1'.19i[ep ur urrq podleq oqe.&l1eod 'ugupv, 'g p,el eql t'epu!;tr o{I[ seqlJ]snoIJBA 3o set3olesueE 'q peurtrqo lql"){" ql.gsJ peruweqow uoqi( IuoJJesolll Jo eql uarrEosl" seg urlpeN u9I r'gllgi IqV 'q gby, uror; seuru trl turol p?q oqa QnpSErqV tnorg qstern| go equl egl Jo fSoleeue8 eql peurelqop"q eq teqtruq pelnroJul puq reqleJ pelrodor peuuteqol4l 'q ruptlslg 'oqlrt gree srq trqtr lql"XJ" tsoru aql polctluoJ aq uolleluJoJul Jo Dqgssouelqee8palmou{ 8u1trcegoc u1 'solJoisnlrreql Surltrn ul peltold ;ecrSoleeueE -xa ,{Jpglueql a^q suerrolslgrelel eW gclqlr 'rpElqv eql
69 IHiIVUCOTUOTSTHSYUV dO SCUnOS V SV I.CO1VSNA9

60

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

'Ali, he says,brought Moharnmadb' al-S6'ibto b. Sulaimdn K[fa, arrangedfor him in his own housea suitable place for anJ thus Mobammadb. al-Si'ib started dictation of teaching a versefrom his comlnentaryon the Qur'dn. When he reached at variance was commentary the Sfrra Tauba(chapter IX) his write it not will said : "We People with the commonbelief. of this commentary you the write down." "By God, unless purport of the witb the versewhich is perfectlyin accordance was The matter further'" Qur'En, I shall never proceed 'Ali what down : said who "Note referred to Sulaimdn b. and set asideall other commentaries"'r this man dictates lnhis Tafsir Mohammad b. al-S6'ibhad particularlyemphasized on suchminute details as who was the man who sold Josephin the market of Egypt and who purchased him' from Accordingto one report, which Ibn Is'll6q has taken 'Abbis, Ibn from Abo $5lih al-Kalbi through the channelof Malik b. Da'r (b. Yubabb''Afqdn b. Midyan b. Ibrdhtm) was for sellingout Josephin the market'e responsible He givesthe detailsof the periodsof various Prophets: Mosesand Christ, one thouthere were 1900yearsbetween during this period' During Allah were sentby sandProphets the period of Christ and Mohammad are 443 years' From the cieation of the Universetill the advent of the Prophet total yearsare 5,500,etc.3He has also countedthe yearsof details of each Prophet and gaps betweentheir appearance, through sources Jewish which have been obtained from 'Abdullah b. Abbds. Ahmad b. Hanbal saysthat the Tafsir of al-Kalbi is a bundle of lies from its beginning to the end.a reports, he tells us all links from In his genealogical 'Adn6n Ibrahim'5 to Ma'd b. An Examinationof his RePorts: Mohammad b. al-Sd'ib al-Kalbi The noted genealogist
l . Ibn Nadim : al-Fihrist P.211.

2. al-Jabarl i Tdrikh vol. I P' 335' 3 . al-Tabari ; Tartkh vol. II pp. 236'238. 'Ali 4. Qeri : Maudu'dt p. 85 (vide Shtbli:Strah vol' I p. 18)' 5 . al-Tabari : Tdrikh vol'IIP.272.

'to^ '62-82; lgbDqDi: p,Es uql L'l'tt-zv: I'I '9 'zLzi '62-82, lI q4trpJ . Ireqsl-le I WbDqDJ:p,us ugl 'E07,'dutDlsl-lD r{Dl 's 'dd '1o,t' '\EZ-LEZ g{trgl : Ir?gl-IB ., 11 ' 'Sil 'd IIX tJslDJ'.1regef-1eIZ: IIXX i up,tno-P 'l,. 6E slsauac : elgrg eql u

aql paulslqo lql)Js lsql sfss urlpN uql'laqdord EulurecuocsJall?tuul lqp) eql Jo sJopecu" aql Jo dEoleua8 pJBeq 1" ol sraJer osls p,"s uql e"tulg ruo4 Jloslllq l[ Jo egl uo .lutluJoJul' troupuq eq qEnoql'Jogl"Jslg Jo ,(11:oq1nu ue ,(q uH ol pellrrusrreJl sP^\ elq4 slql lsql s,{esupqstll uos snl ln8 'lql)Je ql.pslB 'q pzuruuqotrt Jo ,$troqlne egl sollc pue slu?puersep aql uo wlq"rgJ oldn eyqel,(1;ure3 eql lrc}ep ur sessnrslpTr@L-lp srq pue ugupv, go ,{Eoleoua8 'sequl qJV luolcuBeql ,(8opeue8oql trnoge ilol ol setuoJ Jo aq 's1aqdor4,(lJ"eeql go uorldpcsepoql uorg Sutpuecseq e'sulqc slq II" Jo lsolr"JJ oql sr ,,sgqqv, uql uloJJq[ps uqv uo:J leql fes sul"qc ,{1Jroq1ne Jo sclllJoeq} ln{ Iql")J",, ur"qc eqtr pu"'srea,(gggl }slrqJ ol ol trsrltlJruoJJ 699 perurueqow n'srea,{ 'sree,( plAeCI uror3'sruo,{Z6I pl^e61otrsoso4 uror3 SrS sosoy[ 'qeoN olrulqrql ruorg'sreo,{6y1 1 uIIIerqJ 01 qEoN tilo4 'JoqtrJnd Jo ettrp oql 01 luepv ruorgs;ee,(697'1 eremeJeql 'sreaf ggg'g seal leqdor4 ogl urpY Jo ltlo^pe egl Flun ',(1uoq1ne go Eurpuacsop aql uro{ plro^\ slgt 3o e8e eql trBtl} s rulq ldope ,{eur eruus oqtr uo 'sul.to;ut osl eH e'(.Llos '.,(lqarnouoq elord ^{eu eq 'ocuq3J3d e/!1 Jo sn otr1nJesn 'ruF{ peseqcrnd og/'r rurq eAIeceU: oJra slq olun pl"s esJalcrug.rn| aql uo paluotuuoc ldf8g 3o oq puv,, : snqtr 's.rzJoqcs A\af aqtr ruo{ uolluJoJul sq} peurclqo o^?q }snu oq,{ spqqv, uql 'qo"J"gd Jo Jecgo ue ,'teqdllod sB etuuu plo oq.1, 'llp,eg 'q II,9U se qdasolSo srq sprorertruoru"lse1, aql erueuaq1sgoder aq peqef,le 5o 'r2s{o1 aql Jeruotrsnc Jo 1d.{3g;o laryelu oq} uI qdesof ul Lng r'rlJilb s" palueu sean paseqcrnd oq,lr u?ru eql lsql QltgSrlqV ltror; pe^IaceroTIs" 'sgqqv, e11 'qotef 3o ,{1nuu3 egtruo 'sn s11a1 uql Jo ,(1r;oq1nu ',{'tolstq lsJg srH oq] ur punoJsI oouoJaJOJ eql Jo uolldlrcsep p.reuoE stg uI soc"ld 9I f* yeqeile ,{q o1 parre;sr uaaq seg 19 qYrY do acunos v sv r9olvaN8o IH<IYUCOIUOTSIH

62

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

of 'Quraish from Ab[ '$ali! who knowledgeof the genealogy 'Aq1t t. 'Abi Talib' But, in al-fabari' had receivedit from upto 'Aqil we do not find any report from al-Kalbi reaching 'Adndn he got b. Abi Talib. Details about the family of Kinda of tribe the of and b. Aus al-Adwani iiom ar-i.ra3;dr from Abrf al-Kannds al-Kindi' The Prophet at Mecca : th: Mofammad b' al-Sd'ib al-Kalbi reports that and Ka'ba Council Hall in Quraishiiesassembledin the get rid of Mohammad' He could they how to as d]scussed who werepresent gl"at ,tt" names of thoseeminentpersons disguise of a io ,tr. urrr.bly and there is also Satanin the meeting are Sheikh from Najd. The proceedings of this exquoted in some detail which also carry the dialogues Najd'I between the members and the Sheikh of of the life early "huog.d the with connected These accounts are also taken Prophet at Mecca and show that al-S6'ib had specializahis from apart Stralt, the interest in this aspectof of Badrz battle the In accounts' tion in the genealogical were Meccans the amongst from persons someof the iminent pav their to them asked had Prophet ;;;;#J;"J,n. those among also was ,ui.ro*. Al_.Abbas b. al_Mullalib at the field of Badr and, according to a1-S6'ib' i.prit"*a pay ransom-for the Prophet said to al-'Abbds that he should b' al-$6rith Naufal for himself and his two nephews,and pleadedthat Al-'Abb6s etc., since he was a wealthy man' Islam fearhis declare not a Muslim' though he did ;;;"; The familymen' his of ing the resentment anJ retaliation a your being about pt"optt"t tuiA t "God knows better Allah' with is reward your Muslim. If it was true, then and you would have But, our judgementwould be prima facie and vour allies"' ,; p"; ,uoio. for vou and vour-Tl?1i:tt at Mecca) (while The Prophet had borrowed from al-'Abbds that that should be iO gru.. of silver. Al-'Abbds wanted that that was not to be lut.l u. ransombut the Prophet said r :29o-291' : Strah Hishem rr : 310'372,Ibn TuuTuourt : Tarikh 138' 130' I: Maghdzt : p.3 al-Waqidi StrahIII i. iitir+"nu. :

', LZ i lIl ql\.tpJ : Irsql-ls 'c 'ols : IA Z8Z'SLZ-692'L9Z: Iilrt4lrpJ i Jregel-Ie 'seueE rleql uollcerll lou seop urgrlslH uql 'ggl i Iil tt\lQJ : IregBi-I? '08-61 : qotlg : tuggslH trgl'99b-59'. '. t!)fi.tpJ : greqef,-Je II II

p"q leod etuos qclq^r uorleJJu oruosselonb sql uJ osJe^ osl? oH ?'pallecuuc w (sro,(eJd lqElu pu Eururoru)sJed"Jd otal poJ?lcop qpfes ol ,{r,nop s" pg oqrn 'ururlresn6 Jo eceJd eqi ot qE[eS peruedruocc oq^\ osoql Jo ectlcerd eql pelorddesp urluel Eug Jo eJdoed eqt t"ql sel"ts lqle)-le '..eru plol ruruml Busg Jo oqrJl oql go suosredpeqsrn8utlsrp eql,, ol fpo EurregeJ pue ecJnos leul8rro slq Jo eru"u eql 'suorueduroc Joq eJo/( 'utpuel lueg 8utl(yceds lnoqlll[ 'q 'q plrpifl pu? ugbrtgrT-]prpg Jo eglrl agl rtro{ qlfgH 'pfemng 'q qrlrgHJs 'eqgfesperJJerrr uagd[ lulq "urrTrcsn4 '1eqdor4 se Jlesturg par?lcap I uoq^\ tulru?I Eru"g "urrlrsntr 'sr"ar ttDpply eql Jo equl egl lnoqe slroder eH Jo uoll"rr"u eql q potronbosle $ IqIBXJ? ql.gs-l 'q peurueQoll :qBpplu 'q 'q 'q a'pBraBS rtuv, 1pV, tulierry go relqEnep 'q 9lI?T pu? rllJr?Hte 'q eirqu| 'q F"qpnH{? Jo "4qnH ralqEnep -?;nq) parrrrupeq loqdor4 oql teql sgoder lqpy leqdor4 egl se^J^\Jo ,J" ql.BSJ"'q peuueqopperJJru Jequnu 3q1otrs" suorleJJ?u snorJsauo^r8 s?g ;mqefly :1aqilo.t4 eql Jo sa^!d\ r's341? pu" sa^Il"leJsnl pue pred sgqqy.Je uaql roJ ruosu?J JIosErq eql Emeq rno.( o1 lsone I 'aqs pue .'gellv go reEuassatrAl glesfu ldscxo lcJ slqtr ,uau4 ,{poqou 'q1nrl qly,n nof luss qteq oqrl rur11fg, : pr"s spgqv,{V ..'slql qellnpleqn, 's!qt ureqln| go t"qtr pue 'qql qelnpqy, Jo lsql pu" go |e{} pue 'qq} sr gll"o,t\ slgl m Ip?.rI-1"Jo aregs eq} ueql uSreduoc egl q peg{ ure I est uI, : Jeq olun pl?s no.( pue qtroqnof ldacxeouou s?^reJeqlueq^\ BJcoII 8unee1 Jo aull eql r" qllrgHJe lulq Iped-le ruurn qlIA\ peltsodep no,{ 1eql qll?a/y\ tr?q} sr eJogd[,, ']unocc sHl ul palsnfpe t9 rHarvucoluorsrH{vuY do a3unos v sv rco'IYaNac

64

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

on the occasion' In his report we find that Talha composed al-Numairi cameto Yamdma and sawMusailima : "Where is Musailima? " he asked. "Nuy, you shouldsaythe Prophet of Allah ! " his followers took exception. "I will not say so until I meet him", wasTaltra'sreply' And whenMusailima came, he asked: "Are you Musailima", "Yes, I am", he to you (with revelation)". falha inquired' said."Who comes comes to me,' Musailima said' "Does who lt is Rahmdn ?" TalbSasked' "He comes He comein light or in darkness "I testifythat you are an replied. in darkness",Musailima but the impostor is truthful, Mollammad impostorand that the truthful of the us than dearer to is of the tribe of Rabi'a himself with affiliated tribe of Mu{ar". Thus fal[a killed on the was and prejudice of tribal Musailimabacause day of Aqraba.l : Ab[ Bakr's BiograPhY Al-Kalbi must have collected reports about the of the Guided Caliphs' He informs us accounts biographical period of Jdhiliyya Abtr Bakr had married thai during the 'Abd al-"lJzzab' 'Abd b' Asad who of Qutaila,2 daughter 'bire bint Abi Bakr' him 'Abdullah b. Abi Bakr and Asmd 'Amir b' 'Umaira3 of daughter Rrlmdn, Andhe marriedUmm 'Abd al-Rahmdn and b. Dhuhl b. Duhmdn who bore him 'A'isha.' 'Umar: Caliphateof He is also found in the annalsof 20 A'H' in the descripof Alexandria and says that Alexander tion of the conquest brothers; two citieswerefounded by two and Farima were a them. He narrates story why Alexandrias is populous and beautiful and the city of Fardma is ruinedoand
l. al-Isbahani: al-Aqhant XVIII:165'166' p' "15' 2. a!:Tabzri : TArikh III : 425,Ibn Qutaiba : al-Ma'6rif ,'umm Rfrman bint al-Herith b. al-IJuwairith. cit. op. : 3. Ibn Qutaiba from Ban[ Faras b. Ghanam b. Kinana". TartkhIIl:426. 4. al-Tabari : 5. Yaqnt : Mu'jam I : 182, 183et. seq' 6. Yaqnt : Mu'iamI\:P'255-256.

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.80r : Art4sryyyLLL

eql uo {Jo/tr sJg Jo oldw"xe ue sr ,(pnls Jopun poder eql pue glqre) go eposlde eql lnoqe sgoda; pelcolloc p"q IqlB)1" legl sr eJaq sn suJecuocleqa\ : Euol elmb sr o^rterJeu oqJ 'elerqdng aql pue rurr{ uoo^\taq peldacreiur {aql l[i turq pa/rrolloJ sreglo pu" esroq srq te paSreqc aH 'pJB^lJoJ ortrooosl plnoqs sJoA\olloJ srg lsoJ 'relrr aqtr puc rulq uae^ueq ldecJalur nof o1 oo/V\ : porJorurJ"q .q ugqv ; 'isJrrl} Oueg ruor; ueru V Jo Surdp se.u ,tu.le srq lq} }lal oq ueqn\ reltrr qcloJ ol elztqdng aqi ol oB otr popuslur pu" olntu $q polunou urssnil-I? tsqr rurq po{rrroJur peq ,urcsn11-1e go dureo eql ul glqJuy lE lueserd se/rroqia oeuoouros lql ol plus igqnN 'e qEeqiy-1u 'q urrsg|-1y Iqlsye : uresnl{-lu go uloprfgrupq eql 'ugtuqt1l, Jo ilnoc eq1 ul suelldd8g 'uorle8elep sr{} Jo le^rrre eqi Jo ourrl srll tre Jo rapeel lqlinJ 'q uguquX-tu pqv, {q pesodruoo sesJo^ esrq} 1e srep3, sulluoc osle aarlBJJBu orlJ ,'uuqef,-1e ,{q ualr8 uaeq seq "olr.reloJoos efrmg.n141 o1 Jollel s.ugrrrqtrO, srq Jo lxatr eql ' go aldoed eql Jo llo^or oql Jo lno Sursrre uorlenlrs aql iq3g ol r1rlrtuueufg eqtrpues ol rulq 8ur4se e,{J.Lrg,n141 o} Jo}lal B peqcledsep pue duels IErcUo Jepun ueltrrJaa ;ollal e qJns oos ol lseq8e s^t' ugrurlllf , :peluos f 1;edo.rd s?^\ Jollal 'palll{ oq plnoqs ssos.rsd qcns pue qcns '}d,t8g egl }eqt go roure,ro8 oql 01 uelUJA\ 'Jalloi e Sulreeq pue zloruc B uo polunour pEI punoJ ,teql ueqm {oeq oru"c'osnoq slrl Ual peq pue uErrrgtn, ees ol eruoc peq qcrqm 1d{89 uro;J uorleSolap eql leql Eurilodor lreqefle dq ue>1e1 ueeq s?q {Jolrl s}qi uloJJ lc"Jlxo uV 'uEIII[{}I], Jo JcpJnuraq} ul pallnseJ eqi SulpreEeJuolleulJoJur pelldrucc JJls lqi IBO!]llod pu? polroJloc puq lql)-ls ql,Es-i 'q p8mruqol I : uguqln, J0 JopJnw

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66 subject.r Murder of al-Mukhtiir :

EARLY MUSLIM HTSTORIOGRAPHY

the arival of In the annalsof 67 A.H., al-Tabarinarrates Muq'ab b. al-Zubair and the murder of al-Mukhtdr b' Abi 'Ubaid. Al-Sa'ib b. MAlik al-Ash'ari(fatherof Mol.rammad b' this al-SA'ib)had also comewith Mup'ab and was killed in compaign. Mobammedb. al-S6'ibal-Kalbi says that Waraqa a had murdered him and he had also composed at-Natcha'i have on his killing of al-Sd'ib b. Matik'z We few verses noticed earlier that his grandfatherBishr was presentat the 'Ali. Jameland $iffin battlesby the side of Dair al-Jamiiim:8 Mo[rammed b. al-Sd'ib lvas present at the scene of 'Abd al-Rafmdn b. al-Ash'atha and he Dair al-Jamdjimwith the battle scene' has in a report taken by al-Tabaridescribed of troops on the side the arrangement He has also described of al-Hajjajb. Yosuf, the Umayyad commander of forces' Al-Ash'ath had a group of Qurrd' (Qtt'dn-reciters)in his army who were actively engagedin the battle' We know -from his report that'Amir al-Sha'bi,Sa'id b' Jubair, Abtr 'Abd al-Rafmdn b. Abi LailS were also al-Bakhtari and among them.5 Ibn al-Ash'ath had been defeated in this action against those who battle. Al-Hajjaj had takensevere to in the revolt and thosewho did not confess had participated put to and hence as disbelievers, the ghastlysin were declared death. Kumail b. Ziyad al-Nakha'i was also beheaded (S3 A.H.) and al-Kalbi gives the account of his murder'8 Al-I(albi was a pronouncedShi'i and was one of the com1. al-Tabari : Tdrikh Y :449'451' 2. al-Tabari:. Tdrikh VI: 103. 3. al-Kalbi also narfateswhy the place was named as Dair al-Jamfljim vide Yaqrlt : Mu'iam al-Bulddnvol. II p. 503-504' al-Mas'fidi :Muruj III z 132. 4. Ahmed Amit: Quha al-lsldm II p. 348. I P.494. Ibn Khallikdn :, WafaYat 5. al-Tabari i Tdrtkh VI:350. 6. al-Tabarl : Tdrtkh VI:364-365.

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.aJnleJelrI

'g ulrlsntr l oql Jo luauaru?^p" oql sprs/(ol lql)1e ql.gsJ" pruuqo141 ,{q epeuruortrnqlJtuoc aqf tqEIIol Euuq ot JepJo 'reqlJpauJ?el uI ereq llslop otl]osul tulq qiJ/lrllsap oABII e^1, oql uo peseqfgerqc oJe s{ro^\ srq slq ,(q polrelloc lerJel?tu eql Jo oEuJ ecurs'10,('fpn1sluese;d:no go porJod arll uqlr^r eruoc lou soop lql"X-ls urgrlsJH1lSnogllv f11ce.trp go e8polarroul z'pBrllglB)-p teqt dEolesue8 1s?^3q1lnoq sn ruroJur osls seop qcrgar uglrll?q) uql fq pelerruust FJolsJeqlouv t,'bepzerc6-leorugueql fq nof polpc slueJd;no,{ uoq,vr ,(ep aql Jo uale aJBIA?rue I puv, '..porJed JarJq s .{1uo rog ldecxe.rugrung, or.rr JI?ctroupJp sluared dur pog ,t9,, 'EuJ,(es l"as srq urorgdn pools uem oql pu .0" rupwnH uos s pq q!lgqc,, : prsspu? 'qrlpqc uo peqrareq IIrl ru$rr?I Jo slupuecsep ogl Surlurreu pelJls '..rururpl [u Eu"g ruo{ Ilsq I : d11ure3 lnoqe eur Iql)lv ? oJ?nof JJ,, 'prs eH 1..^{301eeueE :nof lletr'lsl80leoue8 lnoqu {urq {sV,, : prcs pue r,urqspJ"I\ol palurnbs.rg"rufi 'saqlolc uelps ur podderm ter oErel s oIII pe4ooJ eq pu? ,{lquresseslq ul }uese;d osl" s?^\ueru V 'eJg) lB etgrn7 'q ql[EH 'pFein, 'q rgr?q Jo sluepuooopeq] Jo ouo uodn pe;a1uo eq ecuo legl JlosurrqpetrJJ?u eH 'sJoll"ur ur d;eurpto-a1xo og1Suraloqs III{s lecrEoleeueE Jo Iql")J" Su4serelur flJeo eq] ur punoJosl" oJesorJols sooJnos eurog '@OV 'd 'lo^ (up{rlt?q>Iuql) 'pq?S'q q?llnpqv, go suorued I L9
ff{dVU9OTOISIH {VUV rIO gCUnOS Y SV,TCOTYANAC

IEJTJOISq

68

BARLY MUSLIM HISToRIocRAPHY

study of Arab genealogyalone; he had beforehim a comparativelyvast canvas. His traditionscoverthe areasof the history of Prophethood,generalhistory of the Arab, history of the pre-Islamic days, battle-day narratives of the old Arab, Sirah and Maghdz?,l and of course, history of the Persian kings'*,fHe collected his material from various sources including the church records. Information about the Persianhistory was obtainedfrom suchbooks as were till then rendered into Arabic from Persian. He did also study folk literatures with a view to sifting historical knowledge out of them. --1 and authentic from Someof his reports are quite s_ound point of view. iAmong his chief sources historiographical are the bookscompiledby Abfr Mikhnaf (d. 157 A.H.) and 'Awdna b. al-Hakam(d. 147 A.H.). Christian churchesat gira, as stated earlier, were quite rich depositories of to haveexploited these historicalmaterialand Hishdm seems of Hira throw light kings about the sources His reports too. had been rulers.-Elt relations the Sdsdnid on their with possible because he consulted Persian records in this connexion, as he himself claims: "I usedto take out the . akhbdr of the Arab, genealogy of Nasr b' Rabi'a, and the (Kisras) who ruled over them, their periodsof Persiankings of Hira which containedsuch chronologies from the churches detailsabout them".2 But, Goldziherrules out the possibilityof such consultations and remarks: 'Whether we may believe such a notorious falsifier as Ibn al-Kalbi, when he claims
Muslim Studies vol. I pp. l7l,172, 173,186,188' l. Goldziher Tdrikhvol. II p. 149. Zaiddn Maj alla al-M ajma' al -' Ilmi alJ Irdqi vol. I (1950). Jawdd'Ali Bahthp.41. al-Dtri ,, Hishdm tried to get information through first band sources'For 'Abdullah b. Salamahad witnessed the Badr and the Uhud insrance, 'Abd-al Ral3min was a batties. Among his grandsons Mofammad b. from him some relatter obtaioed contemporary of Hishdrn and the ports of Maghazf. (lbn S'ed : Tabaqdtvol. III p' 468). For his transmissions in Tafstr seefabaqat vol. Ill p. 574' al-fabari ; Tartkh lI : 37 (Husainia Pressed.).

'88I 'd .lo^ satpnrs utusnw : reglzploc I '89 'd : . XIX tzptlSv-t, : Iugg"gsl-le '61 ',d: .z y1 zuoqSv-lo i tugqeqsJ-le '9t 'd AIX i ppprlSog ll4tt?J i ggieqx 'relletr-frols pu" e flereru urrq lst8oleeuoa .[e spreEer JeguEiI .g pauqv t tulq utorJ Wgpvq fu? tdecc? 1ou op .rupqslg fegl frea ueeq osle e,riq slr,oonpnrg,(lr?e egJ Jo lecrlrrc .Z,LI .d .1ot ,sa1pnLg taflsilW : regrzploD .I I

-eElerue s?q oq esnscoq,{ilueruddesuorssrusueJl slq ul lderc oEe 0^?q spue8al ourog 1ecrEo1oq1,(ru i,ftolslg uorg qilur go uoll?ulturle aq1spreSars" JnJaJc pue snoJndnrcsellnb uoaq lou set{ aq leueletu sFI} Jo uottezllpn ur qEnoq}! eroJ-41og ef,Iuetus^ oql tuo4 l"rJol?ur sfq pe^rrop oq uotua^ Jo ,{rotrslqgo pe[qns eqfiuo leql luepllo $ ]r .ssoleglJe^oN .q .q se,r\oH 'roqlotupu?J8 tnof sen eqs_ufe.nb riep eurlrlpsf lurq rgrv, twq qearvz : pllgqx o1 prs tng J 'psv Jo oqrJl oql Jo olnllso;d ,{reurprou? s?a!z,tern;1 urun treqlaou>IJ ^{oN .Jagtrorupue;F srq }noqe ew pols" qBIInpqV, 'q pllgq>I : slql s?rlr roltw lecrgoleeuo8 3 uI on f141-uorssegord lslg go s,(em eqtr lecl3opeue8 3o lect&(i sl slqt pue-sessaJrroc ,{1uado rqley-1" uqJ,.

.-p uql anoq seldwexe uear8 Jlostulq s?g FpqqsJ-lv

a',.{ooQ

esrur'.,(lsnoaueluetrsur s{uq1n",aop"o"itT:iJ:3rjl',ffi;

slql lno oq pFoqs pailrrrsrrrl Jo lou pue f;preueE Ual luelelerd ,{luouruoc eAr}?JJEu s osn?caq lJ pauor}uolu 'lql")-ls uql i(po oleq I Jo Sunroder oslJ oql ..,ftleod uB sr srgl 3o eydurexe s(preJnq Jo uorlcelloc .luoprlo oo} sr .{ueur sosJelesegl punoJ trou e^g I d4aod prre rpqptz aqt ur uorlcrrq"J sn{ : o{J IIe are Iql)-l? uql uro{ peurplqo3^"r{ I qclq/f.rpquY, os3rll., : pelJ"r.rreJ seq pu f,llcrtueqlne JreglJo lnJlqnop $ oq uaAe1nq ! rqley-lu uro4 euiril$-1e.q prrnq Jo t?qwp eql pslerrsu s"q rugq?qs1-;e fe:ug1e tlqv ru J ',uJrH r'.l9nOp Ol parrrJcur ur saqJJngc po^rJop eq luql Jo se^rqcJBogl uoJJ I?rJol?ru 69 LHilvu9oluoJ,srH svu,v do Ecunosv sv rco1vsN8o

70

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

mated fakedakhbdr of the Jahiliyya without proper screening and critical examination' like this were completely foreign to early Sincesources by the Traditionists who were influenced Muslim historians, Hishdm had to be methods, in regard to historiographical side of the orthodox the criticismfrom with severe confronted ists. and Fundamental Traditionists t' a considerable :Hirha* was born at Kofa and passed part of his early life in Baghddd,l where people obtained the court of al-Mdmfn and was i.portt from himJltle reached the work entitled al'Fartd to compile him by commissioned he came in contact Similarly, genealogy. of subject on the compiied for him and al-Barmaki Yaf,ya b. Ja'far with subject.] the same on book another His Disciples: Among those who obtained knowledgefrom Hishim it to posterityare : his son, al-'Abbds,Khalifa transmitted and Ibn Sa'd, Mofammad b. Abi al-Sari etc, That b. Khayydt, a soundmemory is also attested to by Ibn had Hishdm cites a story that Ibn Hishdm had when he Khallikdn the memorized Qur'dn within three days.2 of his Works:3 A Catalogue Ibn Nadim, who lived after some 150 years of Hishdm al-Kalbi, has cited in his famouswork'al-Fihrist', a comin list of the works of Hishdm. It also appears prehensive Kitab al-Wafi bi al-Wafaydt by al-$afadi, and includesthe following titles : I : Bookson Treaties(A$ef ) : I. Krtab Hilf 'Abd al-Mullalib wa Khuzd'a*
,.( no Khatib z Tdrtkh Baghd'frdXlY p.46. -21 lUn Khalliken : llafayat vol. lI p. 195. l. The above catalogue has been taken from the Introduction of Afmed Zetri pdchd.to the Kitab al-A;ndm by Hishdm, notes have been added to it bY the Presentwriter. r lbn Khaltikin: Vol. II P. 195.

'Eulrea,ts eJlqrt Pm sequl gerv plo snorrA qcqu s3ulqt pue setueu relncrlred qlp{ lgep f,:Fo^\ eseql !.s8urreeats,{rcew lg[prtroN .S6I : II : uE{rIIeqX uql 'I 'S6I'd II'IoA : UEIJI"qX ugl *

p,lqDV l{puoN qPUX ' t 7 p9t7 $puop qp;qY '9e s1ofi ggaoy qpQy '92 utralJ l{pMDN qpux 'v7, pnsy $9ao71 qP4Y ' c 7 (,gouo1g-1o qgUX, eprl aw rapun {ooq eao sEzzg 'oN saqrrcsep urlp?N uq1) nupuly lfunoN qpUN ,ZZ IZ 't7 ,qsru.mQ H:?ilDN qpUX 1(tJ suo4ueu ulpeN uq1 fluo) qgpqwry-Iv qeflX '02 '6I xuawq{-lD qpbry qgUX o,tqoy qpblv qqqy ' 8 I t I up1:, stofi q?bff qpIX ' L I Dq4gpj xuog qgby q971y '9r *u.tplsl-lp ou ntfq '91 -rrloTlosl2qpvpltDnt qpilX 'q rtutuine totnqg qggy 'vr *t7srum8-a-qgbryqpUX qUPi lqY 'q t1v, oqinqY qP71Y' l '7,1 .II

"

gpqov,_Io qlpllnny1o pqy,.q ffiTr;;:{,

@tty

'0I *lr,tqoy-a-tgry[ng qgrlx (uptmnw-p S6I : II ug{lleq) uqJ) tepr,nuntr-p qgrl) o q97ry '8 *uql!y, s1ofi 11,ppng m8 -a-tgtU {ng qqtlx .L 1o *t1s ,9 *tgtotgun7,ylo qguY : slue|trelllos puBslueunuotrAl uo s{oog : JJ

(src| go p"elsur qsrern| urlp"N uql ot Eurp.rocce) sm@g.ttuolsf ltn qSUX ' 9 (ury,n1[. '+1 ryqonqq8nyylD qptly lD ttrlpsN uql ol Surprocce) *u4woJ DMqpx ltryl qpUX 1nii1fi na ppngln tttfi qpUX '7, ,rl9zor7g1o lL IHirvucoNorsrH svuv do aounosv sv,trcolvaNsc

72

EARLY MUSLIT{ HISToRII}GRAPHY

28. Kftab Tasmia man Na.falantin'Ad wa Thamfid wa al' 'Amdliq wa Jurhttm wa Barti Isruel w*g al-'Arab wa Qi;;atu Higris wa Asttrd'u Qaba'ilihim' 29. KilAb Nawdfil Quzd'a 30. Kitab Nawafil al'Yemen (Ibn Nadim alone mentions

3 1 .Kttdb

litd{A'e'

ltl Ziyad min Mu'dtvi1:ct|

Kitdb Akhbar ZiYad b. Abih* 3 3 . Kitdb $andi' Quraish* 3 4 . Kitab al-Musdjarats Kitab al-Munaqaldt 3 6 . Kitab al-Mu'AtubAt* Kitdb al-Mushaghabdt (Ibn Mushdiardt)

Khall:ikan II:

195

* 38. Kitdb Mulak al-lawd'if Kindaz 39. Kitab Mulfrk 40. KftAb BuYffiatal-Yemen ' 41. KilAb MulAk al'Yemenmin al'Tabdbi'd 42. KilAb lfirdq Walad Nizdr* $. KitAb Taforruqi al-Azd (Lbn Khallikdn II : 195 Tafriq) 44' Kitdb lasm wa Jadis* Ilaihe 45. Kitdb man Qdla Baitan min al-Shi'rfa Nusiba 46. Kitdb al-Mu'riqdt min al-Nisdfc Quraish

III. His Books on Ancient HistorY : 47. KftAb Hadith Adam wa Walsdihi ,s. Kitab'Ad al-rlla wa al-Ukhra 49. Kitdb Tafarruqi'Ad 59. Kilab Asbdbal-Kahf 'Isa'Alaih al'Salam il. Kitdb Rafa' 52. Kitdb al-Musukhmin Bani Israel $. Kifib al-Awd'il lffi Zivddan"' : II : 195'Kitdblddi'a'e'Mu'dwiva
* lbr Khallikdo: II : 195' p' 195' Brockplan -is of the view that the Z. -' iio fnuffitdn : vol' II of al-Kilabfound io Sngrb,/-t+lufa.dr(t.battle-d'av the of e".*ip,it" from this workof Hishdm (Arabic taken been has ffil'fv.428) Literaturevol. III P. 3l)'

'ILZ-ZVZ.dd, I Dttltu lir_rfns-lE *s 'sq\qpv-p qaqx pellltue {ooq slg ur 'er1g Jo 8ur{ eg} .{ll9l I .g eurtqpef uo llre}?tu pe -^torroqs?qTznef_lu s! }J ,r EqI lsql ugrlslH Jo {roa\ slrJ} sdegrad r.uoJJ

.(uotl ,99 .oN osle eas) 'I8 -llodar e q sdeqred ll lftns-p q?IX 2onfi1o upr4rDryqgnY '08 ryqnt0hqulpnrsqq!09 qtwoH qptlx '61 tlqlpzn qgux ' 8 1 lsnDQ-lD 'q !p9ql-10ptDZ \pY, qpryx L L SIMV, '91 -lD gqolo,og uD, nugQ lQof, o17qpvy, gy qpttY ('osle urlsl ,(q pes.ropue sec -llcerd ot[ytr1p1sqi go uolldrrcseq) wplsllo ut4nq obnfo,,lton. ntynlo,totr ntturyp71o ouWI gw qgUX 'SL qotY,-IUuqlv srslN apqTYq94x 'vL uult_lDq34x uqqqnxlo qpqx L L (tr uorluotulou seoptulp?N uq1)guo,n7-p qpU)I ' I L '01 ?w0pnNle qgqx '69 qptY,_It) ilVqx wqn{ pwsy qpryx trg,ptoqln qp71y '89 '19 lt0tlx-lD q?llx '99 {n,tu510 qpxtx qoty;ID pt@iotr1qp4y '89 qory,-f) w?IqV qgUX 'b9 qqry,-10uglryV q?IX 't9 lazry'_Ioagusy qpqy '29 tpptA-p qpux 't9 '09 '6S '8S '19 '9S
utpuiylo q971y u!.toutwo,nw_10qplu up,.tnfi-1it ryq8n7 q?UX (squl go arueu) otbznqg qp71y " tlDJlD DlluDW q?UX tlsQQoqln nqDqy qpuN

'ss

(,'securrd, qcrqa p2[bo sueru gqcgd pauqv slse3Sns tToZ 'l?rltutv suorlsotllurlpeN uq1) nto[utrg p,fiV qryybE
tf SVUV dO gCUnOS V sV ICO"MNaC IFIaIYUCOIUOJSIH

74

HISToRIoGRAPHY EARLY MUSLTM

IV : Works dealingwith the periodof theJehiliyya on the eve : ofthe adventof Istram 82. KftAb al-Yemenwa Amr Saif b. Dli Yazan 83. Kitab Mqnakik Azutdjal:Areb 84. Kilab al-lVuJtid 85. Kiffib Azwaj al-Nabc 86, Kftab zaid b. Hdritha 61. fitat Tastniaman Qdla Baitan au Qtlaftlti 88. Kiffib aI-DibAjft Akhbar al-Shu'qrd 89. Kitab man Fakharabi Akhwalihimin Quraish 90. Kftab man Hdiara wa AbfrhutIaYy 91. Kitdb Akhbar al-Jinnwa Ash'druhum of the Islamic Period : V : His Works on the Anecdotes (Ibn Nadim alone 92. Kiffib Akhbar'Umar b. Abt Rabe'a mentions it) 93.' Kitdb Dukh,filJarir 'ala al-Haiiai 94. KilAb Akhbar'Amr b. Ma'dikarib (Ibn Nadim alone mentionsit) 95: Kiffib al-Tdrikh (Ibn Nadim alone mentionsit) 9& Kitab Tdrikh al-Khulffi (Ibn Nadim does hot mention it) (Ibn Nadim alone Tartklt AjnAd al-Khulafa Kilab 97. mentionsit) al-Khulafa 98. Kitab $ifat 99. KftAb al-Mu;alltn VI : His Works on Cities: lC[. Kitdb al-Bulddn al-Kabir Kilab ql-Bulddn al-$aghcr 191.. lO2. Kitdb Tasmiya man bi al-I.Iijaz min Aftya al:Arab lW. Kitdb Tasmiyat al-ArQain 184, Kitdb al-Anhdr 105. Kitdb al-I.Iera 106.Kilab Mandzil al-Yenten 107. KilAb a.I:Ajd'ib al-Arba'a IO8. Kitab Aswdqal-'Arab 109. KitAb al-Aqdltm

'862 'd

III

'lo^upppg-lo tuo{,ng : rgbp^ 'I

qnppqYv qeilN '97,r q?ux .gzl ,tDutDS_ID p,pqty-lDu?ttqlo q?UX 'tzl : seIEI puBsolopreuv uo $Foil\ sIH : IIIA 'tZI Qp{ognu qpqpqpoxlD nwlllosnry qpUX utpffylo qPUX 'ZTl oqDl,DtlJ'q slDA up&(y qpux 'lT,l olsuop guog utptty qpilX '0f,1 spuspN-Iotan0tro$nq D$ qqpx-lo q?4x '6II T'etu?u sgl EuJrreq seceJd t peqrrcsep seq llbg1 pue eceld Jo etusu redord eql sl ll l"gl s[es dlreelc ryegegly 'qer17 luercueeql Jo ,fto1srq oql ur u,r\oul sr umot qcns ou gpgd qa7 psulqy otrSurprocce 1ngbnung wnvtr q?ilX se e go eureu)traaSqpUX 'glt trl saIIIBuurlpN uq1 (eceyd pt?ztttr pM qeqt1lv t,qbo/tt qpUX .LU upqpqs Sung ,1pbo1X D&t DtqzDf,u.tpttueqgWI gil slqPT q?4X 'fll PqDqe-lD D44
aas) Dqlsng of uot,1t4g o1ufi unw qpUN -tIl rytrog 'q?ttw1,t 0M I?qT1D om uloptv -ID ?wsv Dl wlqlqgsuf Df,r pslN-lD D,[ lp[!V-lt) .Tfl gutsy uwt spA-lt D.tLuJ,t,!qs tf ?Lu w{lutsnJ qpIX

orv,-10 \ttow rttlpunw-ry.q?Lrx'yu (st'oN

: qBrY-I8 urgf,{y uo puc slood qerv Jo rgqp1y eql tro s{roil\ sIH : IIIA (tt 'ott osp aeg) : ut"tppql-lD qDSoN Dertgr?ttelD ot4 ,!og-lo lotlutsna nu o4g1n qpUX 'lll (ugp1ng1o uto[,n141 sHl slq q lroll\ ol porreJoJ seq ttb -91\ lnq 'lJ uolluour lou saop urlpeN aql upppglD ?LusV bqbqqsl eetty .Ot,
9L I.HdYUCOIUOISIH qvUV dO ACUnOS V SV ,\COTVANSO

EARLY IvIUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

dt 127.KilAb al-Muqatrga' al-'Atrtrar 128.Kitab Llabib 129.Kilab' Aia'ib al-Baltr l3O. KilAb al-Nasab al'Kqbirr (Ibn al-Kalbi had namedthis book as al-Jami', Mollamit, addedfresh information revised rnad b. Habib al-Baghdddi fi al-Nasab'z It contained to it, and named it as Janthara tablesof variousArab tribes' A manuscript of genealogical with the'British Museum, London' this work is.preserved Although, it does not mention the nameof its author, yet F. Krenkow holds that the manuscript originally belongsto Hisham and was revisedby al-Baghdadi'3 In fact the work is an expansion of the book compiled by his father' It had as short biographical brief notes on the subjectof genealogy, notices on distinguished men beionging to various walks of life. Later historianshave used it as one of their important but al-Hamddni complainsthat it was incompletein sources data about the Yemenitetribes' regard to the genealogical l3l. Kitdb ql-Kuldb al-Awwal and al-Kuldb al-Thdni 132.Kitdb Aulad al-Khulafd al-Nabi 133.Kitdb Ummahdt (Jmmahat al-Khulafa 134. KilAb al:Awdtik 135.KftAb 136,KilAb Tasmiyal(uld'Abd al-hlupgalib 137. Kitdb Kuna AbAi Rasillillah 138.Kitab Jamhara al-Jamhats (transmitted by Ibn Sa'd)a (Ibn Nadim doesnot wa al-Jirdn l3g. Kitdb al-Nawafil mention it) 140. Kitdb al-Far'idf' al-Nasab (lbn Nadim does not

"

l-;ir

the bestbookson the subject(Ibn Khallken ; wafavat it-;;f ll:195). ..His worksoumber more than 150 II : 195 2. lbn Khallik dn z Wafaydt and best of themall and mostusefulis the famous work al-lamhara a book equalto rt hasneverbeenwritten"' fi Ma'rifat al-Ansdb, in JRAS (1925)' (F) Article : Kreokow 3. tbis is the work that is very often quoted by lbn sa'd in his 4. perhaps labaqdt; seevol. II : 391'

'r8t

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'r{dllt3 plsqqv eq} JoJ{ro,i\ slq} elor/treH 'I twllilatlx ug; 'uBtup141-1e

r'strJodeJslq Jo oluos IuoJJ puslsJopun 3a\ s s338 i{lJa 3q1 Jo seIlJlEIIosJsd }uouJrrre q3nol uI peulIu3J p,S uql e'P,eS Jo sJossossns aql qll/I\ uql Jo porred egl Eurrnp psddols u33q peq p!-.gc qqY 'i3uJ]xo s,l\ a8?otrIlsq ]eg] retJE 'flJslluls Jo a3eutl eql 'q pu? 'H'V 002 lnoqB llll alq"scBrl oJea\qtut{trIgx p,BS oq uel{al 'p,es uql ,(q pallr Jo slooqs.so eql l3q1 sfs uogo oJBse selduexe qcns ,{q perrord osiu s! sorJo}siqJIoq} Eut -lrJA\ur rtEoleeueE uo l?p peuasa-rd3qtrpezillln uollelldruoc ara,t utiq oldn Jo aEBoIIl Jo suolrolslll Jall 1gI r'sJoUIslE 'slooqsgo ou prl 4qpunw stueurl JJeql ecsJl oqa\ esoql ptte 'q purnue{oyq 'q per?lcep plzel tr3111 1i9iuy-1u JrIrIl, 'ecuet8e11y equby, lsrl.:I eqi Jo ollrJl 'q eBllnpgy, oql }e luaseJd orem oqn srgiuy 0l osoqtr Euoue uroJJ snd' 'q plzo^ 'eldurexe rog 'uosrod Jo fJ}so3u? Jrqpunl I{e pu" suoll?Ige d[ue; eql {JIreA su?Irolslq re}el 3q} podlCIq sprsoleeuaE dlree eql ,{q petrepulnoJa elep laciSoleauog elqal 1st3o1o1tqd ,'slq8oleauaEaql Suoue pouo{cal sI IupqsIH z pue raqderEortxel e .{l1eciseq poJsplsuocsJJollJ eqr leql '?uuqlnn-lB 'g Jatu,?I spFqn' BqV I ocuoJogrpi(po eql qtrIllr ,(q ql1,nr llep ueoq e^el{ se lcefqns aals aq} gll& Iep lqiX{c uql Jo slJo1\{ egl Jo trsoIII 1?q1 olor o1 Su4ssrolq sl 1I a(ll uollueur lou saop urlp?N ugy) qosn711D{ uoJluotu 1(11 plglnw-p q?UN 'tVI

LL

IHiMCOIUOISIH

SYUV tIO ACUnOS v SV I.OOTVENSO

CHAPTER IV

Philology as a Sourceof Historical Material

in syntactic and According to Arab standarddifferences the system of by philological rules can be decided only of proper authenticationby the proverbialusages the bedouin tribes or by their poetry. A proverb or verse employed to showthe usage must alsobe supported by proper chain of authority. Since the usage of muwallad poets (of later generation)was unacceptable for this purpose, the institution of transmissionof theidhiliyya poetry and proverbs attained popularity during the Umayyad period and flourished simultaneously with the growth and developnientof the ftadtth, the maghdztand the akhbdr transmissions. It was also, as a natural course, impressed by the norms and transmission.r Some of the Orien' standards of the kadetft talists are of the view that the transmissionof the ltahth was. influencedby the standardsadopted for the transmission of thejdhiliyya poetry. Although the Arab philologistswere also careful in their transmission of poetry and philological precedents and observed,to a great extent, the samerules and standardsas scholars,yet, sincethey had werefollowedby the mulladdith those nomadic Arabs who from material their obtained of neither found the time id.hiliyya nor did they know that the poetry they were transmitting to philologists would be exploited as historical material by the historiographers, they p.413. 1. $ubbiSilin : 'Ulilmal-Hadith

'tb'd pr,?S 'Z aqbN-tv Usn H : IUEqEJV '9tt'd qqpartlo wAln,: ulltgs 'I rqqns 'ug,;n} Jo srollrusueJl snorJ^ ug.{fH 4qV o} Surproccy eql Jo sasJo^ oql Jo lno suollcunfur aArJap,(eq1su ',(lSurproccu ,(1ic1r1so,ltotls eql Jo solnJ pot"inuroJ eleq plno^l ,teql leqdord eql soourelln ler oI{} aq ol urag} po^orloq Jo slslrnl ,(1ree eq] p"H JIesuIt{ loqdor4 oqi ,(q urrteqJe^ psro$n ann tlnpnq ur pssn sp.Io,{\ oq:} il oAoqoq lou plp ,(eql teql s?&r uollrllueqln yeclSolopqd JoJ Ierreleru qipaq eql esn lou pp sisrSolopqdoql {qrlt uoseor oq} }ql pepeald 'podrnd osle sq ('11V SVt 'p) lsnlepuy-1e u9,{fe11 nqy pue Jollel Jror{l uI ournuo8 e;en loqdo.ld oql ol pe}ngrJ}l suorlJpsJ:l ue ryqt e^3rleq lou op ,(oql tegl sr sesncxe rofeur Jrogl Jo eug 't1npnQeqi uql reqlo ,{r}aod crq"Jv rrro{ uorleJ -liuoglnu Sururacuoc sJeil?tu ul pooS ploq osl suoseoJosoql eJurs sosnJxe oruel ,(1uoere acuapecerdcrtrcu1u,{s pue 1ecr3o1o1 -1qd rog eJntr"Jelll ttnpCIqoql 8ul?Ioldxe lorr roJ sar8olode ;reql tng a'ss?lc vqPPofinu eql qll^\ slcluoc rreql lsol p"q pue srslrodor urnopaq Jroql Jo ocuengur doep oql Jepun oJnllnc pu" suolllpe4 off111t1gl eq1 spre.,uoipourlcur aram {SoJoirqd pue xe1u,{s clqBJV Jo sJeloqcs }Eq} stuoas }J purqoq uoseoJ snonqo uV 'sluepacs;d Jo uorlllc puu uoJloJtrrroqtrne Jo osofund oql JoJ lsrEololtqd eqr dq pasn lou sB^\ eJnlsrell Lillpoq eq1 'sqery eql Jo saqlrl snolrrr otr EurEuoleqsJe$nu -suer1dpes egf ,(q pallltusurl .,(1sno;ndnrcs qcnur Surog 3o alrds ur l"ql p"J eql sI elou go lulod luecgru8rs Joqlouv : qllpuH puu,{3o1o15q4

',Go1opqd pue .,{r1eod pleg oql ur serlrarlo" Jrorll qlr^\ Jo pu" ornl"Jel11qnpoq er{t fpnls eq1 ur lueluoo peurureJ Jo e4r1 se^lesuoql eElnpurlou p1p 2,otuiV-1o slsrSolopqd euros ,(rleodJo uorssrususJleql ur ,(geqr1 slql Jo asn?ceg ,.de8eql [U ol rsnf fre;odueluoJ JoqloJo satuuuEullresur.{q sureqc sJelllrusu?Jl fllroqlnu ur unl?Jeprsopoql IB ol pesn feql ,slunorJ? Jo l"JrJolsrq Jreql Jo goddns ul .ro acuepecerd lecrSoleeue8 go esodrndogl roJ sqBJVplo eqlJo suonrsoduroc r pcrSoyopqd pcrleod pasnslslSoJollqd oqt ro^ouoqa.oS .uoJlecJluoqlne Jo ur sseusnolndnrcs qcntu lrqqxe lou pJp sur?qc s1r Eullrreserd 6L lVIugrVW'IVCTOISrH dOsCUnos v sv ,\9oToTIHd

80

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPTIY

fuakth report one and the samesaying of the Prophet in quite different, if not contradictory, words, while the Prophet must have said it only in one of these versions. Some Traditionistsonly transmit the purport in their own words. Moreover, someof the reported versions of the ltadtth are not free from grammatical errors as regardsvowel points because their transmitters were non-Arabs by their origin; hence not conversantwith the grammatical rules of the Arabiclanguage.r Abii'Ubaida Ma'mar b. al-Muthanna : Among the chief exponents of the Arabic philology who servedthe Arabic historiographyduring the first century is Abn'Ubaida Ma'mar b. al-Muthannaz who compiled several rvorks on the history of the Arabs in the first century of Islam. He represents the attitude of philologistsin historywriting i.e. to csllect narrativesregardinga certain period or episode. His works include the subjects : the mafdkhir (glorification), the mathdlib (renanciation) and the akhbdr (anecdotes) etc. In addition to it, he concernedhimself with the biographicaiaccounts of eminenthistoricalfigures, reportson the civil wars of the first century, political parties ,like the Khdrijites, famous jurists, judges, mawdli and poets of the early century. Abir 'Ubaida also paid attention to the study of the exegesis of the Qur'6n and the hadtth literature. He was (ayydm also an expert scholar.of thebattle-day narratives -al-'Arab). Al-Mubarrad callshim "the most distinguislrpd scholarof the akhbdr and the ayydrn during his age".8 Ibn Qutaiba also endorsestheseremarks. The later historians
1. al-Suyuli l al-Iqtirdlr p. 19. IJAji Khalifa : Kashf al-Zuniln pp.405-407. $ubl1iSalim ;'Ulfrm alIfaffih pp.419-420. 'Ubaida 2. For Abii see; Akbdr al-Nahwiyin al-Ba{riytn p.67 Inbah alRuwdt vol. III p.276, Bughyat at-Wu'dt p. 395, Tartkh Baghdad vol. XIII p. 252, Tadhkirat al-Eufaz vol. I p. 338, Taqr{h al-Tehdhtb vol. 17 p.251, labaqdt (aFZubaidi) 124Shadhardtal-Dhahabvol.II,p.2,4 Mir'at alfinan vol. II p. M Kilab al-Ma'arif p.236, Mu'jam al:Udaba vol. XIX p. 154al-Fihrist p.53 BabthM-45. 3. YEqnt i Mu'jamal-Udabd vol. VIp. 165.

.ES'd rstttltd-\, : rurpN sql .Z '82'd ('pe gfugqx{e) utrltteqq?nT-p oil atqilqLN-lo tebogoJ: tp.reqnz-le '82'd qtttttog-lD ttttlr^qDN-lo .t?quYv : IJgrJs-l '02 'd .p^ I wtqDJ-lD o$ aptLg-lo i zlitgl_w .gzl bgblttlry-to ggrlx: plBrnCI uql : ees secllou slq rod .t

BgV

.frorueurgo.reanod osle soop eq lcedseJ JelncrtrJ?d sqlul slg uo flereru lou pue osuolleJrduroo pue solou uenrJA srrl uo perleJfllueredde ssq eH 'paaroserd eJBqeJV oql Jo scrl -suep"regc pue e1[1s frerelrl pue lrds unopeq egl ?pregl], ,tq peilrusu?4 se^Jl?Jrerr fep-a111eqogl uI

eql-sporred a'urBIsIpue ntt11u7p7 aql qloq Jo r?loqcs e se turq sezruEocorurlpN uql pue 'e8e sq Jloqcs olrpnre lsoru egl ulq sp.ruEer Jo 4qpfV '.q?rv eql 'qpsun ,wg&(o Jo ,{Eolopqdpue ,(r1aod'rpqq4r go slcefqns oql q olqeeEpal,rou{lsoru eql, s"a\ eg rsgrlqsl -p lelzg-p EqV ol Suyproccy 'epsurued urqurv oql go uo18or uJoqlJou eJrlueeql lsoruJqUA\polceuuocserJols Iqrrl oql go ,{pn1s e^rsue}ul ,ftel epeur ?pleqn, OqV 'rfto1srq lsed eql Eurweluoc Jreqt Jo ll\orl ur luegodurr frel eueceq solll?rr?u esaql'(poq4yy se qcns) erSeg go ,(gc eql q pelilos seqrJlurslJac ueq^\ 'uo JeleT .seipnlslecfolopqd slq Jo esodrnd eql JoJ sogrJl crpetuou ruor; selrl?JJpu pel"lntunccu pu" ulnopog aql tuo4 fllsour ,o1o1qd Jo eEpolnou4 slq parlnbce oq lnq sroqc?el srq Suoue pouo{cer sl qlq?H 'q snuB1 .EupJrn-,trolsrq ur s1s1Eo1o11qd .p) .g ruV, pue ('H'V Jo puerl eql sluaserdor lSt rplV,-le gqy BqV Jo eldrcslp eql sBAr'u16rrofq alel e 'epreq11, 'uorsJea uluuoc e go slurodarncsqd Eururcldxero Jeqloqcee Sullueureldruoc suorsJol lrreJe,Urp .flJgqerler sgode.req '.,(11euorsecc6 Jrern Jo lunotue aql ol pre8er ur eoueJeJeJd Jreql eEnet o1 JepBoJ ogl oldn Eulluol 'flsnoeuellnurs rneql 'punoJ are pefqns Jo IIs slueserdaq erus eql pue euo Eurp.reSorsilodoJ ,fto1clper1uoJetuos eseoul pu" uorlerruoJur u porrrctrqo eg uoqa\ urorg suosred asoql ol sra3ers^(eaap e11 'osle lqErsurlecrlrc sfeldsrp pue 'Surpoder ur snolndnrcs elmb sr e11" 'UaJs?q eq selrleJJ"u tug&to aql JoJurlq ol pelqepurqcnw f;oa 'flpelqnopun ,eJB
18 MUAM'MTUO.LSIH dO 83UAOS V Sy I9OTOTIIHa

--:

82

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

forms and represent the developments in historiographical varied and vast .irhod, during his age. He had such a early the of some that collection in his peisonal library 'Ubaida is really a scholar 'Abri scholars remarked : p-"ia"a he is left in his study" According to another iemark Dtwdn al''Arab was preservedin his home' 'Ubaida to be There is another important aspectof Abtr his works' He was taken into considerationwhile we assess and his sympasupporterof the Shu'ilbiyyamovement r namely works """"f two his in thies are- clearly manifested who figures prominent such Kitdb ul'Mawati (dealing with (a treatise Akhbdr belongedto theMawdlaclass) and' 1l'Furs on thJ history of Persia'in a glorifying style)'l has As for his status as an historiographer' no critic AbO accused hin of falsification or fabrication though 'Ubaida collected such akhbdr which portray a very loathsomePicture of the'Arabs' A'H') : Qatdrlab. Di'iima al-sailusi(d' 117 from Abu al-Khafldb Qatada b. Di'Fqa al-Sadfsi2hailed An Baqra' of the centre of philological and historical activities poetry ,eruditescholar of the Arab traditions, ayyam' ansab' rulers w-ho etc., he enjoyed royal patronage of Umayyad information uery ofteoieferred to him wheneverthey needed of a tribe genealogy past, or of the anecdote some regarding oith. poetry of the Jahiliyya period'
r:E seeAtrmed third centuries, Arabic literature during tho secondand 'social significanceof the pp. and 49'78 ptul.taal'Islam dil-t 'snrntiyir, in the Stuiiis on Islamic Civilizationbv H.A.R. Gibb, ft al-Adab M. Nabih $ijab: Mazdhir al-Shu'frbivva ii""a""l. j (C airo) . I, 196 al Arabl, : may be madeto the followingsources 2. For Qatddareference p' 203' al'Ma'Arif Ibn Qutaiba: Kitdb al-Qurrd' ; labaqdt vol.2llI-7Ibn al-Jazarl: Tabaqdt il; #; aLfindn Mirdt p' aLYefi'i:. 537 I vol' :-Kitai al-Lubab iii alp'35' Shadhardt "i-atnrt vol'III Inbahal-Ruwdt al-Qifti ;;.ip.251, p' Tadhkirat 351' VIII vol' iiiiOvol. i p. tSS, r,naMt at-Tehdhtb alp' 9' Wafayat al-Fufrz vol.i p. I15, Mu'iam al'Udaba vol' XVII p' vol' II l?l' al-Muzhir A'ldnvol.lp' 427' -

,-l

of oo thedevelopment andtheir influence u,frbiyya

'S0Z.d wllsllo 'a IoA ' i1g7'd .I t1,tg,o 7,t4o 1oqWlX

puB fSolopgd go atpaJatoul G'urytf,D lsBA srg Jo esnscegpezlsrceds eq gcJg/tr w en1en!q,4stn| ut euop s"q eg 4Joraegl uodn slser fpmtu eur"J srg srg peaJ r'utilop + eloJA\Jeaeupu? eEpaJ,tou4 -ortreru sfe,nle eg esn?caq uorsJea $JU eql laEJoJ 1ou feu eq legl os urq tmseqc unr ol pesnI .ureEe1 pelurreu .4ceq aruecpu? peeueuos JoJ lno luaa uegl qryptt luecgluErs etuos pa$rusuerl upgp| JeAeuaql\ : fq peu.rogur sar oq/lr 1,eu*y1e rroJJ pelllrusu?rl"q,nqs rullgH Ilqv .sn ol elqelr" sgqderEouou ro ryolrr pepduroc ou lnq lsepo1s1q rell q" punoJ er? suorlurrsu slH .?pglsb t(q spoder oql ueql fpcerroc eJoru pellilnsuerl ueeq pq sqerv aql lnoqu 8uq1ou l?ql urJqlnoqs prcs sellA{ lBqt os qcnu os 'uorssrursu?Jl ur dce.rncmpus sseuqlJolalsnJlslg JoJsnourq sr aq's1cefqns eseq] Jo e8peliroul lsa srq seprsag 8 lylUsrvlrr.rycruotslH do acunos v sv rogIoTIH.r

CHAPTER V

The YerneniteElement in Arab Historieal Literature

in the Arab history The early Yemenitetraditions found Even such narrations as assume a legendary complexion'1 A'D'' are not free deal with the events of the sixth century Munabbih (d' I10 b' Wahb non-historical tit-"ntt' '{i.rc2from

with the Yemenite fantastic tales heavily burdened ;;;;" Christian and traditions of the Jewishand folk-literatures scholars Ote of the characteristics of the Yemenite of historythe not only "tigf". is that they claim to have known' revealed extinct nations' Yemen, but the history of all lheand their scripts languages classical inscriptions, ,"rip*io, their narrations are uoi g.o"urogicaf details' Nevertheless' and sometimeit appears devoid of any creative sensibility sense'not to speak that thesenafrators lacked evencommon of discernm:"1: Ih:.:^b]^":: of their critical insight and power never fail to stressrs origin Yemenite which the narrators of

generallv ;euia u' sharyaal-Jurhumi i-o') ano

criticized -such historical material 1. Even early Muslim historians have vol' I p' 4)' (see al-Hamdafi:. : mythological nature -allklil of pp. "it,ii-"t-iiu,

z.

, Hyderabad) rt uuta*'- ttiior (Dsirat s1-r\46'5rif 162' 110, 35,47,48,52,53,74,86,87, ArabicFolkJore,Islamic Culture' Krenkow : Two Otaii'-Aooir'ot vol. II (1928)' Ibi al' Irdfr.vol'I ( 1950)' Jawiid'Ali'' M ajalli M ajma' ah' Bulhln' Feb' I 968)' (fo;;tdt rr. UvN'e' nut'i $ see' art in' theM aialld Mai ma' ai' al'Tab illt'ri'in awar M 3. Jawed' Ali : 'Ifud (1950)' al-'Itdqtvot' f

'sI'd 'psrrsqnlt-le p lrutglsl-l'' pqnd I qtEv peuqY ilw?x1o qpqx 8l ernlBretll ut sEulllJirrsnolluepuel gcns Jo e lleluesarder $eq eqJ. 'e8 z satws ,ailsilw : reqlzploD '..urelsJ ul uoFIIer I pu8 llrJds eqlJo s llelueseJders selluoue eglaoqs sEulfssfue1q,,'1

eqt EulumoE efga rrrpv fq peilce.r ueaq oa"g ol pl?s st trI 'frnluec c5uep1 fpee eql Jo el,$s crqeJv epurlc s ur ueBrr,nq + q8noqf llnspv fq pesoduor ueeq e^eg ol peruFlc sr uaod tsrg eql l"gf pug en 'qrqqeuntr\I:q qq?A\ ol pol -n9tJ11"'w[etr'p qpuY EI 'fllcllueqlne rleq] roJ qcnur EuIJec Jreql qsllleque lnoqilA\ suollgsoduocpc4eod qlla seABsJJeu ol pewlcuJfletuerlxa osJ?eJe sJegrursueJl e1tueure;1 egl 'fJelelduoe lno JBea, tou pFoc 'suorEaluJeglnos prre seeJ" uJegUoN go eldoed 'a1yueupy, eql pue uqi|ofi eql Euorne socJpnfsrd 'ue1s1go luelp aql JeU" uele legl pauprSur os esuesu s?,trlI 'srerrragiloN eql slA-"-sJA rueql Suoue flJropedns pue 'tueql punoJ? epnd go osrres ? peleeJcsJlerge Jo olels srql olg l"Jnllns ou glJllr ilesep uJoqlroN eql Jo rorJeluregl ur EuraqseqJrl ulnopeq oql ueqt pezJlrNc oJorrr rBJ eren feql 'suorEer seqrq uJeqlnoseql uegil\ uJegiloN o1 pelerErrue 'pu?I rlegl uJ slsllsruoloc alaJgegegl pu? erurss,(qy'eJsra4 Jo suol{puJl IsJnllnc eqr fq "pecuangu r(tdeep osp eJa^\ feqt pue aJIIJo ruetsfs ueuerEe gcnur uoll uB s?arsJreql 'u?lsJ Jo lue^ps eql ugl JerIJ?e -"zJlr^lc go 1qE;y eql ueespeg eldoadu?rqerv qlnos eql 'slql o1fre4uo3 'olll"c Jregl-1esse fpo JraqtroJ JappoJ pue pooJ Jo gcJ"es ur Jegloueo1 eceld euo uro4 Euuepueu, o1 peuolsncce e.tam faql 'e;nlpozru?qrnpu? ernllnc peqsrlgelse pessed ou 8urieq ereqdsoule ee4 pue uedo ue ul oJIIr1eq1 'eurpe1A1 pue eldoedcrperuou? oJol$deqg '('c1e gp.gf 'eccu1A1 'esmoc go 'suorldecxe ^reJ B qlln) spesep Jo seqrcegl e{ll ogrd, urnopeq eJea 'ltouq elfi s? 'seqg1 uBrqeJV ul peAJJ rreqt {tro5l orll Jo lsol^l r'rl]l?J pue uo5er rregl o] f11e,{ol 'ernlcellqcre ut '1e rueql eloq lnq 'cle dtolopld 'ern1eretrl1 q ru{s 't(Es}erlsren 'dlqsuuuslgerc'.{lrulueuEuur'poolq pue ec"r Jo flrrnd J.reglol preEerq r(po tou sqprv ureqlJoN egl Jeao eldoed u?Ig?JV qlnos eIIl Jo ,(qroJredns eql s8 sIINsI,|{s,r asr sun.lYusJ,ra'IYcIuoIsIH sYuY NI JNSWS'Ia

86

BARLY MUSI-IM HISTORIOCRAPHY

the murder of his son Abel. But, thank God, Wahb inserts genuineits on opinion of Jubair b. Mu!'im castingdoubts niss.t Those who collectedmaterial for the Yemenitehistory like 'Abid b. Sharya, Wahb b. Munabbih, Mohammad b' K'ab al Qurazi etc. were probably privileged to have access to someold books and the documents written in -I.{imyarite characterwhich the Arab call KhalSal-Musnad, and which is empirically proved by some reports coming down to us from the earlYtransmitters. The Yemenite Jews convertedto Islam like Wahb and for introducing many Ka'b al-Ahbdr are mainly responsible Islamic literature'2 the to origin Jewish of religious terms The institution of Qaga; (story-telling)also owesits richnessand popularity to those convertedfrom Judaismto Islam and more particularlyto those of Yemenite.origin' Tamim al-D6ri was the first story-tellerwhom'lUmar'I had permitted 'Uthmdn to addressthe congregationof Muslims on Fridays' allowed him to addresstwice a week. Tamim was a christian prior to his conversionto Islam in 9 A'H' He had also 'narratedbeforetheProphetstoriesoflassd'saandDaiial' and alienaTamim had also strong leaningtowards asceticism tion which he must have inherited from Christianity' The story-tellers used to sit in a mosqueand narrated ancient fantastic tales about the Genesisof the universe, the of the proceedings would'be the about as well nations, as Day of Judgement. were During the early Umayyad period, thesestory-tellers political motives.sThey started their storiesto "n"ourug"Jfor for piety and fear of God' then arousetL" poputut sentiments and at the end of Companions' his pt"i-.0 the Prophet and Caliph and for of the life long the their discourseprayed for were story-tellers so that much the stabiiity of iis rule. So t Ktab al'Tiianpp' 17'18' l. Wahbb. Manabbih
t 3.

: Ibid P,56. Kreakow(F) Fajr al'IsldmP'25' z Amio Abmed Fajral-Ishm PP.159'160.

'Zg'Og ilt 'qowrl1lo {4n7,11 z IpB,s?W'I8 't '977'd 7s1".nqg-l2 : utlPsNuql 't 'peqrepfH on tlrg,"I I-13Wqtp(Iwot1' ,,qq1qpsuV pryra,qsv ott uawa{-p pqq|v gt gwnqnl'p otrv rls' q ptqv,'ryqqTY,, oql sdrlJed' eures elrll eql repun ueeq,tloussq qclql! >iooq Paqs[qnd '7' 'bes'te 6lZ'd o,ilttttlp!-1og[ qoty,-\o tuptt,(V : slnel I'W pPI 'I '01Z'60Z'99'dda9{211o ggtlx: qtqqeunry'g qqe/'\A

'z sulp?wlD qqqTY DM)ppw'l0 qvtlx .I l?ruwY-lD qpqN : flotu?u /ftqs 'q PIqV, 'q ol slroA\ oil$ palnqlrll" seg rIulpBN uql 'II9a\J?I[ >U["ru -1" pqv, Jo eE8 aql lldn po^ll plqv, lBtll pe^e[eq sl lI flEulproccePIqV, 8'PIP qcIII/r\sl"lep esoql u^|.opellJ/ll ol IIIJq pouolsslllltuoc pIIg 'plJo^\ eq] sJo/(su? sq qlra pegs4?solmb ffia ?fI^\g,nIA[ Jo sla prqv, '"flirr9,nl I frolsq eql uo Fodxo u" s papJ"EoJ 's3ul4 q"rv-uou aql 3o porred oql Suunp tr?qt susetulI pu" qBJv eql Jo solopceus pu socsJ iueJa,uJp Jo suoIsIAIp 'suorl?IJBA cJprn8ull ol pel leql sesn?J egr ur1q lecqderSoaE rrro4 perrnbul puB l"lld"J eqtrol 3,u?s Iuo{ IuIq peuounsns peq ug4lng Iqv 'q eflAtg,ntrI 'u9!!J1D q?4N e\l ul urlg /(q y z'.slggc[, poprreu osl sr plqv, lnoqB ,fuo1s Jo alll?q aqtruI peledrcrlredpq eq rugl{slH uql ol Eutprocey ',(ueduoc sq p1 lueserd Sureq3o rnouoq oql pug lou plnoc eq lnq leqdord e,fteq5 'q plqv, er{l Jo rfterodusluoc ? s?^\ FrrnqJnf{" ufruqg 'q PIqV, : /A Pnqrnf-1u 'repdod elu"ceqpue surllsnn ,(1emsr1xe utSpoqstalefpue elluoure1Jo egl Euotu?paJlelerd,tporuwoc igiinQ eseqlq8norql sP^\lI I"rretellr eqt lsql (srs11a1-,(ro1s) 'uJEuo uBrlsrJIIS pu" qsra\efJo serJols slls"luJ pu pepunoJun eq1 erBeglu suotle8elEuoc ol?JJeu lou pJpeq oculs anbsoru elos oql st/h uig-13 uopdecxe ol par\olle eg urog,ta ssoJpp" ueseg-p pue Euq1e1-drols octlcerd eql peltqqord pq Jo 'q 'qllgi 'a1eqdr1e3 slg IIV, Iqy Jo porrod oq1 Eur.rnp ';anbeqcxa eluls eql uIoU spuedlls pe^locer pue peiutodde ,(lercgo
L8 sunJ, arlT 1VCIUOISIH SVtV NI rNgNAlS AIINAyTiATaHr

88

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

Theselnorftswere orally transmitted by Zaid b' Kayyis alal-Nameri,'Abd Wudd al-Jurhumi and'Alaqa b' Karim 'Amir of clan the to belonged Kilabi. The latter transmitter b. Kilab. A contemporary of Yazid b' Mu'6wiya, he was well-informedwithregardtotheancientArabs,theftakhbdr, traditionsandfolkJore.IbnNadimhadalsoseen,Kifib al-Amthdl, which accordingto him contained about 50 foliosl .andwhichisperhapsthesameworkwhichwastransmitted to him from'Abid b. SharYa. Theotheftit|e,Akhbdrat-Madinwasavailabletillthe age of al-Mas'frdi and we find its referencein the Muril'i all plrolroU'Perhaps,itisthesameworkwhichhasnowbeen publishedbythe-Da'iratal-Ma'6'rifal-Osmdnia,Hyderabad' inl34TA.H.Butthetitleofthis|atterworkisAkhbdr,Abid b.Sharyaal-JurhumtfiAkhbdral-YemenwaAsh'd'rihdwa Ansdbihd.AnotherexponentoftheSouthernArabsagawas Yazidb.al-Mufarrigh(d.69A.H.)whoisheldma*inlyres. and poemsattributed ponsible{o1 the invention of the legends claimedhis descent.3 he also io tne Tubba,princesfrom whom 'Abid b' fa i*, however,noteworthy that the name of

I lsharyadoesnotoccuranywhereinthehistoryofal.tabari.
i.

Ka'b al-Ahbir: (d' 32 A'H') Abu Is'[6q Ka'b b. Mdte', or Ka'b al-A[bir,2 as he is .popularlyknown,hailedfromthetribeofDh{rRu.ainof Himyar.HepassedhisearlylifeinYemenandprofessed Islamduringth.eperiodofAbuBakror.Ijmarandcameto settlein Medina. Areportcitedbyal.WeqidiontheauthorityofYflnus b.Maisarab.Hulaisindicatesthatwhen.Alib.AbiTalib' visitedYemen,Ka'bcametohisassemblytolistentohis speech.Accordiagtoanotherversionof.Amrb..Abdullah 'Ali to describe tbe features the Caliph ai;Abasi, he requested
l. Ibn Nadrm 2. al-Isbaheoi 3. IbnQlrtaiba Ibs lh? al-Shi'rEnl AhrcdAmir al-Fihristp.220. fttab at-AghhniVol. XVII P. 52. Kitab at-Md drif pp. 189-190. pp' 110-ll2' TabaqfiiYol. II p.262'261,Kitdb al'Tiian 19. al-labaqatal-Kubrdvol,.I P:160,al'Dff z Bawh p. ltz. Fajr ablsldm p.

'(qq lrrorJsFoderdue peurelqo lon seg bgq.sJ uql lqr 'I 'dd111gz9t7bory-toqpUN i .(qilo^{e}ousl lI) 80I-2861 sptbell('t8

sgqqv, uql 'uolsrea srq roJoJd eg plp ,(q,nuleldxe ol ullq poTssJruv, prm ?[r&9,nIN qloq 'uotsloa ,sEqqv, uql EuIJeoq u6 'Surrds{ppnru 'e'r otry2yl proa eql sgqqv BqI ellq \ fe.rgSur8arat ,14 peer efr,rrlg,nlI s" IIea sB oq lng '(gg : Jqey-1e) ',u11o,1wog

gqnpo[n1y, lllfi?* u!u!V, { nq7n1no7

' pue tqoy oql pecunouo.rd : as.relSutanolloJ 'up,rn[ aql Eu4rca.r eJea ruegl fJog 10 DqS ogl p?er rtuy, 'g ruV, 'IV, I ul iy,{e Jo qleep oql reg? Jo rltog "ccel 'q qBIInpqV, : pl?s pue e,{r,r9,n141 uodn porelue sgqqv,J" 'so3ecrurulsl-ord o1 p.reSer qtrt,tl pouod flrce egl qrpl[,, Eurrnp sEuuuarIeorrolsnlullsntr^[pql peqclrlrefeql ltoq pue qEgo qsraef Jo srelogcsolrueurol egr [q pepurold llro]"tu 'sdeqrod eql Jo adocs pue eJnlu eql el"JlsnJII ol oclgns 't(puenb 1p,r.lgqgy1e q,?) Jo siloder eql Jo elduruxe uy -erg ,ftaaup.rn| eq13o freluauluroJ slg w g,"X Jo suolsJo^ egl pelJc sq sgqgv,-le 'q qEIInpqV, 'frolsJq crurelsl-ardeql sqv puB sgqqv, lnoq? suolleJJslr slq uo pelleJe^eq "JJJnH '-1e 'q qeilnpqv, 'ernlrolJJ dpea eql ol sept l"cJrolsq cIrrrBIsI qslaef egl pecnpoJlul oq^\ sJelogcs esoqlJo elro sJeH iwlg 'H'V eg ereqa\ Zt, u1,(umepessud ur pentrespue eufg o1 pelerEtu eg 'spJ?lrueilV

leqdor4 .'..(eaq1e egl oesool) eulpe4 ol uoBerEluo uI peuopeq e^39 plnoal'I go poued eql Eulrnp uotrol Jo lno etum I eJor\lr JI 'Jerrr11, 'perp osJD1egBqV uaql ',(e,uepessed pqdor4 aql IlJl lu"lsJ 'qlJgro1 ul pereeddeleqdor4 eq1 go uolErloraql uo parnerrreJ I p?q []un l"os eg] qlJ^\redue] ol lou tulq pesl^p" pu lI polBes roqpJ srg lsql pJ"spue {ooq s lno {ool q,B) '.tuels1;o uop 'se;nlducsJno ur pug e^{ -rIeJ pIIB ol eql ssogord lsoll" lI J oq leqdord eq13ouoqdlJtsops.qv, 1eq,uisnf sl lJ, :peurrBlcxe ug '1eqdor4eql Jo setlJlenb tllslJelcgJgcpu o1 8urue1sJ1
68 AUNIVUAIII'IVDruOISIH SIINSI^{SI gHI SVUV NI ,I,NIII^[a'IA

90

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

ffi

cameon the scene' the caseto Ka'b al-Ahbar who perchance 'Abbds on the ground Ka'b's ruling was in favour of Ibn 'Amr that in Torah it is quite the same. Now Mu'6wiya and from the ancient Arabic askedfrom Ibn Abbds a precedence 'Abbdscameout poetry for the usage of ('$ami'atin). Ibn in searchof someone who could reproducesucha philological precedence. NAfi' b' al-Aztaq met him in the way and he narratedthe story of Tubba'Taban Abi Karib, when he launched an expedition on the cities of Mecca and Medina to fight against the practice of Jizya which Bant Khunduf and to pay to the tribes of Jurhum, lasm'long r.tJ "o*p"lled a recited Karib Abtr Tubba' Jadisetc. At that time which N6fi' quotedin support of his story ode (51 verses) and the ode containeda line showingthe usageof l.fami'atin too".r Thus we find that Ka'b al-Abb6r waslkthepioneerof story-tellersin Islam and later histotitns have-atthe classof-nfi to have acquired scholarlyg9yl9stories.He was supposed traditions partictl: deeof the ancientscripturesTqd.religious lJrty of Torah anOttre Talmud. So, in--frafibisolTfi5fiEaf or TaimidiC- cfiEin 6ii..-wairr-ffarded the final authority by the for final judgement'z Muslims and tley referred to him issues it has But. in the above story of Ibn'Abbds and Mu'6wiya 'Ali i'e' been stated that it happenedafter the death of 40 A.H. Our reporterssay that Ka'b died in 32 A'H' 'Uthm6n, but in our opinion Ka'b must during the reign of have lived till the age of Mu'dwiya sincein one of his reports he is found referring to the Khirijites. in all matters and claimed That he was knowledgeable sourcesis also proved Jewish to have read about them in the of his murder' foretold'Umar by the curious fact that he had 'I 'Umar surprisingly' asked "How did you know about it", 'Is 'IJmar find it written in our sources',was Ka'b's reply'3

iu*a;rn--rtm*inr"rmationandintiresting

l. alQur'an: XIX : 86 al-Tabari: Tof,sir{Ylpp. 10-11Kitdbal'Tiian p.111. as is evidenr 2. ka.b also taught the Torah to his Muslim colleagues from a report citedby lbn Sa'd z TabaqitVII : p' 79' III : PP'?32,340,342. 3. Ibn Sa'd:Tabaqdt Fajral-Isldm:P. t6l.

'

'8t6t 'oJI8C'l'lc

! gbbEs-le pJlinm '9e 'qqtn X-lD ottr lrDziliL'Io qgtty i lrEfqsttlsl'I8 '9 j161'd uql oqe eis spodersH roJ : tZ'd L tsbogl: P,S ',Ll 'd tt tgboryl,: P,eSsgl 't ' '$ '9s '0s 'ov' 'LEE'v$t,'tflE'7tt '8 'd III zlpDoqol I 'ts 'd lrgJ . I ilI ptnwJ: P,?S

sql lnoqs 3o suopuerrul e'sEuiglsnoIJBA t(es uo4uuro;ul snolrnc pu" lecfoloqilur 3o uoqducsap ,q1ot iongtolsrq dpee eql [q polonb '{papcluad sJeH 'q 'q {II3I{ IsJneN eruEngl-Ie e'Fodar aru?seqt EurpreEar -I3 pqv, Jo uolsJea eql sl J"lluls '..4u nqueuroJ op eseeld JoJepecrelu IIIA oq oS 'truame3pnl3o r(eq eql uo sJaIPo eql lsEuoua uor3tJeaelleq ou sI 1nq .p"urueqolq Jo ,(1;rue3 puu uleEe pueg slg lQEnac eJOeL, : pres '[1pgecro; lI Euisserd qrr;*"',,tr"rra11eq fueru egl Jo auo fldturs rII? r i, euofue roJ ep$Jelur ol I ruo ogly\,' : paJldarpuuq slq Jo Eu51nd ol ,e4qEn11-1y'.lueuoEpnf fuq eq] uo etu roJ epacJeluJ 1o 'q Jo ploq roqrualller'061, I Eulfzs pug s.I"Jne1q ergqEnry{" 'q HV' rqSner rpqqvJ" q,") l?ql pelrrelr urcsnf11e 'rrollsruJoJul rlegl 3^IJ3pl.gslx rofeu eqt Jo ouo sl -l pue lgllg,?ql-l rtro{ereqa secJnos 3g tng 'll3 l? u$ elonb lou op IA?^r?N{s pu? sglslnb uqI ellq,h 'q,ey ruorSslroder llrsJu '(1uo peuFtqo e{II suBtJo}sH 'qltrgH{" 'q BuBurIsII 'seq greqefly .'leqdor6 egl Jo aym glnnu ('ff'V gOt 'p) rgsea 'q giy, sl g'B){ Iuor3 Peululqo 'sasJea clug.rn|r eql Jo uottruuuldxero; oq^.roql Aoo*V pelonb uetgo rftel 'peqefle p 4stog eql eTI seFelueuiluos eqr q pug e&\ qclgra rcqqv{ Q,){ u.o4 "tgstoa slq roJ ,ta1 uorg qrod I"uelflrl usl?l Pq eq fpepurs pIrB sJIoqcs uees easg -eJ ul?lqo ol posn sEqgv, uql lJeIlJBe
r'43't1 slql q pasoJsslpeq qclgA\ rtrlll, Jo Jeprnlrr oql Jo fcerJdsuoc 'spJo/!t Jegtroq sa\ q,?x tr"gl des uec alt| oql Jo oJ?1rt? r',elP lsnu nof sfep eerq] uglt/'t leq] raJul 1 uotlducsep leql tuor.; 'oN, 'pasudrns pue eJeql ere se4tpnb pIrc seJnlseJ.rno,{ }nq erorE illls ssal rEIIrI-L LqD.toJ eIIl ff peuolluetu qgiieqx-I?'q 16 aunrvusrl'I IVCIUOISIIr SVUVNI rNSn[8TsfluNql^{ar sHr

92

BARLY MUSLIM IIISTORIOGRAPI{Y

Wahb b. Munabbih: (b. 34 A.H. d. 110-114A'll'1729' 732A.D). Wahb b. Munabbih,l a popular story-teller of Yemenite origin and at one stageof his life Qa{i of $an'd, has influenced the Arab historiography in many ways. First, he is among thosewho introduced the Jewish material of Biblical and Talmudic origin to the Islamic history. Secondly,being legendafy material of Yemenite folklore, which he transmit-

1. For Wahb reference may be madeto thc following sources: A'H')' Wahb : Kfiab at-Ttidnft MuIilk Htmyar (Hvderabad,1347 Ibn Nadhr : al-Fihrist P. 138. Ibn Hajar : Lisdn al-Mizfrn vol. V pp. 395-96' vol. Vl pp. 385-386. Ibn Sa'd : Tabaqdt .{br: Nu'aim ; Irilyat al-Aulia t p. 24. Ibn Khailikan : llafaydt al-A'ydn lI 9. 238, : al-Ynfi'l z Mirdt aFfinan p.25. XI : 168. vol. abTehdhtb Ibn Hajar : Tehdhtb Yaq[t : Mu'iam al'Udaba pp. VII 232,272.' . Ibn Qutaiba: Kitdb at'Ma'arif p' 233. : ahE'lan bi ahlaubikh p.48. al-Sakhewi IV part 2z 164. Bukheri;fu|-Taftkhal-Kabir Ibn Kathir ; al-BiddYaIX : P. 393. Horovitz (I) : The Earliest Biographies of the Prophet axd their Authors. Islamic Cultsr, vot. I (1927)535'559vol' II -525^ (1928) 1&182, 495 PP.22-50, Kttdben aar unkeMu,al|i|in Ki Awwaltn (N'A.) Strat_Nabawt : Farfrqi pp.3f.-44(Urdu tr.) (Idarah'i Adabivat'i Delli. 1974)' al"fild wa Mu'alkffrhd' (Ar' tr') (cairo, liusain Nasler : al'Mauhazt 1949). 'Ali zMawdrid al-Tarikh al'labart b tt|c Maialla Maima' allawiO ,Ilui al:Irdqivol. I (1950). (F) z The Two OldestBookson Arabic Folklore z Krcnkow Islamic Culture vol. Iil (1928). Amtn : Fajr al-Isldm pp. 25, 63, 158, 160'162,168,169,202, Ah.med 205,214' M. Hamidullah: Sah{a fianunam b. Mwdbth (Ilvderabad' 196) at' IIm al'Tartkh' htdaal'' Ar ab pp' 103-114' al-DEri z Bahth fi N ash' Kisrn the Persianmonarchhad deputedsomepersor$ to Yemps and 2. ' forefatherswere from amongstthn. Ibn Qutaite t Kit6b aI' TValrb's Ma'aritzg.202.

'61pue

.zcJz.d, :llr?,owp q\rw .E

.Z

.dd .II .lo^.p4lpy-lD totttil : ure,nN-nqv '&16r'tqle(t)

,qfiilogn a4un rno ilaqgtlx uilottr^y ,xql^oqDNrr,r,r5': (.V'N)IbErgC : ers rroglsllerl nprll egr roJ (gz 'p"qrepl(11 'ern11n3rltuetsl : srotltny -LZ6l) II-I'lo^ rlatlt puo sallldor8olg aqt aqt aqJ I zllnoroH taqdotd $alyDg to 'LVLI i .1ottu4un71n 'l Il tqsrx : eJIIsq) Ilgir

8'oJol

Jlrulsl egl Jo err^res eql uJ sa^lesueql peE"Suo osle pBrI 'q JBrrrIl, pue pb,e4 sJoqloJq re8unor( onrl pu Wqq?untr41 IIIgItrItr"H JOqloJq Jeple s.qq"dyaEpallrou4 Jo uorl?uruassrp roJ a]set aug pug qq"la Jo ,{J1ure; eql lsrll sreedde3l " ',{llrncsqo ur paurrueJ p"rl TJoAr eql Suluueg frel oql eJurs lerll suaru qcrq,{ 'saunluec luenbesqns eq1Jo arnl"l:lql UDIIS oql uo olqeererl sr {ooq slql Jo lcedur ,{ue rou '{Jo,r\ srql ol JaJoJlou op sJe}rJl\ . -qD4S rel"l oql 'lng 'ro{oog JosseJord fq peqsrlqnd slcerlxo oql rn pepegor osJe sa1e1'f wgtrtu orll Jo uortrcrp pue eJrfis ogl 'l"rJoleur lacrrotrsrg sB slueruolo lucrEoloqlfu peldecce osJ" pue seJ"J uJaqlnos oql ,{;uo13 ol peurlcil uooq peq qq?l[ 13qr Ie^3Js]c"J]xe essql 'sel?l-{loJ3o a1,(1s uounuoJ ogl solql]Ioser e1{1s Jreql puB ,fllroqlne Jo sursrlc ou frrec qcq^t qq"l[ Jo {ooq o^oqe eqt uorg sacerd olyq paaoJroq s?g ure,nN llqv 'uorl"crlueqlns Jo porllsru eqtr trnoqe rapdwoc s1 Jo epn1r$B eql aoqs 1! ssop rou 'qqer11fq lno perJJBctrcefqnseq] Jo lueruleeJl Jo edocs eql elecrpur lou seop eIIIBs ogl 1rLq: lzpqSDW Jo uollcalloc srq 3o lueruE{ e punoJ ra{cog 'H'c rosseJord J9 lg_o_q,! _Lat$uroc oqal dqdeorrolsrg Jo looqcs eup56 .ql J"lr*uofa aqil-o euo se,lr aq ',{lprlql 'snytx-lzpt17otu oql ol sB lloa\ se ug..rn| eqtr Jo sroleluotnruoc eql ol pel t6 flunJ,vueJtl lvcluoJ,slH svuv Nr lNirhtgls aIINgI4[gI aHI

94

BARLY MUSLIM HIsToRIoGRAPHY

Treel Genealogical Wahb al-Aswar

sij

..1
123is64
'IJmar Hammdm Wahb (d. 102AH) | (d. llo AH)

I Kimil Munabbih
I

iiill-1. |

I
Ghaiian 'Abilullah Ma'qil
I

'- I

T-----l . ai-Karim Ir^,.,,.-_!, 'Abd 'Abd 'Abd 'Abduilah al-$amad daughter al-Ratrmdn I I Ismd'il Sin6'n
Idris 'Abd al-Mun'im ( d . 2 2 8A . H . ) Hammam narrated traditionsof the Prophet on the a Safufa authority of Abu Huraira. He had also compiled

I I
I I

1. Prepared with the helP of : genealogical tree Ibn Sa'd : Tabaqdt (vol, V) and compared with the al-Dtrri has roproduced (Bahth p. 114) from : (Chauvio, La RecensionEgiptienna'de I00I naits, Paris, 1899)'

'9e 'Zl',ll '0I '6'8 'ddt1t9,o1a11o g-rr.rt : BqBrnO sgl 'q\tqnDJ-P tq ilq,Al0 : !/$gIp{BS-le '19651'rd,tEfl) g 'd llts,oyaJlo qetlx . eqgern[ ug1 ( LZ6l 'l'lo^ i arnqn7 ctwolsl) seltldotEotgtsailng a{J 'tugsnW uroqul ue s?itr 'i{EolotroJgc slg Jo fPnls InJeJsc e uorg sruedde }1 se.grlel[ pue rlllsl ol paueAuoceAeq lgElur 'z].rAoroH ol 8ulProccs 'qlqqeunN reqrEJ s.ggB/$ 'H'V 0I ul ulBIsI Jo tlol8ller erll pesseJ -ord puu Faruoc ? serr qqe/[ lsql Arell eql lderce tos seoP z{Aorog '996I'psqBrepfH'8uoll 'g upuutog vttqos -eclqnd clurBlsl : (gsllnPlursil 'H'P.) Wqqoww

eql fq pauosFdtul ueeqp?g qq/l|l 'alnder Jo slsruoqlp"rl eql uJsulpel I pu? slslJnl fru.rodureluocsnoIrBA Jo sollqwess ul run puu ea 'H'v 00I ul puB 'E,uesJo lpqo egl s^{aq Jod 'uettre^ uJ 'g,ue$ J?euuarol IlBIus .tgwtqo eurrlsuros " 'H'V t ruei(eql IIJuroq s?argge1\ te '('C'V gS9-tS9) 'pooqlaqdord 3o ifuolsrqaqr qlla ll?ep oga su?lJolslgrno fq paldeccepue qq"l[ dq pauoder oE? sl sleqdo.td puesnogl rno; d1uem1 pqe q{BI euo uit\op lues poo lBgl arelA peldeccef,1eptm lsour egJ. ''.,ru?fi?qnl I Jo qlol eql uo pelseJryV eql guee 's,(ep uo 'rrlBlunoltrIpBf eqr uo ellrst ll uoql 991 JoJ l?oJJ? Euyuleuer rerye qu[a1J3o ttl0l uo perogcu" ilV e{L, : rIEoNJoIrV eql lnoq? s? slue^ells go aruanbas lacttolouorqc pIrBseFp uoJlusltrol seIJlqqe1\ 'ro sernldrrcg s'eJol-IIoJeilueruel pu" suolllperl gsr,rraf aql flog eqf ulo{ pelpnls peq eq 1"91trosls pu" B.Ioog eq} go eldoad, eql ruor; ileluot e Euleqslq Jo anilIA ,(q maul eq 'p) ].qar ll ol pepF eg ueql : ('zfb) ('C'V Oqq/'H'y gy ecrrc 'p) {rrstss 'q IIBIInpqV,puu ('a'b) (6V VSg-2ggi'H'Vnt-T,E 'stut1sn141 rgqqv F q,?X Jo sarrols $ni18) e{l fllelcedso eql Euome pel"Incrlc eJs/rt sB sel8l-{loJ pu salq?J qcns pelloc osl? PIp eH 'Irr?lsl puB ItrsJ"Pn1 qrog ol uotnluoc B 3A"g qclg/r sosJel clug.rn| sJal}?III 3ql ol scueJoJoJ eql Jo oulos ureldxa ol pepuolm qgslfi 'srol'{loJ qsJAeI eq] o] uoJtueilBerour Eutfed u1 eql pu" selJols lm[qlg 'qqu1\ reqlorq slq roJ s{oog eseqcrnd ol posn rugurltrsg leql das srogoder rng .'gplpppefl .rt .r(I fq peqqlqnd ueeq fltuecar seq lueuEer3t 3 qclg.rlJo
96 AUnIYUSTn IVcIUOlsIH SVUY NI INS'{SIS AIINSI|IET AIIr

l-

96

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

governor of Yemen Ytsuf b. 'Umar al-Thaqafit on some charges unknownto us. But it appears,that it was because of his dogmaticviewsthat he had to remainbehind the bar. The Governor had also flogged him for some charges until he was dead.2 Some reporters say that Wahb died in 114A.H., while al-Dhahabi,YdqEt and others give the date of his death as l lth of Muharam 110A.H. (832 A.D.).r His Works: Later authors have attributed a number of works, ori* ginal as well as translations,to Wahb : l. Kitdbal-Qailar: 'Amrb. Dindr says that he had seen a book on the subjectof Free-will at the residence of Wahb in $an'd (Yemen).4 During the early days of his life he had staunch belief in to somereporters Qadar (Free-will), but according studied some having had changed his ideas after Prophets. the ancient more Scripturesrevealedto '2. Kitnb al-Muhfk al-Mutawwaia min Himyar wa Akhbiiruhum wa Qisauhum wa Quburuhum w& Ash'Eruhum: This book on the subject of the history of Yemen based on myths and folk-lore is also attributed to him. It was compiled on the pattern of the ayydm-tales and it appears that Wahb had not observedthe rules of authentication in its narrations. ft was, perhaps, on the basis of this work that'Abd al-Malik b. Hishdm b. Ayytb al-Fimyari (d. 213 or 218 A.H.) preparedhis work entitled Kitab al-Ttianfi Mulfrk f,Iimar which he orally receivedfrom Asad b. Mtsa on the authority of Abu Idris b. Sinan (Wahb's grandson).5

l. 2. 3. +.

Governor of Yemen from 106 A.H. to 120 A.H. lbn Hajar : Tehdhtbvol. XI : 168. : BabthP. 1o3. al-Dlri i Mu'jat;1 al-Udaba VII : p. 232, lbt Ilajar : Tehdhib XI : iaqur p. 168 Kitdb al-Ttian P' 235 '. Kifib at-Ttia'npp. 108, 109 et. seq. The wo,rk has beenp-ublisled now Hyderabad., by the Da'irat al-Ma'irif at-Osmdnia-,-1347 A.H. alo.ng ' qiith the book entitled " Akhbar Aud b. Shqrya al-Jurhumt"t (seealso : The Two Oldest Books of Arabic Folk'lore, (Islamic Cul' fiento* ure,l92E).

'(, 'd : AI uAztrylo upslT) 'lennegc $lq g8noql sn ol u/$op etuoc e^eq qgudt 'sselegue^eN .Joqlne Jreql s3 Jlasurq Jo suolssFusuBJl erlr Jo lsour pasod pue seqlrro leuolsseJord uro{ paseqcrnd sloog eqr o1 ro .srrp1 'reqleJ un\o srq ol ro qqBA{ o} rerl}le ruaql palnglrt}" pue s}roder pue suolllperl e8loJ ol pasn eH .fllleuosred pegpolE pue snold e se qqel/\ pa,(e.luod rlJul,$ suorlrpe.rl qcns pelue^ur osle pBq eq.sreqder8olrol .{lq ol se lla,s se rllqnd eg} o} atqe}deccespoder slg e{Er,uol repro uI .pspusrusP $erulsruncJlc ueqat pue se salJols uo[]BcrJqeJ Jo JO lulq 36n5Jsosle srllF flrBo lnq'qrgqunhl .q qqBA\ reglsJpuBr8 lBruelsru EIq ulo{ pe}lrerlu! pBq erl sB salEl llcns peillutstrsrl fluo lou oq^\ 'p) sFpI .q rul,unl qpr-drop lBuolssaJordu 8e/A(.H.V 8ZZ I-l pqv, . 'EZE'd i 11wp1s11o-g1tnQ .906J .trnqlappEl. .Z tptoqulaY : (.H.C) ilotlcs re{ceq U.(dad .Zgt .d : tptoto/il : uE)trllBqx u,qI .oN u?unzlo . Il WZI lqsox l

'?qr?lnb uql'.pooqleqdor4 .aI Jo drolsq, d\| JlDtls agt ol $eJerd eql SuBrr^r uI frlderEorq s,loqdord aqr g{,u Eurleap sJegdeJ8ouolsrq JoIBJ oql Jo esod.rnd srssuocaqlJo pafqns aql uo {ooq u aql pe^resqcrq^r, alldrrrorosl? prp qql['fpepung : gpulqntrtr{B qpfJy .{ .uorlrpodxo tuo,qtaltx 3gl lnoqs euros pu? leqdoJd oqt Jo eJtl sscJaw eql Jo slueaoeurossureluoclueruEerg a^oq? egl 'slroder slq ul pof"ldsrp uetrJoqqel[ qJrqa ec4J"rd e 'flrroqlne suregcJodoJduJluoJ Jo "lou ssop luaulEs{ srql '2z2t13o1,tg Jo pefqns aqtru0 qrIBA\ aql go luoruEurg B oq ol pasoddns Jo lrotrr sr qJtqa (,{ueulrag) 3rnq1epro11 ur ,.,qqelA" ruo{ sC,(lIBqV urorg 'reqleg srg uro{ e'rq,untrI1B pqv, uro{ '"qJel lqv tuor3 'Dl"g IqV .q peuueqotr41,, dq pa$rusu"rl pue 'H'V gZT, ur pequcs luoru -Eerg e apera^ocsrp Je{ceg 'H'C JosseJoJd r.grleA\ ol palnqtrge osl? s! lzprlSorygo lcefqnseql uo {ooq 'Jellrc palts sV : qgnllBsug ugq8ul41 qg1;y { " .bC{.st uql Jo tlees eqt Jo renrusurl 'p) u/r\ou)l-lle,t\ !.94{e{-t? IleJni-te ?,ql('H.v sI .q qslnpqv, .ro (.r.b) JeuqTI I BqV ro (.a.b) q.cs -lE 'q peurueqoli e:91 srepodoJ ruo{ pellacer eq qclq/r\ uollsluJoJul qso{ poppe osle urggsrH uql 'qqsl[ fq pe1ce11oc luuoluul eql uor; gedy
L6 SUnIVUAIIT IVCTUOISrH SVUV Nr J.NAI4{A1A AJINgr4taI SIIJ

98

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

al-Tabari and others have quoted from the work of Wahb on al-Mubtada,t or Ktdb al-Mufuada, and these extractsshow that Wahb had startedhis work from the description of Genesis, then came to the gradedhistory of Prophethood,descriptionsof the early Prophets like Hrld, $dlih. Solomon, David etc. and someof the of yore like Luqmdn and People of the Cave, or sages al-Qarnain. Dhfl Translation of the Psalms : It has also been said that Wahb rendered into Arabic the Psalms of David 'Kitab al'Mazdmir'. It is the (Zabnr) under the title same work which is still found in libraries and supposed to be the translation of Zabtt by "Muslim scholars". Apart from the titles mentioned above, the following works are also attributed to Wahb.z

6 . MawE'iz Wahb b. Munabbih: '7. I.{ikmat lYahb b. Munabbihs : I am inclined to be-lieve tiat this work is a transiation of the wise sayings of Luqmdn, which Wahb claims to have studied in detail. 8 . Hikmat Ale Da'od : Apparently a translation from Jewishreligious sources. 9 . al-Israeliyydt:. Haji Khalifaa has also mentioned a work of Wahb on the subject of Israeliyydt' Perhaps' it was the samework to which early reportersrefer as al-Mubtada.6 Horovitz and Rosenthalhave endorsed
al'Maid,s on the ^ Al-Thatalibi has utilized the work in his book'Ard'is 1. 'Abd al-Mun'im (d' 228 A'H')' According to Ibn Nadim of years and the above book labd "",tt"iftv ul-Moo.im lived for over a hundred p' 229)' (al-Fihrist compilation' was bis own vol' I: p' 101' 2. Brockleman:G.A'L. (Supplement) : VII P' 97' z Tabaqat vol' 3. Ibn Sa'd 4. Kashf al'Zunfrn No. 9436, later histories aod compile 5. V. Chauvin has tried to collect from the of Israeliyydt It was subject the on wahb by the matter transmitted Egiptienne de 1001nuits' published under the riile z La Re.cension lPgriq 1899).

I
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'qrynoJ-lo tttltqnoJ-lo tq uq,fl-lo: IatEqIeS-Ie "-' lrtv Dwruotlq uow I 'UZ6l'I.lo^ ernltn3 clrulsJ) salqdorSolg tsal4o7 artJ i'I zlr^oroH 'L6 i spboqoJ :'p,es ugl IIL 'Z68 'oN u4un21n tqsoy : llpfi 'g,!rz,.d "JIlegX tqdor8olrotslg wllst W to ttogslg : .leqluasot erqlnC rltuelsl) sa1rydo^t8o1g tsalpog aqJ i.I zll^oroH 'UZ6l ,I.loA

EuJp;,rord.rogelqrsuodser .{1urcu s1eq 'sseleqleuoN .looqcs eulpeI4l eql Jo sraqderSouolsq pu slsrsollrpurtr xopoqilo erllJo s,serl eqf qfla po:udruocse .,{rolslqgolurod,rtera.>1eem flparnsse pue 'lueJe.Srpe egnb peluasord sg grIA\ snolndnJcs ol elqeldecce flpreq n'sreqderSouolsrq sl qryl[ fq petruese.rd eg] urrgplesle ol Burproccy 1er.re1ew '$eglsleJ puorssego.ld pue sra11e1-,{ro1s eraur ruo{ suor .seJJnos -ssrusu?Jl EuJldecce ur el?lrsog seop eH lou lucrJol -srq-uou rso{ I?rJal?u l"crJo}srgEurldaccu ur snolndn.rcs ro pc!{re drea lou sBAr eq leql ecJloueil[ 'spoqlaru lecrqde.rE -o!ro$lq uoJsll realc e ol e^eg readde soop gq"A\ lou Jo .sq3JV ureq1roNoqt s!^-"-sr^ selmatuel eq1Euy(gr.ro16 go esodrndeql q{^\ sale}-utlrt/fu eql 3o u.ro11ed eql uo suorssrursu?Jl sJg rr! JnJcoosle seEes pue slsqdord snol.leAol pelnq!4ls sesJea pe{?d 'ernl?Jo}Ilqsl,t\ef eIIl uloJJpu? seJol-{loJluelcu eql ,ruo{ poulslqo e^eq }snu eg rlorqa JalcEJ"qJur lucrEoJoqlfur l(16oru eJBuerrroi go ,irolsrg flr"a eql lnoqe sgoda.lsy11 eql uo qquil\ : ueuel go ,{ro1s111 'pel?crpul seqp,?s uqJ qcrrla ol {ooq arnssaq} uaoq eleq lqEnu'z}t^oJog qdosol sdes 'eJlpq) pellllue IfpH ,{q otrperraJor(l9tr74V1o SoS18) {ooq or{I :leqdord Jo sn}els eqtrureile trouprp oqa\ " (ppqqn) ueru snord Jo solrols eql gll^r Sarleap 4aots1 luog ttqpplly D$ ppqqn,-lv D.trgguy-ID ttrypqy \ooq epepdurocoslpgqqs1\ uql o1 Eulproccv 'II ,'p,es 'll ssoJsB ellloc o^?q ol suoes uBrJotsrg Joqtro ou lng a'"JIIrI) fcH dq ol perraJorqeeq s?g eltrll e^oq" eql Jo {ro^r v : g$n{ '0t eru?segl r'A,era
6 flUruYUflrl1 IVSIUOISIH AVUV NI rNflnA.IS grlNSng.tr SHr

r00

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPI{Y

material for the preface to the Saralr which is called c/Mubtadd and dealswiththe early history of Prophethood to connectthe prophethood of Motrammad with the long and consecutive chain of prophets' For this, Wahb exploited Jewishsources,collectedfolk-tales, and preparedthe way for writing generaluniversalhistorieswhich appearedduring the third centuryA.H. Nature anil Style of his RePorts: Wahb has also narrated some curious information about his contemporaryprominent figures.r 'Ajilz al-Yemen'the Old woman of Yemen',2Wahb b' 'Abdullah b. al-Zabafu appointed one of tvtunabbinrelates: our chiefs as governor over us' This man was extremely ugly and had been given the nickname "Old Woman oi Yemen". I came to Ibn al-Zubair as a member sf a 'Abduilah b' Kh-alid delegation from Yemen, and found 'Abdull6h' b. Usaid with him. This latter greetedme, "O Abfr how is the old woman of Yemen"? I disdained to reply' but he repeated the question severaltimes insistently' so in the end I quoted, "I have submitted myself with.Solo, mon, to God, the Lord of the worlds"' (XXVII : 44-45)'and then added "And how is the old woman of Quraish" ? He asked whom it was that I meant by this, and I told him' Umm Jamil (Sc. the wife of Mobammad'senemy in Mecca' Abu Lahab) the one who carries fire wood, with a rope of palm-fibre round her neck (Qur'an CXI4-5)' Ibn al-Zubair Lurst out laughing, and he turned to Ibn Khalid saying,you (Thimar askeda si[y luesiion, but he gavea good answer"' p.24r). al-Qulilb Wahb b. Munabbih informs us about the obscurepoints --pot' with the help of Jewish sourcesor of nie-Islamic history example,commentatorsof the Qur'an i"tf"iii.'ii]ii. *uotiA to know about ine wtreieatouts of .l'-'lg-T-anl3,t*tence to whom is found in the Qur'-6n(XXX[ : tz)' :9.t tou.""s do not revealanythingabout his communlty or taltn
Edinburg |. al-Tha'6libi :,Latd'if al'Ma'drif p. 57 (tr' C.E. Bosworth),

1968. 'Ajfrz' does not 2. Ttis is Bosworth'stranslation,in my view the word it standsfor'old man'equally' moao'old !Yoman', ncccssarily

,9 ' ., '
,7

.gI .d 11!g.n14J: lpB,rsy\i.ls '61-lZ 'dd I $nl4t : lpB,sel I{B '9E-ZE .dd I qo4s : tugqslg uqJ .797.d q!4X l1lp,o1,t11o 97.d {1tg,o7q-1oqptty '

td;t"t'i,J#';n ueprns-pwo!,nt4r,ss.dtup,1s1-1orr",rlll|rti"f
-lorls 3o ,{1Jro[eur eq] fq posn uoeq ssq lrJelsmeur?e eql puE (b1oqy-|oppqtqnw) plroa eql Jo srseuael oql tnoqe Eurirr,tr
UI qIT"A\ IIO PEUEJ EA?II SUAIJOISIq JEI?J 3IP JO ISOI^T

: ppolg aqt Io a?y : qlqquuhry .q qqr1l uo.r; q.rodog oqt Jo uolfculrrrxfi uv sglds u'@3lgtot1g) lJ^eJo uo4?erceqt.;ro uopdg.rcsap eql tuq morg se1tprru ggs1\ e{11srsoue5r 3ropafqns egl Wlllr s{rolr Jreql ur Jep oqn osoql Suotueqqe^\ ol sreJer eq uJeEy .;....qJqqeunlt 'q qq"A\ Jo Iro,f, eql ur osJ?pu? rtrelsl ol peile^uoc {oog eqlgo eldoad eq1 go eql ur punoJ sl sV,, : srftri1go eqqly uo4dJrcsep eql q fI perropueur s?gpue ,,,rot1g-1o Dtr ppDqnry -lo Q?tlxzt sB {Jo^r sFI} ol peJJeJers?g lp!,s?tr^[{v ,'peumeqory pu? NrnIC uee,lrleqIe Jelur eql guunp pelrl eq l?gt meure|1u uoJlaruroJur Bq61 wq lnoqe ruor; peulelqo . ssrl pue ulsl suBrJolsrgfpee eq1 eql w eweu Jo lsJ1 Jo slg peuoqrrotu s?g IpB,SBI ur fguellsrqc go I{V n'upr[e51 uopdpcsepegl m rrrpgsrHuql Jo qDrls m sreeddeqq?A\ ol peleeleJsernldrrcs1g ,.sleqdord snorJA 'eJnleJolrltlsto, pae peeJ elug ol surreJc eH qoqs ,qryptt 'frolslq Jno pesn ur dleerg eff esaql puu sleqdord (1ree-go segolsJo 'pueJl gsraref fllucrlsualcuregc? (bpt1y1o gpDrqnry\ slseue9 glrl!\ pslcsurroc eJ" suorlsJJsu srq Jo lsol I 'q"JV eql Euouree8esnprqreaord m erom r(eq11eq1s[es puu go sEurfes esrrt .ugubnl ]noga 000.0I porpnlseH .sryotr srg ur s8urfessrg pezJlJln ol"q lsoru Jo ol surrJc qg?/t\ rnaqdeu u .are1 3 ssar eq gq"I[ r'pl,rec 3o o1 Eulproccy .uerurssfqy ue se uHrI paqrrcsop sraqlo :"lJy ol peEuoleq eq pl?s etuos .pe^ll eg ueqa\ poued lcexa ro
I0I SUOIVUSIII aVCNOISIH SyuV NI INAy[s'Ia allNay[s.t flHJ

t02

EARLY MUSLIM

HISTORIOGRAPHY

thal :-o.m: in writers.l He is also frequently quoted -matters Biblical the or mythology Jewish the within the range of obtain not does al-Waqidi enough, legends. But strangely Wahb' to referred has Al-fabari from WahL. point' that the "rivrni"g alo-ng with a report from Ka'b on the same According to years'2 thousand if this worlcl is sixty world is just our "g; which of frahU, Allah created 18000worlds he informs us that like a charlock grain on our palm' Again' 'Arshwas on heavens the before the creation of the earth and He took out water and when Allah intended to.create then and out vapour a handful of water which transformed into then days; two within skies came into existence ;il;-;";"" process the He createdthe earth in two days, and completed report he tells us of all creation in sevendays"3 In another plan' and the the location of the skiesand the earth' their also discusses oceans that surround the earth etc'a Wahb is six or seven' whether the number of days createdby Allah and al-Tabari also quoteshim in this matter's Creation anrt Fall of Adam : creaFrom the Genesishe entersinto the details of the , and Paradise in lived they How tion oi- edam and Eve.6 forbidthe from eating by Allah the command of transgressed of which they were sent down on den tree as a consequence from .r".t Thesedetailsseemto havebeen borrowed also Sirah-wfiters the "ur,n *ort Mubtadd al-Khalq which ii, prophethood' of utilize in writing about the history of the Again, al-fabari quoteshim in the description offshoots' genealogy' d.*."rriuois of Adami their names'
Wahb seealso al'Suyrl|..iTuhfat 1, For stories of the prophets narrated by 13-33. al-Maidlis PP. p' lO Tafstr XII t A,al-Ma'arif : pp' 8'9' 2. al-Tabari t Tdrikh vol' I p' 19 (Cairo' 1938)' li-r"ras uOi : Akhbar al-Zamdn p' 39 Kiffib al-Tiian pp' 1-6' 3. al-Tabari i Tilikh vol' I p' 4t Kiftb al'Tiian p"7 et' seq' 4. al-Tabari : Tdrtkhvol' I Tafsir VII : 106 VIII : 184-185 5. al-{abari z Tarikhvol' I p' 43 Kitab al'Ttian p' 11 et' seq' 6. & 7. al-fab afi ; Tdrikh vol' I : 108 l0' E. Ibn Qutaiba: Kitab al'Ma'arif 9'

t/'
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IAxt(

: I Prgils 't0'00: ptql 't I '9ZZ ' ptql i I 'loz. rtrfir!tr 'Z I Irqel-le '91 .d |I?{DW-ID ,LLl-gLI i ,DtqnJ: guu{ns-lB lrlrlrrsl trsqEl-ts .I
ug,mb eql Jo sesJe^ eql uruldxa o1 pelonb sJeq uercJEel I eqr pu" sesoIAI go f.lo1s eqt uI reqlo fq s? IIaArsB a.srelrr^\-rl2.rg5, bp{.sl uql peldecce fq ueeg s"q uorsrea slgl pue;ruqef,1e ur srncco .sesoll Jo ssrs eql 3o uo4drJcsep eql u! .gg?1!l s'qeql{ Jo uorsJeaeql ot s}rodor essql .regerd o} pemfcursr aq pu" sesoWJo eql eql eroJeqpe41 leql le.irr qciqi,r Q1t7y slroder qcns Jeqlo segc puqef-IE pu? sesotr go uorueduo3 J aql s"tlr eg l"ql ,.tPltly lnoqe qq?A\ go gode.r eql palonb seq bg{,s1 uq1 .qwl( morg qpri(y go [ro1s eq1ue1e1f1 +uegzddeseq greqef,lv e.ueqrqv .q ceBslruorguaropurE;rg srq Emcerl fEoJeeue8 slq salr8 pue .urEuo,(q uzurogqB,(l(Vleql sn Elel eH .qzlls o1 acegord "'*L^ e se ,2zpn1nn7ry-p Da .tot1g1oqluY, srq.1o ged uooq e^Eq$nru suodir esJql pue " uJ eql .pooqleqdordgo f.ro1srq, lseJelfi ue{B} pq qqe1t l?ql slrogs lt dpnls lueserd rno Jo esodrndoqt rod .ug.rn| aql Jd srol?luetutuoc Joglo ,(q peldope ueaq oE? seq qclqat (1g -08 : pAH) nug.rn| ogl Jo sesrol eql uo lueumror o1 sreedde eq lo1 3o frols eql uI .uf1.ro fq elmeruea u Eulsq sq p"g qW&\ qclq/!| ur frolsrq olrnerue^ Jo esn?ceq pez4?rcods tIreJrIrBeql t.red e q sFII posrlsuqc Jo fq erea,r e'rlellV foql moq pu" pE:, l"qt eJdoed eqt uo$dlr"r"p .q1 q1r^ ]o Jo sJ"ap slg go goder raqlouv pue Eog puu s{rnl u.Boge14J .eseu"pns go m8uo ern sece4erl glepl word eql JeqlEJ -aJoJ eql ssar uI"H elnlllr u?wou eql puB uersJed Jo .q?JV eql eql Jo Jolsecusegt ssllagBoN .q w?s l?gl sn surJoJurosls qq.d[ 's8ur1luelcue egl Jo froXsrqeq] Er lsoJelu uale] osl" pBIIqrl?A\ s^\oqs lsql ut lJ elmb eru suolsJea r'sllBlop lrroJeigrp IBcFolslII sll gEnoql paqsttlel go frols eq1EuJJquese.r elJnb 'seleorpur .pueEeJ e .rog.palonb sr qqe6 JJostu1q Jreqef-p se eJeqpu? 'cle qilBa eql Jo sped snol.lel uo rroJlellqurlJreql
OI FUNIYUAII1 IYSITOffIII fiVUY NI INSI^E'IA SUNSI^ISI AHI

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104

BARLY MUSLIM HTSTORIOGRAPHY

bearing a reference to the event.l He also narrates the detaits about the death of Aaron.r In the chapter entitled 'The affairs of Bani Israel and their leaders after Yusha' b' Nun and the eventsthat took place during the period of Zaw and Kaiqubddh', Wahb narratesthe history according to the Jewishbitief and comparesit with the sayingof the Qur'dn3 : 'Bethink thee(O Mo[ammad,) of those of old, who went forth from their habitations in their thousands, fearing 'Die, and then He brought death.and Allah said unto them: them back to life. Lo ! Allah is a Lord of Kindnessto mankind, but most of mankind give not thanks" According to Wahb, Kdlab b. Yufanna died after Yusha' and he left Ezekiel b. Budha as his successorand he is the man who prayed to Allah what is mentiofed in the Qur'dn (al-Baqara: )+il. Al-Tabari has quoted these details from the Jewish literature in his Commentaryof the Qur'An also'r After Ilyas, Ilisha' became the Prophet and remained their leaderfor sometime. The Jews, Wahb tells us, had a coffin which contained the holy remains of the Family of 'Imrdn and Moses, and something else, which they called Sakina ! This coffin had come down to them from their dncestors as a sacred heritage. Whenever they had to enand counter an enemy,they took out the coffin in procession line, in front till the coffin the keeping offendedtheir enemy Wahb, According to Allah. by their enemy was defeated 'skull of a cat' and when it cried like a tbe Sakina was a cat in the coffin, the Jews believed that the time of their victory had come.6 This Salfina is referred to in the
1.

al-Namal 8, Ta&a 17-20,al'Namal lO. : Tdrtkhl:4Ol-407, etc. (seeal-Tabari

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,7

ffJpnb crseqrreql s? ecueJeqoc puu lgnurtruoc eaug .(qteep B rleln ourl eqt ol gUIq rregl ruorg Jo se^ll rleq} eterrsrr qqqa) sleqdord rleql suo4ducsepelnuur egl se se ,floroos Jo lrea\ rleqt Jo slunocc?pelJ?lepoql pus pecuer.redxe i(sql slerreeqdn pc1f11odeql 's8ul>1rreql ,slaqdord luercueJroql ol .1eers1 3o frolsrq eql ol pelBler .qge/r\ Jo suorlBJJ?uegl ur tEql 1(oqs ol luercgns sr slroder eseglJeAoecuelE,{rosrncy .ueleg ol uop"AelesFI l(q peaolloJ eg o] lslJgC Jo rIUIq sql lnoqe sn sllel eH or.ug.rn) eqtr go ,(re1 -uelllwoc eql ur pesmln ueeqosJ?ssrl tlleql eq lnoqe sol?JJeu IIIA\ u'fre;41 pue lsFrlC go uoqdrrcsepaql ol seuoc qq?d\ sfu;1 pue sFqdord gsra,efeql go frolsrq luelcu" egl ruorg ,/, s,ref egl Jo f4rrpdec pu" rrerrrogeql Jo rrorsulur a'assota oql pu?'pqdor4 eql q"muef go frols oql ul polonb sr eq d1re1pn1gz'ruFl de pequcsapos1e sr gf,egs dJeueu sa\of eql Jo gcJ?rrotu reqpuv s.grl?A\ fq peferpod usaq osls seq uolllolos ql"ep ern pel!\olJoJ suo4rpuoc snonlFunt lBql Jo 0gl Jo ernlcld aql .turg punor" sqlr(urJeglo pu" ,.eqeqggo usan| eqt Jo frols egl sn sllel pue ,uouroJog;o uorgducsep eql ut srsedde eq ueql .pezrlrlnoslueA?qug.rnlerllJo sroleluetuuroo eqt gcnrirr slrepp reglo pue .t4lgf pu" fBIgI go frols .'p!re( Jo saJnleeJeql peqrrcsop seg qqe1l

u',cp eruebly, Jo uos rJ"g go frolg, pepque retrdeqcaql ur rreqefle r(q Jo uos IanrnBS pelonb ueoga^BqserrnosqsJlrof ur pooqleqdord go ,fto1s1q orp Eururocuocqq"A\ Jo suorl"JJeu Jeqlo ..osp ug,rn| gl.lNaflar ilrr Sunrvuarll 'Iycluolsfir svuv Nr INSrrtsTa 90I

l
106 EARLY MUsLIM HIsToRIoGRAPHY

prepareda history of report. It showsthat Wahb must have It may not be it. lt*m prophets in a systematicway' it "i in ttre modern sense of the term' but arrange"ttroooiogi"ufa continuity accordingt: t* Biblical the history of the ".i*iofy-n"a *.", .if the prophets. It also dealt with Testament and othcr ancientJews that appears in the Old of Persianorigin' his ,orr.". of the Jews. dince Wahb was (Khurasan) to settle in ancestors had come from Hir6t of old bear resem' Y"."n, his reports on the non-Arab kings has also with the persian myths, and al-fabari ir"""" pointed out this influenceat one place' material on the Wahb b. Munabbih has also provided 'People of tn. Cave' which has been taken by al-Tabari'l personsto whom the Sitiiutfv, he givesdetails of those three : Qur'dn refers in thesewords people of the city "Coin for them a similitude : The them : wben unto came when those sent (from Allah) them both' denied they and We sent unto tiiem twain, said : Lo they and third' a So We reinforced them with ' we have been sent unto You' ' "'2 with the help Ka'b al-Abb6r and Wahb b' Munabbih have' to explain tried literature' oi ,n.i, knowledge of the Jewish as $6diq' names gives their these three persons. wahb about reports He also transmitted il"d"t and 3halum.t a and Jurjis'village'a Shamsun, a person from a Roman the in not occur palestine.6 do Thesenames from ;t"* ;; figures and have direct myt]ological are they but ["fao, with the history of prophethood in Arabia' "ioo."iioo Yemen His reports connectedwith the ancient history of givesus he First, of al-fabart. history the in are also found
1, 2. 3. 4. 5. al-'fabartz Tartkhll:7' al-Qur'an: XXXVI : 13'14(tr' Pickthal: 315)' : Td'rikhIl"-19' al-Tabari :I:22. lbid of Christ and an t lI:24 (He rvas one of the Companions rbid exract of his account from the book of Wabb is found in : al-Mas'iidi : Mutfij al'DhahabVol' I, p. 79.

'i *'yi ^'to^'^bDq,r :ps's usl ' l';,il;i,T;i:,,ffit:l; 'z

L

'8gI : LII!.r2J i;regef,-1e II 'm-t 'd'd i I qo4s: ru?qslH ugl .I?I-6II .d.d : II UwrrpJi lreqel-le

sl?lap oseqt puofaq teql qqul( saurord lqnop suorssptr Jo -slr"rl asaql go fprys pcrfipue uy .glqqeunlll 'q qqeifi Irro{ paumlqoseq Jreqel-l? }erl^\ q slqJ ?.uewa; ul ug.rn} agl rJa[oc ol seguetuol .g oql pnlqlJehtr giv, oraa pue lsJg Tqq"untll 'q qr1e1\ 'godar srqt 01 Eurproccy .ruEIsJ pas -saJord osJe feql ptrq{rel : go uos giy, pue lur?lruq I -IB zlLrled ol luos se^ruorssrur e ,flrepurrg .ru?FI pec?Jqure lfE faql pue frnzng .q ugur,nN-le go sralqEnep eg] Jo esnoq aql tre pelq8rJe eg .ueuo1 puqy eql guorue uorE -rler aes eql lqEno.lq oqlrt s?uu"qn1 Jo .q Jnqel[ s?^rrrrBIsJ Jo uolssrrtr eql qlrlr uoruol o1 oB o1 ueru lsJg oql lgl sn suJoJ -uI eH 'uetue1 go eldoedoql ot rtrlsJ Jo rrorlcnporlur eql seglJcsep eq eJeqa sr ueqefle go frolsrq eql ur $rreJeedde lxeu slg .euacs egl seleJ qgslfi lurod srql ty , '$FIC Jo ql.llq eql np ,'sreef pmsnoql Jluq ? puu elg sllt turq ol BurproccaqcFI/( pFolt srql Jo ate eqt lnoqu sn sllel eH .lxeluoJ lrroJeglp agnb ur trnq rpflrqeqg 'q prJfepzea go uo4drresep q" eql uFI ot sraJer 'urc3y .frolsrq rr"lsrad eql I{Bq"J,lB egpalmou4 srq Jo go elduexe lseq oW sr slroder srqJo uorlJod sryl z.z1rv.rcA Brs.DI uo4drrcsap e{l q polonb urg seq peqefly Jo 'rt o1 fg4so1 u?rJ frolsq eql sgoder Jo lecr8oloqt,(ul lnoqe qH 'rnsrcpnfgo frolsrq egl Jo uewol luercue Jo frolsrq eql rsJeal eq gclgrd rpl,t fllsnoFnc puu etues eql qtJr\ J?ez sJolsecu? slrl Jo pu?l eql lnoqe Euru.raeJ ur lseJelu ueo{ u^roqs eAeq lsntn eq .f11ern1e51.rsJed rlllal suonceuuoc fsrr"J srg p?q qWA\ snqJ -guqy uo ral"J pue (ersro4go suos) .uerue1 ur pelles,{1e1etur1p sal-!-?uqy palec oren fsql .(eq1 pue fuoloc uersJed egl uror; suerurss,tqy eq1 ledxe o1 urspl [q uouel ol ].ues oJea sJoqlBJoJoJ srH .eJeJu?rsJod aql ol poEuoJeqqq"A\ l?ql rorlrce pelels eluq eiA 'rIl!Jrreql Jo uttuo aql pue .ugrfap Jo suerlsrJgJoql lnoq? uorlerrrJoJur
101 flunJ,vuglll IVCIUOISU{ SVUY NI INAWATA AIINsr,{flI aHr

08

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPTIY

were not simply orally uansmiited and preservedaccountsof the early history of Islam, but either wahb had compiled them . into book form gr some of his disciplesmust have done so' Al-Mas'tdi has compiled books on the subject of history and mentionsthe name of Wahb on the top of the list,1 and quotes his version about the Alexal{e1 the Great called 'this is what we find in iht d-qutoain, with the remark that the'Kitai al-MubtadA wa al-Siyar' by Wahb b' Munabbih'z' Wahb did not only associate himself with the Genesis of mankind ahd the Universe,but also dealt with the creation of Ginnii and evil spirits. One of the quotations cited by al-Mas'rldi will show the nature of material Wahb might have collectedon this aspectof the Genesiss. of Wahb: Sources Wahb b. Munabbih does not necessarily quote his sources of information while furnishing details about thc angienthistory of Yemen, or tho storics of the prophets etc' But, from a careful perusal of his reports we find that he had obtained the material for his reports from the following sources: (a) The Bibte.' Most of his narrativesare basedon the material which he got from the Torah and the New Testament. He claims in various reports to have read from 30 to 93 Scriptlres revealed to various prophets'' Then he tells us how many books were revealedto every Ages of various prophets are obviously prophet. borrowed from the Torah.s His version of al-Mubtadd (Genesis)is basedon the Torah and the Qur'an to which he has added further details received from the Talmud ot Mishna of thc Jews. IIis reports mosfly tally with the Hebrew text of vol. lz 21. al-Dhahdb t. af-Mas'tdit MurfrJ :I: 79. 2. fbid Il : l3t' 3. al-Mar'6di;,Murnial-Dhahdb

1. Kilab al-Tijan p. 2 (In thc original Mss. on which the prinrcd tcxt is barcd, tbc oumber of Scriptures ttudied by wahb is Sivcn as 163)' 5. Kfiehal-TfidnP.19.

'bes .lc .d : plqt IZ .6I .d : plq 'rI 'd : pnl '9I .d: plgl 69 pue Sl,VL.dd ugil1o qgIX .1.duq[U1u .L.d aq[_lo WtlN qprtx '71_g.dd gotlX t1.rg,o1a11o

.g .L .9 .t ., .E .Z .l

'Jla ,e.l ugtsulsuveur.$oJqaH s..(u?tu) uI qsnuv Jo r..Josseccns ur EurueoupJo^r/(oJqoHae s\ {otprlX JJqBJV sB qons UI1US*: rufuou,(s a\eJqeH Jo orqeJv slr Jo oruu cerrfg-relnclUed e go Surueatuaql sn sllal oq ,eldtuexarog .ueql ol slrodar 1se11u slq Jo etuos lnq ! sacrnosraqlo fq peleJrlueqlnp sr .rlo lou pDusnn-p linqy se sldrrcs plo Jo oceufs ,creul?ry e4rJsa8 -enEuqlueroueur pesJe^ su/lr aq ,sn llal spodar eruos'sy-(3) .aag .uupy e'rle sllql Jo rllnoru eql ur paculdag o] sasJa^ urlq JoJpoJnlc"Jnueu oq/( puu slaod se1e1_upttth eql stupy pru tuor; Jo elrecal Jeuorssogord osl prp eH (o) 'g-lllpqv, 'g rfqgf puB 8rr?rnH BqV surl,inl I .q rrsqnl ,rsgqgvr_l" 'q ggllnpqv, arc 4sto7 pue ,(rolsrq Jo Iurrelsruaql pe$ru, -su"Jl gq?d\ rrroqa\tuor; srulorlJs rurlsnl4l aqt Euoruy (p) truarrdJlaql ol preEarur ,,{roleuuldxo_Jlas s'secJnos oJB 'tle IoqV pollr{ ur?J moq .uorxelduoJraq ,eaggo sernleeC pue el[1s qsrlref Jo f,llecrlsuelcuJ"qooJ sgodar s1q .'u13r.ro ur selrceq gclq,lr slr"lap oql lng .cle ,leloqcs e {q poturoyur sB^{ f, Jo .eur plog suosred aJqeeEpelatou{ arlt lsEuouru uro{ euoetuos, : ecuoJeJeJ enEea e dpo serrrEsuorsuceo qcns uo pus seul?u Jleql uoJluoru seop eg lng .sreloqcs lou ,tref frerodruetuoc slq ruorg aEpaJarou:1 EuissuO-ruo"o"-i1" o,rrsearad-11u slq Jo luop leer8 ? peurelqo puq og (c)' 'euoJg,L eql uo pegrrcsursew (1g1p17tsoy potawoQoW Wif ?lll Dqpll u7) ow11oy l?ql /!\?s pue so{e srq peuedo:uorr -"eJc srq lalge pnf .uEpV sBqcns se1e1 pcrEoloryfrt (O r.rluJol egl Jo uorsJe^ egl pu? slrodor stq uoelUeq suorlerJel eruos lno pelurod suq eqguln| uq1 qEnoql $ecrnos rlsJmef Jeqlo Jo ,lo.toJ eql
60I :ruoJvualll IVCIUOISrH SVUV Nr INAnAIS AIINAT4ISI sHJ

oqruoperuoaur ueeq ostlr snuq-,{;pn;iTlJ"#:i':q.';:tij

110

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGN'APHY

(g) His report$ about those who did a certain work at first is iipicuffv a Yemenite practice, supported by the Jewish traditions and folk-lore. It wasalso tle way of North Arabian of scholarsto tell their curious inquirers about the inception a unL'leltook or a certain thing or the first man who invented man first was the particular *ot-k. At accordingto Wahb, Idris etc'2 io write.t Ya'rub was the first man to composea verse' We have stated earlier that Wahb being a staunch yemenite and having descendedfrom a Jewish lineage, was in national traditions of the Yemenite' quite knowledgeable H" *u* also aware of the history of Judaismand its creed' His interest in the'ancient history of Persia is also evident in from some of his narrations' He took keen interest the for traditions and transmittedthe Jewish ftadcthliterature and sirah-wtitets of the early period' usqof the commentators Wahb, as stated by al-Tabari, was among those early the Qur'an in Yemen' The Jewish who collected Yemenites material which we now find in tafsirs, must have been coltectedby him for the interpretation of such verses of the to the history of Qur'6n which require some background piophethood for their clear explanation and exegesis' On ."mbruciogthenewfaithheshiftedtothecityoflslamic he and compiled his reports in the light of what tnowtedg-e deshe utilized for the outuio.iio Medina. what sources criptionofthelsraeliyydtinbisKitdbal-Mubtaddisstilla subject of intensive study and research' But' apartTrom Testaderiving information from the Old Testament,the New rabbis old of works some Midrash' and Talmud ment, ;he musthavebeenwithinhisreachwhicharenotavailablenow. Aramaic' inut n" had sorneknowledgeof the old languages, al-Mas'trdi which a story from evident is Syriac or llebrew, hasrelatedin his book. According to al.Mas.[di,8in the year87A.H.al-Walidb..Abdal-Malikstartedtheconstruciioo of the Great Mosque at Damascus and simultaneously the Medina Mosque under the able supervision reconstructed 'Uthm6n b' Murraal-Khaul6ni 'Umarb.'Abd al:Aziz' of
Kitdb al-Ttjdnp.22. Ibid : p. 32. III: 157' 158. al-Mas'tdi ; Marfri al-Dheh'ab

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( H'V Ztt) [,:.tnW-lir Surlrrzrt servr rpB,sultr-["orlrr]oq] 1p] ect;1d etuts eql ; ss,{\1l pu" enbsour or{l Jo ecrld 1u;1uer oL{1ur pexu eq o} :uois uo peqrJJsur Jq plnoqs uorleisuerl orqEJVslr IBIII palapro qdr1e3 eq1 r'pl^C Jo uos uoluolos go porred eq1 8ur;np poqrr3sur sB^\ lr tr"rll lslqr] olll Jo pua eql l" pouorl 'd1a;elduor -uoru s1i^\ 3l pEaJ o{{ pue luaureqdrcep rog U '11por ol oiqe s",1l qqui& o3 derrr.e leiqel eqtr1u3slirlsirt-lv {poqou 1nq ':eridrcap ol .sarnldrrcg3o aldoad, oqtr o} u.tror{s 'e8en8uei >IoaJD oql ul paqrJcsuranbsour se1*rlJiqzl orll :q1 3o p.re,{irnoJor{1ur pa}e^Jxes?^\ auo}s Jo lolqel e '8np Sureq a,ra,r anbsotu srql Jo suortpunoJaql uoqlA leqi s,(es III 'MIUOTSTHg\',{Y NI INIINA'IAlrrINsHAAAHJ sunrvxaJ_rT

CHAPTER VI

The Qur'an as the Sourceof History

1. HistorYof the Qur'6n : the history of Arabs' The Qur'6n as an important source-of 'the nations ; henc'e ancient the brings to tignt the account of The subject' Qur'En its also is iirt"lry of pre-Islamic era and also gives contains Islamic teachingsand injunctio-ns rrop!e$*!!{1?! -VS-"-:l yd vatuable hints about the tlme earllest the of writer a I{edina. On this account,even ofhidtorY cannotignore it' thc Qur'6n has The concept that Bible is the source of some of the by propagated and been emphaticaliyprc;fessed the and Qur'dn d'ifferfrom Orientalists. How t'ar the Bible a! discussed be in their contents will 111e1. l .JotU., to-mentiqnthat.at necessary prop., ptu... But, here it is of Arabs was illiterate' the time of its revelationthe majority The Qur'6n itself statesas follows : ..He it is who hath raisedup amidstthe illiterate(Arabians) an apostlefrom arnongthemselves'" of Jewsand Christians Till then, the HeavenlyScriptures to ; and .there is no evidence *"r"lo irt" Hebrewlanguage Pro.phet The into Arabic' U"fi"*,ft* they had bJenienAered was also unacquainted and unletteredr prefectly ;;;;"lf ;"t
l. couldest'thou (Thou couldest 4ot readany book beforeit ; oeithcr doubtcd' have those t-hen-might for writc it with thy iigli n"io ; al-Tabari" Tafstr : it-buia":XXIX:48' fuftoftoob who follow XXI:4.

-dtuocse,nI lllun ecgq] eu paE8ng le8uv eql uerll '.peJol ^roq nroul lou op I, : prsI'.peou, 'prBs eq uoqJ.'qullvJora8uessel4l 'pres pue pereedde orlt erBno,{ pu? IerrgEC utBI p?uweqotrAl O qEuV qcrv egl ". : p!seqs 'gsl.V,ruo{ ?a\ql, ruo4 !rqnZ-IV,, 'SSZ-0SZi]K){]x.ryWJ : treg?fi? S-I : IACX : ue.rno . 'fiT-Eez'dd 'lo^ upnnglD uto!,nw : tgbql .Z il '9-S'dd 'l fuqsl-lo ,lr,lroJ qrlttpJ I tt'prqx ..'(lou A\ou)I eq qcrq^r l"ql uuru qloqrol ortl6 : uod eql Jo esn oql qloqteel og1\ : proT luecgeuoq lsotu ,(ql ,{q : puog 'poolq palea8uoc Jo u"tu paluerc qleg ogi11 i (sEurql 11e)paleerc ql?q oql[ 'pro1 {qt ewu oql ul : peeg),, : Surdes wrq pesueloJ Jo aql eurl srql ..'porollelun uaql puu lqEJl urrq pe8Enq 1e8uu alrnb ure : Ja/r\sue etuus oql ele8 ure8e e11 '..p?oy,, L, 'pueuuro3 aql peleeder ..'peeJ ol A{oq A\ourl lo8ue eq; 'porldar oH l.uop 1,, i.,peog,, e: ule o1 prBSaq pue uorsrl stq ur panodde 1e3ue ue 'raferd puu uorlelduelupc ur doap 'eABc aur?s oql uI 3ul11yss^\ oq uaqm f,ep eug '(uccaprl rrro{ sellru erJq} Jo erulsrp lB pelnlls) agrfH Jo e^?O eqt llsr^ ot posn eq 'qBIIV go ollsody eql eq ol peturclc oTI aloJag ,'step 7g pue sqluoru e'sreof ZZ ol soruoJ ug.;n| eql 'snql '1eqdor4 oql Jo qurq oql Jo uo!t"le^a: 3o pouad eqf rslge s;ea,{ 9 ''H'V 0I f[H Inq61 W6 oqt 'oSsrulJEIIdise-I go ,(uq eql uo pele^ar ,t11eugsem uEr.n[ eq; 'p1o s,(ep g pu" sqluoru g 'sJuef 6g s/( aq'Ja uerlsrJqJ eqt ol Eut -pJorJe puu 's,{up 8 pue sqtuour 9 'srea,{gy paSe srul} lql l su,nrleqdord oql 'Jor JBun.I oql ol Surproccy ';aqdor4--eq1 'uppsustrJo-W1faql uo peluelor Jo qlrrq orit-Jeue s.reed1y 'b9{.s1 'sE^\ uq1 o1 Eurp.rocce pa1eailuo3) bo1y, (poolg 'srea,( g7 go poued pellllue ;eldeqc eql Jo esJol lsJg oql B JoAo pea:ds sr ug.rn| oql Jo uol]leleJ go eurl eq1-) 'uollslo^eJ qsnorql poc ruo{ popuoc -sap Jl3sil Jo ssrl rl l"qr ug..rn| erll Jo turclc eql 'slueurnEJ8 'eJoJoJoql'sl luorleJ ,{q ua,re olnJoJ o} llnc$lp ,(1eusr1xe 'fem reln8er B ur sJelor{csurlsrJr{O pue qsr^lof olp uro{ lI lgaueq pa^rJep eq lsql eJJnoselq8rloJ,(ue ,{q poqsruJnJanlc ou oslu sr eJaql 'ecuepr^o ,{ue ,{q palord }orr sr ^\eJqoH 'srqBJV rllr^\ luEsJa^uoc se/!l eI{ 'lBgI 3o 3ul1l.rmeql qlr/tr

p?eu, ,(qr ' ;ir1:fiili''#ililJJ^f# eueu oqr ur so *' ' ' .pro'r

g II

I'uorslH do gcunos sHr sv Ny.uno sHr

lt4

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIocRAPHY

When he returned home, he was shiveringwith fright. He said to his wife Khadij6, "put the sheeton me." Consoling shesaid to him: "Don't be afraid you are a true worshipper, hospitable, honest and a cherisherof the poor, and God will not humiliateyou." Then shewent to her uncle'sson named Wqtqg**1__{gufal who had turned a Christian and was 'Divine Books'. Waraqa told versediri the knowledge of her that it was the sameangel, namely, Ndmoos-i'Akbar who usedto cometo Moses, and askedher to tell Mol0ammed, that he would be gifted with prophethood and that he should remain firm. The Community would reject him as false and put him to the tortures and banish him, but in the long run his religionalonewould prevail, he added. If he remained alive,he would supporthim, he concluded.l
1. TheQur'En itself has not fixed the period of its rcvelation. But it says, "Verily We sent down the Qur'6n on the Niebt of al-Qadr." pp. 258-261)' At another Chapter XCVII (al-Tabari : TdsirXXX place it says : "The month of Rama{6n sball ye fast, in which the Qur'En was sent down from heaven." (al-Qur'dn II : 185 ; al-Tabari: Tafsir ll: 144). (If ye believe in God, and that which We have sent down unto Our servant on the day of distinction, on thc day whereontle two armies met.) (al-Qur'dn: VIII: 41, al-Tabari: . TafstrXz l-2). How religio-political motives permeated the historical writings 'from al-QEsim b. Fadl from could bejudged in tbe light of a report 'Isd b.Mlizin'commenting on the Qur'dnic verse : Lo ! we revealed it on the Night of Power' Ah, What will convey unto tlee what the Night of Power is. The Night of Power is better than a thousand months' (XCVU :-3) 'Isa b. Mdzin said : 'Ali, O yo who hath blackened faces of (the true) I told al-$asan b. that man and took oath of allegiance to him. (He believers, I visited meaot Mu'ewiya b. Abi Sufyan). At-Hasan said: The Prophet of Allah was shown in his vision that Bantr Umayya would ascend his pulpit as Calipbs successively. It pained the Prophet very much. So, Allah revealed unto him : "We vouchsafed you al-Kaathar, and "We revealed it in the Night of Power , . ". Here Allah meant Bao[ Umayya. ALQasim b. Fadl, who transmitted this report 'I5a, said : "When we counted the period of Umayyad rule, it from came upto 1000 months." (a]-Tabari : Tafstr XXX : 260). While the ruleof theUmayyads, from 40 A.H. to 132 A.H., is (Continued) spread over a period of about 1104months.

'fldxe s.1eqdo.r6 eql eroJaq sfep 19 uArop lues sa.\ esreAslqJ, 'reqleSol uelleJ pq egl pue i(epgg fsp leql uo roJ'peulqtuoc (P1,uoSeq ,(p eql) "$V, esJeaslql l?ql pls sgqqv,-Ila uql s^p e^rlseJo,{u uo uA\op lues se,y\ 'll petJqalec e^Bq plno^r feql slrel uo pepuacsepesre^ qcns peq 'ereq] lueserd se,trmel e 'esre^ slgl pellcer sgqgv,{B EqJ leqt pres eH uaq/r\lerlt pai"rrsu s"g (s : 6; lnott JoJ uor8rler rnof pelaaJled 1 eireq ,(ep stl{J) unl7utp untlDl nqDuuo ttu.Mo/C 10 esJe^ eqt SulleJd -Jelur ellqAr greqejle 'uorleleAer eql Jo elp'Esrsolc egl spJ?EersV 'suorleueldxe eules eqt ue^!a e^q F"qefi pue b9Q.s1ufl qlog 'qlrrq eqt relJB srEed It 'ugpsureuJo qlrl eql depud so u/v\oplues lsru seA\ug.:n| eqt snql puB .Irollcullslp 3o dep eql, sB trl peuogueur sq up.rno eqJ, 'stepgur egl tsureE tqSnog sreaegleqeql gclgar l pue 'H'v z ugpruu Jo ql6l eql 'fepug uo eceld {oo} gcrgar ('bes '6-8 : '6LV-IZV 'le i IItlltrpJ: Irqei1e X lI:l tzpqsow : ;p|be1g11e ultplng 4stoJ igrequl-1e'ZO9 z I'lo^ qDqS : tuptlslHIqI'rS'd:1 -|D utq{,nw : l3b9^) rpBg Jo elr}q eql u?eur g^uIl, pus sggqY,le uql elll sJollueuuoc eql .selulJ? or{r1 Jo 6u1}eeur eql, dg : ,I[ a30d uott pailultuoc

oql e^?3 og^{ uor}nlos eq} psg ol }oqdoJd oq} ol" 1uo,t ,{aql (ougpuB sJ3^erloq eql EuoItIs esoJBurolqoJd relncrpud " jo $pu{ eSrqi off oroql: ug.rnb eqlJo suorsecCo

.(uorssrtr I oql ro, eql,(q pe11uc sl lql aJIIu?3cotrAl qJ!Q!!,VJ' susrellri!\-ty'o4s

s ol olqesuedstpur SutIrrvr ueIJotrsJII snql s.toqdotd oql lnoqB egl Jo_ ouo sl pu 'frotsrq crtuulsl otll Jo secJnos lllelrodul sJollualutuoc solnlrlsuoJ luscsep Jo uoJssJJo_eqf,-3ulpJ?3eJ 'u,trop oql ,{q pourelqo lerleluu eql ilng }ues oJaa ouop aq lou plno/h Jo plnoa\ l?q^\ lnoq? spululuos Ssrureluoc sasJal eql 'oseoJlur ol ueSoq .sJelorleq,Jo Joqunu oql uog I 'opErrr uesg p?q .ua^OH,pu .lJeH, lnoq? uolluetu gclgt\ uI u^rop trues orom sraldeqc esoql fluo lsrg le legtr sfes Bqsr.y, 'luecssp slJ roJ paxg surJl ro eceld 'esn?c ou s81(oJeql 'esoJs uelqoJd urelJec uaqa pu" sB ua\op truas,(;tresseceu

eABqsJollu3{utlloceqJ. '.}uoJsep Jo esrcc Jo uolsccoeg}, Jo alra.p aoslov se peural oJ? Jaxlsur relnclped u EulpreE -oJ pusrurtroc ourlrp 3 IsoaoJ o] ut\op luos eJoA{ legtrug,Jnb sosro^ esoql Jo punoJS{3eqeg} ro lxeluoc oql oqi Jo : luacsa(IJo uoJs"Jco oql ro ella3p rrosfBu gII ,\uoIsIII do ucunos aHr sY Nv{uno gHr

rous?^\ us.rn| eql '[s]ap Y1_:1Y?Ppul__?1911 P?:s_l?s;p

116

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

command through revelation. For example, the Prophet once sent M-efqbad at-Ghanavi_ to _Mscca so that he might take out the Muslimsfrom there. There he fell for a pretty idolatress of Mecca,who was quite willing to maffy him. On his return when he consulted the Prophet the following versewas revealed : (Marry not rvomen who are idolatresses, until they believe : verily a maid-servant who believeth,is better than an you more. And give not idolatress,although she pleases womenwho believein marriageto the idolaters, until they believe: for verily a servant, who is a true believer, is better _..tun an idolater,thopg[[epleases you-*oq r i.cveisus-ed d.-non-bel to_ask . "' .' Second,that -many! e!_e_ygrlan ellstiqps frgm the Prophe!, Sometimes,the Prophet himself answered these questions which the Traditio4q include, and at times the answerswere given through revelaf,ion. The versesrelating to the 'Soul'e and the 't_qtQoy'* etc. come this category. ., gnder (_.) thira, the verse-s se-n-r less in withoqt aqy qg_t1l,e_I!.are d-o*wn numberthan the above-mentioned two parts. " Conformities to the Companions : There are someverseswhich are termed as 'Conformities to Companions'. That is, an opinion expressed by the Companionsbefore the Prophet,and supported by the divine revelation. Of these the Conformities to 'IJmar are fhe largestin number. It was in support of 'rUmar's opinion that the Holy Wiveswere ordained to veil.a Likewise, the commandto take Maqdm-e-Ibrdhtm(the StationofAbraham)5 for a pla_ce of prayer was also revealedto support and testify to the suggestionof '{Jmar. The verse forbidding wine doesalso affirm his stand.6 Once the Prophet became disli

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

al-Qur'dn al-Qur'dn al-Qur'dn al-Qur'dn ol-Qur'dn aLQw'an

rI : 3 7 5 . I l : 2 2 1 , a l . J a b a r i :T a f s i I XVII : 85. VII : 187. XXXIII: 59. IIIl.97. V ;90-91.

ulqr,^\ pere erupsInb'#ti:f;"fr ft "#r,ffiHji"irT3;

'Z 'I

J t peureuer eg .tS l?^\A\V{ ,lqeu go 1s1oldn gUIq eql reu "ccetr s:eei{ ;p u?p?u?U go rtl6l ruo.lg.1sqdord e se dn Sullles slg Jo{V 'bgl-tgl I 'S : rtWJ : trqei{? mlXX IAX.I i us,ilA-lD

'pesee;cur puq sJolarJeq Joqlunu suos;edoql 'oJoJeJoql trou Jo oql uaql ,{g 'JeueeJerl pue luoruqstund pJJo^ oq} ur pJB^\oJ aqtr pu 'ecuelueder pu? oculrued tles aql Jo uollecgtrnd eql 'po5l go sEurssalq aql 'drqsellsody eqlJo osle se poC eql pu ecuolsrxe oql Jo ecuoprle errlE qctqn sEur 3o ,(1tun -qc"al sopnpm ug.rn| orll Jo ued ,{rel s1q; 'pe,(o;1sep puu poslls"gcereu,,(eqlA\oqol s selle^rlcnJlsul EuJ11e1'suollu eql luolctre orll Jo lunocoe ue elr8 to sleqdord Eurpecord 'ecce141 poleo^OJ oq} Jeqlro eqJ, otre1e; sesJa^ }s 3o ,{.to1sq 'sreer( '(sra1 go polred uol e;s.r,t urrllr^r lB poJuo^oJ " "ulpaw -deqc 17) ll.ed gglll 'sr teql 'lsor erII '"u1pey{o1 pelerEruro treqdor6orll illt s,(ep 17 pue sqluorug'sresd Z.IJo poJrod e urqil&\ pelee^er s,& go ug.rn| eql 'sngl '(ur[ff) sccotrAl uorle;8rure popalal oJo,u agl oJoJoq sosJelaseql[V 'ug,rn] eqtr Jo trrrd prlql-euo ruJoJscrat{ l poleaor oq1,. sosJe^ 'uBuIpotrAI peluJal se 'rpsg } ug.rn[ eq1go ged eq] {uroJop 'ctre IuqI pue pnqn pelaaor sretrdeqcoql olql( i uecca141 seJI,gi prrs lgJBJY, 'ufflqlepn11 'pultrrq esoq] gcrq,r\ sosJsl eJoar lB peJeAoJ peruue^?q sJotr"lusruruoc e1|Bs oI 'osl? oql ecuerue^uocul seceld Jeqlo 1" u/(op lues oJa/(sosJolcrug,rn|eql'lce;go o?urpo6}e poJ"oAoJ sosJo^ Jollsur sV 'Eurpetr l ,{1uosu,t alp Jo luacsop go ecelderltr ur ul\op lues dluo are,r Jo 'uJcotr41 [ ]" polse^eJsosJoaoql jr{l u"etu }ou seop lJ ln8 "ccetr 'sulpew sesJs^ esoql pue u?3catrtl pal?3^3.r le pslBe^eJ eql : slred o7(l olur paplllp uooqo^eq sasJelcrug.JnbeqJ : BcJotr ug..rn[ eq; l lB pelueAe5 ,'(..no,{Ileqt Jenoq sa.{t^\psols .rnor( ur ury olt8 llllr\ p.Io'I srq 'no,{ socJo^rp oq JL,) : urq lroddns plp osp ug.;n| eql '[eqt ueql reDaq so^r^, reqtro eylsody qg e,u8 plnon oH pellla puq poc JI trqlsa^r,44 3q1plol Jelull , 'se^IA slq qttm peseeld Ltl
AUOISIH iIO EISUNOSAHJ, SV NY.UNb AHI

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EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIocRAPHY

addressed by the Qur'6n were only infidels who were at of this that a loggerheads with the Prophet. It is because greaterpart of the Qur'dn of Meccacontainsthat rvhich was sent down to warn, admonishand instructthem. Thus, the chaptersrevealedat Mecca have been generallyaddressedby 'O men !', while those at the words : yd.ayyuhaal-Nds by the words : Medina will be found to have beenaddressed ya ayyuhaal-Iadhtnadmanil'O true believers' ! In the chapters revealed at Medina the word yd ayyuhd aI-Nds'O men !' has occurredonly for 7 times. The verses of Mecca are generally brief and concise. From the chapters entitled AI-Atdl (The Spoils) and al-Shu'ara (The Poets) one can guess that thesechaptersform nearly the half. But the lirst at Medina and has beenrevealed chaptercontaining75 verses at Meccawhich contains227 verses. the second The Qur'in Revealedat Meilina: -the On the Ist of Rabi' I, 54 years after the birth of the first day of the year of emigration Prophet, commences during a period commencing (Hijra). The Qur'En revealed from this date till 9th of Dhul-$ijja 63 years after the birth to of the Prophet, and l0 yearsafter the emigration, belongs Medina.r It forms the 1l/30 part of the Qur'dn, the total numberbeing1456verses. They are a little more than the one-fourth part of the verses revealed at Mecca. It also which were sent clownat Badr, Ufud consistsof those verses or Tabtrk. The Madani Qur'dn mostly containsthe positive and negativecommandsas well as those which can be of use revealed The following are the chapters to Islamic legislation. at Mecca: (l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
l.

al-Baqara(The Cow) al-Nisa (The Women) 'Imrin) Al-'Imran (The Family of al-Ma'ida (The Table) al-Anfal (The SPoils) al-Tauba(The RePentance) al-Haii (The Pilgrimage)

Khudri z Tdrtkh Tashrt'al'Isktmi,Bgygt 1934p. 9'

ro (dddeq eeql {se III^\ feql),, liluvll uD, nqou9.lD.sD){ 'Ee sJolegaqenrleqlere ,ro51) ury.ulw.nqp nt1olty pnfi spJo^rlsJUogl JoU" paru"u uooq ea"q srsldeqc eq1',(pso1A1 'JI?uI sJetrlol 'srsldeqc 'seste^ ?II ulel 000'9 SI0Z ptre spro^\ p9677 -troc qorga\ sscerd gg Jo slsrsrroo ug,rn| oglJo oloq^\ eg.1 'esJea se eceldJo lno os o1 go eql e8ueqc eql Sutueeur 'sEurueeu eql ol pted sem eq lou plnoqsesnedeql 'sJ l"gl pre8erenp peplAoJd'eJpprur eq1o1 osnede or1tE eql uJ sosJe^ ',ste1tcog oqm uos.red eql sBAr ol lqEnoql lsJU 1r ,oJgN InJA\"1 uolos, eql Suotuy 'atull s,plv,-ls 'q JurV, CI.qv ml pouletuoJ se^l asned eql oql uo ,{1uo perr:resqo rnolsnc oq1, 'sesJea 'aruJls.leqdoJdeW Euunq 'sra{erd uJ llol}sllcal strIo}e}IIlcBJ 01 repro q (,AynV) sIreIIr Eur,u,oqeqi pepp? erreqsree.'{ 'up,rn| eql rell egt go (srezr.reser Jo .solleg, a) pp#nn, eqt 3ql lno Eut{:eat Jo {sl 3I{l {ooiJopun og^^ egl pue .s.le1lenb, osued o]ul popl^Ips31t\ 0g ;gebeqlpSnsB,l'q lgffeH-tese.t ]r e uI acuo peqslug{pseasq ppoc ug.rn| oql Jo{V '>Iae,tl sa8els lro^es olul ug.rn| oql popJAlp 11 13qf os'(11zuunw) peq loqdor4 oqt Jo suomeduro3 oq; 'JIoslI uI uoIsI^Ip-" sr roldeqc qceg 'sleldeqctII olul paplllpsl ug.rn| eq1 : upsrn} eql Jo uoglsoiluo3 eql

(qreqceeslnoccns'.,{"rrv(J;;$iqT["!l\i,
(ecro,rq eq7) bEnjlD (IZ) (,uecoqeq1) mqpqSotr-lv (Oz) p 6l) (selrlcodf11 eq7) ug.b{o-anry (,{eprrg)n,wry-1n (g1) (,terrY eqil $oi'4n (11) aqg)nunQnlwnqln (91) (pauruuxesJorll11 aq1) 4sog-1, (Sl) (,(lqruassY (qlerndsrg leqr sqg) oppz[npy1o (y1) eq;) PQn171o(91) (uo"r1 (sluew$udv ole^rrd eq1) wm{ng-p (7,t) (,(Jolcr1 eq7,lr.lwg-1n(tt) (elll{ eqr) prA-tu (or) oqJ,)qgztly-to (6) (selerapaguo3 Gq8lr aq7) 4Y1o (s) 6II IuorsIH ,{o aSunosaHr sY Nv.uno sHr

l2A

EARLY N{usLIM HrsToRIocRApHy

concerningthe Spoils)" etc. But, there are at least35 such chapters which do not get their namefrom the beginning of the text. e.g.Al-Baqara(The Cow) and AIe-'ImrAn(The Family of 'Imr6n) etc. The Collectionof the Qur'iin : During the days of the Prophet, there were six persons who first collected the Qur'6n. First, and foremost among them was a person named Sa'd b. 'Ubaid b. Nu'mdn. Ab0 al-Darda, Mu'6dh b. Jabal,Abl[Zaid,Thabitb.Zaid,Ubayyb. Ka'b and Zaidb. ThAbit b. al-pafirak comenext.2 'Ata b. Markbudh wasthe first Yemenite who collectedthe Qur'an during the Prophet'slifetime.s The Prophet himselfhad learnt the Qur'En by heart and he usedto reciteit in prayers. Most of the Companionsof the Prophethad committedit to memory. The Muslim Scholars are of the beliefthat the arrangementof the Qur'6n as it existsis in perfectaccordance with the will of the Prophet-.a Sincetie chapterof the ('Repentance') wassent down during his last days and the Prophet had not directedwhere to insertit in the Qur'6n, and its subject-matterwas in con.sonance with the chapterof 'Spoils', so it was appended to it at the end. The Prophetis relatedby Almad b. Hanbalas saying: "In lieu of the Old Testament I was gifted with ,Seven Long Chapters', Ma'ein (chapters containing 100 verses) insteadof the Psalms of David, and Mathant in place of the Bible". "And it reboundsto my credit that besidesall these I have also been gifted with al: Mufc;;al' or the 'separated Qhapters". In the light of the above-mentioned statementthe eur,6n of the followrngfour parts : consists (l) Sab' liwal:
l.

(The first seven long chapters)

Vt: 5 5 8 . Tabaqa p.286. b. Habib :. al-Muhabbar Motrammad 544. J. Tabaqat: I : 336\ : 533, V : 510-51 1, 4. SeoIbn Sa'd: Tabaqdt

'(sredpg) 'up.rnb eql Jo srolJesordoJorr r?iuv oqt Suorueruo{ Iff,qsv# ?sn6 EqV puu rIIuV, 'q 'rrpq 'plegn, 'q 'eH{nI 'q uruel ?rur1snlN I "l9p?d "qbn, 'ef,ytg1'q 'eurJe11 'rprg$-le 'q eprsqff, pue EqV ,lupfnl4l 'ulel?S 'eige11Besl.y, 'iV,-Ie 'q JruV, 'q qgllnpqv, uuun 'gl,9s 'q 'elr?rn11lqy '3gbbeA-le 'q p,es 'gqli q"lFpqy, 'HV, (upwqln, 'Jeul61, 'r:ie6 'Q{pqnry) pelerEple BqV peg oq^r osoql EuourV 'ueoq ,{q ug.rn} eq} lur"ol pg pqef 'q qp?,n1,q pue q,") 'q f,feqn, '?JI?rIpnHlqy Oputu wrWS, e{{ s{IosJad 'frourew o1 ug.rn} oql poltrIuuroc,(pred ro pg selercosse ,(1oqan srg Jo Il" lsorule leqdor6 eqt go s,(ep eql Eurrnq 'lls Jo ol?Jnccu lsotu oql Euloq ,{doc s1q uo ecuelsrsursrq 'ecua11 'poUrJoA ureql loE otrtreqdor6eql eJoJoq lno peJpue sleldeqc 0, lnoqu uolllJlrr peq pq,sery 'q qgllnpqv, uqJ puB 'geaq .(q ug.rn) ogl urel 01 pB,s?tr^l opsu p?rl Jlosturq 1eqdo.r4 oqJ 'lI tlceot ol Eu[po4 Jo seuul eql ol oE pue frorueur o1 ug.rn| eql IFUIIIoO ppoa oql\ suosred qcns 07, lnoqe eJoa aJegl 'suollsl -aAeJeql uA\opoloJ^\ og/vr osoql3o uorldecxooql qlr/h '(p[ns eql Suotuy_ p qpiliV) oql .ro trceles, .sselo^o6l .ssalasnoH. 'luelpe s1t eq ol ponuJluoJ go fep eql uroq uol]IJAt osl? s"q ll tql s/hoqsqcrq^\ '({oo8 eqL) ,q?qN-lD, se darBu 'oFIl sll pouolluatu'seceldl?Jeaes l? 'sqglosllug,rn| aql p?oJpue ,{rorueuro} pailIu luesordslr scuoqpue ',(lea,rssoJxe -ruoo oq ol sonurluoc ,(re,taql luoJd u?.Jnb eql 'EuruurEeq 'suolllpeJl pe8pelmoulJ" qcns lou ea"q sJloqcs pu uolllsoduoc s1rut {urlsntrA[ xopoqilo oq] lng 'lueruaEuern q,"11'q ,(,(eqn pue p0,sehl raglogcee tuoq pareglp,{11qEr1s 'q qellnpqv, 'le^oJstroI}IpBJI oq} Jo omossv 3o ,{doceql '.uoly'itr,Jo ol ;eldeqc oql ruor.; lql Jo ,>L 'e'r (uooseleredes sreldeqcuoqs oql) : psiffi1,y @) leqt ',{9x, Jo leql o} reno eql uIoU 'e't (urcEu 1t!s?L 3o .reldeqc eq1) : luptttory (.t) pu ro^o peleedar are }ql sreldeqc '(,1e8uyeql el{l eqt;o .re1deqJ, Jo JoloJJ sJ1rll sasJol ol (seuofgo relduqc,oql uro.IJ srelduqc eq1) : uo,o7tg(7) 00I ssel ro erortr Euruteluoc
IcI
AUOISIH dO AJUNOS IIHI SY NV.UNO AHI

I22

HISToRIoGRAPHY EARLY MUSLIM

'IJmar happened to see in It is generally known that once houseand was so rvriting the chapterof f,dhal at his sister's impressed to read it that he put his faith in it. This incident provesthat the Qur'dn has continuedto be written from the very beginning. 'Ali werethe 'Scribers At Mecca.Abtr Bakr, 'Uthmdn and 'Amir b. Fuhaira, Zubait b. of theProphet'. And at Medina, al-'Aww6n, Ubayy b. Ka'b. flan4ala b. al-Rabi', Zaidbin ThAbit,Ubayy b. F6!ima, Mughira b. Mushir, a1-'Al6 b. 'Abdulldh b. Arqam, Shural-Fa{rami, Khalid b. al-Walid, 'Abdull6h llabil b. I.{asana, b. Rawd$a, Mu'dwiya, Yazid b. b. Abi Sufyin, ThAbit Qais, KhAlid b' Sa'id and AbSn b. Sa'id were among those who wrote down the revelations. VariousTraditionsreveal some 26 scribes,while al-Tabari puts the numberat 42. Persons like Mu'6dh b. Jabal, 'Ubiida b. al-$iimit, Abir-a1-Dard6, Abtr Ayy0b An$ri, 'Umar 'Abdullah 'Abdullah b. Mas'trd and had commitJed b. and kept it with the Qur'6n to writing of their own accord, themselves. It was with a view to committing the Qur'dn to writing " that the Prophet had as their ransomfixed on the captives at the battle of Badr to teach at least l0 Muslims the art of writing.2 The Compitationof the Qur'in: Thoughthe Qur'dn continuedto be written from the very beginning,yet it was in a state of disorder. The chapters were scattered among so many people. For the first time, (Huffia) were martyred at the Battle 700 Muslim Preservers 'tlmar of Yamdmaswhile fighting with Bantr Hanifa. At this,
1. Tdrikh Tashri' al-Islamt P. 13. 2. lbn Sa'd : TabaqatII 22' A.H., " fighting against the Riddah (Apostasy) thc 3. Intheyearll Muslim forces were led by Khetd b. al-Walid. For details soo : al-Tabari '. Tdrtkh III : 162. lbn Hishem t SirahlY 2 244'272. Itm Kathir : al-NihdYa VI : 323. F6riq (K.A.) z Tdrikh al'Riddah.

pa$coJJo EuJlua{ ul punoJ sBlld JeAe}?gd[ 'ue{}J3punsa\ oug.Jnbeql Jo suoll $a, rntauo^ au e garfideJd Jo {s"l eql -ryo elaldwoJlll eql pu" oloJduloc peur"lqo Eulleg oql il? 'IIIu puq uI ol lsnur ouo gcso Eutsssssod JsAoqcIgA\ Euqrrar ur ug.rn| eqtrgo 1.red 'uotsllredns slq Jepun l"ql luaurmunouueu eputn JIIIll, 'sen 11 'u9puurtl ouopaq {roa{ srg}l"ql popJcop'aloJoreg} Jo gluoru eql Surrnpecrlrl ug.rn[ ogl 0no p?eJoJIIs.leqdord o1 ug.;n} eql Jo go rue,( lssl oql ul peq oq puB or{louleur eloqAaqllrwwot ol llqgql 'qpryZ epIIIpBg teqdord eq1 eql uo11e1.riftuo3 : PJBog ?ureqtlq;1 ,.'JrgiuY-1e 4qV rrro{ pero^oc$p eren (ecueluedegeql) pellllue reldeqc pu oql Jo sesraa oall rsel eql ,{pg 'aldosd oql Jo strffieJq 'slalqtr uepoonA'serreol-e1ep paus}s pul3 uro{ trI 8uJ}ce11oc wlq qlra pear8e I 'lsl trV 'rollsoq qcnw ueprnq s1qllleJ 'trn6 'otu .IoJ .Ialso gcnur ueeqe,reqplnolrrlJ 'ul"lunour 1 sI pog,, 's'{esple2 oq peg 'sseullla eql 1JIIol otu peJepJo ug.rn| ..'pe1celloc '1eqdor4 oql Jo suol}BlsAer oql leE ot sJnol?spuo s{31 I 'no'{ 1snrtr e7y1 oql u^{op uad o} posn og^{ nof sem 11 'uotuJdo '"iqt.o.t-pon ut glll*r slq no1 eJ" 1e3uoruldo Sunod '..poydtuoc1l ' ,(u pue poolsJopun I IIJ1lI uo palslsut3q pu 'pt?sJ?urll' '.,leqdor4 eql dq euop ueeq ta8 ol ralleq st 11,, '..poIdWoc e op I pFoqs ,{qtr,, 'poqder1 lou s"g gclqa\>lJoda 'uorurdoslq ut 'e;o;areq1 'qsrredosls plnoqs tl laE pFoqs 1 up..rn) oql lseJ prr;B sI eq }?q:} pue al}}q oql }3 pelll4 sdestDtan,,, oowo} u 1eq1 ueaqe^"q sJe^Jose.Id Jo JAq{Unu 'q rBrIIll' osIBse/{ qgiisq;-l presr>Ig4qV 'ulq dq Eu41rs 'lno otu pellcDIB 1"g1 a\BS 1 Jlasfu paluesordI uagi[ 'gplez,, elll3g eql reuB l"ql pIs llqgqI qv'em?rtBI Jo oql : s/(olloJ se sper lrgq1nfl 'ocuecgtuEts eql '(q slt pesq"aroq lsl te lnq !1eqdor6 ouop uosq lor p"q qslq/h{Jo1t\ op eg plnoqs ,l(qal ples eq " eq up,rn| eql ']srg lV 'palduoc pue peEuerre lugl pesl^pu 011 'sJeAJes slg pessoJdxe pue rlg uqy or suolsuaqardde '{1lsnf -erd oql qil,u qsrradosls plnogsug.rn| ogl lsel pereeS

EZI

gllr tuoJslll {o Scuoos aHr sY Nv,uno

124

HISToRIoGRAPHY MUSLIM EARLY

orally was first attestedby two witnesses. It was decided in the Qur'6n the any vuriaelectiones thereemerged wherever the Qur'dn preference because given be would dialect Quraish When of the language in the down sent Quraish, had been 'IJmar took it into his careand trust. prepared, got the Book who was l.{afqa, After his deathit remainedwith his daughter writing.r and reading with conversant 'Uthmin becamethe Caliph,the rule of By the time of Arabia and had reached the boundaries Islamliad crossed countries. Now, with non-Arab the of the farthest regions of the Qur'6n bewords very the variationsin elocutionthe and the variedaccents due to quite differently gan to be read 'Uthman felt it In 23 A.H. of the non-Arabs. modulations to sendofficially the Textus receptusof the Qur'in necessary Ior publicityin variousprovinces.: of $udhaifn b. alThe idea came to his mindsbecause of Armenia and part battle in the taken had who Yam6.n, from the peopleof hear to worried was He Adharbaijan. 'Iraq readingthe incorrect and styles in contradictory Qur'dn 'Uthmdn that he he told Medina, to he came When accents. "wasafraid lest the Muslims shouldalso garblethe Qur'dn in had done in their the manner the Jews and the Christians late to mend,and too never it was that Scriptures,and it. of care take and up him to hurry advised 'Uthman Having borrowedthe original text from flafqa,
t. 'umar The copy was scribed by Refo' nnuld (tbn Sa'd: labaqat Y t299). Feriq (K.A.) i State Letters of the Caliph'.Uthmdn (Urdu) Delhi, 1957. According to lbn Sa'd it was Yezid b. Abi Sufyen who wrote a letter 'Umar I, from Damascus, inviting his atteotion to the fact that to the population of Syrian cities had increased considerably and that arrangement for teaching them the Qur'6n was to be made without delay. 'Umar deputed threp persons to Hinr$ and Damascus to educate people the Qur'5n and Islamic Shart'a' (Ibn Sa'd t Tabaqdt II : 357).

blrgg '7 'urywqln, tlIIlPc a'lt {o sailaT a'lls: ('v')) '(OZZifiteboqoi)'wgd egl tuo{ Sulllr^d -ord eql ,{q poxg urosu"r rleql s? rpg Jo seirlldeC'(8Sg 'p",1 'rellreg : il Tpboqoi Auour? ueag pq eq oq^ rori"1 'tuoql urBel ol plz pelsu "soqr : p,?s uql) sfep ,I slgue\ plp eq qslqa\ 'seEe it"l1"1 p"ntec"t leqdoJd erIJ' psq eq pue seaensuel 'gpryz "t"qi'ol. osls s"ia llqEq'L ul egl luesreAuoo -nauei celr,ts pu? ^\erqeH 'l '29-SS 'gBZ'ttZ: : 11 ',ruboqtti : p,es uql A

'eJJeW 'griug 'sJq) 'ldf8a Jo so^Ilncexg puB sJouJe^oo oql 'auo ]Bql UBI{} Jaqlo lxo} ol sordoc pepr?a\JoJos[? pg oH tlll'^NJoqla8ol socull aql ,{orlsep ol uleql 8urlcelp uJatr}oJ " -ord luelsrp erltrJo sJouJoaoD 3ql ol tuoql trues puu pored '.spJsoq or$l ulqlJ^\ -ard serdoc sll Jo IB-IeAas 1o3 upurq]3, 'pepduroo puB pelsollot s'\\ punoq, elqell^" 1$ousI qcrq,lr 'l{"&\ slq] uI 'H'Y 97 rcefi'eq] ul uBuqln, Jo uollrpo oql ',(pado.rddn pa1lg ele*r socedsdldtuo oql 'oeJnosolgtlar peglra^ uolln3ole euros qfnorql elg"ll^E laqdor6 eql '{q 'etrndstp ul sasJa^ sacuoJaslpoql JoIJV oql pur polllss oJOlA 'ocuBlslp pu? spro^\ aql JoJ {ulq uol elen' seceds eql 'tuaql el$es ol .{ep-eerql B Je^oc o} o^Eg del{l Jl Jol}tu ou o1 pasoddns polr^ur eJea\tuogl 3o e8pelrnoul ltoJroc oql e^eq 'uollncola ul suoJlclpl?JluoJ ,r"^ oq^ suotueduro3 osoql SulfdoJ stl Jo asJnoc uI JeAauoq^a - ,(ue pe8Jotue aJoql " 'asaJoul 3gl uo uaaq pBIl ug.rn| oql Jo uollncolo uI 'sngl '1eqdor6 eql esnecaqs?trr1I serlrn:Euocul pue suoltrclpJluoc qll^t ocupJoccB aql ,{g pe,rordcie uoltrncole Jo sopolll oql '(doc aq} o{t$ ol ui rlng lqv {q petrcallor ug,rn} eqi 3o prp '(1en1oe0q }BqAN ,oo,u*d*o3 ,(qlronlsnrl eql {ss ol suar pps trou plp uptuqln"' '>1rom leur8rro aql ol Surq$uu : s,(s{llEI I ulq seuY 'lcellp qsrurn| eqtrJo JnoaJ tll 'ueql uaaaleq PJoa\ul"ilec t EulpreEor poptcep aq plnoa ll

irii11iu1uilrrn dueeso;e 'q 'aqlrl qslelnb oql ol pa8uoleq'paldecxo tlqpql ale8 e11 't13o '{docB o{w ol tuEqslH pr?z 'sJoquour aerql ogl Ilv

ru'ql legl suollc.rlp ereqlre^ouaqm

'q pl'Bs'4eqn7 'q ugurq"u :q i'tpurr-r" F-pqv, pueiy,-1e 'q pwz palurodde -l; :q qgil"pqv,( g:v s?'p) r'll9erli

9ar

gHJ' ,\{OrslH do acunos aHr sv Nv.unb

126

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPEY

Syria, Yemen and Babrain each. He himself had a copy rvith him at Medina known as 'Imdm'.1 The original copy of the Book was lost by Marwan in 46 A.H. during a journey. The copiesof the Book prepared by 'Uthman are said to be existing in Mecca,Medina, Damascus,Moscow, Iran and Turkey till now. By then, the Qur'6n had beenpublished in such a large 'Battle of numberthat when at the time of the $iffin' arbitra'Ali and Mu'awiya took place,no less tion (Tablam) between than 500 copies of the Qur'an were raisedon the spearsin 'Great Mu'awiya's camp alonet. The largest in sizewas the Mult1af of Damascuswhich was supported by five spears.s 'Uthmen was martyred while reading the copy known as 'Imdm', and the verses he was readingwere stained with the drops of his blood, William Muir saysthat this copy was preserved in the Mosque of Cardova. From there it was brought to the capital of Monoco. In the 8th century A.I{., Ibn Balrila had seenit in a mosqueat Baqra. It is said that this copy was amoig the books that were .brought from Moscow to Bokh6rd, and it still existsin the LeningradLibrary. 'Ali's hand-writingare Someof the leavessaid to be in found in Meshhad(Iran). A few leaves said to havebeen written by the fourth Caliph 'Ali, are also found in the Shehi Mosque of Lahore. 'Asim put Hajjej b. Ynsuf al-Thaqafi had madeNa.sr b. the dots and vowel-points in the Qur'dn. Originally, the Qur'in was written in the Kufic character. The invention of Naskh chuacter in which the flrst copy ofthe Qur'an was rvritten by Ibn Muqla at the beginningof the 4th centurywas an improvementon it. One of its copies is said to be found at RamDur.
l . Taikh al-Tashi'al- IslAnl p. 122. 2 . al-fabarl : Tdrikh vol. V : 50-51. Il:. 390. al-Mas'iidi: Mufii al-Dhahab 1 al'Tiwdlp,35O : al-Akhbar al-Dlnawari

'bas'ta 6l'd : luauDtsal plo artl tnoqo eSpalilouN ilaN a,/J : (uolslel I) SeIIq3

'Z

'uawo$al plo aLf puD tSoloanqctV : pregcllrd 'tgo|oaoqaty : oslE ees toc\qg : (lselueg'C) 1q61.t16 'LLl'd i an|dycg ilog uo lfuDtuauwoC lraN aqJ

'I

eql pa^ll ueql rill^\ reqlosoJ 'edorng ulo4 pallqflleutStro ?ul{S Jo qlJou oql uI p?q oq^\ 'sel!$!H Jo uor8oJoql s.{{ ...oullselBd pell?caq o1 ueu3Jo pusl eql p3sn"cJo^\odpue uollBrlauad asoqa pu? 'lenrues pu" sefpnf Jo {oog oql ul dllueuruord esoql 'llsBlndJo 'soull pUIO-JnOIIIJB os eJnEu lq} SJoIJJSII -sl[qd eql uooqo^stl o] Jedds seSa]oJdJlotp Jo euo,, oq] ol esaqlJo ecuelslxe : Itlrq elonb otr 'suIJluoogd suoll?uJaq}o Besu?[uou eq} 3uol3 Sutptser eJeA\ anp ,{1e1os 'suslclueoqdeql pu" IaeJc egtr Jo solll^IlcB l"cllnsu oql pue ,{q pelrqequl so^rsollur 002 sB.lugse Eulpualxeutrdg uI oJoqs pueJogl '(ulg ol SulpJoccv 'lceJJoc,{lalnlosqe Besoql 3uo1e sJluettrslsel plo ew il pauofluolu sllla^3 eql Jo punorS -4ceq eql l?ul uoluldo eql Jo osl sI eH lecrqde.lEoeS 'euo po1co11or d.q aq1 {o^AB l\ltrsst sotrrodtustuo3 'sltll llB puB u3trilrlasuAt lueluBlssJ plo oql }?ql srsaqlslq aql Jo ,(Solouolqcoql go etldsut '1ng 'potredsnpoxe-1sod sroyq 'sluoAooql qll^\ qsrlq"lseol psFl pBII eg "(1;epc4red ,{ueur tno punoJ puu potred stql pelceuuos selsp lu"trJodutt go fEolouorgceql uo {Jo1( letcods ouop putl Euolsreg peq saqul eseql Jenou r'td,(8g spJl\olperurEpu 'c'g aql o7T,lJo soqrrtgsl/ylaf lql {u}q} o1 ueSeq u3ue3 ul 'stqt eroJaqsree,( pec?Jlpq oqa\ sJolslllouluoc 3gl 'snql 'C'g oqt q lnoqu otuoc p?g .snpoxgJoeul], 1yy1 rcafi, 002 Euotrsreg'Jord pouad oql l"ql s,(es oql eq ol poJoprsuoc 'ber1 pus ouqseld'etrfg le uo{?uepunuoeqo^Bq }q} sulnJ pue sql qlJA olqlg eql Jo sluelunuolu luorcu? orlt Jo suoll?^?Jxe lxol I?crJol$qeql etr"lloc ol optu Euleq p1s aJBs1:o.SA : suollslucxg lecpoloeeqcrY ,lreNJo IqBIT eql ul ug,.rn[ eql LZI
AU.OTSIH dO gCUnoSggr sv NY.uno 8Hr

I28

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

to and Mitanni. In the time of Joshua, they weresubjectecl race. Their deities were Indira, ruled by an Indo-European that these people Varuna and other Indian idols. It appears must havebelongedto the Aryan race of India and Europe in the ancient times. facing the Cape of Samarah In Cypruson the seashore with writings on tabletshavebeen unearthed suchclay-made them in the Cuneiform script which was the script of the Bybluslanguage. Long before this, such tablets were discovered at a placecalledTel el Amarna, and in 1906'07Dr. tablets belongingto Hittites at Winckler had also discovered in the Asia Minor. The latter placeis situated Boghaz-Kevi of about 150milesfrom Sinope harbour in the at a distance Black Sea. Having studied thesetablets, Dr. F. Horozny language to the Indo-European that they belonged established Biblical events. the materialwhichsupported and contained The excavationsundertaken at the Euphrate Valley have shown beyond all doubt that 5 or 6 thousandyears beforeChrist thereflourisheda great civilisationin this area. Noah and the Flood havealso been regarding New evidences found. One of the tablets bears the namesof thoseTen ' Patriarchswho ruled before the Deluge. CharlesMarston in his book has giventhe facsimileof this tablet.l whosementionhas These are the same Ten Patriarchs In 1928, Dr. Lingdon Testament. the Old beenmade in destroyed material monuments and of found out the traces Wooley Dr. place Kish. And called by the Deluge at a deswhich has been Chaldees found theseremainsat Ur of of Abraham. Going Station as cribed in the Old Testament the tbe placeis through the Persian Gulf en routeto Baghdad, just at half of the distance. situated the remnantsof the They also claim to havediscovered Noah's ark. think that the sizeof the Noah's ark The archaeologists has been too much exaggerated.It must havebeenof the ship, they argue' sizeof an average
l, The New Knowledge about the OId Testament,

r
154 EARLY MUSI.IM HrsroRIocRApHy

'Then whar did you do with him', asked Hudhaifa replied. 'By the young chap. God', repliedHudhaifa,.we usedto strugglehard lvhile with him'. "If we were to flnd his company", saidthe youth, 'we would not haveleft him walking on the earth, instead we would have raised him on our shoulders." "My dearnephew", said fludhaifa, ,By God, we saw the Prophet at the battle of the Trench that he offered prayerslate in the night and then said to those in his company : "Who is there to go and seewhat are thesepeople (enemies)doing, and come back to report". He repeated thesewords thrice, but nobody cameforward because it was an intenselychilly night, all of them werehungry and terrified. Then the Prophet called Hudhaifa to go out and watch the activitiesof the enemy'scamp.r The report is quite in detail and reflectsthe treatmentof Ka'b \.yiththe Sirah material. That al-QuraTi had collectedhistorical material is also attested by his narrationof the Truceof Hudaibiya. He tells us that at the time of writing the Treaty the Prophet called 'Ali and orderedhim to reduce the agreement to writing. When the Prophetdictated: 'Write, in the Name of AllAh..., Suhail b. 'Amr took an exception to it and said : .,We do not recognize this invocation, instead you should write : 'bismikallahumma'. The Prophet said : Write it thus. Then 'Ali insertedat the end of the document: .'this agreement was ,nadebetween Mo!ammad lhe Prophet of Allai and Suhail b. 'Amr." The latter again objectedsaying: 'If we recognized you as the Prophet of Allah, we would not havefought againstyou," The Prophet said : Write : "This agreement was madebelween Molammad b. 'AbdillAh and Suhail b. 'Amr", and 'Ali accordinglydid.' Ibn Is'haq and al-labad havetaken the descriptionof Abir Dharr al-Ghifdri's death at Rabadhaafter the Caliph 'Uthmdn had expelledhim from Medina. It is in the context of Tabfik expedition, that the Prophet told about Abri Dharr : 'He walks alone,will die alone and will be resurrcted
l. 2. al-Tdbari i Tafikhll i 579-581. al-Tebari I Tartkh ll : 63*635 lbtr Hishem : Sbah IfI : 317.

'LOI i ttt tpbbqDJI p ,aS l.Jql 't6e i Lq\tQJ: F"qEi1" '9SZI Lt ttrlyqJ : !rqBl-t" rlrrrs, : trgrlslH vql'bas'ta0g|X t,tt!o& gll illltltutgJr;?f";11 'nl I M t t t t y p J : ? q l 1 E 'z ' :maolltIl: tBbg^ ' I

.teqdoJd s3,{{eH 'rselsl o} pa o^troc rdel ? {lpul?rro se,t/r aql Jo uoru?duoc e .qlrr?H1? .q tllples .q q_?llnpqv, : ruElos 'q q8llnpqv, g.rl?qsrq o{p lou plp urg,r\r\Y,1" 'q rr.uqnz-v l"g1 sn sruJoJul eq s" q,B) qEnoJql pelrusu?Jt eJenl"A lecrqderEolq pu lecrJolstqJo slrolp lnJosnrrqto etuos e'H V 09 ruBrlqnN Jo qrcl oqr uo pleqr) tr?peJ[ ?u se^{ur?snH1Blpql sd"s eq ueq,uaposrda pl?qJ") aql Surpre8ar sr IJ?q311" ur uorl?JJ?u 1s?[ slH r'?cl{V tuo{ papelloc ueeq p?q leq} enueaoJJo slr?lapsa^raeH 'u_Eurqtfl, qdrl?J eql ,tq '"ruJV ol [o^ue s" p,es 'q qpllnpqv, Jo tueBlurodd? sqt SulpJ"EeJrutq wo{ tJodeJ pug eA " sgoder ocurs ecuecgru8rs go slusle fJ?JoduoiuoJ Jaglo lnoqe Jo.uorlcellorur pelseJelurosls s?^r oq i"ql sl?odde lI eqt ueeqpeq ss e'DtQhlnlg(' Jo oEeeql ecstsecrlce.rd 'Eq.?>laql punoJ? pq,Dx trn rJ plno^\ uauo^\ pep-Jlg\ Jou. er{t relue ot p3r{olle eq plno]l^, lsreql^lod ou ff3,{ l?gl teu? l?ql pecunosu? pu" ?croN tra surHalrdq?JVJo sdurcoqt u\ D.tfS e^oqe eql Jo sesJe^ eq1pelJcoJ oslv eH .^ep rtoty, aql uo prp rell"l eql qrrqa eldoadaql ot peet oq ol (ecu?l tno -uede)d)DqnoJlo Jald"gC eql qfJ,,ta sesre^ Jo Jo 0t 0g !lV, pet"Eelap p?g erl se 11e,lr sa sruuSpdffeH Jo Jop?el eql s? JIefl qqv petndap.'H'V 6 r?ef eql Eurrnp ,p"q leqdord oql l?ql zlr"q"ile Jo frolslq eqt ul palonb sr lzurnb.l" .ur"EV 'enJteruocpeq aql go eaoqz uorlcrps:d egl troqdor6 t{oqs trBql ol repro ur 'peuJoJJad eJe/( sl"nlrJ puE slq (.H'V lsl ZS) perprrric 4qv qclqa ul socuslsumcrrc eql SuJpJdep ?rodar E'tzernallE Jo flrjoqlne ar{l uo .salrc u?qpl-lv r'.auolB

ssI

gHr Sv NV,unO gHt .IUOTSIH rO SCUnOS

156

IARLy Ntusl,r\t Hrsl ol{ locr. Apl"ty

tvcll-vcrscd in Jervish literarure !vilh intellsiveknorvledgcof thc Torah, Tahnud, Midlash, Halaga. Haggada etc. as \\'elL :is rational trnditions o1'the Jeu,s. Prior to his convclsion 1o Islam. accordiug to an anonymous manuscript, Itis nane ryas Slntuel.r Whiic lbn ls'hAq says that his Jervjshualne was al-F.lusajnb. ai-Harith. The Plophet gave himthe pfesent |ame after he professedIslarn.: Ibn Is'hdq has cited his narnc rmong those of the tribe of Bauu Qainuqd.' rvho were arcir ettemies of Nlolrammad, Ibu Salam, however, turned n sincere beiiever',ald as ,'veshall see iater', he took active part in operatiorls launched by the Prophet against the Jewish tribes of Medina, The foliowing Qur'dnic verse refers to 'Abdulidh b. Sal,ltn, as al-fabari rind al-Waqidi tell us: ''And lo of the people of the Scripture there are some rvho believein Allah aud that which is revealedunto you and that rrhich was reveaiedunto 1hem, l.rumblilg thcmselves before Allah."t At thc compaign againstthe Jews of Banu Qurai?a, the Plophet had appoioted t$'o persons namely Abn LailS al lvlazini and 'Abdullih b. Sal[m to cut down the pdm-trees of the Jews. Ibn SalSm cul lhe Ley)tit1a trees down while Abu LaiJd uprooted the 'IJI,A trees.n Abir Humaid al-Sadi reported that wher the Prophet crme out of Medina on the day of Uhud and reached the valley of T'hariyat al-Wada',5he came actoss a detachmcntof tough llghters. On asking about tlleir identity he rvastold that it was'Abdullah b. Ubayy b, Salul leading a 600-st.rong cavalry of the Jews of Banri QailuqE'. All the soldiers were
.\ldrii'il 'Abdulldh b, Sdlrrr H)derabad,

| :. :. ;. 5.

\lvls. f. 1. a, Salar Jurg Musurn,

Ibo Hiiham: Stri,i I r 5l5 lbnSl'dl. fabaq,it lt:352-]5J lbo Khal-!-Qut ai't Ill:199 I : il9. al-Jabari:Ttdsi IY |219 al-Wdqjdi i ltlaghazi

Ihc Qur'e! has a referencototho sflmcevcnl. LIX:sal'labari: fdlJ;,' XXVUI ; 32. Yaquri Mu'jan al-B lda LIi46.

rnoJ Pelcalos 3q uopJppE uI 'lJ Jo lno sltorlsonb 'q?rol pa{rld pu? 'dn pools eq oql dn 00tI poru{ pu? '^llJaroc slq sseJoJd uerll ruslEpnlUnqspuE uotSlloJ ll?qs I Jq 3s"J uJ qelol aq] uoJJsuollsenb suor]senb eql PeJei$su? : plss ruglBsuqJ oruos urlq oJoJeqlnd pus Iulq eesotro3 I Jelno slq 01 ueql sn ol JlluaP ueoq eABq qql lV 'sJ3?r^olloJ uooqpEuul8qotrI puq 'ugl?S plno^\ aq qllq rno Sur,nolJoJ uqlO : plps ,(aq1 '.11e11y Jo frrrtu eqlJo ateld lrr llrqJo plJo,t oql Jo nsITuI sSulqlauspunu alnlol eql Psu Jause.roq paldo e,rr:g no,(, : pl?s ttrEIS uql '.,oldoad ,{u O,, ',.s11 JoJInJADI apeur p?q rlBllv rl g.lr sn olun lnJ^\eluns8urqlesoql serl -rap 4oo{ slq'qlleqs o,J : pIDs.eql ',,Plot-eroJ pq sssol^l Ixor{^|trnoq"leqdo:4 aurzs oqt sr pEurtuEqotr I : gelol 3ql ur su8rselu?seql puu IF^i no,( Ja eJslql ul uslllJA uaaqs?tl eH 'sn Ja^et?q1!\,,: pl?spu" lno Jellol oql p?eJdl8urp.Iocc" p?urueqotrl ulo{ Jollal ? ol lno lr peeJos 'nof otrpossetpp? rloql 01 poqsnr : au!/t"suiglBs uql 3E3s sr srgl 'rlIEI8Suql o, s"^\ raual oql uoqld 'rBqr?q>l ^oql 's.raf oql ,{q pe^leoer Jo 0rl uorlJ, '.,etull s^tol oql ol .(e,{elt luas puc Jel}aloql pal?es -qns lsor\ eql'qElH lsoni ar{}poD ur o^?s'lq8ltrl lou 'rarAod aql aolloJ oq^\ asoql uodn eq gu 3Joqlpou 'qlBd lqErr sr oq1(esoql roJ sI luoule8pnlJo ,{"q eceedpue 'lsoul ruIH J?eJ qlr?e oql fllro1 : J?qIq) Jo s^ eI oql puu qgllv o1 sSuoloq oqt'peluul?qotrl uloJd : InJlcrsw eql oi 'ggllv Jo .Iatuesseu f,tll uL. : splo^\ 8ur^\olloJ eql 'qEIlVJo aLuPU Jqt luaJgeuag eql ur ronal potelctp le6'uv qtrv eql lalrqC .'oS urBIsIJo 'suEllslrqCeql pus " Sultl^ul oqtr ssoJoJd 01 uoqi uolSller^\au slrl pepu"Iu s/dsl oql ol luas eq plnoqs srollel leql sroa\olloJ -Itroc'oq uolssrltr sJqperunosru laqdoJdoql ueq^{1?rl}'}Jodor 'petprl?u sggqv,l? 'q qgllnpqv, rer{lou? ol SurprocJE slsrsql,{lod l,, slsloq lod tsureE? eql ruo{ scuelslsss }daca}ou oP o,{\ osuls {cBq 03 plnoqs etl ,'o51. 'laqdo.t4:t11 ^eql tEqJ uaqt llsl 'raql. Plol se.,!\ deql e^sH,, trrglS go uo1311er oq+posseJord pe)se ure1s1 ..i 'q q-?llnpqv, flulsJ oql ol poEuoleqpuz (rp,ADt) selnuslq Jo L9l ruoJsll{ do acuoos EItl sv NY,unosllr

158

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

difficult questionsof mysteriousnature and cameto see the Prophet. The Prophetwas sitting in his mosque when Ibn Salam entered upon him greeting: 'Peace be on you O Mofamrnad and on your Companions.' 'And peace on you also and on those who follow the right path'. Those present refied. 'Who are you ?' 'I am 'Abdullah b. Salam, one of the leaders of Bani Israel and the Torah-reciters. I have come as the envoy of Jewsto seeyou'. 'In fact I havecome to you with somethingto ask, ifyou could explain it as you are from among the virtuous'. 'O Ibn Saldm,the Prophet replied quietly : 'Sit down pleaseand ask whateveryou like to, and I shall inform you of whateveryou ask'. 'O Molrammad,inform me, becauseit would increase faith in me', said Ibn Saldm. Thereuponthe Prophet said : 'O Ibn Saldm you have brought 1400 questions from the Torah and in addition to them four difficult questions of mysteriousquality which you have framed from the Torah'. At this 'AbdullAh b. SalAmkept quiet first, then turned his face toward tbe Prophet and tears were trickling down his pheeks,[and said : 'You a-re right O Molammad. Are you a Prophet(Nabi) or a messenger (Mursal) ? The Prophet said: "Allah has deputed me as His Messenger and I am the Last of the Prophets', Have you not read the Tomh ? which says: "Mo$ammad, the Messenger of Allah, and those in his companyare coarseunto disbelievers but merciful to each other from among them. You would find them in prostration and genuflection desiring to obtain the pleasureof Allah and His blessings". And it wasrevealedto me : "Mol.rammed was not father of anyonefrom among you, but the Messenger of Allah and Last of the Prophets'. 'You are right 0 Molammad', said Ibn Sa16m. 'Now please tell me whether you speakon your own will or you receiverevelationfrom Allah'? 'But revelation from Allah descends on me through Gabriel'. 'You are true. SaidIbn Saldm...'1
l. Masdil'Abdtllah b. Salam,fI. l-9 (Ms. SalarJuDg Musum).

'rL9'199 '919 d r'to^ (996t '_ebbBs-leruIqg.rql pe)qtt$ i ruEqslH uql osle e0S eql reue "r[H '(l0z 'd sqlsour eulu '19,s^\?qs Jo qluou eql Sulrnp u"tsl pecsJqrue 'ulplS uql 'lDttlsljD ou qlquDJ-\D) !p!,set\L-le ol SuIpJoc.

'(119',.laD4S u!2qs!H r'lg1:epl^) qelff i. Jo qlllg, 3ql ]noqu suorlsenb pPo qll?r urElBsugl ol euot pBq oq.{\ s,{ef eq} I]slllrs 01 pelee^er sea{ (IIXC) t9lt/?1 lls f,l.lllutls ''L99 \l r / \1 t u g l u s l u qJ l o u o d d n su ! p o l e e ^ os u p q s r H u q l ) | | q t S : 6I-tI: IIAXXX'I u9l1a aql

z rrrglsl pec?Jqlue u_eFs ,fte^e PUB qceo Sulpug uql uorlcqslls eJllue slg ol Je,{Asu? uo sJJJnOsqsl/(ef rJrllo psE q?roJ aqJ ^q pesJoPur,{llnJ eJo^\ suollsonb eseqtrJl? Jo slol suY '3le u,{\op }uas s?A{eq qu?e 3ql Jo lrd qclg,'$ uo 'aslp?Jd al upv aoq Pue 'qFa uo luecsep eeJl uopprqJoJoql lnoqs Porlnbul osl? oH 'sISeueD eJeA\suoll eql lnoq? srq uaql 'uorl?eJc srq pue u?pv 'lerJqeot 'sJeuuelu -sanb reqlo Jo sernl?eJ Pu? sllqq slq eql paqrrcsap osp p"ulueqotr I ,(.ltnbut srq otr dldeJ uJ Pu? ur"q?lqv Jo s{ooq eI{J r'..sesotrAl 'sJIoJcs orll ur sr srql i o'I JewJoJ '8unse; :roLu pue JeltJq sr JeUtsJJJH JqJ qEnoqllv

pUo^\ Jt{l eJrleql .relarda,( tng Jo 'plo'I 'qte,{erd qleJoqustusJ oql eruu os s[I PUY Jo qle^\oJ8 ot{.,( JnJsseccns sI H,,

: sosJe^bull olloJ eql palrrer p?ruutqor{ i qBrol oql q}L!r uoru(troi Sulql -,{u pour?tuoc ug.Jno eql reqlaq,{a pe4s" ugl?S uql 'petuuj?qol ol prlBrAJr 3H uE.lnc) l eql pue lslrqC o1 ladsog'sosotrl ol II?roJ'pr^?O ol sul?sd 'tupv ol ur^I8 'EeqElqV or 't{tlqs ol 'sUpI ol 0Z 0S 0t ?01 eJa,{ds{ooq tI qxrq^\ .Josloqdo.ld snolJEAol ssJntrdlrJs palua^or l{llv lstJqC pue sssotri uee,trloqpot:ad eql Supnp 'uISIJo ,(q q"JV ele/( uaaas eurer streqdord pu"snoq] etro 'QosnTg) elo,1 pu" D,ltDqS e pa^{olseq oJo,t tlg lEoq,{rJo qu"e uo sleqdord puesuoqt rnoJ,{lue^u pue qII eoo luas qellv l?q1 urq sllel loqdord aql suolls3nb slq ol r{ldel uI pu" 'urlles uql uror.; soJrenb;o uot1d1:csepoql uo sao8 snq1,

69I

ruotslH do :rcunosgHr sv Nv.unb 8HJ

r60

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPIIY

This smalltreatise shows the impact of Jewish sources on early Islamic knowledge and comprehendsall subjects rangingflom the Genesis to the day of Resurrection and its would be proceedings. During the early days of Islam, Ibn SalAmwas regardedas the most erudite scholar becauseof his comprehensive knorvledgeof Jewish traditions. Mu.ddh b. Jabal, a seniorCompanion of the Prophet, a jurist and Traditionist of the first rank rvho had received the knowledge of Islamic Sha/i'o directlyfrom the Prophetat the time of his appointment as Qddi of Yemen, advised his pupil Yezid b. 'Umaira al-Siksaki to obtain knowiedge in the event of his deathfrom four scholars: 'Abdulldh b. Mas'trd, 'Abdulldh b. Salam,Salmdnal-Farisi and Abi al-Darda.Thesefour names represent the fourr dimensions of intellectualactivitiesof the early century and Ibn Salam is the source of historical knowledge by virtue of his being conversant in Jewish sources. Ibn Sa'd has anothet version of the first meeting of Ibn Saldmwith the Prophet. Ibn Salamsaid: 'Whenthe prophet arrived in Medina, he was quite a rage in the city. people throngedto seehim in large numbers. When I enteredupon hlm for the first time, as soon as I cast a look on his countenaDce, it occu[ed to my mind that his was not an impostor's face'. The flrst word that I listenedto from the Prophetwas, 'Make greetings, O my people, to one another, quite a common practice ; feed hungry; do good to your kith and kin; pray Him when others are fast asleep and enter paradise in peace'.2 'Abdullah b. Saldmwas alive till the Umayyad period ald kept himself aloof from political activitiesand upheavals of his age.3 His Reports : The first appearance of Ibn Sal6mis in the descriDtjon o f t h e G e n e s i s .I b n S a l d ms r i d : ' l k n o w r h e t i m ; ( o f
1.

, 3.

Fajr al-Isldnt p, 146. lba, Sa'd I Tabaqdt I | 235, Fajr al-Isldm p,255.

't6E,d Ll.loL qIJtsJ : $Eqel-lB '9 .ZSE .91'ddI tsb,qoJ 's It '$e,eLe-ZLt,'dd i qpt!, : Iplb,?A\-Ie EZE I lzgtt8ot4I1b .6ZE_li qsrrx : Iplb_EtA1B ' ,zgtl8ow_lD 'Lll'SS,tS'Lt'E'dd i I lo^ qtt'tpJ: lrEqBi-tE ,z .EZ.d: Ilo^ qtlltpJ : Ireqefie ' l

paurnlar rugl"S uqJpus i .srr?SeJno ur oJeFolur ol "',(puals nod er" oq^{ 'u"uro,td qsld.of ? Jo uos O, : pl?s feql ..^lrcslql e^"al lF^\ deql 'ltrIg reprnurno{Jr po{) fq 'slo8uB ,{q pepuno.l -Jns $ flrr Jnof no,( otraodrpJoas e [q perolsa.r i ldecxe 'ullq eq Je^ou no,( : dlrl { dloq aqt fq lnq llJ^\.1! III{ Jr Jo " peuJ"lulsllr Euroq sr /qrJorIln Jnof,(epoJ, 'ul?E" lr ogwoqs ol elqs eq re^au no^ uol4 ea"q no,{ aJuo .poo dq lno lr llr^{ 'osn"coq'se^lesJnof uo q?[V pJoas eqt oqleqsun Jo lou op 'otdoed o,reqoq.r esoq] O,: ugurqln, Jo esnoqeql pessedsa;1 8u1ure,nsr eI{ 'u?urqll}, Jo JepJnur lanrc aql go uolldr.lr -sep eqt uI.H'v s q ur?les 'q qgllnpqv, ]eo[u o.r ueN

O';j|#::il: 0H 'slroJ rlerll rno{ ,(looq polloc ot e8J?qc eqt qlJ,{ pelsn.rt .g qEllnpqv, 'Jopu.JJns:roq1 -ua se,l'rTrIEIBS rogy .e2rurn| Bu"g pedersaq frura urlsntrrq qJueJJ oql ellleq oql Jo gle) earcmd ie]Ue(Dq,DA1D s^tof eql .eg lstlle8e u8rsd Jo -rn"J slq perpunl leqdoJdeql .zl"rnb Bu"g lsule8euorl -EJados,leqdoJd aq.lul a^rlJB eq '^lreltu.rrs lJd {ooi ,.Jr.u"s aqf or (S : seJer osle ug..ln) eql .lrp?Nle 6S) BuBg Jo elBtrseeqt ul seerl ul?d aql ol trnr 1-l? EII"T lurz?tr frqv pus urJr{ pelndep p?rl pu" eqtr r}peN-Ie FqdoJd tu8{ egF} qsr/[of tsule8uuollrpadxaegl ur pol?drcrg?d p?q eugl?S uqJ pnqn go ftrlt 'GVZ: uorldrrcsap aq1 ur suo4ueut Z) 1prb9r11 -le s 'urq ol paJJeJe.I osl" a^?q sasJea-crug.Jnd eluos

'sr?ads st"or 00t,*r.", O0SI 000I 'lr?rsJo

soqrrcsap ulgps uqJ ol pelnqFlle uorsJe^ Jaglouv rr.f?prJd Jo smoq 1s?l oql u! uorl?eJc pue ,{epung Jo {Jo[\ eql paqsrug uo q!?e eqt pue suoa?oq Jo uorl?orcue8eqq?llv .(uorre C I9I
.lltOIsIH do flCrnOS aHI sv Nv.{nb IIHI

'e'r sr?p o,$ urqrrm paur.,osred.r" udj::T-il"::'jfirlT

162
'Abdull6h

EARLY MUSIIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

b. Saldmwas an eye witnessto the whole unfortunate episodeof which the drop scene was the murder of 'Uthmel. Ibn Sa'd reportsthat'AbdullAh b. SalAmsaid : No prophet had beenkilled, but 70 thousand of his community were assassinated in his revenge and no caliph of a prophet was murderedbut 35 thousandfrom amonghis people were beheaded in his revenge.r He could foreseethe repercussions andretaliationsofthis unholy conspiracy reflectedin the futgre history of Islam. He kept himself totally detachedfrom political activitiesand after the murder of 'Uthmdn left the city of Medina to settledown in Syria. Ibn SalAmwaspresentat the last prayeP and funeral of 'Umar I. 'Uthmen had contactedhim during his besiege.e But Ibn SalEmwas intelligent enough to perceive the repercussions of the murder of 'Uthmdn and is reported to have said : 'The Arab have perishedtoday.'a Someone askedhim as to what he found in the ancientScriptures regarding the murder of 'Uthmdn, to which he furnishedan answer in a typically soothsayers' style.sIbn Salamwas from amongthose who did not take the oath of allegiance to 'Ali.6 But when Talha, al-Zubair and 'A'isha roseto demand that the blood of 'Uthman be avenged and 'Ali cameout of Medina to leavefor Basra, Ibn Sal6m again carne forward and advisedhim not to leave the city and said : "O Commanderof the faithful, do not leave the capital, because by God, onceyou left it, you rvill neverbe able to come back and authority of the Muslims will neverbe restoredin this city." The followers of 'Ali reprimanded him for his uninvited counsel, but 'Ali said : "Do not say anything, he is one of the best Companionsof the Prophet", and embarkedon his journey.?
l . lbnSa'd : Tqbaqattllll : 82 2 . lbn Sa'd I Tabaqatlll i 369. '1 lbr' Sa'd I TabaqAt nI | | . lbnsa,'d i Tabaqatlll | 81. 5. lbr Sa'd: Tabaqnt : III : 81,83. d . al-Tabali: TAnkhVol.lV p. 43O. 7 . al-Tabart : TartkhVol.IY p.455.

'z
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'IL9 i tlDrts I lugrlslH uql II 'd .ESe I II tpboqDj I p,as uqI ' 'Lsg I us uql II tlotSs: ru_eqslH .Lts-919 .dd.i ttq ts ! rsggslEuql

'E

oql tr?qlsaof , _r.u!oa,n1-lo fqe peqtlJsepu_?.Jnb erlf fq lnd uoltsanb ? ot ,{ldeJul s^{lI .a-rnleu l"clsfqd -lerrr sJeD?tuur urrq poJJeJeJ ol Jo s,(B,{rla sullsntr l*pt"sIl .ulup^ uqJ Sureq puE p?sv .sr?o .q ?qrl9,?qtr rnoJ reqlo eql 'eE?slq luaurureo^g erJl euo s^\oq ocurs Jo 8sJ"[oqcs Jo p .aprllosl? s8q u_?,Jnb c.eJueJeJal oql qrlq^r ol ..uoFllar srq poldecr" pu" leqdord oql poFoddns -ppq ueqt Suorue ruorgsrop?J?q, psq etuosdluo, leql pr"s pu? pe,{ouue olrnb ero^\ snreleqt .u?lsJ pessego.ld peq ugl"S uql leqr EurJmq uO r.eurrleutosJoJ lotJos D uolsJeauoJ JraqlSurdee{ru?lsl o} pelJe^uoc osle fltureJ ,r11 ;trr,1rntrry e s?A{ eq elq,u Sutualo erlrEs er{tr oujorl s,q pau.nlar puu o1 ' leqdoJd eql eas ol eu?a eH .partdoJ u_BI?S uql ,.sa[ i ,lueuo8pnf Jo ,{eq eql Jo e^o oql uo q?lly {q truos aq plno.r eq l?qf plol eJe&a^r uJog^{ ,pa{se lnoqB, oqs '.leqdord eurus egl aq sI se,{\ sasol ..lues I s" qBIIV fq lues ueeqs?g pue sesotr -reqlorq .pog fq tr eq iune l Jo [u O, : pr"s urgl?S uqJ srour saou eql pa^r3car ..,{pue[qnf a^"q lou pFo^{ no,{ ,sesoW eql ol uolslJol Jo ecue.reedde_o: .pog fg, : 6ur,(es 5re^rnor{ urq par{reorder JI qju_?Hfe iufq os qrnu os lune srq Wqt dltuelrqnf elrnb s,r\eu eql "prlgq) eH '?urpal^l pe^rocal srq ur Bu1u1s Jo qJnqns eql ur srsuo s^tre[rJoJ eqtr,le^ J? s.]aqdord oql saeu egt pe^tersJ Jo .q .ruv, urEI?S uql eull eqr tV .Bqnb t" JnV, BuB{ Jo ,{lrllrooleql ul dn lnd .lsrg le ,peg leqdord eql .pereedde peq loqdord pelra^r"-qonur .se1il1enb aqt poolsrepun leql eq cJsuulur pu" Jelcalgr sI{ puB lnoqe luJesl I ur pe^rrr? "urpetr sEq loqdoJd erll leql pJeerlaq ueq^\ .urelsl ol uors.raauoo s.u_?l?Suql Jo lunocc" luaJeJrps uo^r8seq bqq.sJuql .A,or3os tIIrlsnl^l aql suolllpuoc leJrlrlod-orcos3urlerorralep Jo Jo Jol?peds tualrs s? aJJI slg sfep 8urureuaroql pess?dpup suorl"u Jo " _{qJ?ur lsJullodulo{ Fe^\? ldel eq luq} 1dr:xosn o1 Jlesrunl alq?lt?^" tou erEeJIl srqJo sref lsl eql lnoqE sll"loo 19l auorslH do aoxnos aHJ, sv Nv,uno aHr

164

EARLY MUSLTMHrsroRIocRAPHY

Some reports of Ibn SalAm portray him in quite a diferent colour. These versionsremind us the predictions attributed to the soothsayerswho were always ready to answercuriousquestions.l Salil.r al-Dha'ibi and Shiqq alYashkuri were such soothsayers in the pre-Islamic times. It of Kdhins which used to keep recordss was the institution of called and tablets inscribed on baked bricks their knowledge zuber.a The abovequoted extracts from the narrations of lbn that he put before the Prophet are Sal6mand the questions not in conformity with the generalbehaviourand outlook of the Prophet. These should be studiedas an exampleof the influenceof pre-Islamictraditions on the historical literature produced centuries duringthe subsequent 'Abdutleb b. al-'Abbes(d. 70 A.H.) : Broadly speakingthere are three facetsof the intellectual movement during the early Islamic century : First, the reli' their taste for gious aspect,that people gradually developed of the Holy Qur'an, or knowledgeof the Tradithe exegesis tions ofthe Prophet, or that of the injunctionsof the Shatt'q. .Secondly,their growing interest i story-telling 4rtd,t, and details and with poetry, genealogical akhbdr complemented biographicil data of eminent personalities. Thirdly, intellctualqueriesarising out of philosophicalilterpretations of Islamic dogmatic vierv. While the flrst phase had begun llot during the lifetime of the Prophet,that the Companions only collected the Qur'anic chapters but even asked the Propheteverynow and then.to explainsuch versesas they could not fully understand.It was the beginningof the tafsit' literature. which later on' during the Abbasid Caliphate camein its full bloom. Ibn alrAbbds is th" i;riiitiiiii'r? tr,it branchof knorvledge which derivedmaterial from all sources. Islamic and nontheir Anexamole of the nalure and style of these qucslions andq1-94. pp. ol'7ann Akhbat I al-Mas'ndi in a[swers can be noliced 2. al-Mas'u.di z Akhbdr al'Zamdn p. 106, 3 . al-Mas'iidi : Ibid. Ill, PP. l3l, 137
L

.99: ptql .Z II: '99E'd | 1I.p^ tgbDqrJI pr"s ugl .t

pue.uops[.r .rouolr"rerdrarul unq qc"er.ri;f:;1,t[T#

r)sa p?aqoroJ srrJ poqcnol raqdorl eq1 .sgqqv,_p uqJ o; Luopsr^r eJ"sqrnoafttll qellv r"qr 8urdeJdnlrq posselq peq .yJeswrq leqdor4 aql lerll punoJosle ore soo4rper; qcng

oql allos o1 (p9p1./i)uorurdo r.ruolqoJd leuosrodsq pagasse oq .ool srldlleCo^al eqjjo ,e"r1c":A lsrg Jgl ur.Juopa3ord B png ol pepeg Buraell .peirt"nrd peq j"rull, pu? JIeg qqv i?rl^{ oqt q tr pore,lrsuE lqErt sgqqv. Jo -ls uqJ uogl .Jait"ul l"ql sr elqeJr?l\e tou osl" sB^{tlrpDq aqt 'trusgued 'J].t!t!plq Jo lqErl eqtrur lJ p.r"^.un iq ,"ilni, 'telntrtred leql ul lualrs suu ug,rn| .ti qslu:n3 uy "s"" ol pasn eq .lxe1 cmg.rnf aql qtl,lr"qi olq"Jr?^? se^\ tr ol re,$sue u? Jr .uEldxo ol norlssnb palsl? u sB^{ .gqqy,1e oq1 .a8pel^totl1 Jelouaqrirleql pl?s uaeq spq lI cruelsJ,(1reo aqi or spqq\a-p uqJ.louortnqrrtrrro, oql pu"lsropunsn dlaq ppo,u lI 's$"ld EIE l3 punoJsl scqqg_le rqlJo etueu eqt (tryu1J) q?qBI1P q 'sec?ld urrrl 6otonb le gplb_?l&1e 8S ,(lFoqlns ur soJeld "lul^l.otfri eu?u lE./srncco 6t stq Ogq,q uql jo tl,,4s e\l uJ s_eqqv,1etrqI ol yoqytt eJuo.roJer qpln! to '!zpt!&ow,r!s!o, ,t!b!J:'t1t1pol " uo ,floq 1o sltalqns YsuD "q, ^uB pqg flprq u?J JA\ .(lualsodol rEpel^^oul Eurl.redurr pu Euri(pnls-erol Jrrxelsl Jo ecr^Josarll ur eJll srq lno -q6norql peq.rosqe Jlosrurqldel eH :eap"1^lu1 qr,^i1 eil go ,rlserprI,{.pnul"I ,rtur."is"I soqcue.lqreqlo pue epe6Ee11 ^\eN pu" plo eql eEpel^{ou{ pour?lqo Jo 6ur^erl ur peqsrnAurf -slp osl"_s??n ag 'ug,:n| eq1.;oltodrnd lue.rorll puBlslopul_. urq podJaqqcrq,rr ,ft1ood crq"rv eql Jo o8pol^1ou1 lctsselc earsuelul pu" a^tsuolxe qloq peJrnbrE eI{ ,ssrJ?Joduol :uoc sJq ts8uou" ruo{ esla ouo.,(rr? ueq} srour ug.rn} ,{1o11 aqt o_sJa^ ifte^a pue qJ"aJo a Jo a.p aoslD.t eql u,{ou{ o^urJ ol pesoddnssl aH .qeJV arlt s[orlrp".rl ,q1 pu,, luuorleo ' t q t / q l a o r s l , f J i l e o d , , q g s u DJo ,wAMn.'UrU Dq,3zpt14ow,.tot '/3sJf4ur sJ"loqJs ^lw3 ll? Jo elrpnrJ lso{ oql se^\oH .cru"lsl 991 l'uorstH do sJunos aHLsy Nv-xno rHr

166

EARLY MUSLIMHlsroRlocRAPHY

Ibn al-'Abbashimselfinterpretedthe words of the Qur'ar: 'I "Do not know about them savea few person," and said : am one of thosefew-they are only seven.'l It was by virtue (jfat ,a) ofhis vast knowledge that heusedtoissue decrees duringthe lime of 'Umar and 'Uthman. 'Umar I had vely much regard for his sagacityand scholarship' and his deeperudition in Islamic knowledge to appoint him as the governor and at one time contemplated province, but on further thought he dropped the idea of a when he was convincedthat Ibn alrAbbas would insiston the khums (one fifth portion of the booty as fixed by the Qur'an for the Prophet's family).s Later on. wheD the fourth Caliph Ali appoiltedhim / governor of Baqra,Ibn al-'Abbts drew the khutns flom the and informed the centre of its justification stateexchequer in a simpleway. That his opjnion regardinglegal matters was held high is proved by such reports as we have evenby the dissidents from Molammad b. Is'hiq that Najda al-$arfrri, received rhe Kharijite leader,wrote to'Abdulah b. al-'Abbas asking him about the portion fixed for the family members(next of kin) or Dhawt al-Qurbd.'Lbdulldhb. al-'Abbaswrote to him: 'You have written to me askingabout the portion ofthe 'Umar had declared that we family members. It is for us. repay (the Prophet's next of kin) may perform marriages, our debts,serveour needymembers,out of this share, (but should not put in a claim for this share as our right). We refusedto abide by these conditions and he did not revise his decision.'n
L

lbt S^'d i Tabaq't vol. II : 366,

2. Ibt Sa'd i Tabaqdt \ol. IIj: 369. 1302A.H.). 3 . AbnYns r.t i Rit\b al-Kharai p.1l (Btrlaq, 'Ali

alro had the same opiaioo lbn Is'haq reports that although regarditrg the lchums as otbe! meEbers of thg family of Banu HeshiD hold, yt he did oot waat to deviate from tho path of his three predeccssors i! tbis particular policy. (Ab[ Yisuf I Kiftb al' Khataj p.1l).

'Wl '58-m | | 'rp| tttq,I-lo

'z9z i 'lo^ D aptog-loI ztigt-le e l 4Iqu1D 'lil t l plq|z ot xtulttlo I zlft?t{E 't

8. Iu?lsJol peue^uoJ e^?q flurclrec plno,t (sql 4 ot paualsl u?Eou oql pu uslsredoql 's{ml eql PBH, 't?ql usql tulcul^uoc eJou 'luenbole oJotrt qcosds e ol p3u3ls!l Je^ou p?q eq lqt patlturpB Ir.-eA\Bqv l?ql os qcnru uoql 'ug.Jno ogt uro{ os ol,qs prcnl u,$o srq ur 1r pourcldxe ffsH aql Sulp"ol .!!N-Io latde\a oqt pollceraq lsJlC 'uos?es eII uEtIIq}n, s"^\ aq alg.{ emetrl ul osJnotslp e PoJo^llep 1o eElasaqt Jo poBod eqt 8urJn( ss"dJns Jo olquress.t plnoc euou uoq^\ sJol"Joluenbolo esoqlEtrou? uory 's.{"s sEqqv,1etIqI zrqpf{e s" 's?,$aH 'oot Jol"Jo poo8 3 s?,tL ..'(aBpo1,rlou4 Jo) uEaco 8ur,[ou-Jo^o pue alquoqlqun ue s,lA0q po0 rIe pue pmlx luaalllelul uu s?ldsFI ,tq pu" : anEuotEurJrnbur 'pog fg 'suomedEoC ogl Euoul" sn1e1s prcedse ptr" 'In"[sJ s3/$pJeeq rr otpld p"g sgqqv,f uqJ, : pJ?sptr? pouatslotu srq 1r1 ",{1:eg1q1de,u,eq s{l"ureJ eseqlaurr?equo ori?8 egl 'lJi"glc u?s"I{-I" pelsu trsoul tB petr"eslul?s pel"JqoJes EqI otunouapnotr wql ,(?seJdo3d,, asooEos ,,'sBqqv,-J? pue ug,Jna) [q pJorA lxel sll Ponlsldxe r.'pJo,t\ . 'lldFd oql pepuox eLltarotJDiobDg-la reldeqceql polJsoJ oq^\ ug,Jnb -se eH 'Jifl ;o aEels crtqndogl uo poJ?edde aql Jo Jol?luauulo' ptrll J?Joq3srtrrJsntr [ lsJU eql su,\\ pue Eulrtnbutu" Jo esnuJoq oH ',(ldorosJetslq s3^{'.snEuo1 u" Jo onlrrl,{9, 'sgqqy,-1esql pelse ouo pulu 1ueE111e1ur -ouos .'eEpol^\oulqcnu $ql ul"iqo no,{ prp luo{eJaglA!

'qltps nqv pue

'q EruJJ:lJ, Jo st leuu?qc Jeqtro[Y slsb plsurnH ,(q pol]ltr -su?Jls?/t\lJ tuoqlt{ ulo{ 'plq?[uw 'slldnd f,tlBltl s[r{ Jo auo f,g pa lusuel ueeq seqllWJ sIH sPqqY,JB uql uo Sulpue sleuu"qcsnorJs^ rro{ qDrll qoqY}qo o^l?q o1 ullels or{^\ asoql dq popdorocs4:or* ;ecrrolslqoql uI- rncto ,{puenbor.; 'porieclpe,{[2u51dlrea egt 8urrnp slere'Jqdn lucrlqod eq1 e Sttra,noc sFodo.r slH eq] uoJJ aEueJ ol srsaEog 1sz,r (""
, , t , , 1, r

L9l

AUOTSIHdO ACXnOSsHr SY NY.Un O SHr

168

EARLy MUsLtM HrsroRrocRApHy

Whenever Ibn al-.Abbas listenedto something new anil infoJmativ,he usedto preserve it by comrnittingtJ tvriting.l Such evidencesare also found rhat he had coiiecteda riih Iibrary which could be transportedon severalmounts. Ibn al-'Abb6s was distinguished among his contemporariesin several qualifies', says ,Abdulldh b. .UbaidillAhb. ,Utba. in his unprecedented scholarship.his sharp_m indednessand powerto infer.sagacity. wisdornand liberality. I have not met anyone more knowledgeable in the Traditions of tlie Prophet or more awareof the rulings of Abii Bakr. ,Umar, and 'Uthmdn. Nor have I come across anyone morc expertin legal malterc. nor a greater scholitr of pletry. Arab traditions,t afsl, mathematics, Iawsof inheritan.", onj h i.tory of the past. Nor have I fould anyone of more sound opinion than him. .He usedto sit one day beforehis pupil and nothing was discussed in his assembly except l?/l (IsL;ic jurisprudence), the other day the subject oi Jirtosrion i,., his companywould be commentaryof the eur,an, another. !4y th.e m.aghdzi,another day poetry, anotherthe .Days of the Arab'. I have not found any scholarwho cameto his assembly and did not submit to his erudition;nor did I find a.nyinquirer who did not receive a satisfactoryanswer to his questionfrom Ibn al-.Abbds.3 I usedto pay visit to the Companionsof tire prophet, muhdjir as well as the an;tu,,Abdulldh Ibn al_.Abbas said to AbSalarrra al-fadrami, and askedthem about the nx4ghdza of the Prophet and about the revelations connectel to them. I did not visit anyoneof them but he was very much pleased by my visit because of rny relationshipwith the Prophet. So, one day I usedto inquire from Ubayy b. Ka.b yho had asound knowledge of the raison rt,eire of the Qur'dn. He informed me that twentysevenchapters of the
l. al-le\iz i al-Baydn ns el-Tabyin i II ; 52, 2. Whilefacedwith difficultor compound legal problems,.Umar used to cotrsult Ibo al_.Abbasard ia most of tt a oppraai"tOUi, verdict. (TabsqdtlI : 369). "ua", 3. ql-JAbiz t al-Baya\wa al-Tab/nII,:36a.

'tLE I tI

"

's .Ol, :II i PlqI '89eiIIi tPboqolI p,"suql 'L9E ttgl 'f i II I tpboq,l I p,ES 'L9EI tlt ptuqol I p,Esugl t4tqol-lD o^ r4/tog-tLri z'lEqt-IE . I

'L9E|tt:

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e,'uoll$nb pexe^l"ql Smpru8ersgqqv,f uql Jo uoluldo aqtr s.{enp foql 'uaJqord ouros ur paraJlp lno pug o1 pe1.r1 ,(aqlJalouoqalql ^\esI pu" laqdor4 eq13o suoluedruo3 ,{luoles euos .;o fueduoc eql punoJJ, : plBs u-?.Jnb 's[.Bl .qt Jol"ttrosruroJ-.reloqJs !.rg?, snoutq; eqr Jo e,reqoq^\ asoql 8uourese 11o,,'r sr ueu Eu1,rr1 ..'i(e,nepessed eql Il? EuouB JeJoqJs olrpnJolsoIII oql sr puB,{lrunuuroJsrql Jo lugqq aql sf ralseu rno,{. : (spqqv,-P uql Jo pqDul\ rmHIJ, ol pr?so^r?q o1 pat:oder osp sr Jgqqv{s q,>l uqJ Jo tllop oq] r'sB99V,-lB uo e^S?u"H-]" uqJ Jo lusrrJrrroc eqt s?d{ .f",\{? possd sq ,(lJnnwEor rnlsntr [ Jo lugqqDr 6W ,(epo1, flrunuruoc uqsnl^l eqtr Jo \u?qqD.toqt se popr?8ers?,r oq leql 'oo:l ptrnolblceq pue su se.uerJs crru?Jsl tnq FodJnd Jo Jo .(pro s3^\lI tou eEpsl^\ou)lalrlssJo^ pu" ts?^ srql Jo asn?coq oql pelonb pue'snql presoq/d teod cJqeJVtuercup s,'asJo^ eqt pJ?eqtou no,{ e^"H srgl puE'srql str?aulJ, : ureldxo 01 pasnpEe 'u9Jqo!{ 'q JnsOA s,("s 'saEesn trug,Jnb oql go tol pr^raJoJ sgqqv,le uql 'up,Jnb Surpre8e: se1;enb " rog,{r1eod crq?Jv ,{loH eql Jo ,fteluouruoJ sql luercr? eql pafoldue oq^\ .r?loqcsulrlsnw ls.rlIorl+'sd?qJed'sr aH olq?np^ qsrutnJ 6 slralqns esaqlll? rrr uolleturoJrrl ot pesneq pue : qerv ar]dJo,ryEplDpve wpttD roJ oldoed cltlos 'Fuotrpurl?cr3oleue8 JoJsJeqlo'fJleod JoJrrrrqpelrsl^ rurog spefqns snor.ru^ lnoqe oEpal^\onl Sururelqo -ro3 slqqy.-llr uql Jo ,ilquess? aqt ol Suorqlol pasnaldoad l pel?3^rJse^\ r'accatr/{ eJo,( ug,Jnd uorllod lseJaql lle e|q,\\ 1?olpJl^ 1" paleo,,te.r 691
I'xotsII] co ao)Ioos aHt sv Nv,uno sH.r

l?0

iJARLI MUSLTI\,IHIS'IORIOGR APHY

FT

a4

l>

!j: :'".9 A e
F

3i <.9

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!F

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d ulglsllb t!'l

t ttt"

t"tqt

't

'potr?Jeunua 'u-?EIIln,'rIV, 'I se ala^1 J?tuO, [Jnrlp![3q-18 pu? Sutp?ar eql Jo alurl aql ls 3u11!r1t{ ,{oq} :ur?}sl }uo^pe Jo oq!\ gsrclnbJo eqtlj stll uJ suosJod/l oJ:Ar qtJ^llu?sle^uoc f,llEo ol SulproJ3Y r'alrr?frrlH eql ,{[uoors^{ereql sJouodoJ 1uree1 JlA Jo eldoodeqtruro{ 3u111rn ruo{ trrue{?l p?t{ oq,4a p?q sqerv ul?tsl Jo truo^p"aql aloJoqSuIllJ,{ puu Sutpeer ,$oul qsrBJnbo{tJ soqrJt pazrusqJn eq} Jo sJequeur atDos ,(ltropu? ot"Jsltllt oltnb ora,[ sqBJVoIIl Jo dlllofBtl oqJ ,{pug u1?uP1.l,Y1 : po1.ro4 ;o acPcur; 'srolElloj roqtro Jo sro^\oloJeql 01 u,ltou{un eltnb se,t qcg,{_yollllquror-1ry4'ti ulslulJJc Jo Spoqlerri Jo pJptl"]spunos pu" q6tq e pernsse esoql 'Jolt?Jeqc uI clt ?lsl ,{lo^Isnlcx3aiE (oqlA s,oqrv\ 3o seldrcurrd .sJot"JJxN to) 19hy1tt gtusy pue (,{uJlnJcs ro) qtlpDH1Dlrin satuelcs cllu?lsl Jo suollsrllllr?r eseq] 6uourv 'l"riel?i'u slql Jo uoll?cvlre^ pue fsl]n'ros otll roJ dn Jorllooulos e8pol,^Aou{ Jo qtuJq Sunds osl? prp stlcuEJq 3 Jo uolllsod oql paul?llB sl"af, luonbosqns luau?trJJad 'SuIuuIAaq eql uoI p3^roselo .{Je^ aql 6urrnp rqclq^\ Pus Jo r"qao.r4 3o suotuuduro3srll qcpl^\ itttftE7@l! "ql
ptlc sJnSB3I lSU.\ Jtll st-tu?lsl 3o ;aqdo.t6JLll JO SuOlllpPJJ '(StlltlJPJl aJll aqt Jo sE lla^\ su lPlu:uepunJ puu uolsuedxJ ' l u t . \ n c s l r - r u " J s l . ( J o l ( l l ls t l l J o e c r n o sl t t p t t o d u t t t V Jo

at7T)17 '.\DJ',tJo.lslH

q|lpnH sl,lPun a.t1r\nraTIT '!

II/1 UqJJVH)

172

EARLy tust,rM r sroRIocRApHy

Abn'Ubaida, Jalha, Yazid b. 'Abi Sufyan,Abn Hudhaifa b. 'Utba, Rabi'a,Hatib b. ,Arnr, Abn Salama b. .Abd al-Asad a l - M a l h z l m i .A b [ n b . S a ' i db . a l - . A s b. Umryya. Khalid b. Sa'id, Abdullahb. Sa'id b. Abi Sarahal-.Amiri.Huwaitibb. 'Abdal-'Uzza al-'-imiriA . b[ Sufyan b . H a r b . M u , a w i y ab . Abi Sufydn, Juhaim b. Abi al-Salt, aud from among thc allies of the Quraish,Abn al-.Ala al-Hadrami.r Sonre,rvomen like I.{afsa,Umm Kulthum, Shif6 ,trr ,Abdi dh rvere also capable of rvriting rvhilesomeothel womenlike ,A'isha binr Abi Bakr and Umm Salmarvere ableto read but could not rvrite. Ibn Sa'd, hasgiven some othel names of such Comna_ rriorrsls rvere conversant with writing in Arabic prioito the adventof Islam. They include Ubayy b. Ka.b,s Sa,d b. al-Rabi'a'Abdulldh b. Rawdha,s Bashir b. Sa.d,6 Abdullth b. Zaid,r Aus b, I(hawali,sal-Mundhir.b. .Amr,c Usaid b. al-I.Judair,lo Sa'db. .Ub6da,r1 and R61i,b. Malik.r, ll Medina, particularly in the tribes of Aus and Khazrai. some Jews had known writing whichthey usedlo teachlo childlen. When thesetribes embraced Islam, only I I persons in Medina, accordingto al-Bal6dhuri,were able to wriie.lt Sinceto be able to write lvasregardeda speciality, those ' -lvithrwriting, eonversart shooiingand swimrning *"r. Ktunil (petfecll. Sa.db.'Ub5da and Usaid b. "utt"J flu{air and
l. al-Bafadhuri I F nbit-BnlLi p.4jt. 2. Ibn Sa'dI T.tbaqdt IIl t 465. 3. Ibn Sa'd: Td.baqat III | 4gB. 4. Ibo Sa'dI Tabaqat III:522. 5. Ibq Sa'di TobaqAtlll,526. 6. Ibid |III:5317. Ibid:ltli536. E. Ibid:lll:542. 9. Ibid I lll : 555. tO. Ibid: lll 604. ll. Ibid.Ifl:613. lL lbidilIIi622. 13. al-BaEdhuri: Fufih al-Bttldan D.473,

'jLt

'LgZt LttPlqI '292, LL tpbDgtj I p,vs gql o uzplrlg-lD qatlu : gnqpBt?g-lB . I

01 rapro ur 3;e ;uel crqaJY eql urEel ol po!r] rutslsl ol Jtt!"lsl Jo llolsllEdxJJtlt qltr^A p)lJir^uoJJsoql 'sJrJollJlel rlsr]\el eql qlr,\\ e.saJnldr.rJs lur$e^uoJ osle su^\ eH i'J8n8USl csufs arll ,rAeulosle 'uodar P,us uql {'H v s9 p) iy.1E q iuv. q rl-Ellnpqv. a t l j . l Ds , ( D p p u c r r - e q l n 8s l J r l d o i d ? q l J o a l u l s u J ll u!tllt^\ sateniucl JETJfS ftrr,'^\rlqeH 3ql lttJEalPutt llq-Bfl-L q plpZ 'sB!J" crlsrnSurlreqlo 6tloue p?oids oq ,(llseplnoJ luBlsl Jo uorssru rql t"rl] os t;SDnSuti udrarol. ur?el ol suolu?duoJ 'aa{ les arJ^t uolllptloJ slq paSurnocuo osl? leqdo.Id eqJ srql pellulnJ orJ[\ esor{J a}I.l^\ ol ^\oq sutlsnl l ua.} rlcsal ol ruarlt Jo rlr?3 laqdo.Id orll Iq pe4se ora^\ ('H v e) lpu8 rtl.l trEJ :tll .{q pa}eJrlrtrl lulll Jo alusq JqlJo slJuosl.rd.ru^\ Nod3.l loqlouY s! 6ur1JJ^\Jo etuEcglu8ls otll Strl?$orls 'luaurlJJ?d e rro n3]lrJ,rl Dqpj JztdDrl) ueql Jo t{loq aql puq ,taql qJrq,\ Jo up.rno oql 8ulllteJ e.r3r\r puD aJeql luoserd osl? s?^\ i"Jv1? q q3qq"q)I 'lelsls slq Jo 'l8uin, esnoq ar{l pJralus 'ru?lsl ol uoIsJaAuoJ stll ol lolld 'e^nBJsdur ueq/$ uorsJe^ u,!\ou{-llo^\ ll ol FuIploJJY alrnb:ureJ:q s^\?l ,,3rr!,1s' eql pu? ug.Jno eql Jo l"ql sE 'sJJl.lJI Sullt.l^\ 'Jle sJrleJl larllo Puu sluounJop Jo ll)\\ sE 'sJol{lo r(q peJJqdlJop 'tultururop eursceq uelsl uerl^\ 'lng ,ilrse aq lou plnor uuru Jo 3u1l1r.t sasuc ,(uuur ur " 'llnseJ ? sV ,{ltcgrls salnl tas f,u? pe^\olloJ,{eqtrJou 'Aurlr.r,\r Jeq}lou irlg -lo al.{ls ruJoJrun r p?q saq Js .r"qt -!: .u^\op rtr.r^\ol (lllEq r q p!-EZ ls ol _ prsn laqdol6 orll ruesquSureq:tq 1o es?JuI 'q,E) q ,{,(uq6 sen 3urlpr'r otr uouBle,|eJ eql lluluoc ol u8rs tsJg oql pue' u-BtJnb aql u^\op Srrnrr,{l roJ 'Suuo ol qIA{ }uesJeauososoql srrolueduoJ slq Auotus luo.tJ peEEBue peq teqdo;4 aq1 .ro altll eql pBq ll1t\uq) fL l q sny puE fieq{) r.llLupx 'q q-ellnpqy,

sn'ry^ 'rvJluolstH sJI (lNv 8xnJ.vuflJl,I HIIcvH

174

MUSLTM HrsroRtocRAPIrY BARLY

understand the meaningof the Qur'dn, while the Muslims endeavouredto learn about the history and socio-cultural life of their subjugated neighbours. Ibn Hishdm and al-Jabari report that the Prophet had given a written directiveregardingthe administrativepolicies to 'Amr b. I.{azmrvhenhe departed to assume his office as governor of Yemen. And later on, when departmentsof Justiceand Educationwereput in chargeof Mu'adh b. Jabal and he took leave for Yemen he had also receivedsimilar directivesin black and 'rvhite. In spite of the fact that the majority of the Arabs were illiterate and the practice of writing books was not so common, rve fi.nd the early Muslims to have rendered commendable service in recording the events and in transmitting them onward to posterity. It appears still more surprisingto find that in comparatively civilized countries rvhereeducation\\'ascommon and peoplewerefamiliar with rvriting books, not a single eflort had ever been made, reither in pre-Islamic daysnor afterwards,/to preserve, on guch a large scale, the record of doingsahd sayingg_of any reformer,religious leader or even a ruler. The/Jews\ of Yemen and Palestine were far more civilizedand ethicated than the Bedouin Arabs, but even they could not preserve such minute detaiis of the actions and dicta of their prophets. Someof the rnodernhistoriansof Islam, more specially the European orientalists, assertthat the practiceof writing was absolutelyunknown to the Arab during the early days of Islam. It is only partially true; it should not imply that the Arabs could not write evenlvhen it was necessary. We come acrossso many Traditions of the Prophet which record his commands to his followersto write down someimportant rules. The Prophet, for example, before Hijra, had issued, rvritten ordersto Tamim D-ari tbat Jaron, a town in Palestine, would be treated as hk jAgt wheneverit cameunder the l\{uslim rule. And during his journey to Medina, he granted

'(uopcnPo4ul) 4lqqornn'q wpuwDu rJFirS : qEllnplrusH '691'oN o.Qqsgltls1o b!,!qto!!|lo : qpllnpttllH 'Z '(ltlUtllg u! osl) : II lFq,e)-tu : Jlqtv-lr uql I OLS-'9S

s",{,\aur?lsl!?u eql luql r1F?elc pauorlueu uoaq oslll sur{ 'sdru"ls-lr"u lr ssssJ UIelJes uJ Jo edfl rJJnsuleluoJ osl" 'suorl?AEJxe lueJJJ ut pa.ra^oJslp'sluerueorS? luercuE orll Jo altros slleu Jreql rllJ.,\r\ sluerunJop aql rro eJcJrJ-Jlq I epru ,{sq1uolssardrur qrunr{l Jo duruts il Srnl}nd Jo peetsr! l"rll [rlH1s Jo srelnJ oql Suoue ecrlcerd uouruoJ s?,r ]I s," ll PsqIIJsuell osle pDq I reqluol elrq^\ Jo iuoruqJrBd e uo uall.r^\ s?a\ ll 'luouncop slrll uoes o^q l, : sd?s ('H'V tfz p) rupll"s 'q urrsg| preqn, nqv uorsseJdurr Ire srq rllr,r IuerunJopegr uo lurs srq pexse p?rl 'trqdord Jqt puc 'rurTlsJ 'l?pu?l'-I" o1 ecuer8eJle slq Sur,Lrorls lrarunoop ? uol r^{ prq lsuno Jo rslnJ er{l [rlH1 uulf-l? pqY, q lllhtr-le

pqv, 'q rlp!?In Eql lglllpoqxe {oqul oql lnoqe lroda.rosle aqJ. ',ttpltfpqv uqf, rlttM ruJrJt pJJeldsJJlrsr.urq suBrJolsrq larldord aql pu? lueuncop erq Lt! .tlDllyJ!,.e3ltats?J4l.j]-r91l. er{l ol uol}dotxeIoo} slopuul eql pu" ?rfrH JeU reaf rllg eql 6unnp ual1r:,rir se,nfdju-rj-i6lltiltnB,snowq ayy

sorlJudo,rrtoql dq uodn paar8" s?^\ lnq PerJEJp Jq lOU plnoJ suJeJ Jrl.t eJuls 'p3^oJlssp .osle sar ugJ?i?qo 4u?q pu 3J9z?g EueS qI^{ ,leei] bopu|qx eql Jo arrlll erlt tr erFH raue r"e,{ qlg erlt e eB]J"q go leqdo;4 eql 6q ueltn,r SulJn( .," ""rusd Bueg roJ qe11y ueeqseq slqJ,, : spro^{esoqlrllrA SuIuuISeq CH'v r"ef puz) Jeqlouv .rqss tn ?Jur"C luq qlr^{ op"tu se.{\truoureoJSe zr,.uerllJo rltoq peq eq oJuts rlsrJnO oql poe srrrllsnl qll^{ slueuelocecuad l rqt uJa^\lJq poots puB eueJ luEqnf-lu rulv, q rpfew., : sfes (,pquoa uorg luas) qll?iin^T? pqv, q "zueH 'ur-eqslH uql 13f 'sn ol Jo uortrpodxa aql SulqlrcsePe|qa eureqnl alq?llp^?lou sr ped srq13olxel egJ, '('H'v :ee,( 1s1) oslepeq trqdorg aq1 Jo eqrJt eql qlr,ll lu?ue^oJ" pau8ls ue IJ,{1 r'lFJpnIll )IIEI I'q "bgrns o1 eceedJo aJUBJnssB an'rv.A lvclxorsrH su qNv aunrv[8tla HrrqvH sLl

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

affixedfor attesiation', Someauthentic texts of the letters written by the Prophetto Caesar, Kisra, Muqauqis,Najdshior other neighbouring rulers are quoted by the early authorities and a few original letters have also beendiscovered during the later centuries. Ibn 'As6kir says that Abii al-.Abbas 'Abdulldh b. Mohammad had purchased for 300 gold coins, the original documentof the treaty rvhich the Prophet had madewith the citizens of lila.1 We do also find in the early chronicles many instances of writing down the directivesfor provincial administrators. They were dispatched to the district ofrcers and provincial governors. During the last days of his life, the Prophetis also reportedto haveframed rules and regulations regarding the rates of zakat on cattle, farms, mines etc. He gaveup the gbost before those rules could be dispatched to the district tax-collectors. Abll Bakr and 'Umar executed those rulesduring their tenure of office as Caliphs. The text of such rules is found in various historical sources like the Sunanof Ddrqalni, Abd DA'frd, Tirmidhi, Kanz al:Ummdl etc, Abi Dd'frd and Tirniidhi say, on the authority of 'Abdullah b. 'Umar, that the Prophet had compiled a document on zqkdt-rules but he passed away before that could be cilculated among the district officers. He had suspendedthose rules with his sword, Abtr Bakr followed the same regulations until his death and then 'Umar observed them till his last breath. Ibn Shihabal-Zuhri (d. 124 A.H.) saysthat he had seen the text of those rules. It rvas under the custodyof the descendants of 'Umar, and 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz (d. I01 A.H.) had procured a copy of it for the StateRecords Office. The Practice of Writing and Compilation Work during the Caliphete: The RighteousCaliphswere not generally in favour of committing the Traditions of the Prophet to writing. We
1. Yaqit : Mr.' jam al-Bulddn I i 292.

'(zII : AI p,S uql) ullq Iq paDrEssel qttpoq lo sor.t .llp) E p.Iorlsep osle peq lrE,rlsv-le ISEI MV .1,82 .d I III jpbDqDJ i p."SEqI

.I

1?SuUodoJJo) ^,toN (uorl?JrluarllnE.rodordlrroqu]l.tlt?.pDq trnde^qnof lrq lueuallles 3 JoJ llrtse eur eroJoq Is"l JerAEoq no,{ ol eure3J, : pr?s pu" ,{feqn Jo lrrls eqt Jo plor{lq8neo ewSwpJSar qtlpDq reLun, 'slpbDtt-lD llDg Jo uorlJnrJsuof, q,?)'q pelerru ,4,tqo pu? uorlBrlrqr? roJ'Hv le'P) " sD,r\ os?corJJ '}l JopuaJJns ol Surllr/h lou ,{,{qOol perJeJel sulpal^l eql Jo uorsuelxe roJ ( H v ss1rl s?qqv,-I? lnq 'anbsoru Z p) qrliinnl? pqv, q sgqqv,.I Jo asnoq aql parrnbr pq JuO, 'p,Suql ol Surp.roJcv '8u1tr:,n ol ueql llruuro3 osle prp fegl trnq suollrpl?JlJo uolllldruoJ eqt paEernocua ,{luo tou r?ur1, pus rleg BqV leqt stroderrlrns pug osle a^\ ,41Eot1sore1u1 ore^\sqdrleJ poprnC JnoJ lng 'J?lncrtred,{Je-,\ sJallsruul lsrg eql 'solnJ uorssrusu:1eq1Snrurecuor
dn e,raE oq flal?urlln pu8 r,,,s{.ro^\ l.r"unq '3epl aql .reqlo gll^r

qllv Jo {oo{ erll xrru re^euil"qs I ,poD f,g 'suorlelrduroc u^ro rreql ot lcnls pu" sernlducs ,{loH eql putqaq iJOl feql 'trlluenbastloc pue 'sarnldr:cspole^oJ er{l u8qtr Jaqlo s{ooq 8urtrJAot pellftutlloJ ,srullsnll poperoJd oq^A ,Ioog ,trnq,, ,sre^otlaq a.q1 3o oldoc6lql polieoar I eulllu?euaql ur e eJoJoqpecunouoJd aq aql IeJsueF Jo ecuarpn ,,,1eqdo.r4 sa^\ L, Jo suorlrp?Jl eqt u.{op alrr,tr o1 Surleldrueluoc 'slu6ru ll?druoc lq8rl-Jal"A\ v.tug,rn1 e\l pue qnpDUet+ Surdeel.ro3popa.ru solnr lclrls aql c^rasqo ,{lsnolndnrcs plno,r srullsnl l leql pecut^uoJ lou s"^{ eq cJurs uorsrcop Jrql paola^ .rErun, :lnq uotl -"[duloc JoJ pelo,r,{1rro!eur sqJ .tolleru srrll tlr ocr^pe.lleql eql Jo Surleau poue^uoc pq {aasol Jeplout suorudmoJ pue toqdord eql Jo suorlrp?ll olrduroco1 petue^\rerull, lql 'sr:oda: :reqnTqe 'q e^\Jn, .rttlpDtieql u^\op 8[rllJ,r Jo eepl Jql dn o^BA ,{leteurqlnpu? JellEruslql ul tru?tcnlar osl? sE^\ 'qdrleJ puooes eql 'rBwn, .seqs" ol ll peJnpoJ eq Jlasrurq uorreldurcluoc JequnJuo lnq suolllpeJl euros pelldruoc peq riEg oqy 1ql (sre oder) slaqt KI]I.' aql f,q paruroJur er"
,_l an'Iy^ 'IVSIUOISIH SIr (INV gUn t,yasJ.ll HtrcyH

, 178 EARLY MUSLTM HrsToRIocRApHy

'Umar came out of the court of Ubayy to the assembly of the Companions, with the skirt of Ubayy in his hand, and asked thosepresentto attest to the authenticity of the Tradition narrated by him. Abn Dhar al-GhifEri and otherscertified that they had also heard the samefafrth ftom the proDhet. Only then 'Umar let Ubayy proceed witb the casehe was assigned to arbitrate.l As we havediscussed somewhere else,'Umar introduced the Hijra calendar and thus provided a fresh impetusto historiographical activitiesof the early period. Thenceforward, historical anecdotes, -in and maghaziand Sirah literature, began to be recorded chronological sequence. 'Umar also introducedthe systemof DiwAn (stateregisters) wherein namesand qualifications of those who were entitled to receive stipends from the stateexchequer (Bal al-Mdl) were indexedaccordingto their seniority in embracing Islam or their participation in holy wars prior to the Conquest of Mecca. It means that these indices of stipendiarieswere kept according to the Tabsqat systemlater on followed by the historions. ' The registers of those who participated in expeditions d.Jj.itg the lifetime of the Prophet, weremaintained {maghazi) accordingto tribes and clanswhich must have contributed a lot to the rapid advancementof studiesin genealogy ('ilz al-ansdb). 'AbdullAh b. Ma'bad reports that 'Umar having issuedordersfor the preparationof Dtwans, suggestedthat names of those belonging to the family of Ban0 Hdshim shouldbe preferredand accordingto this rule 'Abbas b. .Abd al-Muttalib topped the list.2 TheseDiwAns,as al-Balddhuri puts it, werepreparedin Muharram 20 A.H. Compihtion of Hadith Literature . There are sufrcient evidences to believethat the work of ltadtth compilation had startedduring the Prophet'slifetime.
1. Ibtr Sa'd : Tabaqdt IV i pp.2l-22. 2. Ibr Sa'd : labaqat tY ; p.32.

'etz.Ibqpillo 'e 'ZZ: lotltu\pnwlbItDqO 'zgzt Ll tpbrqoJ : p,"s ugl 'z

.IZZ'60Z'dd I uttsl-lD t{o! 'l

s"q solou ,{J?sseceu Pue uoq"lsu?Jl npJn eq} qlJ^tsuol? ut-punoJ pu utlJog lxel rrq?Jv slJ 'sn3strr?c Jo setJ?lqlleql 'oqltlDslo palrua DJaqoslo ar? sldfrrsnueu eqt qclq,{4Jo '3uJllJ,{ ureql 'q 01 {ooq s pelduroc qlqq?unN III-?IuIu"H o^?qol pellrurrroJ oq,h slldnd $q ol suoJllp"Jl aruospal"trJlp tuolJlJ?dV suolllPll Jo peuodalsr eq 'suolsslulsu?ll JeJo peq'pqdoJd aql raqrllnu etr"l e pelllusu?ll pu? pe^JesoJd 'q1l3J 'rlernH ,{{eu eql ec"Jqlue ol Bqv Jo uoru?duoc esolse p?q oq sE oql ol poqrl?dsop uaql Esltr^ul srolu SulrnoqqElsu IrqdoJdoql Jo srellolqJnsJo requlnu Eurlrr,tol pJllltutuoJ os[" p?q J5trleleql elftlitl suorlrpElJ eulos pe]eq]?8 e^?q ol peuoder osle or? uzeH q rwv, pu" ?rlerr.H .qYe''lrlpoq uo 'P) q9lllPqv, uollc.llocllEtrls Jo relrdtuoraql s?^\( H V 8/ " 'Dbtp?Slo DfiqDS! se p.IuBu aq .q rrqu ', lrelltuts q3rq,!\llooq s uI suonlpsrl euos 'laqdord aql Jo uorsslulled 'laqdord pBq6iV,Je'q ruIV,'q qPIJnPqY, {q palrellotosJE eql suorllp"{ 8ururcluoclooq IIt s ? pollduoc p?q qlJ-si Jo 'auIleJITs,leqdo.rd.ql SrrrnP 'q Iqv IIV, l3q1plol er" eia/ euoteq paq urJoJlooq E lrr qtl.pDq usAe eJllrsrd u^\ou{ " ol 1l SulDJrusu"Jlpue qellv ',{tgalsod Jo Jo uorl?JrdlnoJ .raEuassa;A1 egl Jo pJo^t uerlodseql SullJosoldruo{ sJa.\\olloJ 'sselaq e^oN aql lue^erd trou prp suolsuoqoldde llaql 'urltlsDtplw pnwlDJ ol ue,rtE peq s:ossocaperd .rteql pue oq aqt ot eJus odtul qcntu oo1 SullnqullE se ssorlcallor-r/r3p ur su?rlslJq] aqt puEs^\efaqlSoalduexaetll ^\olloJ Plnoqs slq puB lsqdord sqdll?c Jossomns srr TsnlI lsal pepuaqe.ldde snlels e Irlaql oql 'Ioog pepg^ar dleur^rp eq1 o1 1a11ered pu" 'ul3ql uJ spJo^{ urno Jlagl Eutlerod:ocut o16uru31sse .sentdrJrs .4loH Jraql uI 3ut1elodra1u1 rog uraql peqcuodul '3uoP peg slr?llslrqC 3ql pue fp"arle p"q uB.rnb sqJ, qt pu?-froo@H s&el slll se laqitora - ogl.g+*uq!pa{ e se plnoqs sJe^oqeq egtrlsal 'dels ,(reuotlnecard egl esnJuoJ 'rrrJoJ paluA{ ot oq,trasoql {ooq ur suorlrperl aql alldu.Ioo " pu? 'loqdoJd oql e8?rnorualou pJp 'ssoltr?duro3slq uo Jol?J l?ql rrrJguot ol secuapllaalqelrerfllenbe eurospuu osl ad\
6Ll an'lv^ 'IVCIUOrSIII Srl qNV AUnlVUSlI'r HTICVH

180

BARLY MUSLTM HIsToRrocRApI{y

recently been publjshed by Dr. Ilamidulld.h.l Ma,mar b. Rashid,a discipleof Hammdm, also compileda book entitled .I6rri', manuscriptsof which are in the Ankara University Library and in Istanbul. Abt Bakr 'Abd al-Razzaq b. Hamm6m al-San'dni (126-2ll A.H.) was a student of Ma'mar and one of the teachersof Af,mad b. Hanbal. He is also the compifer of abook entitled'Musainaf '.2 In view ofthese facts, it would be erroneousto assume, as some of the orientalistsdo, that the work of ftadith-compilationwas unknown during the Prophet'slifetime, and hence the entire collection of hadethbecomes of questionableauthenticity. We have seen that Abi Huraira, his pupil Hammam b. Munabbih, his discipleMa'mat b. Rashid, his student 'Abd al-R.azedqand his pupil Ahmad b. [anbal have made continued efforts in preserving and compiling the hahth literature. After the discoveryof theseworks we may rightly suppose that there must have been some other compiled works which did not come down to us. It should also be kept in mind that because of scarcity and dearth of writing material, oral fiansmissionwas a popular practiceduring the early days of Islam. Furthermore, this had become a tommon practice since the pre-Islamic days because the 'Days of the Arab', legends of the Prophets, and the jAhiliyya poetry were transmitted oratly. Nay, dictation or writing of such material was rather looked dowD upon as comparedto oral transmission. A Catalogueof the Early Compilailons: From Ibn Sa'd alone we can prepare a short catalogue of such compiledworks on various aspectsof Islamic studies, including, of course,history as were availableby the end of the secondcentury A.H. Authors of theseworks, mostly of
Ilamidulfah (M.) : Satth-e-Hammdm b. Ma abbih, Hyderabad, (Introductio'l). 1956 The Musannaf of 'Abd al-Razzaq has rcently been publishcd in l0 volumes with annotationsand introductiotr by Habib alRabmnoaLA'zami, (Beirut. 1975).

,96: A :PIqI 'lr:A :plql ozf t I qtuPltJ .82: A : ptql ' I I ' 8 Z t : A : p t g r '0I '6tt plqr '6 : : A '8 .26' : A : PIqI 'z6t : A : ptql L ' 6 t : A ! p t q l ,9 '62 : A : plql '(LLI . tp,nL'|1D 'lzptl3Dw so \ooq to/(t!3t19) Dpeludetdper{Juruqv-leupqv se traoB)l ( H V 002 .p) JI"leA le s9urqln, q ugqv uollnqllle Euol,rlE sdeqJ.d s! 1I .0lZ : A : plql '869'61.t:A: ptgr '90t : A : ptql 'lL i L lpbqqoJ i p,esuiql . I

'I JErun, oqt u^\op luno:ce Jo lecrqdt.r8olq elr.r^\ol rurqpeuorssrruruoc ztzv,-p pqy,.q J?tu1l,
ertall?S Iq uatlt.titt'I tDIuO. tD.tls ' l pgv. s,{BpuCuo zlzy,-le 'q J?llln. ol slJo^r srq lresoid ol pesn oH .q ,etnl to etoog '71 zrutllsnry .q pBuru?qohl q ues?H_lp (ei(,{g?ueH-lE ,{q)

!!{.rI-tD { qpIX . orDttqlDuDglD 'q ppLuut?tjow .q LIO npqv, {o sloog .q UD|DH uql |ullsnw lo zloog .q u?qsfH oIqDS ao$ln, L{!D/nt uqJto tloog

q aL{LroItZ lo loog "bpt!,sI .q qrern) ( Il V 86 'p rxrlsnn rqv ur) Jo uorssassod es9qqy,ID,.qU!ftryqv, lo $loog 's .q apqy XzptlBDW 'v ,uptuqtn, .q 't e.tlDqnz-lD otrto,lo sqoog ,q pDuuuoqon ot DS '7, dDft{DuDElD rtpsuY-|D qDsoN q9|!N

'll '0I '6 '8 .L '9

'I

'laqooJd eqtr suoruBdruoJ eql Jo ruo.U{ltcaJrpe8pol^\ou)lJreqt polrusu?Jl p?q ssElr 3,.rg?l

r8t

ANIYA

'IVJIUOISIH

SII ONV EUOJ,VIAJ,]'I HJ.ICVH

tE2

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

14. Sabifa JAbir People thoughtrhat Mujahid b. JAbir(d. I03 A.H.) usd. to transmit Traditions ftom'Sihi[q Jabif of which a copy he had with him.i 1 5 . Safttfu 'Abdillah b. ,Amr b. at-,Asz He had collected someTraditions with the proDhet's approval and -called his book 'al-gallifa at-S.Adiqa, -in (The GenuineBook). All Traditions mentioned this.l$aftcfawere directly transmittedby the prophet wrthoutany rDtermediary chajn belweenhim iand the compiler. 16. Abir'Amr b. IJuraith al-'Udhari referso to the books of his forefathersfor the desoiptiop of the Delega-

tionof.Udhra rribe.iAL:.lrjft
17. Booksof Sahl b. Abi na*mq

&,{.:

llolagrmad b. Yafyd b. Sahl b. Abi Harhma, in the description of the delegation of his tribe Jataman says: I have found it wrhten in the

books ormy ra*er.4 q1t i.l'rJt,

18. Book of Abi al-ltatid al_Tavatisi

GrO4_3

;:ltil1i:.,0"
)i

rraditions' tiansm itted by'Abd uildh

t9. Book of Abfr Ma,shar on Maghdza.o tr

Book of ,AmmArb. Saif,1 Mugnnaf Mo\ammad b. .Abd al_RalmEn b. Abi Latla!.

22. $aSifu Masrnq.e

l2. a. 4. 5. 6. t. 8. 9. Ibn Sa'd : Tabaqat tV ,466. Ibid: tI: 323. Ibid: Ir33t. Ibid: It 312. Ibid: III:273. Ibid: tlr: 538. Ibid: VI : 388. ILid : VI : 379.406. llid: W:80.

.8r ''I .9t .St . .t .Zl .II .0I '6 .8 .L .9 .9 .t .z .t

.6t i rIA : plgl ': IIA : PIqI .ztt: rA : plql 091i llotJ'ly1p 'tt? i 1qtUpltu.olt ,gOt: IA : ptql .89: IA ; pnl 'zt: IA : ptql .f: IA : ptql .9LE,tZE I tL : plql .992: IA : ptql .69: IA : ptql 't : IA : ptql .8SZ,L|Z I lL I p\91 L9 | I /oqI,-|D.0ZZ: IA : PIqI .681 .t8I : IA : ptgr '89t : rA : plql .892: IA : plql '9ZLt tL . plgl i IL tpbrq,J I p,esuql .9

'0? '68 '89 'Lt '9E

5b 7L

srDqpnDH Io Itloog Lpqtun, ugJlo slooB elltoI Io srloog 'p) qli7N1o 'q i?qsy lo 4s[pJ CH'v Ofl 'q ?{lqlllploqQ, pDwwDqol4t to eloog EgpttDE xqv pqinw zrpqututpi lo lDtlit rl/tt ilPoS1D '\s!oJ

'

op.lzY.tlslDJ ubnoy2qy .4s!oa '0 EppsylaDq npout lo stloog '62 'p) tH V S6 LllDqryuql lo DllqDS ('H'V Ig ' et[lE lo ofitt,S '82 'LZ s,lqov-toto DIIIPS '92 ,qrY?E1D to D!!vDS |op,rn{ lqY lDqinl[ 'q 'trz 4o9q4s, ploz {o )toog 'q 'EZ ilDlpnv rQy tplvpqy, Io )toog f8l

'zE

sn'Iv^ lvcluorslH srr cNv sunrvua .| HrrcvH

184 4 1 . Book on al-siraht

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

transmifted by Abit fs'haq FazAtt

42. Books of Loitlt b. Sa'd2 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Book of HoJ$ b. Sulainfini (d. 180 A.H.) Books of al-$ascut b. Dinar' Book of Ibn Ma'rif 5 Book of al-Thaured Mu;'haf Ka'b b. Siirl

48. Muilaf al-Altaf8 (d. 72 A.H.) 49. Sahifo Khallas b. ' Amrs 50. $ahifa flusun al-Bo;rilo (d. 110 A.H.) 5 1 . Books of $anmdd b. Salamqll (d. 167 A.H.) 52. Book oJ'Malik b. Anqslz 5 3 . Books of Jabir b. ZaidL3(d.93 A.H.) 54- Books of Abi Qulabalr ) ) . Book of Bashir h. Nuhqikls 56. Sabifa Jabn'\4 5 7 . Books af Shu'bar1 5 8 . Books of Za'ida!8 59. Books of Hr;fs b. Sulsimdnl\ (d. 180 A.H,)
l. 2, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. r0. I I. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Ibl1 Sa'd : Tabaqat VII i 341. Ibid: VII :3,+2. Ibid: VII : 276 Tehdhib fl . 4OO, Mizan al-Ilidat I .. 261. lbid I VII.279. Ibid : VII:300. Ibid : VII : 328. Ibid: VII:92. Ibid : VII : 95 Iyafoyat I | 230, Tehdhib : ttl: 1O. Ibid : VII : 149. Ibid: yllt159 al-|'tiddl | 1254,Dhailal-M udhalyal , 93. Ibid : V Il | 301 al-I' I iddl I i 277, Tehdhib Ifi | . lbid: VIt i 302. Ibid: YII:181 Tehdhib ll | 38, al-Biddya lX | 93. Ibid : VII : 185,251. Ib;d: VII : 223. Ibid: VII: 253. Ibid : VII i 256. Ibid: VII : 341. Ibid I vllt276 al-I'tid6l lt 26t,Tehdhibltt 400.

\ I I I I

'Bqd,turodveql '{es ro srauo aql spuaas'L oql u?ql ,tlrlrqepuadep Jo l.!^af lo .s1aqdo.r4 'sa8p aql qanoJqls.reloqcs eqt ,(q ot urrelr Ja8uorls a spq qlpDq e\t'ecuoH 'slole8qse^ul pauruexa,(ll?clluc 'l?JJalu] InJeJ?r eql [q ]se] oi lnd ueoqosJeseq flrroqlnz yo suleqc aqt ul Eu.'lncco eul?u elEuls ,fteao Jo rep?Jeqc l?ttos -Jed 'JJJelBrtr slql Jo uoll"ulur?xo FclllJJ pue uoll?ulpro -oJ 'uorl"Jepou Jo ISet llncgrp eql ur uoga Jleql ur lnd eLEq (u!.tltlppoqflw) sisluol}perg -{1:ee eqJ. furln:rs q8no:oqtp oqo8Jrpun se\ qnpDq ,fte-^' '&eJluoa oql uO l"uol"tu slqt lltllsu4 Jo elEurs p?g sJot"JJBu JJeql oltJeseld ol uogo snolJsuot,(u? peslJJexe l?ql e^alleq ot e3uapl^a ,(u" PsS lou op e1lt qEnoql : seJuoJoJur l"clJolslq ul?ual tno 8utEuuq ur InJdleq ellnb aJ?^eql esn"raq lsnl ',{r}aod o{/4ryt!91etlt Jo ired roli?u eg1 rc '$4q1|yp -Jr]-irt .sloqdord aql Jo spuoEe'J, ro eqr spur8a'l, aqrJo 'WV.1D wpitd (gDty Jo ,lD-iDStE ,qnrv oql aql Jo aJuEJgluErs q?rv eql Jo s,tq eql Jo suorl?JJEU, ,{lJ?eeqJ,,-'^lelcosoJm"lsl peldacce e,req tu?lsl Jo suIJolslq ,(lJeeoql lcedsBraqlo oqt Jo oso EutpreEarslulq elq?nl?^ Jo 'e{BJ lsoru uruluoJ 'JJntPu InJJqnop Jo pue cllueqln?un qrns pJreJJep tltvDq eWJo suot3rod u3eq J^eq sE lerJateru ? sE ua^e ',{lr?l$urs 'paruepeq tou plnoqs,{rolstq3o eJJnos puBoJrr JJaqt acueq'sJolsJuquJ rraqt Jo Jnol^qaq acuecgruErs uec e^\ ',{llclluJrl}n" lnJ oql olur ureqlqEno:ql dead 11t1s Ircos -lqnop Jo ere Eqdfrodv l?ql lo"J eql Jo olrdsul l?ql uoluido Je3dd?,{stu eqt Jo eJB slsll"lueprsto uropow oql ilnJlqnop ^{JrlueqlnB slr Jr ua^J erJnosl?clJo}slqe se etn]!relll tltlpDq .roaJoualo1 :edordurleq eql e]psrllsaropun eql ecueJgruSrs Jo 'plno/h lIr 'eJtl lElros JIIUlsl aql Jo slJadsP -'aJoJareql slenltr'sluerua8pnf'soqcltdsap raqlo,{ueurpuB'dlqsJo.,|tJo 'srellel 'srrl?JJl 'surllsntrAl-uou snlsls aql ?utp.rz8ar salnr Jo 'se^11?.radur pu sEurqJelcIS"q eql sul?luoJ se IBIJat"u E 'qtlpDq suollJellot 5ql ur qcns3o ,{1r1uenb elq?Jeprsrror Jo 'ui?lsl frorslq 7(lrt5-eilt pug ei[ Jit?cinotiuziroOini llr,n Jo aql se popreta: st Sururuaycutulsl 3o lsoru oql pue lsaqcrJ qcu?rq srqt'suoruedruo3slqgo osoql se lle,{\se 'laqdoJd aq} pror$eqt sV pur: idurop llE sapnlJUI .utlpDq, Jo saor^Es ' / : ,(.ro1s111 yo qruar{ a sa \rWEy/ SgI rro'rv^'IvcruorsrHsrl cNv aunrvuarl'r HqdvH

186

BANLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPTIY

The badith literature, as rve have already emphasised, e' b. Khadij, for example, tions us that the Prophet had declaredMedina a'harem' (Sanctuary). This declarationwas committedto writing on leather and was preserved with a parchment of KhaulAne Rdfe'.1 The Prophet,after his emigration to Medina, had also chalkedout a civil code. It was, as Dr. Hamidulliih has the first written constitution in the history rightly observed, of mankind.2 The available text of this document reveals that these civil laws were framed in consultationwith the to writing. citizensof Medinaand tbat they werecommitted code. In document we in this this very clauses There are 52 of Yathrib have the : "The meadows find, as Rdfe'reported status of a sanctuary for the people governed by these to the eflect that the laws."s We also find similar evidences Prophet had .issued orders to demarcatethe Muslim-ruled territory. He deputedKa'b b. Malik to flx mile-stones on Hafya, Dhul-'Ashtra and Taim hills. the bordersof Malchis,a Accordingto anothethadath occuring in al-Bukbari, as we the Prophethad ordereda public elsewhere, havediscussed and census. "We recordedfor him names of 1500believers, It was Prophet." was handed over to the record the census 'Umar I framed document that light of this the perhaps in tbe rules which we find in al-Mu'slla (Kitdb al-Zakdt) by Malik (d. 179 A.H), who also afrrms that he had seen 'Umar.5 "Book of Alms" (Kitdb al-$adaqa) compiledby - ,,zWritlng Period : rlown of Historical Materiel during the Umoyysd

the statement of al-Mas'rili\ We b4ve quoted elsewhere that Mu'ewiie' I(40-60 A.H.) used to listen to triJtoricaiM\t,tad: (Abmadb. Hanbal)Vol. Iv p. l4l. soefor the text : al-watha'iqal-Say^iyyaNo,I Haaitullah : $at|ifa Eammdmb. Munabbih p. 24. Yeq8t .' Ma'ian al-Bulddn vol. V p. 73 ; II. p' 276' Hallrdulah (M) : $ahtfaEannam b. Muaarrirt (Iotroductioo).

t. z 3. 4. 5.

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'I '3Fr rlaql Jo polrod eql lno Jlosuq ldo{ osl? -q8noJql dola ep ol "filr{-?,nw pu" ponupuocstuJoJ l"Jnld?JSorJolslq ajnl"Jelrl lerlJoislq ul sJelnr p",{,twfl Jo lsaJeluloqJ, o s.,{Poqfm s,.'spuq 'p) trr {ooq &ros{Jlaa trI sll8r ('H V 9t !p!,s?I I1e " 'loqln" pouolluaur-a^oq? eql Jo ,fu?roduottroc JoEunod eql pu i olrl? srrdoc or$l ,{lpJ"qelem erJq} lsql lxel l?ulElJo flopu{ os eJel$eseqt eql ol pspp? s?/$qtnu os pu" lueEJe^tp snolJ?af"p slg uI }?ql : lueJJno aJel {ooq eql Jo suolsJoa {Iro{ ureal aI[ 'urelsl Jo salrnl ('q V tg 'p) ;ugpue11'1e -ueolsJg ogl ur pea: floptrrt pue pea.rdsapl,lA sB^\'slunocte sB,{t sqEJV oq} Jo ,ftolslq luoJcus pcrtqrg qlr^r ueao.ldJolur 'gclg,!\ ul lsol ft3}slduoc - aqt'al{t aql {r]o{ }uoPIAesI se -/rlou sI g3lq^\ I.Io^{ sql z'uolleIIIJoJIIIqcns ol enp ueeq a^q ol pl?s sl selJlunot snolml 3q1ul pul{uetu Jo l?sJed -srp aql Jo rtrolslr{eq} 'esmc sll pue so3en3ue1;o uolsnJuot (saFols plo eql 3ql sqBrv-uottpu sqeJv eql Jo sEuI{ oq} uollul SuruJecuoc uo lro,{{ Jo uollelldllroc eq; ',t1tnbt1ue " qlr^t ssncslp -JoJnI uIIq ol Jeplo ur IJr(Sol uelu slql peuour -runs peq oqan'qdr1e3 eqt Jo trnoo erll l" e,{r"qs q pIqV, fll^IiJe eql fg 'ool u,&oqs rsloqcs qerv uJaqlnos eql Jo I{JnIu p[noJ stql JePun sl qcrq^\ 'elnJ s.o3utJd lueuJoS"lnoJuo ur sqerv eql r(rolslq luorcu?eq' ul fll^Il uollcs pu? lt"J Jo -JnpoJd slql t"ql sn s^\oqs, 'JogIzpJoO salJ,r\ ',I e,{r,tg,n4 ropun t?JqABCJo dll^Ilce oqJ, 'sJolnJ slruours^ ltralcu? '?,(!^rg,nlAI e3sElsu! aql lE pJllduoc Jo Jo spuJset po? sel?l e 'efreqg peg 'sr8uo elrueEa,.\ Jo JeJtal-,{Jols PuolsseJoJd 'q pse PIqY, leql elsa{? os[?ele sd\ T'sel.llod cDtuoldlp lregl l8uPl }uol3g" Jo J?^{'srslc?J"r{a sepoc leued 'sarSelJla -s!1qde.r8o-iq rlsqJ 'qdIFC egl ol ]no rueql se,t relleur-lcofqns arat ss^?ls 8uno,t pue srelsr8ar pe- o1 paurerl ,(11e1cads ur uaFlr,{\ore^\slunoctB asoql 'aupngl {q?p llq Jo-r&d pu slunocc" sE sqcJsuouq"lv-uou pue q"w aqtJo s3rJols
r8l 3n'rv^ ,IVCIuOISIH SJ,l qNV flXnJ,YUSrl'r HIICVE

I88

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

constantlypostedtvith developmentsat the Muslims' relisio_ culturalcentre at Medina. Apart from this, all signific-ant happenings throughout the whole Islamic world were reDor_ ted to him directly by his official as well as non-ofiicial reporters.l According to al-Sakhiwi,.Ali b. Mujahid (d. tg2 A.H.) and Khdlid b. Hishdm had recorded annalsof Umawad rulers,2 whilesomeother repofts prove beyond doubt that staterecordsand written official documents of historicalvalue werepreserved during the early Umayyadperiod. For exam_ ple, the pact between'Amr b. al-.Assand Mu.6wiya to the effectthat they will mobilize public opinion to demand the revengefor the murder of 'Uthman from, Ali, was writtcn down and the text is quoted by lbn Sa.d showing the name of the scribeas WardAnand the year 38 A.H.4 Ibn Shihab reports on the authority of Sahl b. Sa,id al-Sa.idi that the latter saw Marwan b. al-I.{akam sitting in the Mosque (of Medina) and whenhe approached him. Marwdn wassaying: 'I was told by Zaid Thabit b. that the prophet dictated to him the following 'LA yastawi ol-ea,idin min ol-Mu'minin wa al-Mujdhidfrnfi Sabil Allah', at the samemomntthe blind CompanionIbn Umm Maktrlm enteredthe scene and said: 'O Prophet of Allah, if we were capableoffghting, we would certainly have recruited ourselves': At the same moment the words Ghair ili al-Darar (except those incapable)were revealed to the Prophet and he askedthe scribeto add them to the above Qur'6nic verse.6 The abovestatement testifies at leasttwo points. First, the Umayyad rulers and chiefstook practical interestin propagation of Islamicknowledge and transmittedTraditioni to
AI-Walld b. 'Utba iuformedMu'ewiyaof thc doathof Abd Hurair. (d. 59 A.H.) vide Ibo Sa'd: Tabaqat yol.lV | 340. al-Sakhawi p.2O'1. i al-E'ldnbi al-Taubtkh Mu'awiya reckoEd 'Amr, Abu al.Dardaand Ka'b al-AbbaramoDg ih oost eruditescholars of his age(Tabaqat ll : 3SB), 4, Ib\ Sa'd ; Tabaqdtvol. IV p. 254. 5. lbl S^'d I Ttbaqdt\ol. tV pp. 210-212.
I.

'(pe ' rc61 96'd ulptttglD \1trla : lrnltpElg18 'gzlz'd 10/ ottpnw-lo ltoqe | lreqel-]f Z '9982'dlo tqpnnlD oll1: 'l !ftqel-lt.

e'.,'[lA\P,nwJo \ rno^eJur poprcap o^?qno,{'pog fq, \:peurclcxa'^le^Ilu0ll? pqv, sornl?al stq uorsJelsrq ol Sururtsrl rage 'ry1eyqJ1e paqrrrsrp rreu rql pue (r;tdo.rd @iiddfrileqt) qpqPqpE)JB pallr4oq/( uPureql Jo :lrl?u aql Bue{ Jo srtrrlrPsnW "Jtu?H pe{s? ro}l?l oql ueq { 'III?w1e pqv, aqlrt oqt Jo roqt eu " Jo fllloqlns oql uo Jo noJ aql u1truaserds?,r oq1'teuoeulos pagodar u-ebqeq q pllgtl) sree.{f,lree oql Jo slunotse lesu qJns -ols!q oql SutpuclslePun aq PlnoJsEsuotlsJnb uI InJesn ue,rg 'fgder8 pals? oJo,\l unoJ pe,{,(?u|I eql o1 sJollsr^IensBJ -or:otsrg pu aSpel,rou{ I?JJJolslqul lseJo}ul uaa{ u,,i\oqs oslBpq uBrueli{ 'q PqV, ralnr p?f,{nrrl oqJ {lpwl? 'q :trErarstrAl {llBtr t{B pqv, a pefqns eql Jo aapel,{osl sllueqln?pue qsorJEut:tnb -c" Jo uorluelur eql qll^\ 'eJJnos aurosq8noJrllu,|{oul e^?q aql qrlq,{A ro11s1rr leqdoJdeqt Jo strottlpelJ .{uelIusue:1 1qE1u stl] ut aruupnepaluera ol ureql polsB aq aurleuos l.rnoJ aq uoq/ir suosradelqeaSpolmou{qtns uro{ ulslsl Jo ,(Jo}slrl flJ?a eql Eulurocuoc stlol]EJguslJ pue suotlsanb snotre,r 'l e[1mg,n;41 ertlcad eql s?^{lI Ise ol pesn eq i"ql 3o , uorlrsodel[?s oq] u! Ir"qeil Jo s,{ppaq} Illt petslxoqclq,{\ uang Jo ,ft?punoq oql urqlr^r seceldsnot:z,t;o su8lspu Je$ur sB^'\ satnatr eql lno polulod eq pue zln) ol PeJJeJeJ rloql lnoq? no,( llal IIr^\ eq, '",t1,'g,nw eql 'oS '.uollEcglluepl 'q zrn; ruor; e:1nbu1, palldar .e,r11e lllls sr aq gr euebly, 'waJDH et4l uI soc"ld snou?,,t souru Jodo.Id ue oEloJ Jo erlueJ aqt 01 peFodaJ'J eaeq a;doad l?ql Jo elnr ",{r,{g,nlt q up,!\r?II eql 'uI?{3H13 aql Eul.rnp'ecceII Jo Jouro^oE 'o3"ls [lr?a ]"ql tB Sutlr.l/r\ ol pollrrnrroJ s?^\eur?seql pu? ug,Jno eql Jo uorsJt^ polee^or oql el"lcrp ol pssn leqdor6 oql 'flpuores 'ueql paurelqopeq {aql uroq/$uro4 osorllJod}uog}nBeql uo sroqlo

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190

EARLYMUSLTM HIsroRIocRApyH

'Abd al-Malik also received communications from the Companions and used to inquire from them regarding the Traditions of the Prophet every now and then.l He inspired Sa'id b. Jubair to write a commentary of the Qur'an which Sa'id did alrd it lyasdepositedwith rhe Imperial Library.z Al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Matik: Al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik also sent queries to various contemporaryscholarsand knowledgeablepersonsin matters concerningthe early history of Islam. Once he asked al-Zuhri about the ages of former Umayyad rulers3 which inspired al-Zuhri to compile a book entitled lrrrin al-Klrulctfd.a Similariy, he used to serd inquiries to ,Urrva b. alZubair asking about the details of the ,9i/d, of the prophet. Al-labali reports olr the authority of Hishdm b. ,Ur.rva and fronr his father 'IJrwa b. a\-Zubair. that 'Abd al-Malik wrote to him asking whether the Prophet had married the sister of al-Ash'ath b. Qais. 'The Prophet never asked her hand nor did he marry any woman of the tribe of I{inda except the sister of Bani al-Jaun rvhom he purchased and when sire lyas bro'ught before him in Medina, he cast a look on her an<j divorced her without touching her', lvas the answel of ,Urwa which be sent away to the Umayyad court.; Anothef impoftant change ihat took place during the Umayyad rule was that all oificial recordshitherto in Roman languageand hence controlled by the Christiar secretaries and clerkswerc translated into Ar.abic. Sarjiin b. Mangr a Christian secrelarywas incharge of secretariateduring the reign of Mu'dwiya. It was under Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik, that Abu Thdbit Sulaimdn b. Sa'd al-I(hushdni rendered

1. Ibn Sa'd i TabaqAt vol.IY pp.152, t83, 184. 2. Ili:dn dl-I'tidal (v e Shibli : SirahI. p.19). 3. al-labari i Tatikh vol,I1p.149. 4. Ibid i roj.11 p. 428. 5, al-Tabari : Dhail al-M dharyal p.2458.

(panuttttog ) 8! tH Y tot 'p) r1g fqv'q peulltrsqol'{'q utllEo .tto'pottoJostD ieqlo uI upuqell+ pqv, Jo relq8nep eql suolsre^ Jo ersBE "JLsV, '99 'd ttllpo* u|ln : urlt9s rqqns lD '6Zt l!,tE Xlo lpb|qoJlo i fitqt,lqs-lB '0, 'd g.toznlllo q91!X : Ir9,{qseq?I oa qgtthN-lo '699 d tsllug1o : rutpNuql

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'ssoJca lo leqooJdeqlJo Iuo{ suolsslEsu"Jl nof eulot r"JuV, EupJla ol lltruoJ,, :p,?suql .{qpalIsuooq suorlrp?{ ra^alaq^{ eql 'uzH 'q .ruv, q Petllu?qow s"q ."u!pal I Jo JouJeAoB qtns auo 'alqlssods" se8?uos JatleJ l{8{ qqv ol posseJpps -Jadalgee8pelr$ou{ ,{lelodueluoc luo4 Isrlel"u qcnul s3 Esl -tr?lnuncc"ur Jno^eaPua ot rrlaql SuIIsEsJOuleAoS IBJ'UJAOJd pqv' 'q r"un' II? Buorrr?rellol " pal"lncJlc osv z\zv ''v pu8 solou ue IJ^{asoql ll"rus olul uoql PoJapual e'saroJd 'suolllp?Jl erDurAopSurlu^\Jo JnoA"JuI }ou s?^{eq {ool oq 'qplln eouls'l?snJad slq loJ lq8norq 3le,'\afoql uoq,{ pu? pel?JJ"u -pr?qn, pelsu .i selou esoqlaJ8ererld\, ..'sn oJoJaq .rou lsnf or'eq no,( lltql Il" u/r\opue$lJlao^?q e^rlensnun 'Unoc eql a^eelol on 8slqlaurosouop a^eqad\, : pl?s IJ JEIrrn, pools qBllnpl"qn, uel{la 'suollerr"u pue uollesrs^uocslq l\{aJ elEl 01 lepJo uJ ul?lJn3e puqeq lls ol seqrJss JO SOIOU 'p) 'H 'V orll pu?ll reun. ars ol au"r ( 901 e paturodde:ellel 'q qgltenplBqn, e3uo 'ueuo ^r3^ lrnoc slq pollsl^ wl[pqv,
eql Ul\Op alou oqa\ slsluolllp?Jl SnOUeA IUOrJSUOISSIIUSUSJ} pelutodde pue suolssltrrslrJlpue soolltp"rJ, ol seqrJcs 1e1cgo ',{le^IlceJloJ Plp .;o ecllcerd eql pawls eH IEJOu,l op SulllJ,r/r Jo sJossacepaJdslq ueql secueJts ptr? eEpol,ttoul srosseJJns 'aEll Jo u?ds J!u"JsJJo uotleltduoc ut ls:.lolul:a1e:r8 p:,noqs 'P) 1.loqs z olrnb roJ Je^lod ur Eulaq .;o ellds ur ('H'V l0l 'q rBtrrll, qdrEJ Ps,{f?urn, usnotd oql 4zV,.I" pqv,

's:aqde;?or.ro1s1q q?JV rJlPl aql fq spJoJar esoql Jo uorlezlllln :elee:E pus uollB^Jssord uI padlorl a^sq lq8ru crq?Jv ol u"ttro{ uJoU e3nAuBIol"ls Jo le^o qtll^ls eqJ ',(llcoJrp srl?:u 3l"is eql ul owdltlu?d ol ssqlrcs q?rv eq1 o1 satltungoddo Eutppord snql rcIq"JV olul spJooal osegl 16I AnIVA IVCIUOISIH srl cNv auo'Ivrtgrll HrI(lvH

192

EARLY MUSLTM HISToRIoGRAPITY

sinceI apprehend the disappearance of such Traditions and (because their depositories of continuousciviI wars)."1 AbtrBakr b. flazm carried out the order of the Caliph and collected material availablefrom living Companions of the Prophet, but before he could sendit away to the royal court, Umar II had passed away.2 'Umar That II took keeninterestin accumulation of S?ral material is evident from suchexamples as are found in the contemporary historicai reports. Once he sent a letter to Abir Bakr b. llazm askinghim about the r]amesof the servants of the Prophet-both malesand famales. Abt B4kr sent the follorving detail in reply to the Caliph's letter: the "That Umm Aiman rvhose name was Baraka \Nas servant of the Prophet's father'. Shewasset free after the Prophet inheritedher. Umm Aiman was married to 'Ubaid al-Khazraji and bore him a daughternameiy Aiman. When Zaid b. Earitha, Hakim b. F.{izdm b. KhuKhadija purchased Aiman from the market wailid (d. circa 54 A.H.) purchased of 'Ukdz for 4Q0diftqms. The Prophet asked Khadija, after to him which their marriage,that Zaid b. HAritha be presented Zaid Then the Prophet free. Ehervillhrglydid. The Prophetset set Baraka free. Abi Kubaisha was fi'orr amongstthe crossbreedofMecca whom the Prophet set free. Similarly, Anasa rvasof a cross-breed, the Prophet set her free. Sdlih Shuqrdn was hr'sslaveand was set by the Prophetfree. Safina washis
lcontinu!d) 'were emin-int disciples of 'f isha wile of the Prophet (Seealso: 'Umat II had allo al-Sakhawi I aLE'lan bi al-Taubikh p. 57). commissioned the pre-eminent TraditioDist of his tim, Sa'db. Ibrahim, 10 collect arld compile the Traditions of the Prophet atrd he did it in severalvolumes.fani' Bdlan a/-'Ilz p. 36 vide Shibli I,32). vol.ll-2 p. 134. I. Ibn Sa'd ', Tabaqdt Horovitz : The Eatliest BiographieslC. 1(1927). 2. IbD Hajar al-'Asqalari, the famous commeltator of Bukhdrl sa:Js oi the authority ofAb! Nriaym's f"iikl, ftrara, that this ordinance of 'Umar tbe Caliph II was trot meant cxclusively for Abi Bakr b. Hazm but he had sent such a circula! to nearly all provincial ggvemors of Isfamic State. see : Fatk al-Bari vide ;ahifa Harnman b. Mwabbih 9.37 l.a.

.688'9E 'dd I t-tl tlboqttJ i ppg Diql ' 9 .zos iItqboqoJ i p,Esuql 'S6ttttpboqoj I p,es uql . I

SuJlnreql lltoJJ pueuop tulJ,lD qltlN nuDr4oupuunx e:etrle J.pun Eoll"lJdurorJo lro,|d eql uo{atJepun peq erl luelsrsrod lsrn seleJrpurrulq ol pelnqlr B lrrouel"ls Jorpouv ..Jlosfu ueql J8lndodoJou oapela\ou{slgt ep"trl seq euoN, ; poout lu"Iqn[ ul peurrslf,xeeq ecuo puB 'slg3[eq SulqcBJ-JsJ sI pue ryo^{ uoJlelldrsor Jo scueuodutr er pezrlBeJ Jlesurlrl pFo^l [ullsntrAl uqnz-I" lEql sJ"edd" lI eql Jo sJeutoJ IIE ol fsars luos pue Jeplo lB,{oJ fq paJedaJd eJodl {JoA srg}Jo sordorl?la^as 'prp ,tlEurprorrB eq qrlqa\ suo4rpsll Jo uoll -cellos eJ?deJd 01 urq pauotssrultuoc qdll?J oql .serpnls " go Salqrosqe sce,( 8uo[ SuHnppol"lnuncr" peq eq l?gaiu] eqr potldttrot osls peq ('H v VT,I'il 1tCy:ry A_eqtqs uql qcq,r solzp slr polsel rre^ oJe,,|{ a'lnJals"lpue snorcrlap pue ?urpetr aql se^r eq eJrq,rberlpv,le Jo srseo I Jo .rouro,ro8 aql ot oB ot pasnoq lql pls osl? II JruO 'baqpy,1e go solepoql tnoq? uz"H 'q J{8 BqV ruo:gpa:rnbureq uorsecco JoqloueuO ,,.'ioqdo:4 aqt ot palnaseJd peq ,r/s.l.l? Jo paerq -ssoJc prez 'q e,gJeg uoq^\ lerldoJd eql Jo B 'rru?qpnl-1p e^?lseq] osle s?a rtrr,pnItr 'q"llv Jo JoSuassolN ar&Jo glnout ,w" I :l.sBoq ol posn ,g9u 'ee{ mrq 10s rsnel 3q} pm Fqdord er{l ol rurqpal[osa:d .ralseur sJH .peor; eq ol rl1q palsanber .pelrJequl pue eql ol orrreo teqdoJd uos srq luorlt\ ,Ugl{ 'sv,1e 'q pr,?S o^elsaql 'ea{ s8,r{,UEU rrrrq Jo les loqdord oqtr'?ulBzntr e s"L{ trJo paa.Iq-ssojJ 4qy .errfg rn pelllas pq uo J31?lpue 'leqdoJd "qrqg.\ntrAl elruettrsl l? eqt ?flDM lo su.r ?lgpBd aeq ,UEUBqV tos 0q isql pas?eld os ser\ oqr{ 'taqdord oql uroJu! otretll?c ,gBU BqV .uBIsI Jo uofrror eql passe;ord sgqqy,-p uoq6 '1oqdor4oqi ot Inlq palsesordpeq .pat"reqrlosl" aq pu? spqqv,-J8 uqJJo o1,l'?ls eql s?^r.,u-?u Bqv .e^?ls ser\ 0q 'Bqel,lql pqv, ru"g Jo ellreq aql te petre^rtd?c lqnoN e se$ J9seA 'oaJJ les sA\ pue u?rsrss,{qvuu sgna qgq?U 'uoule^ uI punoJ eJeA\suoneleJ srH .eeu rurq les uaqi ulpaw ur ulrq posqrrnd peq pqdord eql .ur8ro fq sllueuei e s.{{upqn?rlJ 'pet?Jeqrl pue eAEIs spJa\Jeue s?na t6l aolv^ lvcruorslH sJI cNv auotvu8rl.I HIIqvH

I94

EARLY MUSLTM HISToRIoGnAPITY

b. Sallam hattd akrahna'alayhi hdtldi al-umara. Qe,sim says that by 'these rulers' ld fildi al-frmard al-Zuhri meant 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz.l This book of al-Zuhri contained 300 Traditions of the Prophet.' the As we have quoted earlier, 'Umar II apprehended of orally transmittedknowledgesincehe had disappearance himselfwitnessed that hundredsof Traditionistsand reporters had been massacredin various civil wars eruptedafter the society murder of 'UthmEn. Moreover, politically segmented malpractice had initiated the of the secoird Islamic century scalefgr of fabrication and interpolationat an unprecedented propagationand popularizationof political slogans. Sincere and orthodox Traditionists felt the dire needof compilation of all available Traditions in order to checkfurther possibilities of forgery and invention. 'Umar II showed keen interestin transmission of badith and narrations of historical significance. For instance,he inforrrs us that KhAlid b. Sa'id (d. 14 A.H.) wasgovernorof Yemen at the time of the death of the Prophet.s Similarly, we find a report from 'Asim b. 'Umar b. Qatada who heard ,it from a member of Bani'Abd al-Qays on the authority of 'Umar b, 'Abd al: Aziz that SalmanF6risi went to seethe beforehim the good newsof Christian monks who announced Prophet of the Molammad in the nearfuture.4 the appearance 'Umar II also remainedin touch with suchCompanions to the transmission of the Prophetas had devotedthemslves mauld 'LbdlLIdh maghAzi literatute.s Once N6fi' ot of lradith 'Umar (d. 'Umar informed him on the authority of Ibn b. 74 A.H.) that the latter was 14 yearsold at the time of Uhud and the Prophet llad not allowedhim to participate in the
l, 2. 3. 4. 5. Jdmi' Bavdn4l-'11np.136, Ibq Sall5m: Kitdbal-Anwalp. 578, p. )CV 87. Tarikh Bashdad voL Kbalib i p.96. Ibn Sa'd 2 labaqdt vol. I\ t rd : vol. IV: p. 80. atd the Authors:I.c. Horovitz i Early Biogaphiesofthe Prcphet vol I. U. Shiblt: Strai I: p.21.

'cl

'IZ'd: I {r4,S!: $qlqs .II .I 'IO^ i sJotttttyttaqt puo taqdotd aqt lo sa!\dot8olg tubg | sll^oloH 'l

^IrIo tu?oIII aJ& Dauolpa ot pus solou qcns lql uoruldo oql Jo 3Ja^{ feqJ, ',(lFuis uoJl"^JaseJd pJo Jo rtrJlsfseql Euraollog of . oJ^ qlr,rd. slooqalou Jo pauoltJalp| Jleql pe,{oJlseplfll"Jelrl "sJossacopeJd Jraq] 3o ecrperd eql o] {olls o} paln?^{ ,bql asneceqro ,{1erd;o lderuor JJeqlol enp Jeqla 'Jo^o^rogoJe^{uv,lqpJ eql Jo arllos .a8poJ^{oul leJuolsry Jo uorlelrduor lerrEolopoqteur puu rgrluorcs Jo plag 3ql ur srouunr-eroJerll se poEleuo pEtI atr,lqpJ Jo ssBlraql pue ,(elrz pe:ee1cueoq p?q suorlrpe{ uell /!r Jo osnsr& oql SulpJ3eJ suorsueqerddepue slqnop IIB (suolu?duroJeql popoacrns oq,t\esoqt) ury,npJ etlt eirlt 'legdord sql go suorueduo3 eqtr o3? oq}Jo eqt f{ Fsunp Jo luosq? dlolnlosq? lou s?a\ Ieueletll Lltvoq pae Iucrrolsrq u^\op 8u4u,[ Jo ocrlcerdeql ,JorFee uaes e^q o,{{ sV rq,lqptr oql Jo ocllr8rd '?ulpotr { Jo &c aq} ol patuoloq stusurJoJut osoqlJo lsou trpqtfq o^,\olou sl trr puv 'JJ J?un, SOCllrAd eql ol sseutrI^r e,(3u oJolr{ s? sJeuodoJ JO snordq3nsrrro4 s? IIe,4{ s? slueuJnooptlel]rr,!,rowos ruoJJll JoJ paul"lqo ptrs,{qderSolqsrq pelrduroc u]e{eA-p l?lJal?ur tq qcllnpqv, 'II Jeurn, Jo raqlorq e Jo qi"ep oql reUV r'1radxoue s?^{ eq qrrr{i$ Jo xzpq8Da pue qo4g 1o aEpal -^1,ou{aql sturlsnlNorll Euorueel"urtuessrp pse snos?IIIBq Jo anbso!{ tzerC aql Ef lls ol rulq perepro pue 1e1rde3eqt ot (.H V IZI 'p) epgieO .q r?ull, .q uniy, pell?coH 'sro odor lzpqS2w ar$ fg palceJlorEuroqse^{qcn{.,\IrJoleu l?crJolsrq pu" onle^ erll Jo eJ/r" ,(llnJ osle se,r-r aql go ecuecgroEls 'qryoq II reurn. Jo uoll"llduroi m pa.eldsrp eg tsoretur eql Jreqluo luapuedep se pelunocoq pFoqs rtro{ dv 's}uaJed aoleq esoql olq^{ dnoJS-e?esFIl urglr^r eur?r oqa osoql o1 paluerEeq plnoqs spuedlisl?gl sros:e,roE lerour^ordIp ol JEInJJIJ ? IUOS slql SulJor1 sO '.qJueJJ II Jeufl uOUrp?JI ogl Jo ollt?g, oql ur ?d o{"} ol urq pel[nJcoJisrldord gl ol dn,ror8 oq uaq^\ JEo[ lxeu eq] 'ing 'el$?q eql 'sJ?o,( 96I SrI qNV AUnrVUSrllHTIOYA AnIVA IYCrUOISU{

196

BARLY MUSLTM HIsroRIocRApI{y

for their personaluseto help them where iheir memoryfailed to recollectthe real versionof a Tradition. 'Abd al-Rehmdn b. flarmala once complained of his ill memory before the distinguishedand pious Tabi'i Sa'id b. al-Musayyab(d.105 A.H.) : 'Take dowp notes of what you hear' was the latter's answer. Another eminent scholar al-Sha'bi (d.104 A.H.) 'Wheneveryou listento a transmission instructedhis disciples: from me, write it down, be it on a wall.' Al-Sha'bi himself had prepared several compilationsfor circulation. Mujdhid (d. 103 A.H.) had a fairly large collection of books in his personallibrary. Similar was the caseof 'Ala b. Abi RaUah (d. 114A.H.) and Qatddab. Di'5ma al-Sadflsi (d.118 A.H.) who had received them frorn thefurespective teachers. Scrutiny of ihe Transmission Chains: The hadith literature has also rendered an indirect service to the early Muslim historiography. When by the beginning ofthe second centurvafter the lliira. fabrication and forgdry ol tlte fadttffina-erial Lecamea common practice, cr-iticalexamination of rhe wholematerial alsoemerged as a timely demandand consequently the scholarsstarted inthe narrato-rsand ,,,'- vestigationsinto biographicat details of -Muiiim thus another imporitni bian-chol ihe sci"n."i "u-" to flourish i.e. 'principlesof criricisr:rof t\9 .ka&lh, !j!-gralu1e and the narators' Who's Wh9 co}gr9ir]1{lo*n g lyA We can easily classify th{arly transmittersjnto three maingalegories namely: Oogrlarri6\-of the Prophet;l.FollowEis Tabi''dn) and the 'Next FoHoweis\or Tqb' Tdbi'ift). tThe kr lait olthis group of the Traditionistsiindertook the painstaking labour of investigations into the bio-dataoftheir informers and thus the science of Asma al-Rijal had come to its full bloom by the 3rd century A.H. Scopeof fnvestigations: wasto determine tbe The scape-of theseinvestigations detailsof biographical data as well as the--pqllone!g11.jgl his genealogical of a transmitter e.g.hii nameor pseudonym,

1r1!iar.

'rueql .siole.nep sq1go uorlspduor Jo eEsluelpu :ep8urs eq; pFoc sJot eql lcelloc Jo prr?snoql I I ot 0I ,(ltroJo "lBp-orq -EEllso^ul Jno lnq '000'tI'I r(loleuxordde pe.raqunu leqdor4 oql Jo s,t"p 1se18urrnp oq,!\ '.toqdord eql Jo suoJueduoJ, aqtrflul"Irl pasr:duoc sJolllusu?Jl Jo dnojS ls.rg ogl .po[ed lpql Jo frolsrq urlsnl l er4ue 'sorlorJos e^Jped eqtr Jo ecjnos luegodul lsoIII eql s8 pe^Jos 'sle [usu"Jl eql -seJ uollcullslp m Jraql Jo eldoad ,(ll"Joua8 slql os : slue^eeql ur fllueurruord e.rnEg Jo lerrqdeJSorq "lsp oqar saplpuosred e os punoJ sealoloJ fJlunoJ Jo uo4?rr e Jo rftolsrgeql 1ql cltr?uolx" sr 1I 'ouop surtsnw eql Jo ? paroplsuor $ ofiW$trlErlpDq erll Jo qiu"Jq sql ,(1r.rz11ncod 'ecua11r'suor811er plJor\ JoqloJo sJeao[[oJ eql lnoqe punoJ aq ol lou se,r qclg,r Jo e4ll eql lsueletu lse^ rlJns sB^\lJ " 'otuelslxooluJ eItr?csJe/iroJlod-lxoN eIIl pu? s.Iol{ollod oql (suoJueduoJpu?snoqlpoJpunq? Jo Jolc?reqc puB eJrt eql Eurpft8oJ sJJBlop olnulu Surrnpluocs{ooq e^peFrrrnc 'aturt 'euop s8r! srql }nfl Jo u?ds lJoqs e urqlr^\ pue 'sJollrusurl uolllruJ u?ql eJosr sll"lop qcns IteJIot JIeq Jo ol qofsnolpol peepur srr,r tI 'JerrrJoJul Jo Jaqc?etr srq eq ol polJosse eq ruoqa{uosrodoql uoas o^"q pFoc eq lou Jo aql ol sseul[1( rarlpq& trc090 eroq qleop pu? q lq Jo s6l3p s{H pulu sn{ ur peJnunr:q so:rpnfe:d ulJ?lJas ro l?rJc.r 'lec4qod ol elqlssodoslese,n1i .s8apr srq 3o ed. trlsq^l eprcep eo?r]o] fso s&\ trl 'salrlunoc qeJV uodn ecuenguluA[eroJ -uou eql ur palle^"Jl p?rl eg JJ 'sp?f,(eurnJo uesrgzde .ro 'ql1q,{q paSuoleq s"^{ ro,{llunlllulor o,rqs.\t ol elrfrrgq; ? ',tlruellsr.:tlJ Jo tuslepnf pesseJoJd srolsocu? JIosErq eq sn : uollle^ aqt ol pe8uoloqro zgtrH ulo+ peqeq 'u?ztN E ro B s?,!1Ja luplqoA .arll Jaql6q,r .roul ol elq llllsu"Jl -rssod sB/rr Jod 'olqrs?alelrnb fuourq$l Jo lr ,lrou 'eldru?xe essqlJo IqEII oql u[ dultnrrs {sq llncgrp oql epIIIsaldrcurrd rlSnoJoql V o8pal^\ou)l og .{puenbarg Jo qcj?osur peJIo^"Jl Jo fleArsuolxe,roq 'ptl" sJeqJeolsrq aro^\ oqa{ : EurJ?oJ -pog pue 6noid szrueg .rBJ ,roq : {rourour p-unds.e Jo s?.\\6q lorr JOJeqloqa perrnbureq ol osl" s^\ li 's[o4rpeJl .lruj?J pu",{lrl?uo4str'uoltredncco'punoJE)J ?J qo l s e c u ? ' e l q l le L6l
anlv^ lvct{orstH s,LIoNv auntYusrl'I }ItlqvH

198

EANLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPIIY

Who's Who wasthat the Traditionists declared the citation of 'Chains of Authority' incumbentupon everylearneras a of badilh compulsorypart of the text Now, the scholars the crime of forgery and couldpeeL4o / wereableto detec! '-the religious'beliefsor political loyalties belsonaf charaater,) of the fabricators. These biographical details also made it easiertojudge whethera particular badith atfirbuted to the Prophet was genuineor fake, sound or unreliable. Now the entire &aditl, literature was classifiedaccording to the qualitiesof their 'Chains of Authority.' There are suficient reasdns to knew the signif'canceof believe that eventhe Companions preserved the Chains' "Alalso they had and authentication 'Uyaina, "we reqb. Zuhri read ont a hadath",saysSufyan uestedhim to repeat the text without Chains" "Do you want to climb a roof witbout a ladder?'' was al-Zuhri's instant reply." Even during the lifetime of the Prophet there seems in to have existed a class of narratorswho did not hesitate his Hence the Prophet. pronouncements to false attributing v warning : "He who deliberately attributes falsestatements Com' and careful Cautious Hell." in his lodging takes to me panionsmadeit a practiceto recite the abovewarning of the irophet beforedeliveringthe text of a l.tadith. Abn Hvaira' we are told, used to recite the following invocationpr'ior to readingout the text : of Allah, Abir al-Qdsim,the Veracious, "The Messenger of Allah be upon him, said : the Trustworthy, blessings 'He who deliberately attributes false statement to me takeshis lodgingin Hell..." 'Umar I, during his caliphate,issuedordels to the effecr that whosoevertransmitted a new kadith he must produce two witnessesin his favour. Once AbtrQ@r:r-'s!4@fi cameto seehim; called at bis doo{ thrice and filding no resoonsehe turned back.(-'Umar \, askedhim in the nert meeting as to why he could notvisit lim earlier. Abt Misa

'I8Z'd 'q | 9'pdusnw.r FquEfi p"qrqv 'et 'd i tpboq'l I p,es '.qI !!

<sepn[5 alea{ flersos pel?Jllduoc Jo suetqoJdqrns pE?,, " -uoc,{llq8u brrgg :ossagor4 ..'penrdd?srp peq eBe s.1aqdor6 eql Jo eJrt umope{ snouotouowptre oldurs ',(Jolr el Jru?lsJ go uorsuedxe agl JoryV,, ..'/{?l oql Jo trJrdseql 01 SulpJocc" peD" pue lxel lsaJrcBur sqdrleCaql uaq^{ eql /$olloJol pesnJar 'lc?J eql Smpmlsqtra{loN punoJaq ot or" saJualssr Jo saroJs 'Duuns a\l puB ug.lnb eql EurnolloJ Arsl Jlrulsl Jo erJnos e se uado ppt t[r Jo sroop aql tda{ 'r?run, ,(1.rt1ncpred erou pu" 'sqdll?J peprnCaqt suollterdtalulelqrsn?ld Jo flrTrqrssod 'rolereE au?s aqt poolsloptrnsru d{al^ uI ,(eq1 rldurs Jo a..trJ 'lnJqlr"g ogl -3Bxa Jo Jer[ s?^{ rueql Jo reqlol/{ Jo reqlreu, " '.uos pu? srq J?Itrn, uo dcjeru a,req qe11y ,(eyq, PelJoFJ 'qgllnpqv, uos srq pu? rrtrO, Jo ftrroqln? oqt uo qsr.V,o1 paxaJoJs"^{-.oa"tE srq ur pasrls"qc$ tollel oql uosJsdpeop e .re,ro sdaorr ,{11ue3pe,leareq e ueql,r.,-tltfpDq e 6JuiO 'flJsuusl pau^ s3JuaJeJlp Jo uaqt Euo[I? polqxo oJoql,{lur?uecqEnoql ',(JeEJoJ ewrJt Jo aql ^rolloJsrq pasncJ? Surrreq uorueduo3 eJdrrjxa uE Jo Jo " pug flpruq o,!r en.rl : ,{11er1red eq ,{?rtrtI r.droaloJ Jo reqlo qc?a ra^e,{oqtr plp tou 'fle}eloqrTepEurdl Jo raqto tradsns q5"e posncc? re,reusuorueduo3 oql feql ( H V S6 ro 6 p) 'q seuy go ,{lrroqlneoqt uo sf,esp,es uqJ 'sro}?rreu III-?W puorssogord eq1qlla red uo polpe4 eq lou plnoqs 'suorued " or{l eurl 'sJeurulsuErl -EOJ aql e lsJg Jql l?ql palBlJep J Jo 'dlsno[groeun lsowl" 'e^"g se8e relel oqt Jo sr?loqrs : srol ursu"rJ,6s suoguzdmop orll Io snfsls 'qs?[ InJPerP s.qdIIeC eqt pe$?l flur?lJeJe^?q plno^\ oq 'en3solslq ol er["c oq^{ Irpnq)le pl,?S rtqv rog }nq pexaldrad antll }loJ " oqi peq rogdord ?sBII gqv slql iv 'spro^resaqlpocunouord xeql uoddns ol sasseullr ,(u? esnpold 01 luJq Pe{s?J?un, 'esuodsoJ ou le8 no.{ pu" pnole Suqnps ..'fJtrolnb {J?q ouoJ JI uo JI?Jno/i uotld\,, r(q suorlecrpureeJrll Itrrq e,r13'euoeuros : Eur,(zs leqdord aql pJ?aqpqJlosurq oq l"qt qtlpbq e patonb 66I SrI (INV AUnrY){Arl'IHII(IVH SAIVA IVCTUOTSrH

2OO

EARLY MUSLIII IIISTORTOGRAPHY

constantly pouriDg into which the Qur'An or Ihe ltadith offeredno solution. Although itr carrying out the stateaffairs 'Guided Caliphs' were couraor public dealingsall the four geous enough to impose their prudent rulings, yet the majority of the Companions was not so liberal in regard to Canonical affairs and they disliked the practice. On the a new convert to Islam or a curious other hand, whenever as had them with suchdifficult questions inquirer approached the they did not hesitate in forin Qur'an, no clear mention questioner."l the l.tadith to satisfy ging a fresh 'Uthman, the Shi'ites as well as During the Caliphateof tbe Khdrijites mobilized a propaganda campaign aiming at of the aged Caliph. It was during the characterassassination b. Sabd found an opportunity to this period that'Abdulldh image of Islam. His movement prevailed shattr the eltire not only in Iraq, Syria and Hijarz,but the non-Arab countries also cameunder his sway. The most eflectiveand dangerous 'rveapon in the handsof his partisanswas to circulate forged 'Abdulldh b. Sabd and his Traditions. Theseactivities of followers made the Traditionists more cautious and rigid lowards the scrutiny and proper screeningof chains of authority. They also found it saferto commit to writing the entire material in order to preventfurther interpolationsand distortions. : Followersof the Companions The secondline of the transmitters comprisedthe Followers of the Companionsof the Prophet. They did not see the Prophetalive but had had the privilege of joining the company of one ol more Companions. This class of tlansmittersdisplayedcommendable efforts in piling up each and everyword of the Prophet,its valuation, critical examination and textual coordination. They did also undertake long and tediousjourneys in searchof knowledge. It was no doubt, due to their untiring labour that the two branches of
'Uthnfin Ke Sd*dtt, Khulttt, (Vtdu) p.ll, 1. Fdriq (K.A.) i tladtat 'al-Islarni, Egypt, 1934, p.127. See also Khudri I Tarikh Tashfi

suolB?d uorlcJlueqlm Jo ltrelsf,s eql qlla .rllltuqun lou oJo,'l\ -1xo3 5ql ue^r l"ql o^oJdol sesuopl^o o^?g o^\ qSnoql ,
/l

: frot8Ellqo aPBII su!8qJ

'!r{prl)l?s1eotrEulplo3c?pl.Ion sql e^"01 or ra,ro ol tsBlorll sE,r('H'v IsI 'p) eJII"q) q JBIEq) puB flouoEr olqaeJ Jo posncc"e^"q ,,'uollueteJ4Ee.|\ aq] tlloq.,i{lslxo PIP 'iqnop ou 'srelJoder scrtrrro 3o dno;8 y 'J?I'J 'alqerloJun pu? Je,t\,V{B Jptrq{nntr ou eql Jolllusuejl s"^{ JloqlpoDsuoloEd oJEJ r{]r^t'sre,^Aolloc rllIlEH slll suotldacxo -luoC oql qlJ^l .{"1tte passzd qcrq,t,, 'Pl9PI?Sie s,(es .,'ur[11 aql JelJ?frnluer lsJU sql 8uFnq,, 'ulslsllJlJ pu? slqnop lle puorsuejl .polrad passelq,slql uI pa^ll oq,{{sJoltrItrsueJl '<J[ l lJl?l eql E JnP ',ptuDln, aqJ. 3qr leql ps.relJap ssoql Jo .'ueqt /{olloJ oq,t]\ uoqtr: eu ^\olloJoqa{osoqlJo uotll : oUItIIsl poued lsoq eqJ, : prcs a^eq o1 pelrode.r sI q?llv Jo ioqdoJdoqt se.ponad wqt punorEeql uo ftuAetul rIaI trsag, eql o1 pa8uoleq,{eqr se,t 1rpue .,{lptu"s, Jo snlels ,{11cp1s uoylsenb o1 uapplq.roJ ssElo slql Jo sl$uollryerl olll Jo lsol J egl uo^r?osl" eJe,\\ : sloltllllsu"rl sE srolaollof, olll Jo snlBls .sroi!\ollogeqt fro8ol?o slqt o1 fuqEuol Jo :0q slsruorlrps{ puesnoql l3J0a0spotrorluolllseq EtwDHlD uryln, |D{tr,oW\ro^r srq ur'lr4qeqslN ul{?H 'plro^\ rurlsnr^l E uo peruetuluorppq rusrrnllr ptle oql lnoq?nolqi elms aEJ?[ ,(urlnJosJo {ro[\ oq1 ptl" eJualslxo oluJ eruocpsrl I? el"tll rtnpoq Jo ernsBeJtlsEA 1? '?JlH eqt raue frnluec puocas aql Jo Suuur3eq egl uro{ tq1 liJ erll 8ur^sursEou sr 'erul eJeql 'ssologlJo^ou ,{Jle3JlsJlels aq ^e[u Jequnu srql lou 'ulrls q p?rutueqow ,,'tt\!potiJo sltrepnls000'0t ora^\ereql,, poqc"er I ueqA\,, s.("s ',.o8papoul Jo qt:eos ur "J11) 'ernl?Jetll tqlppq eqt ol olqunle^ peJepuoJoq^\ secraros eql euros.ft peuaEz 1up;qqJ) sro!\ollog poqsrn8urtsrp Jo -1" 4qy pu" rreqnl 'q pl,?S 'qBqEUIqV 'q giv, 'ullzpH IqV 'q sreb 'lbqs?urrc '('q'V 'p) ?.aJn,'q Fq.4] t EgLlHy 9tI 's1cof rulqslH '( H v nZI'p) Fqnz-l? q-qlqs'q paurueqotr4l -qns relndod aweceq-t2sto| puc q pDu'e r seJuor3s orrxslsJ lot anlv^ lv3lxotslH sJ,tcNv aunJ,vuaJ,tl l{IrovH

202

EARLY MUSLIM IIISTORIOGRAPHY

\.Qsnadj, tbey sometime employed it and were perhaps ai-are of its significancetoo, yet, proper reference to the Chain of Authority along with the text of a hadith was made compulsoryafter the assassinationof 'Uthman (35 A H.). The main objective behind this obligation was to facilitate the task of the scholars in recognizinga fabricator and to determinehis political loyalties. "People were not asked to produce Chains of Authority", Molrammad b. Sirin olce clarified, "but after this political disturbance (i.e. the advent of Abdulldh b. Saba) the transmitterswere obligedto cite their authorities. If the authority was found from amongst the followers of the Sunna,the Tradition was accepted, and in caseof his being an heterodox his transmissionwasrejectedoutright." The pre-Islamicnarratorsalso used to transmit poetry along with chains,but the credit of making this or anecdotes systemscientificand regular goesto the Traditionists of the second cen ry. We may safelydeduceanother point: the have shownin collecting biographicaldata effort our scholars of peopleand, the rigid rules they have framed of thousands for scrutiny and criticism, itself reveal the fact that the practiceof forgery was becoming rife, rampant, hence uncontrollable. When during the early period this method of the Caliphshad no way scrutiny was not so much developed 'Ali b. Abi on transmission. impose restrictions but to Talib (d. 40 A.H.) would not acceptL hadith unlessthe transmitter took an oath before him. He had also declared: "Speak only of familiar Traditions and abstain from reading out strangeones,"1 'Abdullah b. al-'Abbas Bashil b. Ka'b once visited (d. 68 A.H.), and read out a badtth. Ibn al-'Abbds paid no attention to it. Bashir was taken aback at this attitude and askedthe reasonfor his indifference. Ibn al-'Abbds replied : 'the "When someone used to start before us saying : Prophet' has said, we were accustomedto listeningto one most attentively, but when all and sundry started transl. Tadhkirot al-flufdz I:12,

pezl?Icods s.{eunofJo requnu eql 'ltafqns eql Jo e3pelr{ou)t pu? pol?crlueqlne lsour oql Eutleq 3o uollcultslp llcos aql 3u11zu le paup oql ulBS ol snqt pue'trsoFoqs ,suteq3, ,{lu!?Irl eJo^{ feql 'rege pue aleqdqe3 eq1 Surrnp enEo,r ',(lFoqln? sll{ uo ur u,ror3 p?q smol ,{pnlsleql pug a^\ os ulelqo qtlpDqe \atsrert ol qllpl lqv'q !lV, tro4 uolsslur:ed '?pJs(I ol b-?rl ol tue,{{IpV, q g?llnprcqn, os?3JaqloueuI le EqV rso{ qtlpDq E urclqo ol ,{IuosntsaEq ol Bulpent '('H'V uorg fou:nof snoryal eql loo epun ueu 3 eJuO g|p) qgllnpqv, uos sFI pu" r?run, uto{ suolllp"rJ,Jo ltols oltr?seq] ol uolsll ol JspJo uI ?qpel l ol lua,{ unl aJoJsq 'p) pqsew 'q qgflnpqv' rage ('H'V serpntsrJoql Surqsrug Zg e^Ip JlItrs s?^\ JO Sluopnlstreql sn uJoJIrl sorJnos Jno el"IpsulluJeql eJoJoq Jeul eql os?f,uI 'Joq3"3lslq Jo ocJnos oEpot,{oul Jo lcots oEes eql 6sl^el ol ropro ul ssercgo JeJ 01 sle^?rl {oouepun WlpDqJo re:ptps e (Dzp!!).uolsslursu?rl :e13e trEqluouo i(Jeapouedd?q JeqFnJ Jo eleculuaJ,Sut,rtecer 'arJnos 3ur,r11 lsereau oql ttro4 tlnppq Jo eEpel,$ou4 lI '(o&19" rraql ul?lqo ol lsouln leql palrl slsluonlpsrl aq1 'Jelleq pgusl) .suleqJ pu?Jg, pell?ceJ?suI"I{3uoqs eseql eql sur?luoc tronlp"rI e {luoqln Jo ursqcJeuoqseqJ, : Iuroqlnv Jo sul8qJ Pusr9

p:UIJJA aJlluaeql SEI\uI?rJJ uguqeu-I" PqV, snqtr pr" u?suvl" qufi(V BqV ol perroJor 'uollrpeJJ tr"ql po,4Ao orl Goq,,l\ 01 se InJq p3ls3 pue eulll '^lrJol{lns slq s? orrros JeU Ja el aql lorn Iq,"qSlE uogJ ('H v 8 'p) 9l!'I lqv g ugulqBule pqv, pelonb ulutrtrI pu" r4q ot,{Jronbotuusaql op?ureII JtrIV, leaur o1 pausddeq 'r4uJ?IAtr 'q rwv, ol perroJar se^\ pue Iq,"qs1" uoqtt parrnbur gq,eqgle ,,i slql 3ur,{?s prseq no^ e^?q lEoq,|\,, 'q '[q,"qs-le aouo pallltusu?rtr ltr?q1l"q) qnpDt! ol e 'lq?u 'ur?q3 str eql Jo JaqureuEUI^I fJe^o Iuoq pJo^\panlltrsuJl ol per.rrfoql re\t (ppusi uonerllueqlns oql o} pnaer ,{Jr.ro^ oseqJ sJaA{ollod qcnu os 3Je,^\ ur snorln?3 pu? InJsret ., rslllueJ er? e,ll '8uor,t eq] a^\ qJrq^t qlJdtsuolllP?Jl esoql ol ^[uo us1sr1 rno:; tq8rr oql qslnEtrn$pol llncgry alrrcsaq lI pue uoIssIlII

907

HrIovH 3n'rv^ 'rvStuolsnt srl oNv aunJ,YuarlT

TARLY MUSLIM HIS'IORIOGRAPHY

a transmittermadein pursuit of his studies was considered his special qualifi cation. Accusationand Appraisal of Authorities : Political loyalties, dogrnatic interpretations, reljgious heterodoxyor characterassassination of the rivals, ale some of the main objectives rvorkingbehindthe practiceof forgery. It was also committed rvith the purposeof gaininga position in the royal court and r.eceiving cash awards from the rulers. Ghyath b. Mahdi once entered upon al-Mahdi b. al_ Manqil who was flying pigeons at that time. Ghyath promptly read out a hadefi in praiseof pigeon-flying hobby and al-Mahdi, though did not believehim, was pleased and awardedhim 10,000 dirhqms. Similarly. Mohammad b. al_ $ajfaj al-Nakha'i used to sell cooked meat and wheat poundedtogetherwhich is called ,hartsa'. He fotged a lladtth showing the rewar.ds given in the hereafter to those who would eat 'hatisa' in this wodd.'r Political rivalries of ,Ali and Abtr Bakr or Mu,dwiya or between 'Abdullah b. al-Zubair and .Abd al-Malik. or enmity between the Umayyadsand the Abbasidsalso provided ample opportunities for fabricators. Shi,ites haveforged ud infinitum material to show high virtues of the .propG,s Lineage'(Ahl al-Bait), \ hile the Sunnites havecouitered them.with the same weaponand have forged innumerabie Traditions in praise of the Companions, According to Ahmad Amin, on the authority of Ibn ,Urdfa, most oi the Traditions showing merits and qualitiesof the Couoanions rvereforged during the Umayyad period. Someof the obvi_ ousreasons which prompted the forgers are : First, some of then wanted to prove that the iribe or clan to whiJ they belongedwas superiorto all, so they forged Traditions in praiseof their own tribe. To this category-belong those Traditions which glorify the tuibesof :.oor. :tr. euraish, Jrrhains,d1qdl or Muzaina. Secondly,there are friaitions showing the superiority of the Arab over all other nations
1. Miznt, ol-Ilidal i III : p. 40.

'lnoJ u?c uns eqt repun EelqoJd ,{$Aa pu? qco leql (Iasse ol pelu?1t\ purJSol exe naql EUJ^?rl JO suseulJl"J dq aldood Jo dnorE v '.^\8'I eql Jo relloT' eql ol _5ru?l'rodu! qsnu ool qc?tls lou prp puE tu?lsl Jo trlrlds eql qll^\ otl \ sr"loqcsarll pexo^oql peleJdJslu! ur suollsonb ocrispros.E eqJ, 's3ul^?sclluoqlneun ICeqJot palus^\ 9aD1A, xopolltrro 'lqnopou sltll putqeqe^llotx JJqloul? elsJs-e6.rEl JOrro!)Jnpord eq plno'r lqt.1oarnlcrde ui sBurueddeq in n "r.qyreuerraq lloql e4dsutro leaddeo1 (ldutts ecualpn? pa{?Juod ,{aqtollq1ll eqJ, 'eurnuea .ao,f"s a1q"r.*nour pacnpordosle s.rellel-,(lols loE osl? 3J?up.Jnb oql Jo sD.ryS luela$lp Jo uorl?I3eJ Jo 'tuq pelep ol llnclglp ollnD Sutpre8al suolllpe.Il ,spre,ner .n^ It lrql solsq, e8uwis I{cnsqll^\ suollJpgll peEroJ eH luna>I 'usro?rltlu"tr pesntsoslBsE/r\ 3u1,ter1 qll^\ sep1e,(o1 3o 1 'pl,EZ'q u,"trI Jo elounuV sEtrlql ssotr snoue^Jo l? pqv, oloru suoItrIpJI SuIpJ?8al -lnJ^{ulun 000'0t u?qtr Jo ssaulnJ,{"[ 'tH 'sotlncas:ad s1q p"q ,q tql pesseJuoc 3o euIll erll lE p"Erog 'q tulrqll? pqv' ',(rs6:oj B[nV,lB[qV ;o lelstll ll s?,a\ ,. ll ue3[u ',(lierroltuelurtln '{oq.1,' : s'{es e11 erl u 11e1 JllBeJ]ou op ,{eql 'ieor:r,1n"ad llltrsB ur lreru38pnf o,roqueqtrpapunodxg "ro,,t uuq} poorlasl"Jelou ,{eq1 sBq ullsntr tr ,.'suolilpeJJ ttt le1trn sldood snold oql puu lou op 3d\,, : ples Jotrlcl eq1 3uFa11n 'upiietl-le p!,?S q pliqc^ q pxuruPqol Jo fllrorllnr rerlr jqi uo 'seronbutrlsnt{ 'pesletlsl? ulle lou ar:'t aldoad 'fpn1s luasard ,{uru qcrq,rn Jo lJs uB olur padolo'tsp peq 'arnFlaltl qtpDi e\l uL{JeEJoJ Jo erll Jepun a8e eql Sur.rnp u" 0q lou plno^\ iI oql tql ,(esol uolleJoSSsxa sseursnq 'selJnlueo eqi 3u1le,l11ct: ra1ul3ut:np sJolecrlqlT 'Jte urstqdrourodorqlue ur a1o: luegodtur ue ,{t1dosl" Plp 'uollurlsop-3Jd suolssncslp Jo poC Jo ,&lJnd eql SutpreSo.r pnu JIJIt{-eerd Jo uorl$nb eql elll selndslp lelqdosoltgd 'uou"C s[oJlElJ.ldlolul tuaJeJ[p'sensst lBIsJe^oJluoc oql Jo 'saora poulsro^lp 'd11se1 sacer q?lv-uou cllEuSop rouedns eql puu senlJIA eql po8pollou{Je eq13o se1111enb p"q Jlosurq loqdoJd egl l"rll ^toqs ol suolllpe{-Jalunos 'splq?,nlS Dt,tlql.t'n!S turtno^ottr pacnpord'puEqleqlo etll uo 'pFo.{\oql Jo aq1 esoddootr pauloc flsnor^qo eJo,,!{,{eql g0z an'rv^ avcl{orslH s.rroNv aunlv)rgJl'I HrrcvH

206

EARLY MUSLTM HrsroRtocRAplty

be decided,nay, has its solution beforehand, in the text of the Qur'an or I.hehqhth. So, whenever they were confronted with a complicatedquestionand found that their sources were deficient, they hastened to coin a new hahth so that their rivals may not take the advantage of this weakness.

'lL, I tPbDqol : P'?Strql ' I 'rt : p,ss !ql'862 | lltpplrlglD wof,kw il]]be/''z I: 'zL i I lpbtq,i : pres uqJ I

'6rt : I p,8suql 't

'q , H'V 0ll lnoqe llll spqqY,ly qgllnpluqfl,Jo relqAnp 'g laqoojd eql Jo slepues srulipc qllit\ Ps^loserdeJeA. uI IleJ plnoqs Ioseq] trsol ouoouros e'puqs.esle 'lle^\ o} peplcopoq 'flelurlllfl 'lle^" ou ol lnq dn er{l Iru 'tEes eql euols ou uel uEuqlo, Jo qcJ3suI patrJnlun ar{oll?J eql Jo el?1s3 eql uJ pelunlls lle^\ s[]v, oql uI IleJ:]l el?qdllJ s.ugulqln, Jo 'tl-?ulqln, ol ll aA"3 uJnl u oq't\ J?IrIlf' ol luaf, qlxrs eqi uI ul pouleue'r oq qrlq.,r\pu r{g Bqv Jo uolssassod peqionboq rpsapsrqraue qJrq,tr Sntrleose puq JaqdoJd oql z r'sr{drleceorqt isJs eq} puB eql Jo lueApE .;o por.lsdeql SulJnp spl?^\JolJts leqdoJd 'eJ"lY, Iuo{ elqlsl^ aql l pelpuH ldel se,u eru sItIJ sea ll pu JrlPznW]e erg popull peq df?*no I : ^loloq pell3 suollllllsnlll otuos,{q tru3pl^a aql uo4 prr'::so:dera'\\ ,(JJ^ sruelsl Jo eaelll Jo 8ultru!3eq eeuecgru?1s lclJolslq oruos pEqs? sulurualpu? s+sarunuoul 'uollelrduoc Jo o8E otltr dq po.&olloJ lsiuotslq qJns leqJ, Jo eEs oql : salloSalss l?lrelIu lBJlJolslq3o uo1le.'r.rasard eq} epr^Ipllol^ '{?tu eA r{lJ?e o^rtr olul ,{Jnlsec JTuIBISI : sulsurau pua Euaurmol l lsclJolslH ,(trefl aql (8)

uounuasard{o a?v
III/ YgJdYE)

208

BARLy MUsLIM I sroRIocRApHy

4. Duldul, the mulepresented by Maqauqisto the prophet was also alive till the age of Mu.awiya.l 5. The tree referredto in the eur'dn beneath which the Prophet administered the oath of alleEiancecalledBai,at al-Ri/wdn was, for sometimeafter the deiathof the prophet. visited by the Muslimsas a historical place. and there ihey ofleredprayer. 'Umar I, however, apprehended lest people shouldtake it as a salctuary and commanded that the tree shouldbe cut down.2 After a ferv years, people could not recognizethe exactplace.s 6. Anas b, Mdlik reportedthat he sawthe pronhet while a barber was shaving his head and tbe Companions were sitting around the Prophet. Each hair that fell from his head,the Companions lveretrying to take it in their hahds.a Abtr Jalla had also preserved the holy relics (hair) of the Prophetwhich he obtained on the day of the Lasi pilgrj_ rnage.6 Somenails and hair of the prophet were preserved by 'AbdullAh b. Zaid.a 7. House of ,Uthman at Medina was preserved till the time of al-WEqidi.7 -Amr b. {azm was the former's immediate neighbour.s 8. 'Abdullah b. Mas,ld was in possession of some of the holy relics of the prophet like his pillow, bed, footh brush, Sandals etc. and he always kept thesethings with him even when out of station,e 9. Yallya b. 'ImrAn b. ,Uthman b. al-Arqam said on the ,Urhm6n authoriryof hisgrandfather b. al-Arqam. thathe was seven years old when his father al-Arqam professed Islam.
l . I b oS a ' d ; T a b a q d t | | D , 4 g t . 2. Ibtd:II : pp.99-100. 3. Ibid tII I p. 1OS. 4. Ibid tIt I p.181. 5. Ibi.t :, III I p. 506. 6. lbid I n! | p. stj. 7- Ibu I ItI .:p. 56. 8. Ibtul:tIt l p.13. 9. Ibid:IIl:p.13.

'9 'g!'di Ll'Io^ i plql 'ZZ di 'S Ll'lp^ i PlqI 'l '62'd I Ll'l.o^ iPlq ' 'L6E d : . nI lo^ : Prgl 'Z 'wz-Etz-dd I lll Io^: P!91 'EvZ'd i lll'Io^ tgbDgDj : p,Bs uql'l

sFI e'p,"s uql Jo sfuP oril llll l! ul pe^II oq^\ suos s?irlll '}eUIIr3t{}reJu pEol Effluql urq ,{q papr^rp 8uou.r? asnoq .loqlo srH 'D,t?wI-IDr!'C', allsoddo anbsotr I 1? le sE.{^ cslpol^lorll r?au osl? se^\ esnoq s,qlIJgH q IBJnEN s'p'"s uql s '19w1D pre oql qll^\ rulq Jo sf?p oql lllt palslxe oq'sgqqv'l" ,!o8 Jo Jo esnoq rarllouv roJ lllnq p?q J"ruo, qclq^t r'oJeld se[ uqlttDw tao Pe e) orqwl-|D.tqQ aurss eql 1? pelBntrIs '?ulPalt anbsotrAl ,p,es eql reru uql Jo Jo sfEp eql Surrnq 'Ep"d-lE ar{J poll?? s?.t ^lllmol lqn?N Jo esnoq r?qqnU ul PUBI oqt s?/{ lJ 01 luoculpv '?urpetrAl Jo lold B qIIiinW JE pqv, q s-Bqqv,-;"ol pellollepeq l:qdord eql I I . ueaqpr{uB,zEI I 'porJnq 'q upuqrn, anqw '.Xbog1o lDuuDI Jeau octld eu?s oql aql lll} p,es uq1 pue lplb-e16-1e Jo s,{Bp ie palznlrs ss^\ lI 'q p?ulluEqoI asnoqot{J.'0I pa,rrasard ser"r e,(g?u?H-lu IJo Jql Jo .{rolstLl u9l ur punoJs! esnoq z P,ES (uBrgH puts [ 3o raqloru) JerJqV ll paltnrlsuocar oq,,tr "sll 'surDqtlp ugrnzlq) ol esnoq oqt o^e8 l?J)?I rlqv ueLlJ puesnorll roJ flqrcroJ perlnbre pEq oqa lsgggv,l r"J,eI ll rl s?m esnoqerlJ r'P,?s uql f,q lqv Jo a8Eorlt lll po^JassJd palonb uaqsq lxol eql g3lrla\ Jo asnor{ treqlp paap'lbo$' peq uzb.ty-1epue eql ueasp"q uEuqln. lsnrl E ll parPlrep wglsllp tpQ sBparu"u uaaq pEq ssnoq eql 'uo rele'I ',{1c11qnd pe.relcap uolsslu eq} pue s",{t' J3Jo otrpasn J?rln, llll esnoqlqtru1s.le,{e:d rtr"lsl peJEJgrlle leqdoJdaql pu? gJ?Saql uo s?^{ tuobty-1o r?c, asnoq slH 'so!8ller i.\auaql oJeJque ol rultsnl qlue^as eqtrs?^\ 0H I

@z

NOIIYAUASAUd dO ACV

2lO

MUSLTM HrsToRIocRApHy aARLY

12. Ibn 'Umar had inheritedthe sword of 'Unrar which he had usedin the battle of Badr.l 13. Al-$ajjaj b. E'lAt had settled in Medina wherehe constructed was known a houseand a mosque. The mosque with his name as Masjid E'lAt. lt was preserved till the days of al-W5qidi and Ibn Sa'd.' 14. People of the tribe of Juhaina had also built a mosqueand it was also preserved.s 15. The Sword of the Prophetwas with Mol.rammad b. al-ganafiya and 'Abd al-Malik b. MarwSn had taken it from him.a 16. 'Abdullah b, Mohammad b. al-flanafiyahad shown tbe graveofhis father at al.Baqi' to Zaid b. al-Sd'ib,who informed al-Waqidi of its location.s 17. The Stafl of the Prophet waswith'Umar II who usedto keepit in hand whiledelivering thediscourse at Jum'a prayers.6 18. Umar II had lefi a will that nails and hair of the Prophet, which he had with him, should be kept in his shroud At the time of his burial and it was accordingly done.? 19. 'Abdullah b. 'Amir, a cousin of 'Uthman, had settledin Bapra. He was the {irst Muslim who constructed a pond at 'Arafa, a water reservoir ahatservedthecommon man. It existedtill the days of Ibn Sa'd.8 20. 'Utban b. Malik, a Companion of the Prophethad Iost his eyesight during his last years. The Prophet had allowed him to ofler prayersin a corner of his house and himself had joined him in prayer. The housewas preserved
1, 2, 1. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ibo Sa'd . TabaqAtI vol. IV : 16l. Ibid: vol.lY : 211. lbi<l: ],ol.lY : 345. Itd: vol. V: 113. Ibid i vol. V i 116. Ibtd: vol. V: 361. Ibid. \ol. V | 406. Ibid : vol. 1'l t 47.

'SOltI'lo^itPboqDl: p,usuql 't ' l l , : I l o ^ i t p b o q o J ,p , " s u g l ' 'z9s 'lo^ '7, : | p,esrJgl i tpboqoJ III 'oss : 'lo I tpb0qol I p,s sql IJI I

are^l faqt '"rulss,(qv otr stuerElllle eql ol u.{oqs lqsfoN Jo /(lrlstldsog gl Jo s/(au egl pr3q qsr"Jno uaqtt\ (q) : sfuautntoq Jo uollB^JosaJd ?.,'lqgl^l aq o3uoq 'sro1(olloJ srg Jo sloJle aql II? 'uIIq Jo Pall?J s3^1 eg ssn"coq 'o^!8roJ III/( qllv 'slaqdord eqt IIe Jo lsBIsB^/r ecuJol e^"q III^1faql l?ql asnmeq qIbV, 'lueruqstundeJe^os purlu?u eq] ulB/( ol 'f"(I ls?.I aql Jo a^e aql uo lrJes s"^,1 'qrby, 'rqsBH rrqsgH,'perldor oq asn"seq ,ggN --.,'lqct{ ,uralgqxl .p?uqv ,pururEqoI .xrs ar? ,(oql .se^,, I i,.ljodar ol pesn llll,inl^l 'q r!qnl qcrrl^{ loqdord aql Jo sorrreu oql JsglfleureJ no,{ oo,, : Pa{s" se/!\ pu" t]_e^^JeI tr'q lll?trl^{ 'q,gpN exao '87, l? pqv, qdrtsc eqr uo pall?lllrsqnf qsr"Jno Jo ellll aqi aeul s.! rrrlqeJoJeq ,(poqoupue 'lllsotol-lp pellcoq ol u?ur lsJg eqt sB/$iiteinb 'prEs lBql .^{ou{ ol euoJ e^eqI psals l. {tlBl I-lB pqv. ',.uorsJa^ srql pJeeq a r ,nwuo[Dt lou e^PqI., 'qorleJluaf,uoJ itJBeudqsnrnbDt ecurs 'euJrlauos JoJpasl3dsrp puE prlladxe oaaq ppq ,{sql JoU? warD| aW ur uru8e polqurasse ,(aqtr uaqd\, : preseg palpc oJa^\ rlsrelnb eqt ueqd\,, .,lqsrernf 'q : rrqnl 'g p?ruueqotr { pr1sB uE^\relI lllW-le pqv, : pr?sulr,inI{ 'q lr"qnl q pBtuE?qow .q p!,"S Ze r'dep euEs aql uo palrnq se qsag sa s?^r l! pu" (pnqn ul r/qrBure) rurv, 'q rlpllnpqv, roqlEJslq Jo ,{poqp?epaqr uoas peq aq lEql pl?s qglllpqv, .q rtqpl 'alqrsr^eulmaq sosdJoc eql puB rrr"JlualJol ,{q peE?u?peJaA,\ sere:3aql Jo auos 'pnqn Jo ol ?q eql Jo sJm,{ 9t JoUB lDql potrroderoq^{ esoqt Suoruesarn8g lrUnZ-Iv .l?, JarrJoc r'perogo srr"q ol pa odal se,nleqdor4 erll eJaq^t arupsoql uJ s:0,{e;dparagopue gszdaq1;o luesural paJJEss sB asnoqeql lJsr^ol posna1doe4 .1prbp11-le Jo sf"p arll llll

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EARLY MUSLIM IlIsroRIocRAPIly

quite furious and made an agreementbetween themselves that no memberof the family of Bani Hashim would give his daughter in marriageto them ; and that they will be put under a boycott on socio-economicfront. The terms of this agreementwere recordedin black and white and it waspastedup on the wall of Ka'ba I. Manttr b. 'Ikrima al-'Abdari had written the agreement and an old man of the tribe of Quraishinformed Jdbir that the documentwas with his grandlather and that every 'In the word of it had been eatenby moth exceplthe phrase nameof Allah.'t II. Letters sent by the Prophet to foreign chiefs and rulers werealso preserved as Ibn Sa'd says that the Prophet 'Amr b. snt a letter to the king of Abyssinia, through Umayya, and the King had kept it in an ivory box.2

q-Geo'4-;3;t$rGr
t..a.. . <. :: H2q(,9a'-:>J1?l9f*J Similarly the Coptic chief Muqauqis of Alexandriir had preserved lhe Prophet'sleIter. III. A man from among the tribe of Banu Buhtur informedHishamal-Kalbithat a member of his tribe namely al-Walid b. Jdbir had visited the Prophet, rvho had written for bjm a documentand it was preserved with the family of al-Walid in fabalayn.s IV. In one of the reports we are told by'AbdullAh b. Yahya b. SalmAn that a member of the family of Su'ayrb. 'Adda had shownhim the letter despatched by the Prophet to al-Su'ayrb. 'Adda.a V. The Prophethad sent a letter to Ukaidir of which al-Waqidi obtaineda copy from an old man of Dfima, and
l . lbrsa'd:. Tabaqat \ol. I : 209.

lbnsa'd t Tabaqait vol. I : 259. yol.I, 28O. lbn Sa'di Tabaqat lbn Sa'd:. Tabaqat vol. l'. 282,

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8,rruv, q lrrrlns fq tdo{ s3^\ lusunsop pr"s orll Jo ^do3 pu? Jlosullg lotldord aql .{q pa^JaseJd uaJq p?q !lv, ,{q poqllcs ?flgrepnH Jo {l?all eqJ xs"^\ .'Itv, qll^\ pa.{.rosa.Io 'XI 'Jpsg Jo el eq eql roUB s,|^el er{] ^q epEru ,{l"erl V _ o P,S uqI Jo s^"p 'q p?ulur]rgol{ arll rl parrasald se,t 1I '[]gauv1s ?t ls?l l tq leqdoJd eql JoJ prqlJJs Jellel e tlJ^13su^\ Ptru lJqdold ogl uo potrl?/'r osle IIIA Jo uolleEalJp eql "rqelll .',(dor e pourelqopsq lql?Xll? qcrg,r Jo "tu?l?S ' q s r e | o 1 r J ) t e l J J q l c u E u e l l u ^ \ p e q i a q d o r 4a q l 114 Jo o8e oql lll] ,{lrtu"Joql qll{,\ sE,$ r'[gluX-lB ru-?qsrH 'uorll JoJ tl,ii{oPuetrllJ^\osl? s3/1d 1l pLre'!lr! lueunJoP eql oBBllr^ oql urJog oruos1tzbq, qu?g ua^13puq leqdor4 oq1 :, 9,r) 9 1rubq, 3o uorl8alap 3q1 qtltl Soole larldoJd eql ees ol otlloc peq oII^\ eql qll^\ se,t\ rorDEel Pe.r rlplllpqv, 'q JIJ.Iinll Jo ,{lrurEJ 'IA -;o lueurqo;ed uo uelllr.,irlaqdor6 eql Jo IellJI Y " r'tiuUpy Jo oldoad aqt ol laqdord aql f,q uellrr.r rellel 3ql Jo fdol paulElqo pq ',(lr"J!uIrS r'p,sS trql ,{q polll uaaq seq lxel 0q1 lplbB,^d-le

tta

NOIJV.\XAS:rIIdjO 35Y

CHAPTER IX

;;{"n-firerature
Sirah-literatve is, perhaps,the most important phaseof the growth and development of Muslim historiography. It dealswith the biographicaldetails of the holy prophet, his actions,sayings and practices.The early Muslims showed keen interest in accumulatingminute details about his deedsand words becausethe Qur'an emphasizesthat every spoken word ofthe Prophet is a revelation by AUah since he was sent to teachthe believers wisdom and sagacity: ..Allah verily hath showngraceto the believers, by sending unto them a messengerof their own who reciteth unto them His revelations and causeth them to grow, and teacheth them the Scriptureand wisdom; althoughbefore (he came to them) they werein flagrant error,"t His was a perfect model for the Muslims not only in his lifetime but for all agesto come. Every true believer must follow the idealsand actions of the prophet and must try to abide by his sayings in all mundane afairs as well as in affairs relatedto the hereafter. During the period of the RighteousCaliphs,the status and seniorityof a Companionof the prophet was determined by his participation in holy wars. Those who converted to Islam prior to the Conquestof Meccaand took part in the early battlesof Badr and Ulud wereregarded as seniorsand hencemore sincerein their faith, In the words of the eur,an "Allah is well pleasedwith them and they are pleased with
l. al-Qur'at Ut t 1&,

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-I8 eql uolsrs^ tdeJ3" lou op uttltlpp7qtrl aql fq/{\ sJ lBgI Jo 'uttppoqnu E Jreqtrpu" Jo l?ql ^\oleq popr"SoJ s?a snl"ls rpE7o e\t Jo sre oder aql qlla podnoJE eJ.a lzqt!?Du 'qt Jo 3uo Jele'I 'a]l.1!J31rl'qr!pDq oql trq] Iraqll sJanJEsosrl oql pu?,{txooJ e.ror.u Eulq}euos se peleJl ele^\ pue lzqry?Dwe\l Jo 'sslpetr{ le leqdoJd eql Jo }unoJre ellll elBJedes ua^i3 ora,{ " rls oqr Jo suoluod esrql ll-ty'" eJrleqr qlr^\ Eull?eP a.rnleJol : J?lndod pu?.lnJJnoloc oJou uraql e{?Itr 01 luet[qslllequlo Jlaql JoJ sll?lap /tu?u pJpp? pBq slallllusu?ll pue sa\l-utgtt0 eql Jo eSull oq1 uro4 ee{ trou ole.'!\!z91l3mu ew Jo slanocle 'ug,rnb,(loH oql 01 txou ',,!'r'{s' Jo etlnos oql aJuls 'lng aqt Eureq 'uoll"lslSal Jo asodrnd eql o^ras ol erod\ sE (tlnpDq) qJns Jo uotlrallor loJ pJldopE sB'\\ loqdojd eqlJo sAuL(Es 'peJ?deJd '(I1n;alec ere't lsqt seult eu"s eql uo ouoP s3^{ lJ 'r^rsuJqeJd laqdord eql fq tq8noSselll?q snolJ"^ Jo slunooJe -Ilror pue al?poldn slloJ esoql 3ul{etx Jo asodrnd aql 'rog 'u1ed u.'(o Jlsrll loJ trllq rloldxa ^q'sput srq EuIs?3JE 'pnqn 'luo8lpul ol pasn uaru JeAalc Pw lood sB,r\ arl sV Jo rp?{ Jo sellleq eql ur paledlcp:ed lou pEq fll"nlc" oq^\ urq,(q peurzlupur lsll oql ul suosradqcns;o seusu papnlcul 'q llq?q,rnqs slsll er{ l?q} $lllrc slq f,q pasnccr:uaeq sBr[ pr"S qrns sl pepnlJut i(l[uPJ lrJql Jo sraqmeu oql Jo saueu le8 ol JapJo u-l 'sre lusue:1 puotsse3o.ld e\t to 12?l32w a\l Jp sJol? ?u eql peqlJq ue'le eldood sepeJap Jol?l eq1 Eu nq 'f?s 'rpgg 'pnqn Jo ol11"g eq} Jo eln?q oql ur par,{ ?ttl s"/.\ ro 'ul Jo JeqlE s.auo Jo euoauos Jr p?q leq}Jpu"J8 uo{El lred oslP ser\ lt 'slql uo4 lJedv a Jnouorl PoleplsuoJ lsraos z sJoqlo PtrB p,es 'q llquq.rnqs {q Flrslloc uoll?tuloJul Jo slseq aq} uo 'q esBI l?ql 3^ell6g i lloJ B rlcns el?II ol trsjg oqt s?,{rBqboJ sreloqcs luess:d rno peJ?dald ,(1nJe:zc oq plnoqs sJ"a flJ?a aqt ur teqaloJd egt peurof oq,t esoql Jo lsll er'tsueqe:duoc /tl8ulploit perg e leqi oE"ls flree lql le pal?llsso3eu lI oslp ela^l renbJqcxeelels eql uro{ sPsadlls lleql .. ujlH

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BARLY MUSLIM HIsroRrocRAPHY

Waqidi in mattersof the hqdith tho]oghthey considerbim an expert scholarof the maghazf,. At flrst no discrimination was shown in the collection of Siruh ar.dmaghazi vis-a"-vis the badith-Iiterature. In fact the early transmitters narrated both Sirah and mqghdzias lvell as other sayings of the Prophet as one and the samesubject. Later on, thoseTraditions which servedthe purposeof ,Shari'a'Iegislationwere eliminated from this stock and the remainingmaterial wasleft for the useof Si/a,ll-writers. The word 'maghazi' is the plural meaningthe place of fighting or form of maghzdor maghzAt the battle itself. Gradually, the word expanded in its meaning and it was usedfor all topics concerningthe Sirah, or biography of the Prophet. It did also include the character of the Prophet,his day to day life, convictionsand behaviour.r Those who engaged themselves during the early period in collectingthe hadath-llteruture by word of mouth, neither had any idea of ,lararh-writingnor did they compile the material in chapters. But, when it was onceaccumulated and tbey tried to classify it, such Traditions as had any reference to the life and achievements of the Prophet were automaticallyseparated from Traditions on otherjuristic subjects. We may for our convenience lay down the early phase of Slar. material in tlie following chart. By the end of the (Taba4dt)remainedaclive first century A.H. three genelations in collectingthis material and they laid down the outlines of ,tiralr-literature and a rnajor part of the basicmaterialwas reducedto writing : : (The MediniteAuthors): Ist Category 'Uthmen (d. 105A.H.) .(, Aban b. 'Urwa b. al-Zubair b. alrAwwd.m (d. circa 92.'A.H.) @ (d. Shur'lrabil b. Sa'd 123 A.H.) @ 4. Wahb.b. Munabbih(d. ll0-114 A.H.) IInd Category : (TheMedina School): 'Abdullah 5. b. Abi Bakrb. flazm(d. 135 A.H.)

\9
l.

'Asimb. 'Umarb. (d. circa120A.H.) Qatdda

Atrmcd Amid i puhd al-Isldm lI I p.219.

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'f,Jnluec fJrca eql enssl ol p.sn oq,{{ /laE AurJnp(r,{rrJf) sooltep snoIAIToJ I 3IIIIEISJ lJ3,!\ se !zqq8,u Jo sreloqcs us^as esogl Jo euo s?^t oH 'rs|uotl roJ stsel lsrrads ? p?q pue aull slq Jo (LltlppDqnlu) -!p?rl Ir91r{r"t[ paqslnSsllslp e s".{l oH pu" (q2bDt) lsr 'q IIIEWI" pqv, Jo olnr oql Sulrnp sr"e,{ uo^as roJ Bolpel^l Jo eql Jo uos ugqY JosJo^oE eqt s?^{ !u-?InIIlO, qdIFC PJIqtr

'q ('H'V 50l-96/ H'V zZ)rpuqrn' u-?qY I

esaql : sJoqlne,{JJa '{ooJ ol uJnl 0^\ raoN Jo sIJoA{eql olul 1lElepo(!os uI '?ri?g Jo fllc eql qSnorql ol pa8solaqoq,{\ ('H V 0Z P) p,?S'q purur?qol/{ 'lootlcs sulpaN eql Jo egpol^\ou{ srq palllusu?rl 'lplbpiA-le ( H Y 8lz p) ugqslH rar{loue ',41r?lrr.urs lr pJUI?tqo Jeltr^\ uro{ 'ur8Fo {q IJB) e ('H'V 81 p) [,p)PIE{ uql IIIoq,^d. -lB tpffez qEnoJqt sn ol u,ttopotrtocseq t/r.rJsaql uo llo^1 sril pue looqog trot{l Jo lePoru lteJred aql sI bpq,sl "slpatr 'q ppurur?qohf uIISnt\IJo lootlJslbgll. eql ,(qderSorrolsrq pue J1L)Jo salllt oql o1 SutEuoleq elnlltssoc qrrr{,lr pessBdernleJelll lBcuolslq oql 'sroqln? eqt ot uo"rieg sJeFodar osaql luoJg 'aurll l3q1 le sslll^Ilce l?nlJ3ll3lul rurlsnw 'peldacxe '?ulpetr I Jo ,tlc aql ol poauolsq Jo erltrer eqt 'ureqr plqs-?u'q r?u,EN pu? Fqnzl? qEq'qs uql Jo llB aqt q8no:ql ?uloa uo psg e^\ sroqln" asoqtJo ts11 1?q1 (l0Z ecrlc 'P) IPIbgrtle @ ('H'V 0SI ?c.rlc p) bgq,sJ'q petl[u?qolN f0;D -6 'q 'H'V 0SI JrIt P (?riBg ruo{) pltlsgU r?ur,"W ( . H . V I f l p ) u q b 0 , q E s Ut 8 : ,tro8al8J prIII 'p (BJ3aW ruoU)yqnzl? qpqrqsuql I 'H'V tZI

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Available information showsthat he wasperhapsthe first man to compile a book on the subjectof Siraft during the first century. The work is not available now, excepta few excerptswhich the later writers havequoted in their works. It appears that the work of Abdn was not an independent monograph on the biographical account of the Prophet, instead it must have been a collectionof bqdith like such Safttfasas we come acrossin the descriptionof some of the Companions.l This collection might have had special referenceto the Sirah tnd r.he maghdzimaterial. lt doesnot appearto have and properly classified book. Ibn Sa'd been a very authentic2 'Abd al-Rafmin has reported in the Dotice of Mughira b. (d. before 125 A.H.) that the latter was "reliable with regard in haclith.but was trustworthy in only to a few transmissions mattersof msghaziwhich he obtainedfrom Aban b. 'Uthman. 'fhese maghazi were often read out to him and he usedto allow their transmission."s 'Utba b. aFMughira b. al-Akhnas (d. 128A.H.) had also obtained from him. But curiously enough,the early compilerslike Ibn Hishdm have not reportedany thing from Aban.' Someof his reports like oneabout the murder of the Caliph'Umar is found in Ibn Sa'd.t But he doesnot appear in the descriptionof the Sirct by Ibn Sa'd. Ibn Nadim has mentioned Abdn among those Tdbi'in who had their own style of recitation of the Qur'4n.6 That Aban was interested information too, is evidentby a report which in genealogical Zlbak b, al-Bakkdr related from Moltammad b. Salldmfrom
l. Ibn Sa'd : TabaqdtY | 56 (Lided) 2. No Si/ar-writer or historia!, al-Ya'qnbi (vol.I p. 3) excepted,haa obtaiDed from Abeo, while his name frequeotly occurs itr the taditlt coffectiors. al-Dnri I Bahth pp, 20-21 3. Ibn Sa'd; TabaqatV i 156 Fajr al-kldd p. 158 pubd ol-Islan U:320 4. Almcd Amin : Puha al-hldn II | 321. 5. Ibtr Sa'd : Tabaqdtlllt 360-361. 6. Ibo Nadim : d/-Firrir, p. 76,

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222

BARLY MUSLIM IIISTORIOGRAPHY

Molammad replied: "whomsoever you flnd more deserving, it belongs to him." "If you claim relationshipwith the Prophet, then for all of us, there is a relationshipand hencea right to claim." gavethe sword to 'Abd alThen Mofmmad b. al-I.Ianafiya Malik and said : "O Commanderof the Faithful, this man (he meantal-flajjaj, who was present there) has teased me and has minimized my privileges. If they were only five dirhams, they were sent to me. 'Abd al-Malik said : 'He hasno command on you.' When Mofammad went away 'Abd al-Malik said to al'Go to him and remove his malevolenqefor you'. $ajjaj: Al-Hajjaj went to seehim and said : The Commanderof the Faithful has sent me to you that I should remove your malevolence for me, and we do not approve anything which is not liked by you. Molammad said : "O Hajjdj, woe to you. Fear God, every morning when peoplewake up, there are 360 such momentsin which if a man is caught,is caught for his misdoingsand if he is forgiven,is forgiven for His benevolence. So you must fear Him. "You would not ask a thing from me but I shall give it to you" al-l.:Iajjdj said. Will you do it ? asked Mofammad. Yes, aFHajjAj fighting, he said. Al-flajjaj affirmed. Then I ask you to cease mentionedit before 'Abd al-Malik who sent him to RAs al-Jeltt and mentionedwhat Molammad had said. 'A man had narratedto \s a.hadith which we neverheard save from him" and informed him of the words of Mohammad. RAs al-Jaltt said : 'This word has not come out except from the houseof the Prophet'.1 An Examinationof his Reports: Accordingto al-Tabari, when Talhd and al-Zubair came out to demandthat the murder of 'Uthmdo (36 A.H.) be 'Urwa b. al-Zubair was quite young and he was not avenged, allowedto join the army; but Abdn b. 'Uthmen and al-Walid the forcesto b. 'Uthman were among thosewho accompanied the camp of Basra.! It meansthat by that time AbAn must
l. 2. fbn Sa'd I TabaqatY : 172-113. aFTabari : Tankh lY | 453.

'(otta'd to4tt\Pnt Ho /!rto)'lcuaserd rleql Jo loqdord 'sggqv,-lepunoJpua lno luo/l{ ?ql prqloJur pu l!bv, PuelEJneN 'drrc s.,{urouo eql ur (ulrtsgHluef,) ,{lr$eJslqJo sltqueur !lv. oql .a.Eld urEtre. tuo4 rlclB^\ ol lpEg Jo Iec q] uo sJe.ll -olloJ slq peroproleqdordeqr l?ql :3uqn(-lErErlluv, 'q l ".{l^l-,nI '6 JO^llJoqlneql uo ugqv uro{ lrodar.uo paul9}qo sBrI grgEl1e '6Z'd tlDqpnwlo lt llDl1 : lreqel-'c 't LZ d lu|rno r$ qrquoJlD qgttX | lpt!,set\I-lE I 169| lltzpt!8on | !plbg,{[-l a 'tgE I tL i plql 9 '99e.V\tPlqI'S 'gtg.IL i PlqI t '9SZtlLtplql E '60zilttptqI'7, '69t-89? rLI tl'ltt?J : treqEJ-le 'I

uql ro 6[r"q"J1e'p'ES uql Jo slro^\ aql uI ryr.rls oql Pu 'ssaloquo^3N lz?qgow e\! uo s odor stq puu iou oP e^\ 'q i{ H'V I8 tu?rretlnl l p) IlV, "f$?u?Il 'q ppulrrrEqol 3i!l 'd!I{sJoule^o3 SuJJnp slq Jo alrjtl aql l l3 psrp oq,r sal leuosJed luuodul lars^es Jo srefi?.d(Dz?uDI') e^?q ol pe odal osl" sI eH i'(,9s) l?reunJ erll psrrrJoJJod pftpu?ls eql p3s?erculoH 'sJlrreqJse^lwluJoJar Jo 1q3re1r\ ul"lJoJ psJnporlur eq dlqsJoula^o8 ornu3l slq SuFnq Jo aql ugqv s" PapooJcns lurBztl{Pl l trJo JouJe^oE 0 'II lp?unf 'q -LE "ulpal ulBtlslH Jo qrgt aq} uo Z8 r'H'V ll,?u{ 'q sorr^ras sJq polBuluJa] [94{JBIt IIII iJe pqY, s? sf?p 'lplbglAle ol 8trlprorre I pu" sqluou sr"e{ / JoJ pels?l 'lusruualss" s? H'v ,L uI ff"A p[ol?uJoqnS slH r'115,,!\ oql s?^{oH e'p3}rodeJ l Jo JouleAoS Jo JIIrV oql pu? pu" reqs,?II qqv s? J?ai( r?qr [.teH eql e^"q lprb?l!\{? "tnpe] slq s3 ugqv Jo Jelqc s? Pelc? osl? Je ?Jeql PII? Josseccns pelndappuB ?ulpaw ruo{ leild?c eql ol trua^{III{?A-IE 'q E,(q?I '9, q[eU uI u!?EV ?'polrodlrll EuJrnp?utpeIAJ Jo 'ulq pJsrolosl?'Pulpey{ Joua^oa EuuetJso eqt sE,rugqv 'uI"I?Hl? 'q ei{qe^ pu aEetuualrd ffeH Jo rouraao8 eql 'H'v s, uI uroJrod ol oluec uElr,|retr tr g {llBI 11" pqv, t'rulq ol lno poteu eq plnoqs l8q1 luou4?erl 0q1 lnoq" egsl.v, rfrure oql f,q peuosudrul se,t tlnsuor ol pelndapse^\ upqv 'q uEEqln, uoql|plo sreof sI lsEel1?u00qe^?q Jr"unH auntYuarl'r-Hv{Is

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPIry

Hisham. He must havetaken interestin collecting information about historical events during his governorship of Medina. His book on the ntaghdzi compiledby Mughira b.1 'Abd al-Rahmdnhas not come down to us. In the absence of his transmissions, it is difficult to sayabout the methodand treatmertof Abdn in his reports or his styleand diction.It is, however.a fact accepted by all later historians,that AbAn was the first transmitterwho had collectedmaterial on the Srah, and it was compiled in a book form.z Thus we can say that Abdn rvas the founder of the Medina School of Sliral, and the later writers must havefollowed his course in the compilation of their works on the Sirdh aftd the maghAzi.s Abdn, accordingto Ibn Qutaiba, was both leprous and as Baqi'. He marriedUmm cross-eyed.He was nicknamed Kulthlm b. 'Abdillah b. Ja'far whom,-afler the death of AbAn,al-Hajjajand'Uqba alsomarriedin succession. 2. 'Urwa b. al-Zubair: (23 A.H.l94 A.H./712A.D.) : 'Urwa b. al-Zubair,a a renownedjuristt andTraditionist of
1, The book oa Mag,dzl attributed by some early writers to Aben b. ' 'Uthman really belongs to another Aban b. 'Uthman al-Bajali of much late! period, SeeHorovitz :. The Earliest Biographies of the Proph.t & the Authors.l.C. (1927). 2. Abookentitfed "Maghazi Abanb.'UthmAn'has been meotiooed by Ahmod Zeki P6ch6 in the iodex of &74, al-Tdj, but Icould oot fidd its referencein the text. 3. Ibq Qutaiba I Kitab al-Ma'dfifpp. 86-87. 4, For 'Urwa referetrcemay be made to: dl-Ma',nif p.98. lbn Qutaiba : trr'ra-, Ibn sa'd : Id6a4r7rv 1 57, 106, 175, 118, 186,269, 306, 334, 396, 435,

485.s37.
al' Ibn Khallike!: lyafaydt It 316-317; al-Shi'reni|. al-Tabaqdt Kubr6l t 26 (Bcypt). Heii Kli:jjifa I Kashf al-Zunin 'vol,ll, 1747. al-Snkhawi : al-E'ldnbi al-Taubikhp.99IC(1928) Atlmcd Amin: pulla al-Islam Horovitz i Early Biographtes II p. 321. Al-IIawrid Quatterly Vol. V No. 4-1976' article"'Urwa b. aFZubair" by Khalil Ibrahim?6-80, (Cottihu.d)

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's?Follsodep '(LIE I lttgbD@J) pueqelddg J esnBceq sll pus eSpol^\oul eql Jo rtE {E SUlqSlUsA '6sorc eqloc nor( ugruqEu t pqv, fulq toltlr$ ot q|oql lltlluloc erurv. ro e^'ull, tuo{ suolsslusse$ to $Bd eql Jo Salsepelelo 'q pEurutqol^I l.qdord eql Jo suolIpEJJ, Jo^ol?qd\ : uIzBH q ltuv, 'q r)lg rlqv ^q pa l$er sE/$ rellel lellulls v 'oBpel'\ou)l l"lo

pspue ruelsl Jo s.$"1 eql Jo e8pel^\oDl l"ql p!s se^r lI ruorl'$ lnoqe 't,t.r,{S Jo s.rel}ur 6all{euosred uc as esoq} Jo eqo osl? lult eH p"ltoles peq ('H'V 6-18) dlqsosn^o3 Jo polttd oi1".ono" .q "" rlq Sulnp 'II rBtun, u.oqi EuJperl Jo slslJnl sel esoql Jo euo se'lfieII S i \Panu,ltuo)) ',(llcJJtrs dJea pe^Jesqo lou eJe,{ ?^lJI}, Jo oltrll eql SuJJnp

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sgodar go uolsslursu?Jteqt v! pgus! Jo asn sql Eupre8ar SUI?qJ^llJoqlne sacnpoJo 1I selnJeql lql s,$oqs "{llnJoJ"C og 'logdoJd aql Jo uoF"rAIr{ eql Jo ,uol}"I3^elJo Suluul8eq, 'lns r'8ul .r1opr.u" luelrodurl sslEJftu ar{ uaq't\ "q1 "T1 egl u1 ,(11roqlne ulsqc sll uollueu fllJ"ssacaulou -uur8eq Jo erull eltr?seql 1? 1nq :sulBrlc oq ueg,r,r saopoq fJols seqlJJsep " ,(llJoqlm qtr^\ suollrp"rl eql uo pallsr eq noc p3'&(8ul] aql -pre8arslgl ul 4" slq Jo ocJlJBJd ol sra^{suEuollulll slq u1 pue fruepuel oql spaueJ qJlrl[\ .suI"II3 ,{]uoqln?, Jo esn .t n^tq, fq pe lusu?Jl Elodsl eql Jo loadsetueuodrul 'unoc "qr P?,(f?tun eql uro{ pe^loteJuouo ^Je^"'ntl}' leqlouv se serranbqcns ol sJeasuu uelllJ/t\ slq or0^{ sJorJloe[q'{{ suo.I}"JJ"u 'rlr./!s eql uo slg uloryPep"JlxeeJ'l{ Ilo^\ pl?seJoJ? oseql Jo ouos 'suollsrrBu sI\ ul 2z9q3ourstll Jo slelop eq o1 reeddelou seop1 n' qcntu Eull?lnrnncteut palseJalul .cla s1q.ro '1oqdor4eql dq paqJunBl cJlslJalJer?qt sellpnb '(uoll?loAal oql Jo 8uluul8aqJo) .oonrp"d*" eql Jo aluos 'loqdord qlJo slueuo^alqt? pue aJIIeqi ttlol1-1o o,pog E'a Jo^ot foql 'suzlJolslqaql loJ ecu?cglu;ls Jo slcedsesnoIJ"A go el" 'loqdoJdeql Jo t/rrls aql uo l"lJoi"ul olqe f,reurproerlxe 'Jle l!ql") uql 'sgN-le 1r"^" lsaplo aql Eulaqsuolsrsr'eseql Jo slro^4 plff?S uql 'p,?S uql 'lr"q11" eltl su?lrolsH ratr?l 'lcullxe eqtrur punoJare'ulssod :D'slt?Jlxe euros ,(Juo puB 'VPttSou eqt lo lcolqnssql uo ^r\ou sr Jo {lo^\ sIqI ',(lq?qoJd's?'t\ ",{AJll, eH selpnls oql tullsnN o1 tsrg looq e epduroc sl ?slPoIAI eql papr?Ear lzgqSDw eqt puleqprls eql3o reeuoJd

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226

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The style of 'Urwa in writing and presentingthe historical material was quite simple and far from any complexityor ambiguity. His approachis quite realistic, clear and free from exaggeration. His social position, as well as his family connections. enabledhim to obtaio first hand information from early sources, especially from 'Atisha, al-Zubair, and Asma bint Abi Bakr.r He was also privilegedto haveusedcertain early documents as is reflectedin narrations indicating raisond'elre of certain Qur'Anic verses and the anecdotes relatedto them. His narrationsalso revealthe tendency ofhis agein the use of poeticalverses, his own liking for the poetry and the role poetry playedin the culture of that period. Among the teachers of 'Urwa in the hqdith, the maghdzi and Ihe akhbar are tbe eminent personalities ofthe time including al-Zubair b. al-'Awwdm, Zaid b. "thdbit, Usima b. Zaid, Abtr Huraira, 'Abdulldh b. 'Umar,2 'Abdullah b. al-Abb6s etc. The interestof 'Urwa iu history remained activetilt the ageof the Umayyad Caliphs. He was an eye-witness to sornevery important historical eventslike the war of Ridda, the Qddsiyya and the Yermik battles etc. It might have .been the causeof his growing interest in the history of the Muslim world around him. But the reports which have come down to us from the channel of 'Urwa are few and sporadic'whichdo not help us in obtaining a clear view regardinghis attitude to narrationsand the styleof presentation. Nevertheless,while studying the growth and development of the Arab historiographyin a generalframework, we must keep in rnind that individual efforts in this field cannot be isolatedfrom the group work. Since,everyone from among the promotersof knowledge during that period added his studiesand critique to those of his teachers and predecessors which ultimately resulted in the formation ofa particular schoolof transmission.
1. Ibq Hishern i Sirah l;754, al-Baladburi : Fufih al-Bulddn 79, al-Tabari : Tadkh ,Ill: 424-25. tbo Sa'd : TabdqatlU | 38O. 'Umar (d. 2. Saud6, daughter of'Abdullah b. 74 A.H.) was also 'Urwa. (f4raqdt lV | 168). oarried to

7
' eEI' L rpb'qoJ i p,as uql 'sE I tgbDqol: rqpllessql 'ld^34 q sBA{ ",ll.In, 'I plze pesodep rIBqnZl"'q q9llnpqv, u.q,!\luql s6"s oqaiEEtleS sqlJo uorsJe^ i(q peullJaFp sl ld,{Eg ul{els 6lq Jo polDd eqJ, 'stz upplrlgp gltnt : lrftlpltg{s " .tI .A .[o^ r?rrgrJ : Pjs rrgl . I slA"eqdn l?sultod uI ludIJI!"d elllc? ue Smaq reuro; aq; 'q g"'snl pue 's.reqloJq ele^t o,t\l sl{ pau^\otrar I 4?qnzJe '(n-e,l{rrv,-le 'lor{dord eq} reqnz-|B 'g qgllnpqv, Jo ursnoc 'q Jreqnz-|" s3^\ Jaul?J srH 'onl"^ IJrlolsrq Jo sllatqns r3qlo Pu qe.tls Jo slewtll uo uo.IlEruloJul slelnluntJB ol r(qa sJ lEqi pue leqdor4 eql3o esnoq elq" cq plnoc "arn,^lesolt ueeq p?q psl3euuos Jo fllureJ aqJ, eql qtrl,^{ "^rJn, e!. usrpllqc stq pu" flun"J srq u?ql ullq ol 'rrllq qll^{ psulBltral foql p?q'qooq JeJ?opuoaq 3^?q plno^{ 'pae Dr'fiH Jo ^ep sql esoql lBql dus o1 pesn oq'sprsnJoua uo 'Ubgfuo s{ooq Jo uollJelloc slq ol olg les Jeql"J ,(W,, : E-?qsIH uJ lll?lsJ /tq pe^oJd sl s" uuoJ looq tros srq Jo luoualels " " pellduoc dlellugap PBq aH Jo ,{rolslq Jo aaPel,toul slq 'qnppq puE Jo sr?loqcs aql {q elqeller ploq sI eq pall nsu"ll osle s?q e^\Jl-I' .qtrpoq Jo IIJoI?III lu?punqe qclq^l lusu r.'IIoJl"x"l IsuIUou ,{luo pe8?sl^uo -o^oc InJetEed ,{q ,ft1unoc eql Jo aAJ?q. uel"i p?q JUV' ellq^\ sexBl elq?J?oqun pue /fu?aq Jopun ldol ueaq p?rl ^eql 'er3ql lnq snorroq"l eJe/$idfEg ;o aldoed .ql leql punoJ I perJJErtr puB srea,{ uanas JoJ 1d,{39 u! peul"wer L : sfs 's:eef ue^es JoJ eleql paul"IueJ lnoq" Jo lrodor y '?ulpel "i\\rlf, pue 1d,(Eg ol PelsJ8tu p?q E/rJn. l qrold r'lalnb Sordeal rreql roJ qloq llew Il"Jaq Eoll?nlls plnoqs q"ltv Jo ernszaldsrp oql lsal pel?oJ,(eql eqlJo uolp:ollewe u1 ssausseldleq u^\o Jlerll pue spsf^?urn eql Jo serllcollP aql JeqlaSoi pessncslp ,{eqt puu u1esnfi1e 'Q pesn eq areq^{ enbsol l l IlY, qI^ erull srq ssed ot "ulPe! 'sp?/Q(?un SullnJ eql qlJ^{ sulel aql rr leos srq puq ?arn, ea sB'flnn"J slq pu? s^uIf, [JpueuJ uo trou eJea "t\ou)I
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and the latter, a famousscholar of the AyyAm, as well as a genealogist of note. 'Urwa's mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr (the first Caliph) and 'A'isha, Mother of the FaitMul, was his aunt. His son Yalya b. 'Urwa was also a noted genealogist ia tbe skhbar and. and knowledgeable the ayyAmof the Arab.l 'Urwa (d. 146 A,H.) was also one of the disHishdm b. tinguished scholars of Islamic jurisprudence in Medinla. During the period of Abtr Ja'far al-Man;trr, he had migrated to KOfa, where the scholarsof Ktfa obtained from him knowledgeof thefiqh, the l.raditha\d the mqghd .2 'Urwa had dug a well which was called Bi'r 'Urwas and was famous for its delicious water. He died in his estate calledFura', near Rabadha, at four night's journey from Medina, and was buried there.a 'Urwa attended the assembly of 'Umar b. 'Abd al"Aziz and discussedwith him mattersrelated to the early Islamic 'Umar II narratedto him a report regarding history. Once, 'Umair.5 Mus'abb. After the murder of 'Abdulah b. al-Zubair, 'Abd al. Malik b. Marwdn showedgreat regard for 'Urwa. Oncc 'Urwa went to see'Abd al-Malik. The Caliph offeredhim a seaton his throne. In the meantime, some other people entered the court and during the course of conversation they abused 'Abdulldh b. al-Zubair. 'Urwa stood up in annoyance and going out of the court informed the Lord Chamberlane: " 'Abdulldh was my real brother. When you intend to abusehim. do not allow me to enter."' Hishdm b. 'Urwa reportedthat during the reign of alWalid b. 'Abd alMalik a wall of the apartment of 'A'isha (the presenttomb of the Prophet) had collapsed. While it
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ibtr Qutaiba:.firtb al-Ma'arif 98, Ibn Qutaiba : .Kirdbal-Ma'drif i 98. Yeqfir: Mu'jam al-BuldanI | 301. Ibn Khallikan: Wafaydtlitl7. Ibn Sa'd: Tabaqat llI:116-117. al-Isbahad : trtd, al-Aghdnf*Vl i 45.

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e'{"llV Jo re8uessom oql uerl'\\ plo sre5f, 0t s"'\\ traqdoJd Jtasulq parlcap eq 'solsstlll " 3q1 Jo uolll?lceP slq Jo aurll or Sutp.rocly "^r0, sI trxouslH aql iz'leqdo:a eql Joa3" oql lrLoqe iJodrr : q}B,qBIAI-IV 'oldoad slq PtrE 1o'I e sr lrodar s1q1 i""rall3}'g}nJ} Jo ftols eql qll^{ palJouuoc : ptes {aql. lre noq! JI sn uodn uroop s.qclty Etrrl-g Ttl]jl:: Jql ln8 , sSolleau JnoI ul uollEu

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s B ^ \ l l o J s r q "tr-uror Jo.re^lsue '(srolls^?rl tql sp"or loJ) pu? -r*oqi io"'rr l-t:l PIP 'sepu otun ul lotr o,{stuot rod .no'(eJoJag 1nc lue o}uc lrtuuro) e'{ o'I : IloJ slq brnlearc ou se qtns ss3up,1\31 o:ra'r ctog'rnI aql '1o Dlusou ueq^\ i.riqurauragt lo1 ptlv" : 'Il?qEi-lE ut etll sl s! eJuuJddc rslu slq ir",oa*to" 'sac?ld tt ]" 'loumqc-sq ils oql BI sJnc)o ertr?u slq u?qsiH uql Jo {' el!g^.l'^AJII-' ruo{ suolsstwsseJ} 0t su?}qo lplbgld-lE -ruorJ 'llrq"ilE 3o t{ro1s1qorp u1 oart"t u"rq 3A?g strlodrl /9 : slroilog slq Jo llogBulurxg

r'r?tufl Jo l"ql ^lul"l perelteP^eq -rar sErA ll lnq'3?l s,leqdoJd eq] lott s?rA 1l lql s31 1[ 3e[ osoqa oz]ll^bocJ po" p"tlniuo" osle s?.,rr "'{lrfl a lsa^o eqJ Jrls Pasn?c p1no, fpoqou pu? suozllJf,aql Suoure 'ql Jo :oo :r:qcio-,4 1r lq8noql '{eql pue sa'ru:3 oqr .Yo irql sE'14 'pelrara-arSuroq sE^\ q;,iorqi prrrno"r'in 3e1e punoj:1do:d

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Then he was inclined to passhis time in scclusion and went to the tlird cave for supplication and prayers, wherc he remainedfor two or three nights consecutively. One day he saw Gabriel who communicated to him the revelationirom Allah: 'Read in the name of thy Lord Who createth.'r The detailsof the beginning of revelation have been given by 'Urwa on the authority of .A'isha. The same detuil, o""u, in all Slrah works written subsequently. He doesalso inform us that the next revelation from Allah to the prophet was "Nin,By the Pen, and that which they write (therewith), Thou art not, for thy Lord's favour unto thee, a mad man.,,, snd "O thou enveloped in thy cloak,Arise and Warn,,'o and then : "By the morning hours and by the night when it is st.illest, Thy Lord hath not forsakenthee nor doth He hate thee."{ ( Since.'Urwa was keenly interested in accumulating as much detailsabout the biography of the prophet as he coild. he did obtain informationon various aspecis of the life and missionof the Prophetnot only from his kith ancl kin, from the wellinformed members of his own clan, but from such Companionsof rhe prophet whom he had seen. About the early Meccan period of rhe prophet he inquired from Abti Dhar al-GhifEri who had askedfrom the proihet how he felt at the time of revelation fron Allah and how did it begin ? The Prophettold him his experiencesjn some detail wiich 'Umar b. 'Urwa narrated ou the authority of his farher and which al-fabari has quoted in his history.s According to ,Urwa the first male to profess Islam was Z.aid b. Haritha.. Other reporterstike Iln af.Abbas, Ait Dhar, Ibrdhim al-Nakha,i etc. say that the flrst male fro; amongthe free men was Abi Bakr and from among the slaves
'1.. al-^Sda XCVI : I al-fabari: Tafstr &{ : t6l-162, Tdrtkh t:ri 298-299. , al-Qw'anLxyltl I t-2, al-Tabari Tafsirfr{X : t 14,Tdnkhi | 2gg. al-Qur'dnLXXtv: I, al-Tabari: roiirXXLX: t/B;,, Tattkhll t Zgg. al-Qur'an Xclll : I-3, al Tabart : fofr;, XXX, 232,Taikh lI | 22;. al-Tabari : Tdrikh tI | 3O4433. 6. al-Tabari : Tdrikh fi : 316,

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qprFlII sql t : II vltrqJ I rtequL'p 'E 't-Z : II tltlrr% i Veqel'!' 'Z

plno^{ seq-ul Jraql l?ql leqdori agr .ot (tD,!Dg) ecu?Iae[e .ql pesseJold Jo ped B peJaluep"q puB IrIelsI Jo uolAIIeJ p?q psq oqa\ I Jo sllezlllc eql Jo uorl"telsp " pe^IeJaJ "uryetr o] uoll"JEIE slq EuluuBld eroJo{ laqdoJd oqt "utpel^[ : ?qEbY,f8 eruElaallYlsr!! oqJ. eql uo [eA\e 8'eplsp?oJ o slql sr lueul"orl Jo odl(l 1l i$erql ueqt ..eqsl"rnb Jo eldoeal lEql[,, : Sulfes {3J1s e uo dn uleql Suqctd 1no euroJ ol pesn laqdord oql puB sl?ulu? peJelqEn?Is Jo sle^\oqesnoq s,legdordeql oluJ,{orql ol pasnsu?rral^I5gl l?ql req}BJpu"rB 'q 'q oql uo pelernu 4eqnz-Ie srq 3o ,(11roq1ne "^\Jn' qg npqv, 'q J?wn, z'punoJe lIntJIc ol q,3) pellsr^0g uoq,|.r palunet,{aqt naoqpue leqdord 3ql qll,{ p3,(ouu? ert't\ r:r1q 'qruv, 'q qpllnpq\r',ruorype^lot3l suErcelI aql ,r\oq 'iv,1 s[?lep eseql ululss^qv ol $e^olleq eql Jo uoll 'E^un, ",run, -Er8!u eql JatJE BJtetr l Jo qsrurn| eqr 3o uollJ"al aql 'sel"Jl?u uos sIH Joql"J srq Jo fllJoqlnB aql uo "fge^ slq lBql aJ?^tB 1fllunoc l?ql ul eJ?soq lia sJoarolloJ '?lslssf,qv Jo suozllc pus relru eql $z,n leqdol4 eql os uro{ lueull?eJ}olg"Idsoq pu" snoaunot,fue^lau daql Pu? opsJl Jleql qlJra uollcauuocuI etuns,(gv IslA ol pesnqsleJnb 'zrurssfqy ol el?r8!u ol sJeiaolloJ slq JrpJo ol loqdoJdagl palledruoclerlt socu"lsumcllc 6ql peqllcsop I{e "/tufl')III"I pqv, relnr p?d,ftul) eql ol pesselPp" srellol slq Jo auo uI 'slc?11" Jleql Jetunot ol peldop" lsqdold eql selns?eul 'sf"p osoql ,flJ"e wql$ pu? polc?3J Jo eldoedoql ^{oq ".cet^tr oq,n ]rroq 'lsJUuoFIlaJ,teu eql passe;o.rd u1 psqcee.rds?ia l[ eql lnoq8 IlIq uro{ pe:tnburpeq ol sE rD?[sIJo ,(Jotslq,{lJBe 'suotllpadxe slq PsE upA{reI t q l!l?nl? pqv, reuol? qrns u1 leqdoJd eql Jo sJtl dlr?e eql luoqe eapal^{ou{SuIIres uno3 eql luo{ suolleclunurluoJ pallecoJ p?ffeun "^tJ1}, 'e^{Jn, 'roqleJpu?rE leuralrnslq se^{lleg BqV leqr q l"qt$ 'tgll{ elou ol lu?sgruEts Jo uolsre^ c^oqB eqt suorvuaul HVUrS

234

BARLY MUSLIM I'ISTORIOGRAPHY

defendthe Prophet in the event of an assaultor maltreatment from the side of the Meccans. It is called the First 'Aqaba (Batat aI: Aqaba al-Old) ar.d we find Allegiance of 'Urwa transmitted the details of this Bai'at in a report of through his son Hisham.r 3. Sburhabilb. Sa'd : (d. 123 AH.l740 A.D.) 'Urwa b. al-Zubair, Shurhabilb. Sa'd, a contemporaryof of also played arr important role in the growth and enrichment of preserved School by the Medina produced and the material early historians Arab historiography.He is from among those who prepareddetailedindicesof the names of those Comnanions of the Prophet who had participated in early lxoeditionslike the Badr, the Ubud, etc. Namesof those who mgtut.d to Ethiopia or to Medina are also cited by the later historianson the authority of Shurhabil. The Sirqh and the maghaziliterature producedduring the owesto the scholarlyefforts earlyperiod of the secondcentury 'Abdullah b. Abi Bakr b IJazm, namely : of thrie historians, 'Asim b. 'Umar b. Qatada and Ibn Shih6bal-Zuhd. Although only somesporadic quotations from their compilationsare otouilubl"to us in the works producedby later historians like Ibn Is'!raq, Ibn Sa'd and al-labari etc., yet theseexcerpts show that thesepioneers of the Arab historiographycontributed a lot towardsthe preparalion of a general frame-work of the Muslim historiography,and their narrations constitute a greatpart ofthe material which the later historians like Ibn Is'ldq and al-Waqidi have utilized' Shurbabit lived for more than a hundred years' Most ofhis narrations are obtained from Zaid b' Thabit'8 Abli Sa'id al-Khudri, Abu Huraira etc. He is reportedto have prelists of thosewho immigratedinto Medinas oared exhaustive indexedthe namesof the participants of the he had is well as 'Uyaina remarkedon Badr and the Ubud battles. Sufyanb.
I , al-Tabari: Ta khII"366-367lbn Hisham: S*ah I | 277-278'

the ostaie of Zaiil b' had pnssedsometimeio al-Aswaf, Shur'babil Thebt. (Yeqft | Mttiarn al-BuldanI:269). Ibn Haja! : TehdhibX | 361.

'?,{d"@O .(Igt'dl: qI) u2rllttDqN l8u!8 [u"g Pallo^et " q qs,inl I qll/tl se \ llIISnI pEq rell"l eql ueqa JFqnzlE I r0qlBJ sIH .ulq pug plnoa{ ^eql F^ereq.a FqdoJd egt lI plno,{.{eql tBql pnqn Jo rep 3q1 uo qlBo ue uo^ts p8q oq]!l ,irrgJesoql Euoql" sa.$ puB Saqdordeql lsoleSE lqSnoJ ptt" ,lprg Jo el'lq eql lB luesald 'q qgllrpqv, slql, 'z sen 'geqlqs uqI Jo reqpJpEr3 tse$ 'qgqtqs 'lzEi IE["il uqt '9 Llqqpttal: '8ZZ : A 1oA i tPb,qtl i P,zSsqI'E . l;tgE I X qttfpAal : JEIeH uql) '?u!pel{ pr!? ol slEsrBlure eql Jo seuteu aql pels[ slt l "qsq"If du ploa" ol stuedpprEd eqlJo 8ls!l eql u! saSuqJ NIIIIIIIS emlnJ perederd eq usrcrllJc esF^pe ruo{ tulq entsel ol pue uul plo uB 3uF3"r i(lFBsseceuun erea ,(oql wql ,{rlos lleJ aq '6uolllpedxe flrEe erll Jo sludlcl d eql Jo Xsll eql utorJ sewu Sqpnl.xe ro ul ueqA\ tulpnlcu! Jo [qeq.rngs 3ulsncre sldoed prEeq Pqbn, 'q .I 'IZE i "s!]AI Ll qrtlpqal : r!II EqI

:i .(s'd'r'rn)'r', ;Y;r:H|;';,t:i; l;,11i11

'q qEIMqv, 'q q9qlqs LIlglllPQV, 'q -P etqllLz ql"reH1" 'q qp pl"qn, 'q urlsntr I 'q p?utuqoN rleg BqV
't : qnZ{B qgqlqs 'q ullsntr tr'q pBuusqow

('q v It, | 'rr'v vzt / 'H'v og)

'!w, qdll"f, qunod eql tem oslB ptl oH o'"trlPolN Jo eu?i?q) lu?fl Jo ,{1a uz se,r 6H 'sse!.Slgt|Jweql ol peEuolsqlqeq,rngs ',(1rroq1ne .;o uleqc ,{ue uPtr s.1eqdor6 -uor gqnb urorJ6u43rqs ol seop q'"ulpeI{ tI trou uql lnq r'suooeJ slq sEq eql lnoqa uorsre^sJqPopnlJur P,?s 'slq] esnecrg'.rpu{ Jo ldacce1ouop rptbglAl" pue bEq.sluql Jnotr- : f?s ol pesneq'pu"tueP ?ql lB lEqsaldlou s3^{JsglEJ PJlIsta slq lslnJ lou ptp auo pue pteu auros JoJ euoJtllos ueaqosl" seg eH eq uoq^al?tll s3IlIJc Joqlo,{g posncc? . Posoddns e'cltruoqlne lou eJ? asaql lnq lllg ,(q ps odo.r uoag os[? eABq stroll 'orua8lpul pue pelqe pue e3" plo Jo -lp"rl oItroS u,(ge,rod eJllslq Jo sr"oi( p?q pulIII s.llqq.Jnqs pelzzndomoceq esn?caq 'e/'Aro, pue u-?qv elll isel eqt Eq:np l?ql s,(?s p,"S uql alq"lleJ 1ou s?^r eq tnq r'llq"q,Jnqs Eerll lzqqSqu eql elotu s/\{ uosrad reqlo ou l"tll IuJq ur eJqeaSpel,trou:1
Ito

aunrvusrl] Hvuls

236

BARLY MUSLIM HrsroRrocRApr{Y

Qarashi,commonly known as Ibn Shihdbal-Zuhril was one of the eminentscholarsof the Medina Schoolof historiography during the Umayyad period. 14Ieobtainedhis knowledge of the Slrah and the ,maghazi from well-informed sources like 'Urwa b. al-Zubair.)He did not confine himself merely to a simple reproduction of their narrations but absorbed himself in extensive and intensiveresearches in the material produced by the transmitters belonging to the Medina School.s After a careful study and scrutiny of thesesources, oral as well as written, he prepareda consolidated framework of the Sirah and the maghdzi. The credit goes undoubtedly to him for working out a general pattern of the biography of the Prophet and introducing the term Sirais for the same.l His plan ofthe Shral beginqy4ifl 4n ourline of the pre-Islamic h-istory whieh serves'a=iGi-JJio-potitical and religio-cultural background of the life of the Prophet. Then he dealswith somesignificant evolts__qf the Prophet's biographyduring his Meccaoperiod. Next, hq describesthe Prophet's immigrationintg Medina.From this point the second phaseof the biography,i.e. the Medina period, is portrayed ; then his expeditions the Conquest of Mecca ; t the maghatzi, list.of important convertsto Islam; foundation of an Islamic statewith its headquarter at Medina; emissariesdnd envoys sent by the Prophet to various neighbouringcountriesand the delegations which he received from abroad. At the end of this phasehe mentiousother social, religious,and political activitiesof the Prophet., This plan of the Sirdh endsat tho descriptionof illnessand finally, death of the Prophet ; the last rites; assemblyof the followers in the Safifa bani Sd'ada and coosequentlythe election of Abrl Bakr as the
1. Ibo KhallikaD: Wafaydt I t 451-452. 2. al-Sakhawi: al-E'ldn bi abTaubikhp. Sg. 3. He was, accorditrg to Suhail, tho first Muslim scholar who compiled a Botrograpb on the maghdd of the Propht as early as duriug the first ceirtury, aud the excrpts of his reports which we find itr thc sorks of al-Tabarl, al-Waqidi, Ibn Hishem ete. clearly iodicate the platr ofthc Strah lhat al-Zuhri must have followed iu his book on tbe rndghdzl. It lvas porhaps the pious Caliph 'Umar II who put a prossurc on hiB to compilo the work.

'(Ztt | | apq oqt uql) 'qv8oqs reeuDutopv pelFc elBFa 'Z qq ul palmq sE^rpuB 'H V I ugpEureu Jo qrrl eqr uo pelp eH 1'ueIpl lqc 'q upqslH Jo roltu eql pelslodde osla se \ eH r.MI l{e pqv, 'i.v tz t ot qtn"p,1q ItNIn tl qlla pelepossepeu!uar pE Hv :q pqg, ;o unot eql o1lser ell serosserd 1r1t1a11e 6f rr'oi^iri.t pa^ pt!" IlllepiduIl puD'/(5Erncc" lJcprloa xpnrn or pleli lou plp sl Ialel ees pse lclJolslqJosleDrll sno!3ller .raiqo .. "q'"ro""gpal$ ." lo8 'ltnoc ps,{Ieurn aql qlt& pel"{cosss flesolc s^\ eH I
11"qS "^

'sll"lep olnulrll qll/t\ pue flol?Jnca" eql'rcsePuEc er{ qJlq/{r 'lew"I Jo scrdol eql ale 'sposldagleqJ?){eql'ulsrs Jo J?lr\oql 'uBuqln, 'IiV, eql Jo JepJnur J?^rIr^13 lsJg egl Jo uollcale '19rpr1g) 'oorro"t ,p eql'(upqq) lt"unoc ,{rost^p" Islo:}Jale 'JI?g nqv Jo uorlcale "q1 elels Jo uoll"PunoJ eql al?tJ"leJ3as 'snqJ, eql e{ll sluo^a lsJuolslq Jofeu aupl?8ar sla+l"tu ul pu? relnr pe'{'(Burn eqt Jo z'll"Jur(opslr Jo SuluulSqeql uoll?pllosuoc oql s" lle^r s? ulelsl Jo s,(p,tlree eql Jo slsa^e pI]? ( H'V lu"Uodull ll" lsourlE ssaullAt ol Pe8ell^ud se^\ pe^Ifuqnz-lv/ 0g uloq) ponad eleqdrte3 e13[agl Sulrnp 'sJeuodoJ JBeqer\ qJlga\ JetBleql ulo{ unq trnoqe 'suolt suoder fu?u ul pelJaEelsl{r1aod ;o ssoupuoJslH seqpue 'seloprousPsIJolsIq -"JJ?u Slq ul uleql pesn ,(1aer; salJ ql$ pepeuuocssotllsodluoJIeclleodul lseJelulu'noqsseq -"iod-"roo, reqlo srt{ eTI'[rqnzl? ?lesulq laod loN ('."1o. uor..1-ronJ' pu' uo'leJll.IsglneJo frJ suotlJlEu.slq sJell?ulut lslaql[ ,{le^ll?l?duloJEJt] Sur,r\oqs sujosPuz '(9!quy-Io saslo) punoJ osle sl leuel?u fuEpu38el '/ftolslq cIuIBlsI spqdortl cqr Jo fJolslq aql ul fll?lcodse '}ng 'eues aql -oral oql ul lsoJelulslrlos pa^\oqsosl? !Jqnz1" osls s3^\ lslJalBltrqo4s fFee slql,\alnJ Jcllls ol ,(q pau:aao8 fra'r 3u1uu13oq eql 3ur:np,(1:ulncrlred 1"riqn.'po,r.d "1"qdr1e3 qrlpDqeql ertrls eJnluralll{'JPptl uolssrursu?J} eql uro{ 's1ir aqtJo.ro ,-.ue4 eqt l[o{ 1l peulElqopsq eq'}?q} sl lrqnzls ,(q papr,ro:d plJal"ul ryr4s eql Jo sarnlseJ cllsllelcEr?qJ luelJodutJo arull p{I?al?p aql Jo euo (selopJeu"lEJIJolsIq or trJ", \ saszc,{uzur uJ pue sluela 3o arue-nbas1er "qr egl pe^rasqoi(lproueaseg gqnz-lv)'qd11e3 lsrg ioloootq.

L&,

EUntvugl,l'r Hvlrs

238

BARLY MUSLIM I sroRIocRApIry

His reports also emphasize the significance of these experiences of the Umma and their revefberatinginfluences. and had compiled a book on f{e was also a genealogist the genealogy of the Quraish to which he belonged) This work of al-Zuhri is quoredin the book entitled ,Kifib Nasab Quraish' by Mus'ab al-Zubairi. As regards the useof'authority chains,f he is extremely particular about them and doesnot omit eien a single link. His attitude reflects the coqmon practice of the Medina School during that period. fHis i4portant contribution towardsthe development of early Muslh--tG1b-rd-graphy is the iDtroqpction of the @5f c!!eg!y9_!fqqi-{4LjhzdA al-Jama'i))byassimitating rhe missingcf,i'inl-inil one unified narration on the basis ofall availablereports)This method facilitated the work of !4!q _hi!!qi4ns likd Ibn Is'bAq, alWdqidi, Ibn Sa'4, qlfaaari etQ In later works, we find that all authoritiesare listed in the beginningof a report without pointing out the pa$icular channel from which a specific portion of the entire narration emerges,and the historian (say Ibn Sa'd) explainsat the very outsetthat all chains have been amalgamated into one and that the report of a particrtar transmitterhas beeninterrupted by other versionswith the presumptionthat all reportersare equally relia6le in this version. This systemof assimilated, !.9p!rting was introduced by al-Zuhri because soinereports cameto him from as many as two hundred chandels iind-l]jai practically extremely difficult, painstakingiina-unauainng to narrate a singlerepori along with so many chainsand channels, as later on al-labari has done in the compilation of his Tafsir. Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri also rendered a grear service to historiograp_hy by writirg d_own the historyof Islam of that earlyperiodon the basis of his personalknowledge) He is considered the first scholarto conpile historical woiks in a systematicway. Although none of his compilations are available now, yet, as is told by our reporters, his works were preserved in the imperial library of the Umayyads. According to al-Zuhri, he was pressurized by the ruling class to commit to writing his fund of information regardiog the
I

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fldrurs s:a't Jo iqsllv '{q palso^aJ, qJrq,\\) uoltJ? uetunr{ " slq ul saqlJc ere,t .{aqt se taqdojd eql Jo suollca oql suolllr?Ir o - r r p 1 . , q n 7 - 1 y d r q s l a p r e l ? J I l l l o d - o r A t l jc J uortudnlo rt:ql ';o ,{lrtsni ot lPe.(.(eu n aqr '(q prlEssdord se'* uorreut;sope:d J I e q lq l r / r { ur Jerlaq (Dtruqt'fl uotlt'utlsaPptd ti""uot "u1 p"8u,t,t stu:tnrJo uollElJldlelul Jsoq^\ PolJad Peffzun '{llculJ aqr Jo ir"t.tod"'t .&e.iodut:tuoc JJtllo tuo{ luelrJrP -a,p arE- *ono.rj"u JIoqJ (uollJ388rxo [uo{ eo'IJpue eldruls puu uotlclp aq1 elinb e:e gqn71e pnz em;n, qtoq.;o "1dts

'f,rolstq s!\ s! rNd Dlftb ut p)IurpbJ:ldun ]ri!) ptl??JiEgJo sellls ? qsns qll^\ untruouou pr.IJql?8

clttrep?3e urAl Oql ul spJel JelJ pue ?rllpow uI ssllllrls? eqJ 'peJeJJo foql qclq^\ suteqc ,{lrrorilne Jo pJepssls JIaq] pu" serlalcose^Ilcaoser 3q1[q pe8pnf se,r\dtqs.tzioqrs pu? reql ur ooualelo.r prJads p3,{olso rsJJllodrJ-!z?_t/3'u eql 'slsl'rnl 'slsluollrpJl u?lslJo .{Jorslq ,4llea Jo sJolllusuEll 'l"IJOl"Iu eseql eculs lEoIJOlslqJo uoll?lICluIoc pue uollJellot oql pel?lrssaJou osl" clo sulllsnw erll Jo f,ltrotuas eq1 ol 3ut '$r^ol pu" soxE] uollcnpoJlur -p:occz spuedlls Jo ol:l?xg Jo ,l{iE-I o,ttDUS eql Jo uoll?SlnuoJd 'sPJoceJ alels Jo uoll 'asaql rJroJJ l'1le'Jv 'tlsJDJ -ezttedto oql e)ill selsuaSlxeIsIsUlo uI pezrllln eq plnoc s! IBIjal?u qons lJalloc eql 3u1t1:,r,i ol sJBloqcs ,(ll?o eqi o1 snlsdull U3 eA33 qllq,\{ sle^allsq eql Jo sorll^rlcu lBIsoS lurJlnc eql ol s3 llo^r se pooq fuEIrI sll q}r'{\ up,rno erll -1eqdo:4 go,{:o1s1qeql ol secueJeJa.I 'ulpotr'[ qll/d ewls cluelsJ u" sll erluec ]e s?,tr tr '.{lpJrgJ s.rd\sAISIt3p pUE s0tu0 JO luaUrqsriqElsa otl] uI pallnssJ l"qt -rJedxe tu"lgruars eq1 ',{lPuocas 'lstldord eg} Jo fqdeJ8olq eqt lnoq" slttt:p oa.iasa:d o] sJJJlrIusuell erll loJ e^Jl -rreJulurpln eql se pe^J3ctlJlrl$ lJqdoJd aql Jo PrlS' cql sB'\\ '3uJ1rr.t-,{Jolslq uI 1s0l31UI Jo uorlour tr'tsrg lql pug e,t SuIUJBsl sluelsl -ord oql ot Pel lsq:l srolceJ crll loJ sV ul salll^I13"I?clqd?iSouolslq '(lJ?o Jo arluac lslg oql'3ulp3trA,I qgqlqs uql pue rl?qnz-1? q aqr uo trq8rl ^\orql Irqnzl? uolll uouuroc ql loJ IIIEISIJO IJOiSIq ?,i\Jn. Jo solpnls oqJ

6S;

aunrYusll'r gvnls

2N

BARLY MUSLIM HISTOX,IOGRAPIIY

implied both success and failure) as can be judged by his repgrt of the Battle of Trench. {The works of both 'Ur

who gifted with best qualities of assimilation, critique and discernment worked out the general plan of the S?,"a, after careful investigations into all availablematerial, As a matter of fact, the influence of story-tellers who derived their knowledgefrom Jewishsourcesor from local fol\-lore permeatedthe Muslim historiography afrer al-Zuhri.) His Teachers; / .I used Al-Zuhri did also obtain knowledgeof genealogy. 'Abdullah to sit in the assembly of b. Tha.labab. Su,ayr al-'Udhari in order to learn from him the genealogy ofmy community. One day, an unletteredman cameto him and askedabout a woman who received two divorces at a time: then sheremarried,and the latter husband consumated with ber then divorced her. Now, on what conditionswould she remarry her lirst husband'?He said : ,I do not know. Consult that man, and referredto Sa.id b. al-Musayyab.' .He is definitely elder than Sa'id,' al-Zuhri thought, .he had found the Prophet's time when an infant and the Prophet had put his saliva in his mouth (for blessing).' I stood up, followed the inquirer, who presentedhis questionto Sa,id. I becamea punctual visitor to his assembly. He had a good command over the Medinite Traditions and rvasamongst thosesevensageswho issuedreligious decrees, others being: Abn Bakr b. 'Abd al-Rahmen b. al-Harith b. Hishdm, and (q.v,), 'Ubaidullih b. Sulemdn b. Yasdr,'Urwa b. al-Zubair 'Abdillah b. 'Utba, Abi 'Abd Salamab. al-Rafman, Khdrija b. Zaid b. Thdbit, al-Qasim and SAlim.r Al-Zuhri attended years.r of Sa'id for ten consecutive the assembly
l. lbtr Sa'd : Tabaqdtll i 382-381. 2. lb! Sa'd : Tabaqdt|I | 383,

'68E I trt ?!qr '68t.88: r9bBql: p,ES uql II 'z '688 | I plqt lr '688-88EI tpbDqoJ:p,es uqt lt I

pqY, pu ('H'V 3re ('H'V Z9I 'p) zlzY,# PqV,'q uEInq?Ul? 'p) rguuI?I qrlps 'q pBuru?qol^l'rllgpJql 'q qqb,"A 89I 'lueurrrre-ard aJ? ('H'v 0s I 'p) bpq,sl 'q p"ulfl"qontr pu? ('H'v I?I p) ?qbo, q ?stnt 'uqnz-Ie wog lzgt!3Dw arlt Jo e8pot^\oulpeul?lqo oq^\ esoql Suom eql pup ry'r.i.ls q8noqllv suorlPreue8 ie,{ Iurq fq palgeuoqeJe^{ lgJo^as : selllcslq slH
0,,'saJnsBeJl

slr{ uo{ slunour uo Paulr.lss31( Fqnzls Jo o6pal^rou{ aql prl?d\-l Jo Eullslsuoc uorlcolloc aEnq ? Pue'PoJeplnu s"1t{ 'lJqnz-l? llll Jo leql uEql e8pela{ou)[elolu PolElnurnccee^?q ea l"qt )urql 01 pesn ed\,, : pl?s PrtlsEu 'q rBur,"w S?^\ Oq s.,'ssol ? le PeuIeuIgJI Pu? InJSSemnS 'flluonbasuoJ 'peurBlsq? aIq^\ 'osls rrroql Eulllr,,Kpeu?ls oH J 'pereJlp L.'ouuns Jo e8u"r orll ulqllt oulot lou seop lL, t. suoltrprJ s'8plsq oslB eJ? esoql eJurs rlla/$ sB strolu"duoc arll Jo saf,rlseJd ogl eI.rA\ sn le'L, : Pr"s aq uaql 'ssoJcBeur?3 e^\ loqdord erlt Jo suorlrpEJl re^el?q.t SultlJ^Lor pallluruot ,(l8ur -pJocJ" pu" pesodoJd a^l ',,8urlu^\ o1 slrodar asaql llruuroc sn tre'L, .,'JoqlaSol (fJolsrg pu!- tt|lpoq .;o) 1er:a1eru reqle8 pu : prss ugsr?) uql qllps ol pesn Jlas,{u lrqnzlv,, 'plnoc er{ se suoll -lp?rJ qcntn se J?urn, Jo d[u"J eql ruo{ pourtrqoosle p?q IlqnZ-lV ?,,'sJaqlo tuo{ 4sE ol peeu lou oP PUPLuorlluo i{lJJ 'sJelJodeJ esuo eqt pIJetlhqnua eW,wo4 uolssrusuEJl oluEs J 'll3^\ s" Iuaql r!o{ ul?tqo aql sArJJa.r I ueqill lnfl I'oN,, 'pa{se s3,& uqnz-Ie .LsseIJ tl?txDru oqt ItroJJ suortrrp"JJ urElqo lou op no.{ i?q} ,(Bs oldoad t?qa onJl ll sJ.r r'lr?qnzl? 'q ?tlrn, pu? ugurq?u1e pqy, lnlq ?Jruv, rrro{ srrorssrusus4 elelnuncca osls prp oH

t9(,

a{ntvuaI,l'r HvUIS

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BARLY MUSLIM IITSTORIOGRAPI{Y

disciples' We shallstudy Misa also amonghis distinguished thosetrendsin the form he represents in somedetail, because and content of the Sirai which were cuffent duriDgthe latter 'Abdilah, a half of the second century. Mohammad b. nephewof al-Zuhri, also transmitted his uncle's reports to posterity. Al-WAqidi did also obtain from him.l An Exrmination of bis Reports: about I10 timesin the history of alIbn Shihaboccurs the his reports we can easily understand and from fabari scopeof his studiesin the field of history. We havelisted his reports according to their subjectand their analytical study. I. ol-Mubtadii : us that 1. On the authority of Abu Huraira he informsFriday is the most honouredday because Adam was createdon this day; that he was admitted to Paradise on this day and that he came down on earth on this day." ' on earthand his sonsscattered 2. When Adam descended on various parts of the globe, they started dating events from the time of Adam's descent and the practice \ryasobserved till the time of Noah etc. According to this report the calendar systemis as old as Adam himself.e

: II. History of Prophethood I. Al-Zuhri transmitted a hddith on the authority of 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Abdillah b. Ka'b b. Mdlik al-Angdrithat the Prophetsaid,"When you conquer they have(upon Egypt, treat its peoplewell because us)Iiability and relationship."Whenasked to explain the 'relationship',al-Zuhri replied that it referred to
l. Ibn Sa'd I TabaqAtlll | 5. 2. al-Tabari : Tdrikh vol. l: ll4. 3. lbid I: 192-193al-Suyn$: al.Shanarikh (MS).

'16l i It lloN : ug,lnoia Itt I l ulrt,tlDqx qI urtl u{:ql lsed eq} Jo suortrperl 5ql ui alqeatpel,roui a.routlpoqo! sur'^ eJeql eculs .plnor ,|ql sE Irqnz-lr q;norqi a5pal,$oul qcllu se ulelqo ol plJoat (ltlsl ;q] Jo sreloq.s oql SurlEaddeslel.rEnbpeq 01 relnrJtc l9lcur^oJd 116 e luas peil aH rrqnz-l Jo roriarpt pllE uolled sEai\JI re'Jto, ' 't 698 | | t!\JrqJ : trqPi-le '19 | z rtsJbJ s9z : I : plql 'Ltzitq4r4J:tleql-te .I

3q leq^l 1r ol Psppc pqnz-lB Jo uorsJe^ eqt SurJ?erl uo 'Il Jsunt lBrll 'lrJolsru lecuolsrq ur sJelnJ p.{,i?uln eql Jo lsalelur eql Jo oJuepr^a up st ilodeJ str]J , pu3 uE ol JruoJ uoos ?isr) ruopSul{ orll llr/ lErll uollsJrpur up sB^\ lr Jo 'secoldol uelorq oro^\ ^oql Pu llll Joqlo qceo rltr.\ sal oq o,tll oqtr )cnrls loSoe egl 'ruelsl ldeJs? ol uoll"Ullf,ur srq A\oqs lorr prp Ersr) sorl^rpu?q slq ul sselS Jo selltoq o^\1 qll,A\ IoBu? oqt le3s p"q 'll Jcrllrl, Surqceo: lroda: raqlorie ot Sutprocce '"Jsr){ trql 1l or pepptl oq.4irII J?ru1l. aloJoq pal?Jreu s",{\,(rotrs srql uop8ur{ srq osol ol pe:ederd eq Jo IrElsJ Jo qlreJ sql sssJoJdoi Jerllra rulq peuJB^\ oq^r ls8ue ue .,r{s '.ioqdoJd orll Jo dl"Jodruoluoc 'qrJ?uour rrBrsted aql 'z|r',{led ?rsl>I ^!oq'JnV, q ugurqU-l" pqy, q "urslS nqv Jo fluoqln? eq1 uo 3ur;.rode-r rulq puV o^|sfirrsrJd 9ql lnoqE uollcu.roJl|r pstcelloJ osl? pq qEqlqs Uql : BlsJad Jo .t,ro1s111 111 'Jprq) str^\uE,.rno eql ur 01 peJJoJoJ sosol{ Jo uoruedruo3 eq1 1eq1 sruruJc er{ e'pU.\eIAj q 'rqtr). q qgllnPqV, qiinctql spqqv.-l? q qEllnpqV. Jo uorsrr,{cql iur.}lrusrrp.rJ'I 'Jgqqvl? q,s) q8norrlr sJJrnos qst. of ruo{ [a{1 s?rl aq slrelap eseql .,{Briss Iuoql p?el ol poJr} u"lS ^\oq pu c?"sJ Jo ,{Jols aql pew.lJ?u serl JH 3q ol peptlsruruoc q?llv urog \ .ruEq"Jqv a pecrJr.rc?s 'Jrrsl se^\ trt l"ql sn srr]JoJur,lgqqv-I" q,") Jo tlos puE nqv Jo dluoqtrns oqt uo .uqnzlE uoqJ .Z "rrrnH

,'fpeJ ueltd,{3gue uaaqpeq 'lourrlslJo roqtrour'ro8?H l"ql lc J eql tti

aunrYna 'I Hvuls

244

BARLY MUSLIM IIISTORIOGRAPHY

provesbeyond had obtainedfrom someother source' It also of the aspects JouUt tftu, al-Zuhri, in order to make all about the Grallrurry intelligible,had obtained information Persianrulers of that Period.l of the Prophet: IV. Ancestors Al-Zuhri sayson the authority of Qabisa b' al-Dhu'aib son on the that an Arab woman had vowed to sacrificeher committuft"t oi <u'Uu if she commited a certainact' On she was ing the same act she cameto atonefor her sin but her son' Sheaskedseveral sagesthe noi willing to sacrifice At last *uy fto*" to save her son from being sacrificed 'Abd 'eOdoltan b. al-'Abbds narrated to her the story of of the Prophet' who had Jrtr"tt"riu b. Hdshim, grandfather 'Abclullahbut in lieu of him had son his also vowedto sacrifice one hundred camelsto fulfil the promise Al-Zuhri sacrificed of the has collectetl other reports concerning the family palents'2 and Prophet, his grandfathers in genealogical We know that al-Zuhri wasalso interested of Quraish family in the interest studies. He took special Al' Abraham Prophet the of genealogy ana troaaty in the the of tables genealogical 'iuiuti in ttu.- quoted him Quraish.s V. The Prophet at Mecca ; About the early life of the Prophet, calledas the Meccan duringthe Medito uswascollected period,all lhat is available had obtaineddetails about nite perioclancl the maghazi-writers the iarly life of the Prophet from knowledgeablesources' leading to the Prophet's Al-Zuhri reportsthe circumstances marriage with Khadija, but al-Wdqidi does not accepthis version. Al-fabari has given both the reports'a were conjecturing Reports saying that the soothsayers of a prophet when Hazrat Mo[ammad was the appearance
I. 2. 3. il. al-Tabali : Tdrtkh ll | 2t9 ' 242. a l . f a b a ril T a k h | l l i n 3 . al-Tabari:Ta khllt 282' al-Tabari: Taikh i 1I | 282

'gge i ll qlJ.tgJ : !r"qIJ8 '4 '6nEI lItt4ltpJ: Irqel-l? '9 's '9lE , 1l ttt .tpJ : !r?qBI-I" 't 'sot t llut;tpJ i lreqel-lE '06,62 ttslbJ 667t Il. qtlStgJ: I.Ige.t-l' '862 lI i lltltrpJ : Ireqfi z .L6Zi " lt qttypJ: greqel,-p I st r{q eE 'Dr!!H Jo uolldlrcsap eg1 ut Feqell" _palonb aq lslrc 'leqdord aql Jo oJII ollulpor t eql Jo llorldlJcsep oql q1,ll ur8aq lJqnzl" Jo selll^llce l"clqdeiSorJolsrq eqI : Buryatr{ lB loqilord eql : IA ',tqde.raolq s.1eqdor4 eql Jo reid"qt uemeI I eqlJo pefqns aq] urJoJ osl? ,'dJolEtlqo poJ"lcop se't,t (Wtttt) &I fpq eqr .roJaq (qA1D DqDb V ,1D to.!Dg) exrftlSe:|.e q?bv, trsrlJ orlt olol slu?Jlue eqJ e urBIsI ol ueql PelJAtI aql r"ql pu" sertrlEJol l"qlJl snoll?^ PalISr^Jlsslulll leqdold uolSlleJ r'reu aql Jo uoll?8?doJd erll u! elSSnJls sn sllol oH s.loqdord oql Jo sllstap sn elt6 s1:ode.rslq Jo auos s ttr"lsl uIuo^\ lsrg eql 3c?Jqua otral"tI lsrg sl{l "qllJlH'qp:p-zPue 'sflpBq) 'u"lsl Jo uol8llor aqr s"^\ iFqnz-le ot EulProscs osl 3H sse;ord o1 lsJg oJelt oq,{ esoql lnoq? sn suJJoJoJ uoslD'l r'r!1ltrltDppnhl-lD Drrs eql Jo atla.p 'u!q o]un l?e^er rql se^13Irqnz-]" puno:E1czg srrp qil&\ uaeq JJoru ou plno^l aH lql puB taqdoJ4 eqr qll,^{PsseJldslp 'EuolJoJ ptsq qellv l?ql 8ulf"s trIlq slnclPlJ ol u33aq q"rv 3t{l plp eq ueql[ 'sl?^Jelul lonq"O uro{ o3?ssou fu" 3^ltcor lou Suol Jo lJoqs le leqdo:d ot{l ol aru?c uoll"J3^eJ eqJ e'pooqlsgdoJd slq Jo Potrad IIr"e eql SulJnp lsqdoJd eql ol pal?o^oj oJo'$ lBql u9.1no aqt Jo sosje^ pu" : uoltrsle^er lslg eqtr lnoq? sn sllel eq 'fl.Illurs z'!qDlllD .pog paleJ sI sJelIJ^\-?''r!S lBtIss?lc Jo aql ur qJlq^l laqdold aql ol 3p?Iu aq ol UBBJq ,(aoloqrrllJe) uoll?le^e.I aql /lroq'"qst.V, pu? ^\lfl, qEnolql sn sruJojul aH r'.loqdord erll Jo ecu"r"add? agl oroJaq qlsou euo, {tq 'q sel"p qrll{.t1 ur,inyq q rl?qnf P?trlureqol l Jo [luoqlnB eqt pqnT-1y '{r4S oql 3o uorl:od IltD'qDn1D uo lrodar t sa,rr8 'q?llv ,(g lues uesq e^Bg ot 3ql ur PepnlcuJ uaoq osl" e^?q
3XNI.VUSJI'I HYUIS

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HTSTORIOCRAPHY EARLY T1USLIM

the arrival of the Prophetin Medina in the month describes eventas ol nuUi' t, and his askingthe peopleto adopt the describes He also calendar'1 point of the Islamic the starting and says in detail th-esystemof chrouologyin ancient times dcteand the mark to used of Ishmael that the descendants and Ibrihim by lta'ba of ii." u..orOiogto the construction the served events and iui., on othi. significant incidents \Yas era Hijra the till Arab ourpose of calendaramong the e 'Unrar jn l? or 18 A'H Another report frorn lJ"'pi.o rrv on Monday uiZ'.rttti tuvt that the Prophet entered lvledina the l2th of Rabi' I.3 the Medinite period beginwilh concerning His narratives details as the first Hijra year. Even such miDute advice-for Prophet's cauterizarionoi As'ad b. Ztrara by the have been from' that tre rvas suffering someskin disease bY him.a collected Hijra are So far as the eventsof the second year after al-Jabari *hom al-Zuhriis one of thosereporters "on."*J, to prove that after the Prophet returnedfrom his fr"t sent of I(urz b. Jabir alFihri in Jumadi Il' he ...."i"."t.i gave his and 'Abdullah b. Jahsh to an expedition -under 6 Anqar No --rnunO eight members of MuhSjir tribes detachment)'6 The -Proo"tti"io"t"A i-nthis Sarrya(military 'Abdullah b Jahsh with the also given a letter to fu ;;; after completing in.tructioo that he should open the cover ? detailshave These onward ,'*o- Juyr; ioutn"y from Medina 'Urwa b' RilmAn' Yezid and ftorn the channelof "orn. In this year tre describessome detaited account of the battle of Badrs on the authority of flakim b Hizdm'
1. 2. 3. 4. ). 1. E.

,. r 'zI9-lI9 : rI: tlN3tea lvzqel-r. 'g

'Otl .LLI tltzgt!8Dw:

'/ '685'189 | ll t q4ttqJ : lreq"l-l 'ELg '999-t99 | II i tltltrgJ : IIEqEI-le 9 .js9:.ll:. qltltu : grBqul,-lP s 't 'gtltlt tzptlsow .t!P!b9l!\-l 8Jg: II: lt44pJ | ltegel-le ' | !gb-sl[-l 009 : ll i tttl|,/pJ : Ireqel-te' . Ol9 | l I rzpt13ott1 'Z '96, i lT i UtlftyJ : gBql-ls 'l lplbglA-l Ogt tlli qlpgJ: Ireqel-p

sr s? soJnssord l?sJlllod /fisJoduatuoc slq ol plolf loII pIP pu? sJe$"ttr ol?3rlep qsns uI snolndnJcs sllnb se,t uqnT-1y 'q s'uorsJe^ pel?tn"8l?m? ue PeJ"derd Pu" ?qln, q qglllPqv, 'HII'I qgllnpl?qn, 'reqnz-te 'q ?rrun, 'q?/i(?snl 11" 'q p[,?s je iEbb?lli 'q slneblv, rtroJJoposlde el?un oJun sJql trnoq suoder petrallor eH 'qsI.V, rsulBEB (7r) uop"Ee V espd aql lnoq" patJodal s?g aq lq/( ulo{ luJpl^e osle sr lJqd -oJd aql Jo sluouo^arqt? pu" aJll aql Jo sll"top l?slgder8orq pu" leJrJolsrq aJtlua aql ol solluell? pted rrqnTle reql r'ezr"Jnb Brr?g lsul?3e pqisn"l p?q eq l3l{l uolllpadxe eql uo ral?lcop lJ?qua ol 1er.rqe9qEno:qt qallv r(q perrdsur ueeq p"rl suoder srq Jo euo 'leqdord egl e'lunorc" lEql ul pepnlcul ar" 'orq prglrelJ sl se 'Irqnzl" ruo{ suollerr?u puE'qJuell ,{q elll?q eql aql lue^e eql uo sUodal snorJ^ pat"u?EPtue :to Jo 'lJ?qdlv sq ecrl5BJd lensn srq s3 e ?ui(s uI elueso.I 01 flr' eqt a^?l plno^a,{egt l?ql uolllpuoc eql uo tuoql qlJ.!\ 'H'v luauraerSeu ep"Iu leqdord aql l?ql ? Jee{ egl uI llpsN l" oue8 Jo uorsJndxe aql Jo trunoJc?eql ul slodar ostB aH 'g q,") s"^1 'pepuno^\ oql 6uoul" 8El,{l leqdord eql r')ul9l,rl 'pellll pozruAoceJ og^\ 'rJqnZJ" ol Eulproct"'utu lslg eql ueeq p?q laqdoJd eql l?ql durec rntlsnlq aql 3uo[l3 pselds s?m Jnorunr eql eSels euo l" puE seJJnfulala^es pe^reteJ psq 1I loqdord eql lql olu?q slql SuJrnp s",^A Jo olD"q 'pnqfl pql Jo uolldlrcsap er]r uI Palonb sI eq uaql 1qy "'brcbn111e seru?lsonJrtr uql puB ,ggu lqv Jo reP]nE eql ol Surp?rl eql selex?u eq 'J?af ?JfrH pJrql eql Jo slueAo eql sI pue lxoluot am?s oql r',Ebnutd EuBg Jo -rl?ge eql ol sJeJaJ esra^ cLug,rnd ul teqdoJd eqt ol se.t'\(8S : PfuYlD) Pal?a^al 'H'v 3ql l?ql sn sIuJoJuI osls 0H z lg^lrter{s Jo qluou aql EurJnp paqcun"l s"d\ ,?bnul"b Bueg ol uo$Ipedxa eql

Ltz

alrnrvutrtl Hvuls

UB

EARLY MUSLTM HtsToRrocRAPHY

evident from a report quoted by al-Dhahabi; Sulaimdnb. Yas6r was present in the court of Hishdm b. 'Abd al-Malik and the latter asked hjm as to whom the Qur'5n refersin the following verse: "Lo they who spreadthe slanderare a gang among you. Deem it not a bad thing for you; nay it is good for you. Unto everyman of them (will be paid) that which he hath earned of the sin; and as for him amongthem who had the greatersharetherein his will be an awful doom." (XXIV:11). 'It is 'AbdullAh b. Ubayy b. Saltrlwho had 'the greater replied. 'No, it is not he but'Ali share therein.' Sulaimdn b. Abi Talib', Hisham retardedand turning towards al-Zuhri asked bim to explain. Al-Zuhri also supportedthe view expressed by Sulaimdn. 'You are a liar; it is 'Ali who is meanthere in the Qur'anic verse'said Hisham. 'I am a liar ? By God ! evenif it is called from heavens that Allah has madetelling a lie permissible, I would not do so. I have been told by Sa'id b. al-Musayyab,by 'Urwa, 'Ubaidullih and 'Alqamab. al-WaqqAf on the authorityof 'A'isha herself, tirat the man referred to by the Qur'an in the aboveversewas 'Aldullah b. Ubayy who had aggravated the matter.' 'You get out of my court' the Caliph ordered in exasperation,'By God it is not good on our part to deal with peoplelike you with magnanimity.' 'Yes, you may terminatemy servicesbecause neither you depend on me nor I am dependent on you,' al-Zuhri was equallyfurious, 'No, I will not terminateyour services sinceyou are under heavy debts,' the Caliph said. 'You know full well and beforeyou, your father did also realizethe fact that I had not incurredthesedebtsbecause I had any assurance fron you.' 'We Now Hishdm became polite and said, should not a[tagonizethe Sheikh,as he becomes outspokenat once'.l

l. Horovitz: The Earliett Biogruphies | (Ut.tt.)

r.c. (1927).

7t-72.

v
'889 | lt tt\yqJ : gr?q"fiE , 'teg I '9 Lf9 I urrJrgJ: lrEg"fiB .EEg i I7 tlrlypJ : g?qEl,-l" .s '(81 i uteql lllmxu?. 41r) .r'drolrl^ l?eu B qlJ/tr PtpreaierqlEq ps? 'Eorll lro ocurnssEer Jo areed uaop luas eH pur 'sllerq reql ul searteq,r!. Aleu{ eH puE .ra4 erJt rltrE q eeql olun etuEr8elF q?llv,. .t eJo,us ^eqt uoq,{ q1.rA pesBetd sje^erpq eql s?.n ll.^r '829 : trwrpJ : ' ll Feqeil 's8 | II rpplrlglD uo!, w I r{beL'z 'w9-EZ9' i If ltttlrpJ :rrq"l-lP'I \Z9-OZ9

puv 'ueql eArA sJe^oqrqsJp JoJ eql er? Jou 'sJe^elloqslp lnJ^,\"I aql roJ lnJ^{"I lou eJe fegl sJo^erleqsrp aql olun Ic?q lou uraqlpu:s sre^arl3q enJlJoJuraql^\oul no,tJr'uaqJ 'qtr"J Jleql Jo 3r^{" lsaq sr q?llv 'ureql euru"xe so^lllEnJ se no,t olun eurosuoruo,$ Esr^erJaq ueqa 'e^ertaq oq,r of o,, : toqdord eqtrol Palo^ars^r1r Jo fl?orJ oql Jeue pue Jead "f,{rqr"pnll ew?s oql EurJnO ,.'1"qtr aroJaq froFr^ iolEara e pe^arqJe lou p?q surlsnl{, : srss puB lu3uearE" slr{l Jo seJuenbas -uoc 8u!qr"er-J"J eqt Jo er",r? osl? s! aH e'slr"lap aseql Jo reuodor Jerqceqtrsl IrqnZlV ',{3?Eoldrps,lsqdord eql qll1lA eq lnq {t?44 EuJlelrunq B qcns olw rolue Jol?[ pelrcqooar ol pesoddo'EulumBaqaql u! 's",r J?ull, 'qsr?Jnd eql pu? eqJ e'JEo,t Eul/$ toqdord eql sae^{leqopaul se,nluauroa:Ee :olloJ eql plnoa pu" ureEe etuoc I 01 llsn e 8u,{"d tno "cral -rltl^l urntal plnoa aq leql uotlrpuor oqt uo teqdordeqt qll^A elello8atrol rwv, q yeqng palndep r{sr"rnb eql ,'oeJl eql qlBeueq eruBrSolle Jo qlEo snou"J aq] paJals[mp? laqdoJd eql uogl{i s eql 1eEuuegoJoJ slaturu?rurq qlr^\ peq "q.ex E pepuelur aq ro uorl"l[o4rroJ leqdoJd oql laq]eq^i eJs ol ?tu?blv, 'q sI"lnHJB tuos gsrcJndeqJ z'rBrnl l-le t?frueql Jo,{elF^ eqt u1 urnofos s.laqdo.rg aql Jo slrelap oql so^6 eldoadperpunq uqnzJe UodoJ srq uJ r'urq poruedruocce pu'SuuaJo roJ sl?rrrlu" lnols ,(luo^os peq oH 'll? ueAos le Je.r ? e8a,$ol puelurtou prp aH 'q?JIVJo ouroH peJr?S eql SultrsJ^ Jo uorluetuleql qlr^r Jo lno our?r teqdoJd "tllpeN 'q Je^{sltr{ oqt lsrlt u{?Hl" 'q ug^\r8trAl puB a([sJgIsI I -V 'rreqrz-p 'q e,{trn, Jo fiuoqtn? eqt uo saqrrosap yqnzlv 'H'V 9 r?e,{eql ur epEurs?,neffrqrpnA Jo ,(leeJl eqJ 6V7 auotY{arrl HYxrs

:50

EARLY MUSLINI HISTORIOGRAPHY

that which they havespert upon then And the disbelievers given for you to marrv suchwomen whenye have ;;t;;;i" disbelieving of ties them their dues. Anrl holci not to the ye spent; and ask for (the return of) that which have rvomen; spent' have they rvhich askfor that and iei the disbelicveis you' judgeth between of Allah' He That is thejudgement Wise."r A l l a hi s K n o w e r . 'Umar had two \.vrves nanety Qutaibab' Abi Umayyao' 'Umar Jarwal alal-lvlughira and Umm KulthDm b 'Umar) b 'Ubaidulldh the revelaOn b' (motherof t<huru:iyyu of them both divorced he iioo of ittit irog.n.tent of Allah, married was former The Islam ri"*,ft"v hacliot embraced b b' Jahm Hudhafa Abi to Mu'awiya and the latter to sent Prophet the chani^.' After the Truceof $udaibiyya' nonhis envoys to various monatchsof the nejghbouring cona docunent found Arab countries Yazid b. flabib had sent.as had Prophet tulning tft" names of those whom the they carried to v'rious courts and the messages delegates thisdocumentto lbn Shihab Yazid haCpresented fro- li-. who persons al-Zuhri rvho showed it to thosetrustworthy 3 al-zuhri its genuineness It is a clearproof that i"JJ preserved ".t;fy to vartous origiual documents had direct access d u r i n gh i s a g e ofthe Prophetto king Hiraql (Hercalcs) The delegation who wasat tf,at time on his rvayto Bait 4l'Maqdit'.fuf!t:n 'Ubaidullah b' J.scrit.a by al-Zuhri on the authority of 'Abdullah b' al-'Abbasand Abfi Sufyan' 'Utba, b .\UAitlun time but of them had not embracedIslam till that last The a Another r*s on Iti, .otoa"rcial tour of Ghazzaand Bus'ra time during-the ; it, a chistian bishop,met al-Zuhri ;;;r; Hercales that him 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwin, and irformed of -t*.i".,i tlle letter thToughDahyab Khalifaand had i".L b Prophethad ,.nt ttl, t.pfy in the Roman language The
l. 2. 3. 4. 5.

L al-Qur'dn :X : 1 0 . al-Tabari : Tarikh fi | 640 ut-iotu.i , Tdtikh tI:645Ibtr HishamI SttahlI i 353' 649' al-Tabari: Tarikh Ir | 646-64'1' : Tdfikh:lI: 649 al-Tabari

.ztz-ltz

'8tz I ttD,tts i E?qslH sql g9 : JII {tlypJ | lteqel-lF - L lI ' L9Z i lI tlotts : rlpqsrH EqI 6t : lll tlrttlpJ i rftqe|-p 'tl : III qlt.QJ : gBqel-lu '6L t : lreqel{e fIq,,ts : rlgqsrH uql lz-oz.lIIyrlygJ '0ltF6ov I lI uwttlglb uo[,nt$ :1\bEL 'ltl i lLxi rtsIDJ: IrEqsl-le tI : xx : ug.rno-le lt tto4s . trtErlslH oql I I , 11I tl\t/pJ : greqpl-lB '999 | .I fi UrlStpJ: Ilqel-le "

qlr^\ polaetruof, suortrrsodrrroJ I"sJFod pesns?q eH rftlaod 'Jerueo lno pslulod o^eqlll\s" 'Fqnzlv Jo puoJoslesErl r'lsenDuocaql rau? u?[sl p"q oq,{ ssorllJo ssrrr"uoql sall' osp eH 'epB,sel PaJ"JqtuO I 'q q?lllpqY,'q qg[npl?qn,3{rJ 'q puB raqtro osr?loqrs "qlo, 'q ug^u"trAtr '?ruBrq{?I q rP^\srtr 'o^u11,rlory u?I?Hl" I I13 peuElqo ueoqa^"q suodJJaseqJ 'erJatrAl Jo lsenbuoc eql ''H V 8 Jo slua^aeql qildallBJp osp seq rH Jo J?af eql o,[l slq sqdrE3 SslpeacJns , s,t\elaql pJe,,!{ol pue laqdo.rd oq1 Jo epnlrll" aql peuraldxrsBqaq AJanbslql o1 ,(ldoj uI is^\af eqt ol elslso.rBqI3qX oql pruJnleJlogdoJd uql eql ^{oq ol sBlrqnzlB Pe{s?P"g b-eq.sJ sl?ql"qx "(rooq crug.Jnb eql Jo uoqnqrJlsrp oq] 8[ruJJJuocz osl" ssra^ B Jo punor8{raq 3ql strrEJdx: ptre uonrprdxr anolD-lp?ll eqt Jo uortdrJrsap eql Br sJnlJo eq lJ"qei-le uI 'leqdord oqt Jo srroru -dCuo3 palsnrl ptr" g8norql'leqdord aql fq rll[eq]ne lsom peqcunel oqt Jo loafqnsoqt uo ra ?rr suorlrpadx: 'e ! 2zgtltDlu qtr^{ss?uolsrg seq Jeleleql PaqsrsrnJ lrluBlsqns lrrlnz-lv 'JIA : sl,roilaalz-eq8Etr I aql 'erttsouruErs f:olsrq rruelsl lJrjolslq e Surrreq flJ"a eql o1Eurmegod sra,n sEsluetumop qJnsJo slrot oql Jo pr?d osle peq pu" ssousno uorlrsrnbJ? oql ol uollualte JerJrds -nsuoJ l?3rSolouorqcpue lueue8uJJ?artros qlrdr r1r.4s' eql Jo l?rrot"ru palrelloc psq rrqnz-p l?ql e^ord ,(qderAorq s 1:qdo:g erll Jo slJods? snou?^ lnoqe slJodal as)ql r-tqv uor; odor sJql rlny, q uptlqegJe pqv, q "ttrelS palcelloo pBr{ IrqnZJv 'fo^ua eq} aroJaqJallal aql o3ards erol pup lorotord eql o^resqolotr prp 8ur) oq1, 'eJgqpnH'q q911npqy, q8no:gl '"JsJ) 'r{cr?uour u?rsred oql ol Jallelslq t{:es

r 9t

SUnrvulrrl Hvuts

252

EARLY MUSLIM HISTOi(IOGRAPHY

'Abdullah from as in the reportlvhichhe received anecdotes about b. Abi Hadradal-Aslami.lThat he wasquite parficular from is evident obtaining minute details of historicalvalue' Mecca' of such reiorts as the Prophet, after the Conquest oity for fifteen days and there he ...uin.d in the conquered form presused to offer his daily five prayers in shortened from the come cribed for travellers.z His reports geuerally them had lvho persons quartcrsifrom mostknowledgeablc associated selvesparticipatedin the events or were closely s with such first hand sources war'a He also informs us about the details of Tablk year' r'e' which is an eventof the year 9 A.H In the next from t0 n.H.. tt Prophetreceivedhundredsof deputations givesa " various tribes oi the Arabian peninsula Al-Zuhri accorcareful accountof thesedeputations The deputatlon riding of sixty consisted I(inda of the tribe dirg to him from b. Qaisas their head'r' men with al-Ash'ath Wivesof th Prophet: That the Prophethad marriedal-'Alia' a \Yomanof the tribe of Bani Bair, Qutailabint Qaisb' Ma'dikarib'sisterof but divorced al-Ash'ath b. Qais. and Falima bint Shurailr 6 al-Zuhri by them beforejoining them, is reported Other Biogrsphic{l Details of the Prophet: Al-Zuhri givesus the detail about the mule rvhich the as a prescnt Tt was Propher had receivedfrom Muqauqis to it was presented to al-Zuhri namedDuldul, but according 'Amr al-Judhami.T by Farwahb. the Prophet The namesthat the Prophethad received from heavens' by al-Zuhriin a report One ofthe names havebeenrecounted
1. 2. 3, 4. 5. 5. 7. al-Tabari : Tdrikh lll i 68-69. al-Tabari : Tdrikh l\l t 69 al-Tabari: Tdrlkh IlI:. 75. al-Tabari : Tdrikh Ill : 101. al-Tabari : Tarikh lll138' aFTabari '. Tatikh Ul t 168. al-Tabari : Tntikh lIl : 114.

'861 | lpllgJ : !$q?I{e '9 lIl 's6l : ttlStpJ : lrPqEI-I" 's fil 'n6l-e6l , tttqlyqJ: lreqsl-t8 t 'I6l-06t i llt tl\ltpJ : rJBql-t" 't '881 .z | lII tltlt.tlJ i legel-v '8Ll I llltl{tt9J: lreq8J-le J

pue sluetrrolutrs?lslH 0leqdoJd 3qt Jo uJ paqrJJsap eJ" qtreop slql e3u"J?add? rnqnd lssl eql trnoqes odal ssuY pu" PorJed to[np qllEaq slq Jo uorllpuof,aql lnoqe sn sujJoJul?tlsJ.V, '{ll9l 'q qgllnppqn, puB 'q seuv pu" e{rl t e'q?llrpqv, "^\ro, pu? i(q o.rlsnJl .{Jo^EoJJ lrqnz-lB [q alqo3pel^{ou)l secJnos polcolloc uoaqa^?q 'txrq punoJeasoqlJo s39l^llcesllteq eql pu? s{?p rs?l slq 'laqdord eql Jo sseullreql inoq? sllsleo ol tqSlr eqt esol lq8Jru,teql rossaccns foJ uorssecJns , JeAe feql3J eq pue pqdo.r4 eq1palssnbar sJqEeqt e{?ur o1 pesnJeJ eqtJo e^orddslou plp llv, 'tng 'll? l?ql pelldarpu? tror$e8Ens ora^{ srq eq ol EUI0E JoJ aJuo peggBlc aq plno,r tl 'JosssJJns ,(eglJr pus II,r,\slqJo .{iou)lol oruoJ plno^{ foql 'aplslno uro{ oq 'osEJ uI 'Jossecans sttl s[ JosserJns sJq'lno potrurod euoeuros alzuruou otrlaqdojd oql lsenbar ol rtrrrl posl^p? scqqv,lv '3snoq s.loqdord oql eprslno qrl?iiny{l? pgv, 'q s_?qqv,1" 'legdord aql sssulltaql ta'u pue asnoqs1q Jo lno oruJllv, Jo Suunp l"ql rJqnzl" ,{q pallodal osl?st lI eJ{"{ BqV Jo osnoq Jleql eql Jo l'?ql tdaJxo pesolcaq plnoqs 'sltraprseJo^rlcedseJ gtrq,{\onbsou eql ol luecefpesasnoq i(q pasnorer'r ;o sroop 11e ueql tr?qtpsrepJooslBleqdoJd oqJ gtaedsuoqs pare^rlep " pu" 'pnqn le stf pI[ perp oq^{ osogt JoJsJe[?Jddn luos 'lrdFd oql uo u^lop 1es'(eqlep"og ore^es ol 3u1.no)punorz psdd"l,!\ pBor{ sq qlJ,{ onbsouroqt uI lno elu?t aH ?'esnoq se,{ leqdord eql }qi ?qsl.V, Jo ,{luoqlne raq u1pasodslpul eql uo seqlrJsapeq ''H'V II re^ aql Jo slueaeeqt uI : qlBaq puB sseulll s,leqdordaql r. (teqdoJds?) poocrns uqnz ol el]ou s! eJeql Inoq,r\ Jeue euo, uou 'peulBldxs 'leqdord oql 'qrrqn qlby,lD sell.'ulq ot Sulprocae Jo J? sE axru,vugrn HYUIS

254

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOCRAPIIY

'A'isha, in whose apartment the Prophet passed the words of arvay,and rvherehe was buried.l Election of Abir Bakr : After the description of the last illness and thcn death of the Plophet. al-Zuhri attends to the most signifrcant event in the Saqifa of the tjme. that is the election ol his successor authority of on the report this of Bani Sa'ada.! He narrates 'Ubaidullah b. 'Abdillah b.'Utba' Ibn al-'Abb5s through Other detaiis of the same anecdotehave ben obtained by 'Urua b. rrl-Zubairf go n o t ew h a t x l - Z u h r i . t i s a l s oi n t e r e s t i n t 'A'isha through 'Urwa, that narrates cn the authority of Falima, daughter of the ?rophet, and al-'Abbas b. al-Multalib came to Abi Bakr and demanded their sharesin the legacyof the Prophet ir l(haibar and Fadak. Abu Bakr on rhc o f t h e s ep r o p c t t i e s refusedto give them possession 'Prophets do him thai plea that the Prophet had himself told not bequeath; whatever property they leave behind is a with charity.' Consequently,Falima was so much displeased him. She with terms Abu Bakr:that she was not on speaking 'Ali buried his father. died within six months of the death of lrri undei the night cover, without giving Abn Bakr an oppoltunity to attend her funeral prayer. As long as Fdlima 'Ali also enjoyedpopuiar support and people had rvasalive. a regarclfol him, but as soon ts his rvife Fdtirna passedaway, people also turned their faces from him.o Mn'mar b Rashid, ivho obtainedthis report from al-Zuhri, asked' whether it was 'Alidiil not take oathof allegianceto Abt Bakr true that 'Yes', replied al-Zthri,'lt for six mcnths after his election? is true. not only he, but the entire family of Banfl Hashim 'Ali had kept aloof and all of them took the oath after taken it.4

L al-Tabari : Tdrikh t 11l :199, 2. ai-Tebari : Tdrtkh III i 203. 3. al-Tabrri : Tarikll IlL,2O8. 4, al"Jaberi : Tatikhlll | 2O7-208.

-s t t

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c.I"nnq oql Jo eturl eql tB oq^\ u?rx ls"l eql u03q a.^?qol sgqqY, e^"J8 ern ur psrJJruor 'q ureqlnb ssqusseP uorsJa^ Jaqlouv 'eq s^\ lagdoJd 1? aql Jo ,{poq oqt poqJnol o^eq o} uosrad ls?l eqt l"ql spl?,la -louB isuoq ol sluruolrl ^\aJ Jeue lno surEcpue J^EJ8Jrll ur rr^\opto8 ur?38erl'Eur.rsrq dn Aurlsld Jo ]xoleJd aqt uO 'pare^oc SuJeq sE.r aA"rS oqt atu!] eqt lP 3uu srq IIo ^{arql ,{la}raqrlap uoql pue '11ur prel su,t ,{poq s.loqdo.rd aql JoUE o^eJA aql Jo lno eruec e11 'perrnq Sureq se,\rJellef eql uat{^\ leqdord aql qlJ^\ peut"urer oq^\ 0q lnq euou srtt aJoqr l"ql 'Jet'I 'elqrssod se,lt s" q rur"lc ol pesn le "Jlq8nl "q,nqs leqdo:4 eq1go sle1ep leclqdr:8o1q eql lnoqE eBpel,troul qcnru se al?lnuncce ol palu"^\ uraql Suou? ruo{ auoqteJ pue 'ur eloJ Jroqt ,{e1do1 paSolrar:ders,r r{aq} stue^o luJrJolsrq oqt Jo Joupcgru8rseql Jo snorJssol eJe,trleqdoJd orltrJo strorueduoJ aql l?ql sl o?tlou Jno rllJold lurod luetrrodut raqlouy ,'ql?ap srg Jo ourl eql l? plo sJ"a,{S9 slr.r leqdoJd oqi tql srrorsJaa [^\o rraql e^?q ?q_EssN-l?IEJqEeq o{JI sJeuodor :eq1o q3noql IJqnZle Jo ,{luorlln eq} uo peldecJe osle sr '11eur sreaf 9 JoJ pa^rl tregdoJdoql lEqJ r'rrlq ,(q p.lroder osl? eJ .?rqrV ur ureruJl ol pe,roll" eq lou pJnoqssuolSrlJJ padder,r o^\1, lEqt loqdord eql ,tq ue{ods spJo.,\tr lsl aq1 "'ur sn sllal se^l toqdord aql pnorrls eql Jo flrlenb oq] lnoqe 'uresnHl" q 'pezrl?ug IV,,{q plol selr\oq se'uqnz-l? oJoH se& rleg EqV Jo uortrale eqt JeU" f,ep 8ur^rolloJ arll eJ?ld Iootr toqdord aq] Jo I?Unq pue solu lsel oql {llpIAI q seov,{q 'r]?q oqY pu" Jrrro, Jo saqs ruqnz-le ol pouodar uoeq e^?q -a:ds,(Ep Surr'ro11o3 oql uo JlbESeW Jo sSulpecJoJdar{I

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gunJ,vua 'I Hvuls

256

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

Al-Zuhri has given us the information that Falima' daughterof Mof,ammad,passedaway only after six months death.in I I A.H.1 of her father's the of the year 13 A.H., al-Zuhri describes Ir the events noise the hearing on that'Umar says and Bakr of Abtr death of wailing womencameto the door of Abii Bakr's houseand prevented the waililg women from crying aloud He also Iashed Farlva, daughter of Abu Quh6fa (Abu Bakr's sister) for her loud lamentations.: Abn Bakr : His Life and Practices : That al-Zuhri did not only devotehimself to the biography of the Prophet but he also collected information iegardingthe life and practicesof the first Caliph Abn Bakr' is proved by such detailsas he has givenus about his property b' etc. From al-Q6sim business3 in ql-Sunh,his household, 'Umais too, he obtained of daughter Mohamrrad and Asma, details regarding the last moments of Abn Bakr and that 'Ubaidillahhad takenexceptionto the nomination Talhab. 'Umar by Abn Bakr.a of The Cdiphrte of 'Umar anil the Conquests: Next. al-Zuhri entersinto the details describingthe con'Umar (17 A'H ) These questof Syria during the time of of a cousin reportshavecomedown to him throughthe son 'Abd 'Abd 'U,'rlur, al-Rahmdnb Zaid al-flamid b. ramed of 'Umar was about to despatch the b. al-I(hattab.rfWhen 'Abd al-Ralmdn b. 'Auf who Muslim army to Syria,it was got it postponed becauseof the virus of plague in those al-Mughira from his regions.oThis year'Umar discharged of Baqraand appointed Abn Mnsa office of the governorship in his place. Al-Zuhri is one of the chief reportersofthis
L 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. '.24o, al-Tabari i Tarikh I lll al-Tabari : Tdrikh : lll t 423. a l - T a b a r:i T a i k h i l l l t 4 3 2 aFTabari I Tdrikh 1lll ' 433' al-Tabari : Tarikh : !\ t 57-58. al-Tabari : Tarikh : l\ | 58,

'LIt I .3 LIi t/1/9J: gPqEi-tE 'z6z : Alt utltl?J : rreqdl-t t '9IZ*IZ i .9 Llt ltttyol i 'leqEl-le 'llz i LI. tplJrpJ : dBqI-le I 'L6l I : Ll,llrrqJ ITBqBI-I" i 's6I .e i Ll" alll2l: IreqsI_le 't6It Llt qlj,t?J: Jrrqelle .z '69 i Ll:|p .tpJ i lrequJ1" .I

plo^\ssrqSurqs nou ,{q uaql pelepturlo! .re^o psg Jlqsv-l? sqleo uel"1 osp peq l1qlEi puD rrsqnzl lsrll {llglN uorlAr s odeJ r.rqnzle pue 'uplxqln, Jeprnu eql rouu ojuEr8al[ Jo 'qdlleC qunoJ oql 'qltsl .q qV, Jo qlEoeqr {ool lqv : qy. ol ecu8rEolly Jo rlf8o e's-tuqtrlf, Jo rJpJnur aql olup puu erurt eq] patonb oslu ser{ aH a1eqdr1e3 Jo . oql uo{ ugulttrIl, Surloruo.r le pauJ? suorleulqoeu; 1ecr1r1od soqucsap oq 'l .r?3,{orlt Jo sleuue eql Sur odoJ uJ : [!urqln, Jo rsprnl^l orlJ uaeq , n{nz-le i{q p5}trrrusuJl oslE 0^q Jeuln, Jo sesJnorsrp oqlJo eulos q?llv Jo {"^L ". It tlr ll 3q1"rc.suoo ueql pue qSrql str uo asroqI SurpueJq s,.rruI],alll slrodar fg palse e osl" sr porred etqdrluJ 'ql AupJeSoJ rurq ,{q polrJ slrelep pue Jourrrj eJnl?rr lnJaJ"J Jo egJ , gt?epsrrlJo eurtr eqt.l" srBo.'( Eg Sureqsu JLUn, Jo aBD oql sn llal osla seopeH eurpetr{ta soJlnoselqeeApelAou{ (lBJodruoluoo srr{ruo{ prl?lnunJJe peq pq uoJl?rgJoJrrr eq} qual Jo dleq oql qlla sqdrl?J paprn9 aql u6 sgdsrSouoru peredard o^EqlsnE uqnz-lu i?qt oll?cpu!sll"lep elnurw 11n3 \trxns se .reru0,pellc psq rqnzl" ol Furprocce ;bn.tqtr1D orlJ e'H'y de 'effiHls ng(I Jo prez aql ,'{oo{ or{tJo eldood, ',{"psoupod\ Sureq seraprnurerlt oru[] pre a]?p oqt pe ode.r Jo ' s e r x EJ u| e r l S l u r u o o u at w qvq!qS.{Q noqlLt\'!rqnZlc Jl o r u o . o,{1 Eutlonb 'utsq"i1" 'retn1, Jo Joplnu eq} Jo uorldrrJsJp eqt uI 'eurrloJll srq Surrnp pazrrelndod pur ponsrnd puq roqlJpeuJeelJreql sarpnls ul paqrosqe fll"nbo teql lerrro]sll pu" eral\ sLros srq uotlcelloJ oql ur I?uel?{tr l?crJolsrll .}o iql r'etopf,oue isereturpidoie,\eposle p"q uqnzJe Jo ,{lr${e-{ L9t,
lllloJ,vuaJt'I HvUIS

258

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

them.r Al-Zuhri has also given namesof someof the emlnent persons who fled to Syria from Medina in order to the oath of allegiance' escapez l4.egca Talha and al-Ztbair, accordingto him, came to 'A'isha' after four months and held a meetingin the houseof to K[fa and where it was resolvedthat they should proceed 'Ali and to demand against public opinion Baqra to mobilize 'Uthman.3 'Ali, on hearingthe thsrevengeof the murder of at Dhi Q4r' news of their march, came out and encamped 'A'isha were near Dhdt'irq'a These Talha, al-Zubair and of the Caliphateperiod have ieporis of potiticulupbeavals o[ by Yunus b. Yazid al-Aili, on the authority beeonarraied who al-Zuhri of source al-Zuhri, but they do not revealthe personswho had must have obtainedthem from such senior 'Ali appointed Qais b' activelyparticipatedin those events.s the circumrefers to Sa'd as governor of Egypt. Al-Zuhri thL led to the murder of Mulammad b' Abi Bakr'6 stances of from his reportsalso speaks The oature of theseexcerpts place took that al-Zuhri's collectingthe detailsof the events during the tumultuousperiod of the Caliphate' The Battle of $iffin : the detailsof the War of Camel,al-Zuhri After describing reDortsto us the conditionsthat prepared the ground for a ? He narratesthe confrontationbetween'Ali and Mu'6wiya famous issueof the Telktm which had a tremendous reverberating influence on the history of Islamic polity' -Alon Zuhri givesthe tcxt of the speechthat Mu'iwiya delivered the occasion of the Tebkim issue.E A portion of his rePort about the amival of Mulammad of b. Abi irakr has beeneitracted by al-fabari in the annals
t. al-Tabarii Tadkh iIV i 419. 2. af-Tabari: Taikh ilV t 429. 3. al-Tabad : Tafikh i lV | 430, 4. al-Tabarl: Tfttkh tlV | 452' tlv |469, 5. al-Tabari:Tarrkh 6. al-Tabari: Tafikh rlV | 555. 7, al-Tabari: Tartkh: \ t 57. 8. al-Tabxri: TadkhI V i58'

7 'SaE I L lptyry : lrlqsfi" 'Wl I g"qehs 'Z9l: LlttlttpJ: LtttltrgJ : Fsq"I-le '8Sl : LqtlJlZJ : Ir"qeJle 'b6t L 4rtypJ ! geqel_E .S ,' ,t ,Z .I

?qbn, Jo louu"qc oql q8norrll u.{op ouroca^eq sUodoraseql 'ecBld .q srq u! eqln, pll?d\1" Jo tuouluroddB pu" "urpel[ eqt uror; ptz?A ,(q pl,es .q .rury,go p,ro_"i Jo drqs.rouro^o8 ..H.V er{}roJ pelunoca"sq Fr{nZ-F 19Jo sl"uu" aql uJ 'q plzB : EI!ra-?,nI{J .oJaqaosla peJlaJoJ ol ueogfpscJlEs?rl qrlq,h lrofqns srql uo looq poJrduoc,q .p;1"61" go ,"o"1roi " eql le'Jel?T q pegrJe^ lr lo8 ,pllel!\1? .qlBep srq Jo eull eql l" 9, sP^ra,{r,rir_u,n141 lpqi plol se^\ aq ueq,r pue sqdrle3 " snorrpA Jo se8eaql lnoq? prre^\{e fq pelse s?^rFqnZ_lV : u_rdJns rqy .q c,{lraE,tltrAl n.err,ug3flpue p._e!;qge| ueomloq ecnrl 3ql suodor osl" aH .slB3p or oiiiie[ ueseg_le lnd sqruom ,{\oJ ?_ s0l?rrpur leql ugnzle pu".sall,rgs eJnue ,ql .[q 'r:..lt,iqS -JeUs pagoddus sp^{ussegla Jo fcrlod eql lou fnrour 'sseznrcsll uo{ eJu"tAaJIe Jo ql?o aql elel ol eJB) ol otueJ , ra ?l eql qlJ^{ep"ul sB,r tuouaar8" trs .ls"t Pue "frtrg,nw l-V a'eruld srq sr sEqqV,-lE.q qEIInpqV.peloroddepue drqsr-oure,ro8 .^qlod srql aql uro{ rurq pe^ol[al us?Alv Jo .q sre) o^oJddsol urrq qlr^t ur prp p,ag tou IIEJ fnS .lucsuo" uoEuror eqt pourof ueql pua .eJqrssod lualxe urnurx?rn eql ot ?fI^\E,nW qll^\ ul?8r?q ol pesodoJdeq .pealsul .elr,r,rg,nl^l lsul?EBJe^r eSeA{ ol ltr?^rlou prp ,sUodorpqn21, ," ioq " llv, q uss?H-leuos srqol ecu?r8olleJo a8poldeq11oo1s:o.no1 ,.H.V joJ srq po?perapJntx s?,r .rue,( aql Bur.rnq !lV, 0? : rly" 'q rBsBA{B

slu3^0eql ur pellr sl ped fumrcuer eqi pre""",. ,.H.V g rEaf eql

o!a

uI peroprn. s?^i r1?gJqv .q p'Eusqnn

,.":#T;Tj
allnJ,vuaJ'lTHVUIS

260

IIIS1 ORIOGRAPHY EARLY MUSLTM

i^3;?$;"*:::ffiTlli :"#"":1r'""-"'H-:lli"",:Yf for quote''Abdal-'Aziz b Ma-rwdn

#i11.*";:'-o;-Zuhri
and clearly ooeticalcompositions

$irn:r: rln:ltii1 4ft i,":"':+,:*t h, j,.,',,"tJ,[",*,"m: ffi :'e:iX'i;':".'"11H:ff:

assoimserr fr :ffi:";;;;;i'"' h ii,i:l,','"T:xii':HT royal court'
ciatedvith the

{'dii'l" i*ili'tli#iiiti*,

{fr il*;li5*;'ihtft :,idie'i:l$

;ifrlfl'*::$#;3:"t* iq*
*lit in**l;:i il3;;T

xi:il'in:t*; T,:'iflll:ii:'"'ffi .,"'*i?:H;'f ';r,tX*;;f ^',hilJT::"lix'::.';iJ:"j"

liti*'*:'','ffi li'i,;i;i1i-r il'*ffilttl"":,

ingn':m' ridicur verses *'''''ar
2 ol-Tubatit TdikhV " 499' i. al-Tabarl: Td khVl " 495' 4. 8l-T.bart I TdrikhVlIt 14'

+il*"lf''"{;tr-:'i,i:t f*d

"n liationand disgrace i416' Ei-Gffira'ikhv

;., $li"'f$$l1E'*': l;,,'*',::ltl'l;

(1, d rl rn) (/Z6l) )t'..

.zL i IIIL: ItltrpJ : Irqal1 ' t sal\d'l8olg tqrDg I ztt^orot:' 'z ,92 i IIL : tPt!,tpJ : Ileqtl-l1: . T

lsJg egt ?rrrnp uqnz-Ie Jo sattr^rtr rrursp"Js eql ( H'v ItIl'H'V 95 Bcrtc)Bqbn, .q BsttrAI lqnop ou 's"^\ eJqnz Jo e,.'1qAu JOIJtrOTq OqIPUV 'tr unrls ssrlrlenb3tlrurual 8u]I"q esoql pu '1r a^ol sarlllenb ,{1ueru ssassod oq,( osoql ,4lro pu? urlnO -sBrrr sr ql2pDq pro,|.. oql, : pr?sseq uqnzl" q9qrqs uql asneJ -sq otr ol nof qlr^\ sJeloqrse;e oroql 1nq?urleaur ..'no,{ ll?t s ploq lou oo,, : prEs pu8 lpqat{l? posr^pEoq^A Jlsqtr [ le Jo uoll?sJo^uoJ3 lno{ lrrsPrlo sr se sJaln.r plsgqqv, eql fq prBEeJ yqnz-l? 'qleep srrlJeU?uo^!l tearSpo,{olue ! tuauauorqlue srq porp puu pll?i[J? aJoJaqJ"a,{D orurtreql eos tou lnoqe Jo plp oq',{lrl.nl 'lng polr"^ord suortrpuoJ qcns3r frolrrrol o[r]u?2,{8 oql ol el?r8rur ot paprcep,{p"erlE pg aq os 'prle^,\ -lE Jo erur] eql ur wFl JoJSurlrE,u sE,{l etrqllr eql tEqt et",,l.\e osle su^l rrqnz-ly r., {urq papeaqoqe,rzq ppo,n 1 ,{epotr rpoo a,{rla uqnz-I" Jea^\s aur oJe,vr ,{q tBrll trualosur I Jr peuJoJsrurgqsrH prrrqoq Surp{.rels eq1,. perldel lu?puat}E 1 '.oN, ur on8ol?rp Jreql lnoq" ,r\ou{ ol oru"J I ,/rloq 6 ,,?Jour?c ar.ou1 no,{ tnq'trq8fisre no^t .lr ul Ud,(uBol?l tou prp ',sr^ I tnq, petlder I ,i rrqnzls pu? (urgrtslH)pe,(a-ssor3 eql JeqIIIeweJ no,{ od, : prEsptlu 18gl uoe,[laq uor]srJ^uoJ oq seq^\pur ljnor eql ol rurg palr^ur 'EulpaINruo{ pJ,1'ur 'ra.nod pEuqcz-lu roJ prll?AA-lp aq ol JruJ uJq,$ lu:s Il rV rugtlsrHJo q1?ep oqi raUV '/i.rnJ pur JOSue qlr,!\ 6ururnqse,tr 'eurlel'uosJoJles pII" eureooH eJ"J srqJirq^{lrnoJ 0rll Ual pur? 'lrnoJ 'suo|l]r(rJ.\ J q t p J r J l u a o s l u p r l l ' i & lBJ u r l u u J uJ ql u r p u [ -uoc ged osoql ur prp a{er (uqnz-I") oI{ 'eroql truesa.rd oslD torr s,\\ rJqnz-le pu? spJo^\InJecJ8srp puB qsjErlelrnb ur prtd\ :IrlEtr^,tr-lE pqy, q ugrlslH lE 8ul^o.rdar s?,r eq Jo ljnoj q r p : q J P e r. r r 1 ? lr q r u J r l ^ \ r.rod:r lr.rll 1qy uo.r1 P!ur":z-ln rr pelonbseq lr?qei-lv pu?qsrqir sartlnr-u.Jrp lear8 ere.; 01 o^eq plno^\ orl .ra,{\od ol om?c prll{l? rraq,rl?ql Ila^\ 'u.lrrl rr? lorr sE,r prlslA llnJ,tlouI lJqnz-IE puz Jo JoJnuPB 'le lnq r-nlnz-lppozruoil?d)llEhilr pqv. q rs?qslH I9Z a[nrvugJt'r HVuts

262

EAI{LY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

court' Thousands to the Umayyad werenot confiued cenLury him reports from obtained knowledge-seekers ;i-;i;".t"

of the branches andother iat"i'ii- n"irn, siiah,ntaghazi are quite pre-

ernoog nit pupils three names l.Jr"t".' 'uqt"' Ma'mar b' Rsshid and Ibn -we -irt"t ul rtioi" #i#; nnd-in the later historiestransmitted ir ft?q. m due to the sincereefforts ,frrlui-n ur-zunti, has beencompiled of knowledge who werethe reservoirs scholars "iin"-r",n*" of the Muslim history' 'Uqba b' Abi 'Ayyash is reckonedin the class Mirsa b. ;Atduttun b' 'umar' He also i" had seen t iil'i"-'u"mauld of Umm a the mawali class and was a ua""-.i wife of al-Zubairb' al''Awwam Khali-d. the most trustworthyand eruditescholar Misa is regarded

to Merikb' Anasis oftenquoted t" ;;;fi;aiashazt' 'ottain ^oc\l'i &: of the knowledge ti"ui-*ia ltou, triml ;uqua because is trustworthy'He studied he rtl*"-i. ii# '#j*, not transmit ih*' h" *u' quitematureanddid ;'* 'uqba on the of i"pr""tr'y;; ii ."uo' that the work His on thesubject'. treatise a small been $usthave maslrazi b lsmd'il nephew .ffitit'n"* ["tn transmittedby his

iiiiiili.

bv Yeqtt il apparentlvit hatl beenexploited ;;ili;;"*, and DiYdr Bakri. 'Uqba narraled on the ;uthority of Sdlim-b' Misa b'

;uou"(d.r58 rheoriginal y:'k_l'-"91 A.H.).,

met zaidb' 'n uoiriinigt""ot"-" oi'unr"4.tttut the Prophet i zaidptc' of revelation 'ltt'f. l'ii"r"r before thebeginning meatalso' The food, whichco'ntained ;#i;;;;;t" : "we do not eat what vou to eatsavins il;";;il;

is not sacrificed oo your idols nor we eat that which .u".ln""-""t,t,earl-y" describes report The ell6h." .the.. ol rn",ft" declaration "f his before Mecca' Prophct at ;" ;".t;; ";' (at-M sb'ath)'' ilre Mission

ffir"hdhtbxt36r.
2. Ibo Sa'd 3. Ibu Sa'd

i Taboqdt lll i 6 at' soq" i Tabaqdt llt | 38o'

'slv'tLb'oLt 'tgl,gst.tgn.6w,8t, I tll ',boEU' .orrl?;l',,i c.trer3J0r'es4r,{ qrr^{ ", perEdruor sB slrode! e:jrT il;}";;: ,;H;;r,
.t0t-f0,:I '209'r09'ott .Eot ,Lov,gov,gon.zot t

:;:,' ill i ""in":t',|:?"'i

i,pbDqDJ i p,suql .z , ir,ri 111:t1,ooqo1 "qri

qlrA{pe.rolrpspg JSsuv Jo e.rrreql _.q pBuureqotrAl ,(SolBauaE eql Jploqrse .rr_eiuyle et9run, Jo 'q qpllnpqv, pue {?^r luolegrp Er fEol?Juo8 srq paqursep e^eq rEqs,?r'{ ptr? stl^l " ,b_?q.sJ lqv uql .pnqn Jo ,("p aqt uo p f ?u s?^1 oH .pnqn pu? rpBg Jo sanl?qeql ul paledrc4rzdoq,u esoql Booures?^1 zJn) .q plze1 .q ,U-BU

s eruue procor rprberll-lB ,oldurexo prr? leqs,Etr{ Jod nqv 'saceldsnorrel suorlerJea lB gcnslno polurod s"q p,"g uq1 'r?rx,etr to b-eq,s1 uq1 Jo s{ro^i eql qlt^{ poleduroJ.n ,"*oo l eql Jo eluosur peJeJrposle zqbn. .q Jo lsrl oql "s[tr^tr srq uorlusrrr lou op steqtro elrq^\ .?s4l^tr "ffi -p.loJo" 'JpEg 1e1u:sa:dosoqlBuoru?se^t ,o "U.q truv, "O' irrS

srq poddns .li",il osler bBq,sJ uql pu? rqls;1-le .uuqr,p1 'q ,qrns oqs,{?s ssttr^l IqV ruv, sE,,!\ elrq^\ rqv .q rErn,"trAl

r'pelzrEturpeq oqm esoql lsrl aql ut euttrsrq opnlrur tou Jo op estW pue r?rls,?W tqv lnq:e^erlaq pue b9q.sl [plbE,4\_I" uql s suols?Jco qloq uo ?rurssdqvol pel?J8ru p?r{ ruqnU '"qsq"H ot paler8rrr pEq IqV'qerq"Slqv oq^{ suIrlsntr{ ,,{Fe1rufig dlrEo esoqt Jo xapul u? epu peq "snhtr srqepnlstlr lou Ptp r'eur?u Eqbn, q ?snI^I,(q porderdtsrl aql lnq ,lp?q Jo plouonleq egl 1? ltrJserd s"^r u!,zetr{ .q ugruqtn, .q ql.gsJ" fBrll ,bgq,sl .q peuw"qotr^{ eer8erprbprqle pu? reqs,"I BqV I 'aldru?xeJod s? sr]orsJe^ lerllo uroJ-I paJaJrp {eql socsld [a,rr ulelJao lV 's{.ro^\Jlaql ur sueuolsrq Je}el eql ,,tq pazrlln uaaqo^"rl slsllosoriJ 'pnq1 pu" rp?g selllq eql sr lr?d Jo ue po.rederd p?q,llq?qrnqs lool oq,{ osoql Jo tsrl o^rlsneqxo Sulqr:csapeltq^\ larllee pessnrstp o^"rJ o^\ se ,sql{ E9Z
auorYugu'I HYUIS

264

EARLY MUSLIM HISTOR]OCRAPHY

of Mflsa b"Uqba Al-Tabari states, on the authority 'Imran)' that wben the from Ibn ,rrorn-ieiiuttat b. Din-ar of Thamfitl' be said to his village ruined the irJ*.il"t.*a of the acclrsed iotio*.tt that no one should enter this village one them' on tears peoplebut shedding -If the it' lest enter "f,utrit.O not ""oJift" t"".p for thei,idoom, one should should Thamtd) people of "uoooi 4""-' *tlin befell them (the befall one.' in the desoiption Another fepod from Misa is found period of Abtr Bakr's caliphate and in the th;-;;;ly usdma b' "f ,'h" u.-v under the command or ;;r;;;J";i 'that Usdma A,H.).! This report also includes |.]i t I The time that he took i""lp',;"a tn" tntt *i,ttio forty days" not and in coming back to Medioa' was ;;;i;t"v includld in it indicate at least Thesetwo reports cited above' clearly Musa wasnot Iirst' ,*n oolo,t of oui immediate interest: instcad he alone; naghdzi ,i" narration of the connecthistory pre-Islamic ""rn'iJ,. nuJ t""u."a foo*ledge about the similarly and Islam' of ih" histor/ of the atlvent ;-;,h place during took that ii ooio **o,ioo to the developments 'il' the about repoft secondlv, though his A;d;a yet has, it dated'of Usdma is not properly thc us that tells he "*o.aiti"'.: -"g"i. the time involvedin it' and rri".""".-tt rewas completedwithin forty days' Another *i"l" is-also Khalifa at-Dah' hak b' oJr,'*rti"i rtno* ,ruo,titt ftot and tells. about (ll A'H) Bakr Abtr period of ,n. i"r"tJi"

deputed was Al-Muhejir in" nAi"li"i*,asy) of Ha4ramaut' his During operaa curbonthercbels' lv eit s"k.; keep of tlem wa:
: one, ti,onshe cameacrosstwo singing women about th Prophetand the -otherabout ri"glg t"ifti."f verses both of them' On receiving in""rtn"u.ritt. Al'Muhijir punished metedout to them' Abii Bakr ;; ;";;;i aboutthe punishment ut-tuunal;i that those found guiltv of swcarins ;;;;'," s

This punishmcnt severe pi"nrttt desJrvecl a stillmorc

"iii" ffil*&hri23r.
2. al-Tabari : Ttutkh lllt 2n' 3. al.Tabati : Tatikhlll t 341-342

.81T,'LLE i Ll \tltrgJ '99E i Lly\,tpJ i l\l ql\qJ

: Fsq8l-I8 : IrBqEl-lE ; !rq"I1"

rr?qnzlB (a^elspeeJJ) grDw s?,r. el?r{drl?c Jo polJedeql Jo .q Es!.I " Jo srrega esoql uo I Jo lusrrrjoJtrr arIJ "qbn, srql pe odal osl? sr p,s prrEuE^{tw e'uorl?JJ?u traalr\lag enSolerp \d .JopJnru srq oJrdsuoc ol elBas,qdllsc eql p"q oq^r eldood3ql tB pelqwassE pessoJlsrp eql irltrs l" Jo .q p,?s lpoJopJnrrr spa{pus ultq eesol eur?JigbbBA s3^\ Iqv uluqln, ,{3p eqtrl"qtr s^"s aq uorsJo^Jegtone uJ E.?urpetrN ur osnoqsrq Jo eSalsaql pu? luaureuguos slq eJoJegqdrlBc ,u_?uqln, aql p"q oqld '"qJq?II slrusu?rl leul uro{ pue BqV qdrt?Op.rrqteqt Japlnu eql euecs aql uo sJpodde eq Jo Jo 'H'V flree ur sorpnts SE-rea,{eql 8ur:nq .,(:o1squtrlsn;,r1 sr?sBtrAl Jo odors eqt Jo elduxe ue osle st e^n"rfts srql r, q8q sr l"ql puB 1(olaqsr l?ql IIe qcseJslg urqlr/( seq oq^{ ptlE snorJnJ sr eq ueq,{\ seJrlusoqa,\ pue 'peseeld sr eq uaqa ldecxedaols1ouseopoq,trqsre.ln) ..losseccns slq ot Jo eqrJl oqt Jo nru Euno,{ eq1Jo eJ"d\eg .pegderJerull, .,oN,'J"urI}, uorl?lJoqxe u? eq plnod{JapJnur, r{drl?Caql pe4sezqlef, ,i rr]lq oaorrror ,qtred lq8rr oql uo{ ,{sa? saoAeg Jl t?ql f,Bsiou no,{op fql6, ,.unqJIDI ,ftrls" soo8 allJl 'EIq aolloJ 'tq8r.rdnssr?urereq JI .ueqi 8uouremor; ueur u 1ur,:ddeo1 eldoedeql .roJllncgrp eq lon llla{ ll ueql 's.lotr?^,\ pue raqlq sn qlr^\ Suuapu?,1A :rer{trrqt pelqnoJlur 8ur -iresloq c ur e.ra,lr eldoodnof pueJ1asfu IEW qsr,{I .poD ,tg '1pw-lD trDg) qellvJo ,tlJadoJd oql tsur8e slu?pue$" uortrojA urelsr"u pu? so^ra. l?.re^oslde4 e^q noi JlasJnof lr Juop o^ErJ noA, : prcsJpatn. .i sptredrlsJno as?eJJur aseold preg eJ" e^{ pu? eBJ?l os : possoJd sr fluttg rng, : r{dlpC eql ot peu!"lduoc oq^\ agutrDJo uorl"lndep B pu? .l"ru1, uae,rleq enSolerp ? sl.roda:eq ' H'V ZJo slErltr"oql ur ,,{lr?lrurs .[e^1 se s]ua{uncop pal?lal aql ,{q petecrlueqtn?ere,t s1:odar srq tr?qlsu"eur lr 'lrodo.r o^oqe oql ul p[noJ oslu sr JrfBrlnw-l? o] uollrJ r rleg rrro.rJ relloJe Jo trxoleqt sEpve : qopplv eql $oql,!qV e5p:r,noLr1 portnbc p"q ?stw leql selecrpur osle l.roder

s9;

aunlvusJ'rl HY)us

266

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

in such matters beb. al-'Awwdm. He wasknowledgeable with a family so closelyrelatedto the causeof his association Prophet, and activeparticipant in all important eventsof the period. The family of al-Zubair had made great contribution towardthe historical matelial, its preservation,transmission and compilationduring the first century as is evident from 'Urwa etc' the servicesrendered by'Urwa and Hishdm b' 'Uqba, as we havepointed out earlier,was himself a Mtrsa b. of al-Zubair and his maternalgrandfamily nauld of the informed Mrisathat after the murder had father Abtr Habiba 'Ali. 'Uthman people had takenthe oath of allegianceto ot 'Ali cameto seeal-Zubair. The latter unsheathed his sword, and then sitting upon, he was carpet kpt it beneath the 'Ali insidethe house. 'Ali came to call asked Abir Habiba and stood in front of al-Z]ubairbut he left the housein askedAb[ I.Iabibato stand in the sarne hasteand al-Z:ubair 'Ali was standingjust a few minutes bdfore, to placc where sword sce whether there was any sign of the concealed the tip place that he felt When Abn Habiba stood at the same said : "That Al-Zubair of the sword was touching his feet. is why the man ('Ali) has left so hastily"'1 his maternalgrandfatherAbn Habiba, M[sa did Besides a'lso obtain rports from other trustworthy sources like 'Alqama b. Waqqaf al-Laithi. In the descriptionof the battle 'A'isha, Talha of the Camel. he informed Misa that when at and al-Zubair cameout to mal'chforwatd, they encamped recruitment. for presented themselves DhAt'Irq and people 'Urwa b. al-Zubair also came to join the army but he was betof being too young.2 A conversation rejectedbecause latter's departure ween'Alqama and Talha at the time ofthe of the battle is also givenby Mtsa.r to the scene 'Uqba have beenquoted These extractsfrom MEsa b. by al-fabari. Having beentransmittedon the authority ofhis maternalgtandfatherAbrl Habiba' or through other knowthey mostly deal with the Caliphateperiod. sources, ledgeable
l . al-Tabari: TafikhlV . 132.

al-Tabari: Tdrikht\ | 453. af-Taberi : Tatikh lV | 476.

F. ,t'

./

/. '9?l-lrl

,,.'

i I tzptt ow-t, gplr : !plbE/!\18 'sgt I tL tl\rt_DJ: g?qEl.l8 '919 | qlttpJ : .I L !r8qEl18

poll"c rreqc B9V '1q31:g ur ,fa^\Duur oq,ftol8^el eqtresn ot oruer rrEqq BqV uoq^\ Jny, Jo ,{rolp^pl eql sr Jlasurq prq puE poderse pqv, 'q q1i.(e,rnii .emetr [ Jo lsanbuo3 "zzll,* 3qlJo ,{"p eqt uo eqt or tsrlt slrods.raq 'lxeN e'sallqsleJnb sJeoEpepr^oJd oq,t\ esoql e'r u9n!,inw pellr eJoq,{\ssoql esBl^l 'sal*?q rppg aqt pue pnqn eql ur lled Jo lsJI sc^rA " oq/$osorll flrElnrr ?d :1oqdord ueryl psq cql go suoltlpodxo Jo per?derd p"q esnntr cq1 ur paledrclped peq esoql oqilr ? lsll Jo /tp"aJl" o^Brlola 'socBJd o^g l? fluo srsedd? l?gl Psssnrsrp g esu I '!prbg^\l" fq ,zpq?Dwlo qwlN eqt tl "qbn, .b-eq.quq1 puo prqsgu .g rur,el I Jo csoql e{ll slcuueqo J.qto q8noJqt std5cc"og sFodeJesoql 'Eqbn, 'q { qSnolgl lzgq8DweqtJo palqns aql uo FqnZ "sBtr eql poldacc? lou sBqu"geile tnq 'suoJl le Jo suorssrursu?I -alrduoc srqq8norqtJo ,{lpaJrpJeqlra'uqnz{E .vou lzgq?Du crn Jo oapal,noutl poumtgo',{lpelqnopun'"qbn, 'q i "s4I r FUqBI -l? ur uoqlonb issl eqt sl pus H.V 16 ree,t sql ol s8uoloq lrodar srq; 'repmu pu" lsaJJe srq pro^E ol ?q,B) oqt rir eSngerue4e1 pq oq/$ rr"qnzle 'q qBIInpqV,Jo tlo^or eql qrnc o1 spei(feu61eqt fq pelurodd" ueeq p"q oq,n pse|1e rt_?npqv, 'q pllpq) drqsroura,roE;o alnuel eql uolldlrt Jo Jo 'q ?sgl -scpeqt ul l.reqel1e [q pelonb osle sr ?qbn, I 't[lq polceJlxe uro{ s?q Ir?q"I 'uqnz1" -Is godor qclqa qEnolql us11413o fluo oql sr slqJ 'uollduJscp yqn71e.;o slJodor srq ur pauruexai(pea:1e Jaqlo uI s? ss slJodoJ oarllurrrd qrns m uses ,{lJprlosr sau lJe,t,r -nlue3 J3IEJ aql Surmp podola^op selel wgtih) oqt l"ql elfls agl 'oo1son8olsrp eurossoreluo3puB slse^o er{lJo txaluot aq1ur pssoduocsasJolortros.tq polJoddns osle sr Uodal srqJ 'rl?qnz1? 'q q?lFpqv, /(q pouroJ luoruureaoE lalerud aqi 3o eilrl oql t eulpet drqsrouro^o?oql uo{ rpr,?S .q rruv, { Jo 'q plze^ 'qpqlqs trqI Jo lssrlusrpaqtr Jo,{lnoqln" eql uo slrode: erl 'CH'V 19) porrad p",(d"Iun erll Jo sleuuoql rrl
t07

auntvuart.I Hvuts

7
EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPIIY

268

" him saying: "Come on, you have beengrantedprotection he that him informed and Then he Jent to seethe Prophet apphad given shelterto Huwaylib and wantedto obtain his 'Have all that declared not I ,onui. Th. Prophet saitl : I expressly whom those people of Mecca are protectedexcept by orOe,to b" killed.'I This report of Mtrsa is supported the authority of al-Mundhil b. Jahm' 'Abduliah b al-Zubair gave lnis nruula Abu Habiba (maternal grandfatherof Mnsa) a very detailed versioaof lslam on the Day of the Conquest'those thosewho embraced who took the oath of allegiance to the Prophet, the melhod ol fol women,the acceptance of bai'at the Prcphet observed etc' b. UmaYYa Islam by Safwdn 'Uqba on the autho-rityof Al-WAqidi quotesMtsa b. al-Zuhri in ihe descriptionof the battle of $unayn He says that Abi Bakr told the Prophet on the day of Hunayn that Muslims were not going to be outnumbered and dominated by the disbelieverson that day, as had beenthe casein the earlierbattles. At this Alleh revealed to the Prophetthe following : fields and on "Aliah hath given you victory on many but.it your multitude the day of Hunayn, when ye exultedin 'availei straitwas it is, you-naught, and the earth, vast as enedfor you; then ye turned back in flight"'8 Al-Waqidi give$ details of Dfimat al-Jandalr expedi 'Aqirn "9 tion iRajab .t.if.; ou the authority of Ibn al-'Abbds,'Uqba Here he has b. 'iJmar b. Qa6da and Misa b. have ben chains their and reports various amalgamated on the veris based report chief the But, cited collectively. Mtrsa'b by transmitted is which sion of Abn l.{abiba Mflsa had reducedto writing the lists of thosewho took part in important expeditions. Namesof the participantsin ih" Bud. ivere collected from the notes of Shurhabitb Sa'd

'6?l 'otl : '8' I In Lr'O0E'ZtZ'66t D,teplg1o i r\\$>l ugt : oes Jo ]ro1r1 cql tuo4 slc"JlLe.Iod ' "sr-lw '<ot i lll tlbDq,j: p,es sql 88 d tHlqtlDJ1Dlq utl, g -1, : Ir EIDlas-lE '69e i TI u J t9 : II {r'l,?S : u-eqslH uql 'rr'!tlz t114D,t3s : tu9qsrHuql . I

'sol'd'Jl rn(zz6l)I lo^3lsalqd 3o!8tlrbT i zll^otorl '9

eql Jo suorsre^ p3l?lep Jleqt uI 8sltr J ttto{ lloosJ Auts 'lerlr"e uaes peurelqoo^uq uSqsrH uql rou lprbgiAlE .roqtrleu oql peulel el?q e^\ ss 'qEnoqtly. osleerflH eql Jo uotldlJosep -uoc 'ls?o[ '$q qlIA{ .{lolsuJ eql eW lJofqns W vpq&)w I?op Jo 'qanorql 4ool iou prp Iooq eql l"qt e^ord ol luercuns orE ol elquueJq e^eq J,r Esll l Jo slJ"gxaJo stuau8e{ le^J 'q ESII -l?ql[ aql Jo stuewS?{ PeuIEl I Jo lzpty'gDur ,'sqbI}, -uoc 1dr:csnueur eqJ t06I ur peqsllqnd se,rl'pu? 'nEqJeS pJ?^pfl r(q u?rurog olur pelelsurl 'solou qtrrra pellPo se,\\ elE}S uulssnrd aqt ur punoJs1untpueduror il /fuBJqrI tplul)J strl u\ e qrrq&\Jo ( H V 0t6 ur palrdrnoc)slLuDqX-lD stl^JJo IJo^l oql pezlllln peq 'rerlleo pawls su 'u{?g .Ig^Iq dlzpry80ur Jo lcofqns 3q1[o looq E palduroc o^eq 01 Jeloqts q ESBI eql se^\ 'l^rBqI?SJe ol Surprorr? lsJrJ I "qbn, : rzpq8u141 uo {1016 slH 'rlrpqsrHuql rlorls arq uI slulod uI? eJ 3ul Jo elrg,r .rlt uo eSBIAI vgq8qu Jo asll?eJloql ol sJeJer --ureldxe osl? Ilregnslv aortr?Il srq epnlsrrr trou ssopr?gs,Itroq\y' .rosBtr I fq porede:d1srl eqt lBql Eul[es o]ou peppEseq .rru{-l? pqv, uql eJr?qpnH[gV q IlgrlslH Surpnlcur troz -ql?n !.u?g Jo eqrJleq] {uo{ sotlleueaJqlue^r3seq bpq.s1 sqJ '?rurss,{qvot pel?r8rlu oq,r osoqt Jo uortrducs;poql ul ',{Felrurg eql r'H'V g ul prJrnJro tr lerl} ?sBII Jo uors.ro^ u1ecald uo4u1 ldeccesralrrn Jolet orll 'lng H'V S 'l^\^{r{S peqqctlerlJoel ?q aqt 'str:oda: roqlo bgq.sluql sV 'srolerJr]u Jql reJard oq^\ suuv q lIE] t puE Jo lurlt ol ussl\ Jo uorsJJ^ dq rltuaqlnB peldero" ueaq se\ |z!q?ou Lggqs e)ll srElorlos 'UD.tlS eql orll uo Iro^\ srq ur eql uo rst ie^ [ Jo Ioog slroderJql pezrlrln uql q3noqlly tou sqb_?q,sl "s0WJo sra eru trr ?qbn, 694 'sJo^orloq ,{p?oeql Jo uorledlcqredeql SuJuJecuor q esll l 01 reJorsu"rJolsrq Jrl?[ oq] puc
IUOIYUSII'I HYUIS

270

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

oJ almaghAn, yet Ibn Sa'd, the famous pupil and secretary Wuqiai, Uosobtainedfrom Mtsa many detailsparticularly inp..r"otiog the lists of emigrants or those of participants of wars etc,-Al-labari quoteshim in the annalsof the Caliphate and one of the reportsof Misa is as recentas the period of 'Amr b' Zaid indicates that Umayyads. A statement of Mtsaiad also madeeforts to collect information about the pre-IslamicPeriod.r Style rnd Attitude of Mfrsa : 'Uqba is quite particular about giving full MEsa b. authority chains' All lransmissionsthat we have received from him are fully authenticated.z It is also proved by some of his chains that he had utilized written books and docuto the mntsin the compilation of his work. He had access : al-'Abbds b. collectionof'Abdulah 'Abdillah b. al-'Abbas d' 98 A'H') "KI[]aib (maula compiled haal placed at our disposala camel-load of 'Ali b 'AbdillAh b' Whenever books of Ibn al-'Abbds. al-'Abbas needed any book, he used to write to me: 'Sendme such and such book (Sabtfa)'. He usedto . copy it and return the original."s Apart from compiledbooks on historicalsubjectshe had also. At one place, he rvith him someimportant documents refcrs to the lctter sent by the Prophetto al-Mundhir b' Sdwa.a In one of his reports he has also quoted poetical comoositions. He is also particular about dating the events for him.6 whcncverit is Possible Hls Disciples: The narrationsof Misa havebeenmainly transmittedby 6 A grandson his grandsonIsm6'il b. Ibrehim (d. I58 A'H')
l. 2. 3. 4, S. 6. al-IsbaMqi i a!-AghdniIII .16 (vido Horovitz: op. crt )' Horovitz: The Ea iest Biographies\C 0927) Ur' tr' p' 107' IbD Sa'd : Tabaqdtvol.Y | 216. al-Balddhuri : Fzrril III : 8 (od. Dc Goojol 'tida llotovilz op' cit' al-Dnrt i Eallth | 27. lbo Ss'd ! f46.4dr V:31.

'618 i ll,zpqSbn

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.osleolBqo -Il?c Jo 5E?eql Jo Eue^a aql qlra lBopsuodoJsrq Jo e{tros '!zpt!8bw ',D{lH 'acraw pue eqt oqt l" loqdord aqrJo eJll 'stoqdord oqlJo senotseql 'qDrls eqt punorE{csqrru"lsl Jo 'strorlsonbosoqtot -lJd aql sspnl u! srq u?ld oqJ IJoI{ Jo sjaasu?srqpe^JoseJd pu? uqnzle uro{ suortsenb pelse e^?q ol punoJsl eq ses?J eql Jo lsorrJuI 'nqnz1? uJou po^roreJ eq sFodeJ aqt pe$rEsu?Jl{1u1euseq prqsgu 'q Jeu,?W : satnos sIH 'bgzzeg.1"pqv, Jldnd slq qEnoJqlpollrursusrl s{Jo^{ flJpo eql ur punoJeJBreur,"tr[ 'tcullxa ^{ou sr 3o spoder eql lnq {ooq orlJ loqdoJdeqt Jo osl? p?q eq .secJnos lzgq8nw eql uo aslleeJte peyrdruoc dlJpe emosol SurpJocrv 't!Dt!Saql p:de eqi go sicofqns lzpt!&otu ,arn:r'ra:;,ltltpttl cql ol setr^res rapue.r osl? prp eq leerE lnq aql se,t euttdrcsrpursur srH '2zgt13ow aql ul alq"aSpal -a{oul pu? suorssrursu?Jl srq ul ,{q oalsnJl ptre s" sJ?loqcs sclllJi eql .(q pepJ"EaJ sl r?r[,?I I .^\opr^\srq parJJeru perl g,uSJo tp?b eql .uoule^ ur 99 ;o eEeeql t? parpeH 'roqloul slq Jo qlep eqr Jo eull oql l8 urrq pug c,rt s? '"Jsg ultoleuoq slq ol elnec pue eq uoqi ,r ou ,{te^o juqi srzedde 'lntr 'eJeqlu?uo^t olrsauel parJJ?ru trl e osle p?q oH ',(JrunoJ ul pal4es pse oq turq popens:ad uiurel leql 'ueue^ 01 .;o eldoed eql luo^\ pue o8pe1,nrou4 Jo qJruas ur ?J3"9 Uel aq ,funlue, puoJos oql Jo sepecep ,{lfto aql 6uunp ern4auog '"r3?{ l s,(epfF?e srq Euunp (.H.V ?lI) mg,lq g ruou t!t!p0! Jo o8piiaiotr)l eql pauBlqo "pgl?O peq eH 'pzv 0qn1 eql upppnH flrruuJ Jo Jo !u"g Jo 'q_Bqlqs pvotu dW ? uql slrdnd o,llt reqlo Jo lseulltre Jo .uqnzls e{rl 'w1r\ pu" sJSEg uroq se^,\ sH l" .;o eldrcsrp 'q Jsur,BrAI peqsrnSunsrp Jerllous sr plqs_?u e,rJn, nqv ('C'V tgl acrro.p- .H.V 96 errro .q) pfqsgu.q rBu,Btr l osls a^eq ?rq?s lqv r.Esql tlo{ sgodarautospelllusu?ll uql pue rr"qnz-l? .q qpllnpgv, Jo
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T
272 EARLY MUSLIM HTSTORIOGRAPHY

oI Ma'mar jn Al-Waqidihas utilizedthe transmissions his Kitdb qt-MaghLn at more thal 46 places' Al-Tabari, Ibn Is'hdq, Ibn Sa'd and othersalso rely on him According to ,da.'mar Ibn Nadim, he had compileda book on lhe nlaghdzi Il had also ntet HammAm b. Munabbih, (brother of Wahb b M u n a b b i h()d . l 3 l A . H . ) i r rh i so l d a g e . H a m m a m r e a do u t lis Sabtfato Ma'mar and when due to old age, he felt tired' Ma'mai picked it up from his hand and read it himself before him.1 His Disciples: 'Abd al.Razzaq'Among his eminent disciples, besides A.H.), compiler of " Mu$annaf b. Hammair (126-211 ,'Abd 'Abd al-Mun'im b ldris' a al-Razzaq"in severalvolumes,is nephewof Wahb b Munabbih. $ahifa Hamndm b. Mrnabbih : Ma'mar obtained Traditions of the Prophet from pupils' Hammim b. Munabbih and transmittedthem to his by Dr' edited and The same work has been introduced 140 B:bout Molrammad r.{amidulldh and contains -badiths' Mo -- ,"u, himself the compiler of a collectionof hadiths rvhichhe had obtainedfrom his teachersbelongingto different regions. A manuscript of this work Jdmi' Ma'ntol in Turkey University b. aasiid hasrecntlybeendiscovered aod in a No 2l64} lt is moth-eaten {lsmA'ilSaibCollection (Spain) during in Tolede and rvasscribed conOition, iaiiereO in ifr" y*t lo+ A-H., Another copy of the samework-scribed Afandi Library 606 A.H. has been found in the Faidulldh of Ma'mar is work this of ordel The istanbul(No. 541). followed in tarions ltadith to the transmissions ,rot u"aotOlng compiled subjectwise lt been collections, instead, it has containsmore than 200 Pages't p' 54 Munabbih r. tr".iauirat :\a\da Hanndnrb 'uvaioa b Mo'io havo ;ta-r"""a Yatrya and b. t. Hanbal,Sufyan i. y7o1111a6n i 303' I i *n him from transmitted 'H;;;il' ;;;'iii" "'io-^a^ b' Munabbihp 5sif n ) 4rh adition t. 1956) Hvderabad' Socictv, (isiamic Publicatioqs

'qgutqln, qdJpJ .qr uos upqv rno lolt tueeu sl Jlfsg1e Pu Jo ', ugurqtn, 'q ulqv eJaqleqr e^elleq 01 pucl I-Zel | | |IflqJ : lJuqEl-la 'tTt '9 I l44,tt9J : $ql.l 'lzl i tt)tl,tpJ: I FEqeI-lB'9 'l '86 lt : I1 i u?Jnolo | 1 IttJtgJ ; !4qel-l 't '28 | ltplyo-J: lrqBl-le 6ztlxxiug.rna'p 'og t ptStpJ : rreqh t : zI 4stoJ | lllgel-'lx L i tx : ugJna-p'z l

.t',r |'nyy:_

qellv pus 'fltunuItuot etlo eJa^{ PulIu?I L, : asle^ clu-e.Jno 'q aql uo eql uo Eullueuuof, , ugurqlo, ugqv Jo ,{ltroqlnc rrIIH luo{ uollsla^al ,{q pertdsut ue^rEueeq sEquodeJ slql rlcltl^\'guae oql uo uel era^l popsJe llreqejqv sPrE,{\JoU? ol 1l pol^eleq?llv 'oSnleq suoll"punoJ sll r(luo psB suo^esq eql Jo etull eqi lv fqnr :o 1:ead3o o3eld3l8ulse gIII s/r\lI 'sua^?!rluo4 ulr{ loJ [I/r\op luess3^\euoH aq}'lsJg lv ' s'u"PV roJ llrnq s^r(eq,ex) ouroH porc?saqJ c ?tpul ul p3pu"J eq pu" q!"e aql uo lu"pv u,t\oPluas rl?llY lsgl ?p91eb uroJJ salerJau ag pooqlegdoJd Jo iftolslq eql uJ aqt Jo ^rotslH 'II : s1aqdo.r4 'clo u"eJo sl l"rll 'ur"lunolu sr slql : t[H rqEn?l q"llv l"ql su?au r..'s3uleuerll JIBur?pv iqanq eH puv,, : osre^eql l"ql ?ppl?b Jo ^luoqln" eql ro 'bpzzeA-1e sI fl"luauuoc leqlouv pqv, i(q urlq ol paJJeJel .q"llv .{q luseru sr u?lus elaq l?ql eurg,l(I 'q 3p9l?o Jo eH s..lleq qlr^\ ,(deJPlnoqs fluoqlna erll uo sn strIJoJuI 5/{\ 3uo }Eql .'rulH splseg po9 lue I o'L : ,{?s Plnoqs " lsql ug.Jno eIIl Jo esJa^ oqa\ nraql Jo euo Puv,, : sPeoJ 'J3l3,{\ aql s?,ll\ eleq^\ s-?qqv,-le ? ul ,. JIc eql tlo,, 'p!?s eq eql uodn se^\euolql slH puv,, uql fq polse ueq,r ?,,:JelA{ eq ueqJ r'sed aql s?/l/\ Jql seqIJJsJP : uE.rnb oql Jo esJoA petseJcq?llv leqt Eurql lsJSeql l"ql tulq FurroJul s9qqY,l" uql l?ql gsEr[,v1e Jo fluoqlnB eql uo sn slle] Pu slseueceql eqt sr sl?odd?eq 'trsJlc 'saull 9 ueql eJoulJoJ Jo uolldlJssep F"qBi-I" Jo ifuolslqeql u[ smtco J"u,et\I Jo eurEueql : slseueo 'I : qrodax slq Jo uoll8uluExg uY ELZ suorYustll Hvuls

274

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sent(unto them) Prophetsas bearersof good tidings and as warners..."1 Ma'mar informs us that all people were on the right path; and afterwardsthey lvent astray. Another commentary of the verse: "And rememberwhen his Lord tried Abraham with His commands"t-Ma'mar presents a mythological versionof the nature of this trial, connectinghis chain with Ibn al-'Abb5s. Another report about this versehas beencited al-Bagri.3 Iu the commentary on the authority of al-L.Jasan of another verse: "Bethink thee of him who had an arguAllah had given meDtwith Abraham about his Lord. because him the kingdom; how, when Abraham said: My Lord is He who giveth life and causeth death. he answered: I give life and causedeath' Abraham said : Lo Allah causeth the Sunto rise in the East. so do thou cause it to comeup abashed."a from the West. Thus wasthe disbeliever Ma'mar tells, on the authority of Zaid b. Aslam, the story of Namrud and his confrontation with Ibdhim, the detailsof which seemto havebeenborrowed from the Jewish sources. The remaining portion of his narration of the history of Ibrdhim is quoted in the commentary of the verse: ' brought Abraham the good news "And when Our messengers (that he was to have a son), they said : Lo we are about to destroythe peopleof that township,for its peopleare wrongdoers. He said : Lo Lot is there. They said : We are best aware of who is there. We are to deliver him and his household, all save his wife, who is of those who stay " Denrno. In commenting on these verses he again cites small betweenAbraham details about the mattcr and the dialogues of God. Suchdetails clearly bear the and those messengers stamDof Jewish traditions.
t . al-Qw'ani II : 213 al-Tabari: TafstrlY : /75 Tddkh| | 178' 284' a al'Qur'an ilI | 124al-Tabari: Tafstr:lll I 14 Tarikh| | 28O' 4. al-Q r'afl i Il : 258al-TabaliI Tafsirlll,23-27.

d-Tabafi Tnrikh l: 785| Tdtikh 1 | 287-288.

al-Qur'dn '. XXtx : 3l-32 tl-Tabari : Talsir : XXll | 55 Tdrikh | " 298,303,305.

.z9t: lrltnrqJ: gl?ql-l'001 illxi 'Et i lllx ltsloJ i veqel-Ie L9 : IIx 'zte i qu.QJ : I rlqel-lu sI i tlxt '8ZZi ltlttlrel: '9Zei q4)9J : I rrsq8l-t 681|IL]o<i

xvlna-p I uo,nAlD 't ue.halo lrBqEl-lE pJtalo . I

'el^lspu" '?"r!s eql uo {rorAsltlJouud uosqa^"q rqStu pu? " arnleu luaroJlP ellnb Jo sr '(Iqexlp tqD)a^23 oqr Jo eldoed 'qrqq"unw q qq"lA aql Jo frots oqt Empr?3ar Jo fluoqln? eql 'q 'ln$ uo 'sBp?S I l?q.r ll,?ursJuro{ peuodaj s"q J"ur,etr '@pDqnnfl) srsauaC rqr uo retdEqt slr ruo{ pue qDtls aw uo lro^\ srq IIloJJuelel uaeqa^?g 'JIIl,eI sleqdoJdeql Jo sarrolsoql qlr,lr Surl8ep l Jo slc"Jlxa eseqllPql {ulql }ou oP ed\ 'uleql Jo lsour uI algluJecslp osl" sr suorlrP?rtslrueurel oql pu? qslaol eq] Jo cuengut srq rrJo{ PeuJ"lqo3^"q lqSru eq qJIr{^{'uE.JnO 9gI 'JOgc?el erlr Jo 4sJfa,eql o! pl"8er ur i(llecls"q eJ? pu? epgleo esgqr Jo lsol^l mo{ uall eJ J?ru,?II Jo suolsslrusu?Jl 'sJeple etdoedl?qt ol ecusre^ar Jlsql aoqs ol pel"JtrsoJd s,{spgsoqlJo oclperd uouruloc s"^{ tJ l?ql e..'at"JlsoJd " (qdesof) uln{ arojoq u^rop lleJ uerqlerq feqr puv,, : qJlVJo spJo^\ eql ssl"ldxe ag ueql 'ouospu"q slrnb a:s,r waql 3o qoc"f lle s" uerpllqc slg lcltse plnoqs o{a r^o ne lsel pareJ s?A\ll r?r!,"I{ ol SulpJoct? .,'sele3 luaragrp ^q ul esn?3aq .oE euo fq ul tou oE 'suos dur 9,, : prEsqocJ roql4 :raq1 s,qdasof lddEg ot fasJnof Jleql uo pory"que ueJqteJq "ale8 eq lrd aql ul llrtsse^req eltq^l ueqlruleJaql Jo u^\oJqls?,t\ pa.Irdsur selr qdesol lBql 'BpgrEOJo dlrJoqln?oql uo 'sdes r"Iu,sIAI 8..'lou aaql lllou{ daql ueqa sJJeql Jo paepslqi Jo uoql et llJA noqJ, (qdcsof) ullq ur perldsureld,, : esra^aqt Jo ,$eluouruoc aql ul pe1. sI eq qdasol Jo ,ftols eqt uI 's/ 41alrueura^eql uaaqe^eqlqElu] ,{aql se 'slueurrogul slg Jo seul?ueqt peplo^e .{lagaeqrlepe^"q ol suaesJu,eI I 'eroH ?..sr?loqcsaql Jo Jno Suou? u.lo{ u"m ?,, auros ruo{ pel.rod:rseq suoruEduroJ eql uaql uo eu"c t"ql r..'EoolE Jo ^"p oql Jo uoJtnqlrleJ oroqJ,, :esrsaaql uo tupuoiuuoc q^B,oqsJo ./ftolseql uI s,(?s eq s .lr spro^? oq sJrrrllouoslnq 'suorlPxeuJl?ur ,{llJoqlns l Jo ur?rp strl 8ul{c lnoqB JelncrlJ"d allnb sJ J"rrr,"tr
auNvug.Ll'r Hvals

276

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRToGRAPHY

One of the devouts of Christ, according to this report, x,antedto enter the city of the peopleof the Cave. He was told that there was an idol fixed on the gateway of the city ancl everyone who wanted to enter the city was obliged to prostrate in front of the idol. The devout disliked the practiceand cameto a bathingplacesituatedby the city wall' his identity from the owner of the bath, but tbe He concealed the as servant) felt that:(afteremploying the devout maJter batin(Ilammam) yielded more profit than beforeand that his earningswerepouring in copiously. Now, the devout began to presentto the master the religion (of Islam) and convinced him gradually. Some youths of the city joined him and he usedto inform them about the affairs of the hereafter,so much so that they became believers and their faith also with as firm as was his. He had madean agreement became and during nights free would be that he of the bath the master day, prayers at night. One with his interfere that none would a prince entered the Hamman with a woman. The devout reproachedhim sayingthat being a prince it did not behove him to enter lhe lfammAm with the woman. The prince of his action and went away. But next time he felt ashamed - cameand without caring for the devout'ssermonhe entered the Hammdm with a woman and both of them died rhere. When the news reachedthe king he sent for the devout but he escaped... Thus goeson the story of the people of the Cave.l Ma'mar also informs us that thesepgople werefrom a royal family of Rome and Allah had guided them toward Islam. The Sirah : Fsmily of lhe ProPhet: Ma'mar tells us about the father ofthe Prophet that he was a very handsomeyoung man.t But what he has reported 'Abdil Multalib has not about the mariage of 'Abdu ah b. by al-Waqidi. Similarly,al-W5qidi denies the beel accepted that Khadija had employedthe Prophetand Ma'mar report of anotherman from the tribe of Quraish,to go to Hubasha in
t. .f-Tabarl : TafsrtXy .136 Tdrtkh1l | 7'9. 2. al-Tabari r T'drtkhll i 246'

'g t ' 'z 'I

.tss I ttt!\trpJ: deq?fi? 'tE i Il qrtttgJ : !rBqI1" 'llz'o9z I Ll sgl 868i ll tt|lrpt: !J"qEh? ,.ft{lv : rlqrvlE uql r/r/,rs: @EqsrH 'tot I ll\tttlpJ : FeqDlie 'z\a I l! lttlt,toJ : lIsqEI-l

'sn surroJur osl? eq elaq pu" Jo ,{lrJoqln aql uo "arJo, ('H'v 9) Jo dtn{ 3I{1lnoqt sl odar lxau sIH ",{!ql"pnH 'Bulpatrt rlpeNl? BuPg r[ou e'?r S ol pouodapare^t{aql pu? 'P?q ' isqdoJd eqI 3o s,re1oqt pelledxa H V ? r?e,t oql uI suosJed r'lsqdoJdeql Jo optseql uo eJe,$ ppo pus uel parpunq 3orql l3q1 'rBIn,?It Jo dllroqlns eql uo 'peuodrr sl rl 'rpBg Jo el ?g eql Jo luno3c?eql.uI e'poql3IrI uollszlreln?cqtl,tr ergrnz q pe,sv pelssrl pBq lsqdord 3ql 'apldtuoc se,v' eql Jo trollcnJ5uoc anbsotrAl l"q] s,("sJBru,"It perp oq1l\ '?rplnz'q p",sv Jo ql"op erll 3roJ3q eulpel l" l 'r?rf ogl slroder lsrg eql Jo sl?uu?eql uI IrBq{Je "r[H : urrlpa4 ta laqdor; aq; IeoJlou 6'peleJlsnry plnorls eq os II? Jo ocueprnE eql roJ q"nv,tq luas laqdor4 'B s?,r oq l?ql Eur{es u q pelosuot pu? u4q ol poJEodd? 'u,laopdunf o1 goge u" ep"tx eq ueq^\ Ierrq?CleEo?qrrv eql lnq 'apblns EullllruEot Jo uolluolul aql qiJ^l uJ?lunour a;o clol aq1o1 luea eq l"qt os qcnu os 'snolxu" ellnb s"^r eq puz suoll?la^oJ fue ellorar lou plp teqdo.Id3ql elull sulos JoJ rll?g?i-I" uI 'uoJlsle^3r l?ql odor E qtl/h r?lll,"I{ pug el!{ eql 3o Suruur8aq eqt ro'!qo$1D o,pvq epp e\lropun uelllr^r pu" rusleqlouou Eulle8edo:d er" 'usleq 3u1lec1pe:a lod paJr"s lsou aql glJ^r pelsnllue uoaq p"rl erl Jo flrFqrsuodseJ leql pezJl"oJaq qcrq^{Jopunsuoltlpuocaqt pue leqdo:4 aqr '{r.r!S'eq} ueld eql u1 Jo Jo eJl fp?e oql Jo uollJJ"ueql : uopelerag ;o SuluuJ8eg eq1;o o8sFrutuoq] 1aqdo.r4 ,'e[p?q) q11ar paEudJEpgq oq^r u?Iu egl s?,r pll!?^rnq) l?ql pm'?rupqlJ,
LLL

suntYus 'r uvurs

278

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and Marwdn b. al-Hakam through al-Zuhri, that when the Prophetcamc out of $udaibiya, he had with him one hundred ten and odd followers. It meansthat Ma'mar had been particular about keepingthe record of those who participated in variousexpeditions.l The Prophet had alightedat a place of stagnant water' Such minute detailsr of this campaign have come down from the sourceof Ma'mar.8 The account of Hudaibiya has beentransmittedby Ma'mar as he obtained from al-Zuhri who in turn had been informed by al-Miswar b. Makhrama and Marwan b. al-Hakam. BlograpbicalDetails : Apart from the account of the Prophet's expeditions (maghAzi),Ma'mar paid attention evento minute biographical detailsof the Prophet. He tells us namesof various mounts that the Prophet kept in service,particularly about the Duldul which waspresented to him by Muqauqis.a Elction of Abir Bakr : One of his reports in al-Tabari is about the electionof .Abn Bakr and he informs us that al-'Abbas and Falima (daughterof the Prophet)had come to Ab[ Bakr to demand their inheritance.6 The Caliphate of 'Umar : In the annalsof the year 17 A.H. Ma'mar dealswith the circumstances that led to the removal of Mughira from the governorship of Baqra and the appointmentof Abtr Mus.a al-Ash'ari,oAgain, he appearsin the descrjptionof the Syrian conquests by the Muslims. He informs us that (in the year 3l A.H.) Mo[ammad b. Abi l.{udhaifa and Mofammad b.
l. al-fabari I TatikhlI2 621. 2. For detaifed accountof the Trucoseo: Afzal Iqbal : The Prophet's pp. 142. Diplomocy Stark & Co. Mass.U.S. 1975) {Clau'de 3. al-Tabarir Taikh ll : 625-626,631, 4. al-TabariI Tdrtkhlll. 174. 5. al-Tabari : Tafikh llI | 207-20E. 6. aFTabariI Tdtikh lll t 69.

'ow I tl tz91t3ot4| rPlbel|A18 I 'gfl I tl'to| i I rzgtlsot{: !p!b?a-t? .zI 'tg| | llz!43on : rptbgtAl lI '6LEi jzptlSowi I !p!b9a1E 0I '89f | : rplb9,lA-l? '6 ! tzgttSow '9EZ'SEZl66t | | tzpqSow. lptbp! -p 'g '961 | 't I tzglSow | lptb9i[-le 't,lt I I 32!t!3ow I tptbg^l.Ie '9 'otl '16 ,! | I !2p1.!3ot4l lplbg^t-le .5 'OL'81| I tzgt!3Dni rptbgA-l t 'LEE I L qtluqJ: Irsqel-le . 'ltE i Lltty_DJ: Pq?I-F u 'z6z i LI 4Iy9J : ]rEqI{8 . I

rr'qcuerl oql Jo anl?g ar'(surerp o^llJallor ul) !"srsJntrt-I" !ug uo uoqlpadxe o'.1feg1e3o rr'pl,n?I llu .rp?{ o1'r1pe\I1z uoqrpadxe s'(sur8qro^rpelloc u0 Jp?g Jo elll"q oql r'r[l"lns [u?f, uo uollrpadxe ,'J"rqsvl" uql Jo ropmIII erll e'Jpeg Jo elll"q erll Jo uolldlJcseP eql $ rncJo sJaqto ,isasJa^ rru?.Jnb aqt Jo fr"luarnuor aql qlJ/$palrauuocere suodaJ '1eqdo:6 oseql aq13osuolllpadxe snor:e,rEurpreEe.r Jo eruos slJodej9t lnoq" J?ur,elI uo{ uel?l osl? seq 1prb911-1y s'lueclFr pua Jgs s8,r 'Jaljoder toq/{ Jr?qnzl? lsJUeql 'spqqv,1" uql o1 Sulprocce 'q q?llnpqv, sseueltlod Jo leql rllrr$ JelcJsqJsrq Eutreduroc psp,{lrsoJauet srq ro; er(r,ng,ntrr1 sasEJd eq uodar sql uI 'gq?l[ 'qlqq"unw 'q uI?uJueH uJoJJ sel"rBu eq Jo JegloJq qJrq,$ uorssrrusu?Jl e fq peuoddnssJeJnlcofuoc snll 'oslo pa^rerer qrqq"unn 'q qqE,ll\ Jo ,{lrru"Jaql uo{ uoJlzrrrroJu! ea?qlsnur eq'uaruo,L ul EulplseJ s?^{ J-eru,el I ueq/{\ 'ugb.rng'q eqt re.;,e1 ;o ,(1lroq1ne so peslursupJlueeq s"q odeJsrql ?'slxel se^13 eq qJlq^l pue e.rgqEnlqluuea$leq pe8uqcxe sre el oql Jo B,{I,$p,nI^J lnoq" FodeJ slq fq pe^oJd,fpuelcgnss! 'eEBsrqJo slunocJs l"rlJolslq eql ur pslseJslur uaeq p?q J?E,"IAI l?ql poyad oql : E,tlrrg,nl l Io aq r'pagllsnt,(ll?1ol ppo^{ uonsulurJesrq ersaq pue srossacapard srqJo saJrpEJd aql ruo{ pal?r^3p p"q eq lql xxelerd eql uo uEuqln, lsur?8?uorurdo srlqnd ezlfqou ol lno sutoc p"q q?{ lqv

6LE

sunrvufl l Hvuls

280

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Bai'al Bantr Qurai7a,l Bani Lihydn,r Truce of l.:Iudaibiya,s (in Khaibar,s collective chains), on expedition al-Ri{wd.n,a Prophet'sreturn from Khaibar to Medina,6despatchto Fadak in Sha'ban 9 A.H.,? Conquest of Mecca,8 (in collective chains), expeditionon Bani Jadhima,o Battle of Sunayn,lo Battle of Tabtrk,l8 the Last al-Ji'irrdna,l1 Dimat al-Jandal,1' (in collective chains), March Pilgrimage of the Prophetla the command of Usdma of the mititary despatch under b. Zaid.r6 Al-Waqidi has exploitedthe compiledwork of Ma'mar on the subjectof maghazi,as is obviouslyseenin the arrangement of the materialthat has been reported on the and coherence authority of Ma'mar. In all thesereportsthe chief informant of Ma'mar is al-Zuhri, who tells him what he received from 'Urwa. But, as we have noticed at severalplaces,Ma'mar had acquiredknowledgeof tbe maghdzt,the Sirah, and other of the detailsof the Prophet,from other scholars biographical Medina school,as well as he got reportsfrom someYemenite like Hammdm b. Munabbih during his stay in the scholars Yemen. His irterest in the historical materialof his agewas not confinedonly to the narrationsof the maghdzi btst he the period ofthe rightlyhad also reportedmattersconcerning guidedCatiphate. Someof his reports coverventhe history of the court of the Umayyads.
1 . al-v.teqidi i Mashazi II : 486,505,507, 509.

al-Wdqidi : Maghdzl II : 535Ibn Hishem : sirah lll | 292, Ib! al-Athit i Nihdta lI I lO7. al-Wdqidi t MaghdztIl : 586-587 aLQur'an'. XLVIII: 18 al.Tabarti TafsirXXYI:85, al-Wdqidi; Maghdzi I II | 621 .
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. lO. 1t. 12. 13. l,t. 15. al-Wdqidi : Mas.,aztlI1 633,695,696. al-Weqidi :.Maghazt l\ i 715, 717, a,lweqidi I Mdghdzt 1l :725. al.Weqidi i Mashdzt lI | 781,865. al-\ dqidi t M aghdzi III t 875, 877, 881. zl.Wdqidi r Maghrt?t lII : 889, 890, 898, 901. al-Weqidl : Maghdzi lll i 945. al-Waqidi : Maghdzt lll I 1045. al-Weqidi : Magrtdzilll | 1076. 1110,1115. sl.waqidi: Mashdztllli 1088,1092,1105,1108, aLweqdi i Mdchazi llt I t126.

.cH.V Z8Z'p) IrEra"ulq-lB uql ,{g"JlueE ,-,''4S tpElrty1D pue ('H'V gtz 'p) lqv Aq p$ito "qIBlnO -lo rllEcg$ueltt aroq! owgwl-l' n0r.lueu| Ietq rt slEqltBpallduro. oa .p) rDt{Bfl 'q rFqnZ-tEPus ( E V r0Z 'p) IPV, arosv .(.H'V 9SZ .q usqrr"H-l? et ^ l?qqtp EvlplJztslooaql Imlueo Prlql eqr tqFnq I

'salopJeue Jeqlo qua polullJelul prree^rsaqoo Sureqs1rur 'nqDqtl worJ luereJlp flpullqp s?^\ eql ol tulpJoJss slueat Jlegl Jo eJuonbes ll pu? eoueJJncco cllsll"uu? Jo EulpJocoJ JecrJolsrq Jo uopeFdrlot lueau qc1q,n roqlJnJuO 'rPEltlD EJoJ eql poule B ,loqD,!t!,'tu:ewdole^eP egl s!^-"-sr^slue^aJo ,{Solouorqcpue Eupep 3o l'edssr ur 'lng 'uorseqoo 'oulrl pu? lullJaluJ eql eurs 1? lueJonlpse^rll sll pu" 'suolllsoduoc lec4ood rado.rdpa1ce1Jeueur-troafqns fq pagoddns se^{t! se q:nlu se at wgtto Jo sa^r}arell egl ',{Eolouorgosnulu Jo l?ql pelquesor nqDqY Jo elfls aql JoqDqtl,st tpt&pDq Jo Frraleu ctseqagl lJ or parlddzselt ul .salopoau eql pll? 'etuanbos[BJtSolouoJqc ,tgtl(Inoq, rrrJel eql paurnss" pEg lI'Poud plseqqv I?tlJolsral,Jo JeF?Jeqc 3ql Jo luo^Pe erll ,(g 'luatl|leeJl pue edocs eptn ,(1e,r1l -ereduoc rIlJ,{ ,(lrunuBo3 Jo uollu Jo dJotslqJo rtrJoJI?S 'oldoedpue eulll -Je^rsneql olur padolaaep Jo s?Au?tpelruIrT ." p?q qrtq^\ rQggtflD) solopreu? Ierlrolstq eqrpue (qotY, 1D wptffo) qsrv aql 1o i,(zq eqr 3o suotlareu,fireg

Qn'Chynog) sal'truorq}to a?v aq| sprnmoJ

X TSJiTYES

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EARLY MUSLIM HlsroRlocRAPHY

What is more important frotn the view-point of our ptesentstudy, is to considerthese early annalistichistoriesas a stepforward in the direction of writing universal general historieswhich the Arab historiographersundertook during the fourth century, so well-representedby the famous nlstonan al- l aoa . The tribal anecdotesof the Iraq Schoolof history, and the annals recorded in chronological sequence,are clearly from eachother, and the.irgradual development distinguished can be seendistinctively. The Iraq School specializedin exploitation of the material collectedby the philologistswhich mainly consisted of tribal traditions, legends and poetry. The traditionsof th tribe of Azd were collected by Abt Mikhnaf Ln! b. Yahyd al-Azdi (d. 157A.H.1714A.D.) from whom Hishdm b. Mofammad al-Kalbi transmitted them onward to later traditions are anti-Umayyadand historians.Theseakhbar and, on the prorAlid in their spirit. Abu Mikhnaf concentrated of the Shi'a movement traditions highlightingvarious aspects in Iraq. ' Another contemporary of Abrl Mikhnaf, who is also a famousakhbdri, on whom later historiogaphers have mainly depended in obtaining reports of the civil wars between 'Awana b. al-flakam Banu Umayya and Bani Hashim, is A.D. or 158A.H./775A.D.). He had a special (d.147A.H.1764 of the akhbArof Banu Kalb. Thesereportshave know.ledge come down to us through the channelof Hisham b. al-Kalbi and go in favour of the Syrians. The third tribe Banu Tamim was covered by another 'Umar (d. circa 180 A.H./ distinguished reporter Saif b. them in the form of tribal saga, 796 A.D.), who haspresented poetical compositions which are $o on Saif heavily depends thickly intervowenwith prosenarrations that the styl of the ay))am-talesof the old Arab seems to have beenrevived. But, these :iribal akhbAr are richer in material and more with regardto their authenticitt Lhanthe ayydm dependable

qrl"e,[ uoq"uul pu" uoll -oJd pu". s}Qqqtlp eqt 9ql Jo PeJl\ 'JqrJl JJlluJ oql -ezrlr^rJ Jo e8?uJeq Jo aJueareua 3ql qlllA 'slueuloaolqcB uoururos ? sB papJ"tal et6^l' JgqwD asaql pua suorlslroldxa lql4 Jo uollssul.rola sB^{ rqqql0 aseql 'seunlellos senbsoB f,trI3eql uI ue^a Jo eueql l"Jluoc agl 'sauJJeq1?8 l"qul puJnpou Jo 't!wD us Jo serlquessB ul Jo 'sar.Ia tr? petsJr"u eraA. suolllpJl lsglrl Jo t?qqlD 5s2\L ur,rl esegl ur paqslJnog looqcs b"rl eqtrJo srllslJap?J"q3 oql ,{q^'\sI leql PuB :soql4 ulnopeg Jo sluolueJ as EtroJlseJoa eJeql s3'selll^llo? eseql Jo seJlust eql ele^t eJi"q pue 'uollclpsrrnf u,no sauo SutssdSsuerl pu" Jeqlotr" euo Jo "Jlx spleg 'serulleEos eql uodn Surqc"oJcue sleFodal egl aJllou ea{ 'lng 'EunrJ/,\ ,{rolslq Jo luaudola,rap eql ur eloJ lue odut ue o,rllcadsar Eur,{e1d ere,r sntrcdat-.qq4yo egl'selll^llce 'ftololqd pus ^rleod Jloql ul po?eAua{1a1e:edas uoeq peq 'selrnluec puoces 'qDsuDarlt 'rgEtUD .ql Jo sJolllulsu"Jl 0I 'fqderEonotslq pu" lsrg eql 3ur:n6 Jo looqcg berl aqt uo 'egqeg punoJ osl" sl 'urllsnyl 'q eqrzln| 3o sre,n aql 3u1pre8or 'saplsetr eql e{rJ soqlrl reqlo Jo sgolllperl Jo pedtuJ oql 'esodrnd rteql JoJ ecJnos elq?llaJun u" sB alqll"Ae Jo IPIbBAIB preEer slsluoqrpeJl eql lnq'secrnos uollelce;dde l?rrllJc Jo ldetsoo pI^I^ oJo(u e Jo uollnlo^a puE ,{qd"rSolJolslq Jo spoqleu cgllttelcs Jo luauldoleaap iqt 3o slzads tI lplbgAje Jo Iouugc oql wo{ Suluoc suodal aql ot JIufl, 'q JIeS Jo suorssJlrrsuejl eq1 sJoJ 'drqsuuspred 'slt?J esogl -ord 1arg11od Jo altds u1 lreq"lle Jo lJnser s" IEIJeIEItr l"JrJolslq uI suoll"lodlelul ol sanlJ " sepllo:d 19se lle,!\ s" ,{qde.rSotrolsq flle egt uo sllrele lec 'u-?ut{ln, -rlr1odaqt 3o lrzdurl lca:Ip e s,4loqs lJ Jo epostde reprnE eql qll/t'l ll?op seq r?uln, q JI"S Jo llorYl Dqlouv

'p) eql dq pecnporlul se^{ 0II !q,"qsl" lsruollrp?rl snoruJ llJql ql!^{ Suqp ryqqrlDeql Jo uorlullduoJ flrrol{ln" Jo suteqc go acrlcerdeql teql i6.oIAoql Jo eJ? sJ"loqcs eruos 'aJnl -ere]ill qWDq aql elqueser,{oql padser .repctged slqi uI puE fl1roq1nz Jo su!?qr redo:d qlr,r pellduor u,aaq eLaqryqpp 'sa^tl"JJ"tr aseql'qDrv,-lDwgttD sqt ol drerluol 'JaaoalotrAl 82 Qplff nDE) s8'rctNolrllJ ;lo scv anJ.sc{v/$ol,

'(('v szrlH'v

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fessionalstory-tellerscameto flourish. They specialized in the traditions, the ansdb,the qkhbdr and the poetry of a particular tribe or tribes, and earnedtheir livelihood as well as social distinctionand popularity. Now, the transmittersof poetry had gone into oblivion but, thanks to the historical literature their reports had enriched, and our knowledge about the akhbdr nafiators is not so obscureand scanty. The practice of the compilation of Ihe qkhbAr wasintroduced during the Umayyad period and the akhbAnshad acquired a position a little higher than that of a Qdq (story-teller), but lower than that of t muhadditlr,and their reports were collected according to the subjectthey dealt with, like the war of $iffin or the episodeof KarbaE etc. The akhbdresare also responsible for introducingand promoting the tribal outlook of historiography in the Iraqi School. In order to collect their historical material, they rushedto such family traditions as were commonlyprevalent in the city assemblies. Then to complement these anecdotes-particularlythoseconcerned with the Caliphate period-they exploitedthe matrial accumulated by the transmitters of Medina School. State records like the Diwdn dl-Hdtim etc. and army registers contajning descriptions of various tribes, wete also preserved in Iraq and Syria, which have obviouslyexploited.l tbe akhbares What is more important to observe is the fact that the akhLraris cou'ldnot bypassthe channel of authentication rules in their reportings because the practicehad become,by that time, under the influenceof the hadilh-scholars,an essential pre-requisiteof history-writingand reporting, be it hqdtth or skhbar. But, theseakhbaris appliedthe rules of authentication comparatively in a liberal way, and sometimes, evenunscrupulously, Notwithstanding, the significance of the chain of authority increasedduring this period and we find the gradually deviatingfrom the orthodox rules akhbdr-reporters of Muslim historiography.
p.34. l. 8l-DErl: Baltthf Nash'at'Ilm at-Tarrkh

,98E.d : LI aqz,tN -!o u9t!7 ,E .s6'-IL gErpn-lo l o!,xw I lBb,?1\ '26 .d 'tttdotSoltottlH wllsrw .I lo ttotslH : IeqtuesolJ

ololu Jo sr^-?-sl^lue^e u3 Jo uorsjr^ sp"fi(BIIJn aql flesrJeJd 'fllJaJlp ?,([?wn 'ueufs eql gueserder flleraue8 "ug^\V, 'lng 'unoc luug;o eEeuorled eq1pa,{ofuoJoAotr "u_?.r\V, pue erJi(sur u,rop pB,i{"un eql rlll^{ palcruror rf1:solc era,r peFlesp"q sEsellqle) qcns qlJA\ssollelal p?q oH 8'perpnF flleriods pBg aug^\V, uoq/r 'sps,tf?urn eql Jo soII" eql 'ql") BuBg Jo eqFi eq1 Jo sraqtllelureplo eql uro{ peurslqo slJodoJ esogl Jo uoluod elqeJepls[oJ uaeq a^eq lsnur 'sseus.re^ pue dsap e lcagar porred pprffpurq lq8rsur V eql turJnp sprguoc ?ulpreEar slodJr srH 1erq11od 'ug.'rr?I 'q I lll"w.l" pqv, ptr" burl uy suorgrpuoc pc Jo u8reroql Jo puo aql llrt "u,{S 'sluouoddosrq puE -llllod l"reueE pu" us"Il-le ,tq uolsse3 qerv eql sltlBuot '?JJfSpue ber1Jo slsenbuoC tlv, uaa^{l3q '^s?lsodv eql 'el"qdll"J eqt qtl^t slsap {ro,r eql lEr{l s^r\oqs pu" lJo^,r srql Illou pol ,{Pnls suollslonb ssoql lnJerBt Jo " -J"Jlxa e^aq ss"lJolslqrol"'J ',{rnluac lsJVeql auunp urelsl go r(rolsrqeqtrgll^r slsap ,(lqeqord qrrqa{rrrq ol potnqrrn" p?,{,{BurI) oslpsr qtlltpJlD g?J.r),peullue esJleeJl V r'sJelnJ srpe.cans eql ol ecuoJeJer lerJads qll,rl.'fls?udp pBf,{Ettrn aql Jo dJolsn{ e ueaq aA?q lsnu Iooq erll ?ffeuln luegodurl Jaqto pu e,{r,n9,n14130 sorqd Bs?g Jo sarlrlsuosrad -Ertorq palldrnoo porJed osl" p?q pu? srqJo senssr 1ec111od oql Jo ,$erA uBIJ,{S eql paluesoJdoJ eH fSol?aue8pue ,{:nod roJ Eul{n lercods ? peq 'J!)-serlrlrlca lernllnr pue l?rllllod 'ulsl"H-ls q eugrav, Jo eJluoc eql rIo{ Ja odar " ('o Y ?9// H'V tll 'p) : rrBtBIl{B 'q EuEraY, 'sn ol elq?lre^" sl tuoqlAurutEluoc 'clo rnqpplsg-le ro ql?lnb uql 'lrAr 4oog olerudes oN -"uro1e 'u?q"J-l? Jo slro^{ orlt s! urlssodta punoJaJ?ss pa^I^Jnso^"q poned fFBa eql Jo s.rgqqqoqJns dluo lnq '[lrc ,Oeae ur eurl lq] Jo flercos EltsnIAIeql Jo uoueuouaqd Prnllnc e oruo$q p"q 4qq4D .qt Jo uort"lnuncrv 982 (tqt'( nort) sa'tcwouuc do aov srr squv,tror

286

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the Iraqi reporters. He has on many occasionsemphasized he presents sometimes, the Umayyad version. Nevertheless, go Iraqi and Madani versionswhich seldom in favour of the quite impartial and he seems Umayyads. On such occasions political prejudices. free from bias or 'Awdna Reportsof b. al-I.{akam have beentransmitted 'Adi who to us by lbn al-Kalbi,al-Madd'ini,and llaitham b. 'Awdna directly or those anecdotesfrom had either received from his compiled books on those subjects. His plan of a generalhistory on the principles of coherenthistorical anecdotesin chronologicalorder, or his writing the St/4& of the Caliphs, clearly show a step forward in the direction of universal history. He has also employed the'chains of authority' occasionally, and the use ofpoetry in historical anecdotesminors the impact of the a/l'dm-tales on his diction and style. Ibn al-Nadim has given a list of his works which include:r 1. Kifib al-TArikh : 2. Sirah Mu'auliya wq Bqni Umayys: According to ' Ibn al-Nadim some say that the work actually belongsto Manjab b. Harith which is not true. Saif b. 'Umar Usayyidi Tamini : (d. 180/796A.D.). Saifb. 'Umar also belongs to the Schoolof Ktfa. al-Nadim givesthe following list of his works :2 l,

Ibn

Kitdb Futfih al-Kaberwa al-Riddah: 2. Kitdb al-Jamal wa Mssar 'A'isha v'a 'Ali: "fhis of 'Uthman, and Saif work dealswith the murder-episode transmitted it through Sho'aybb. Ibrdhim.s In my opinion the word'/ydsif'is perhapsthe scribe's error, it might well be'Siyar' in the original.
p.223. l. lbo Nadim: al-Fillrist p.228 Ibn Hajar: TehdhlbYol.IV:pp.2e52. IbnNadim: al-Fihrist 296. 3. Ibr Nadim ar-Fr,rist i p,228.

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pataJofuocul,(llu8p[ng? s?q oH 'surcqo flrJoqln" ul snol -ndnJts pu? lnoq? relnctged ,(JaA lou sr Jeuq;lrruqqv n pallduroce,leqo1 pegoder sr eq qcrq^{s{lo^r ,(urqtru"ql aJou srq .;o 1cefqns eql aJ? 'ola sJ"^{ .secu?qJnlsrp 'salflrgqy eqt go eErnsdn rql alrt .b?JI ,tJrelncpred 1r,nc Jo 'porred .ulJrs p?,i(sun oql sluoprrur rarllo Jo Jo ellleq oql pu? '?rJ,(S pu" b?JJur slsenbsoc oqt qlldr se 11a,t se(fselsodu) qtppq lo Folqns eql q{llr lt?ap sg Jeuqr 14{ qqv s'uJSlS slq uiaop prel u?stlBd .raql"J 6'llv, Jo el sq oql uJ oJJI Jo " eJB) -purJt slH 'sorpnlsl"ct3o1eaueS ur pazrlercads psq pu? ol pe8uoloq 'porred p"ff8t[n eqlJo s,t"p $eI aqtJo !.tpqqtlb snouBJ eql Jesqllhtr q -?,(qu^ 'q iql JeurUlW nqv ullclns 'q Jsrq{!^ 'e pg,rg'q g,{qBI'q i!.I Jcuq{ll^l Bqy

((]'v nLLI 'Hv tst p) : pzyl8

r.bpq.sl uql 'q ugqslH aJ" sJalllrusu?Jl pus Jof?u srq Suomv "^{JI), 'elqluJacsrp flsee osle s\ selet-agt/fu eW Jo lJ?dur eql e1f,1s :reql ur pu" .uluIBI Bueg Jo sAer^agl luesardo.rflprlrA eJoru beJl Jo qgnl eql uo stJodeJ slH 'pa8uolaq Jlasurq eq qclq^rol utlurel Bu?q Jo suonlpeJll?qlJl eq1 I,uoJJ sqotleJr?rr srq Jo suoll -Jod rof8u sa^lJap puE ,{Jolslq Jo ^{er^rbgJl aql sltraseJder oq ftF lsBq lng 'stue^o pcnllod rolBE S pre8ar eulpalt pup bsJJJo suorsJaa rlloq sourqEoc Jr"S 's odeJslq uI LgZ Q7t/(fFoE) ssrcrNou;c do sov aHr scuvlr\or

288

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in the narration of $ifin episode' in his narratives,especially the tribal stories and the local gossips. For these reasons' the muhaddithscholarsregardhim as a weak source. He has heavily relied on the tales of his own tribe Azd also.l Some other Knfi traditions have also servedas the sourceof his information.2 Scholarslike al-Sha'bi, are among those from whom he obtained knowledge. Moreover, he derivedinformation from the tribes of Tamim, HamdSn,Tayy' Kinda etc. and complemented them with the narrationswhich he receivedfrom the Madani transmitters. He has applied many chainsof authority in his narrativeswhich change according to the subjectthey deal with.t Ab[ Mikhnaf presents the Irdqi (or preciselyspeaking versionof the events and expresslysympathizes K[fi) the with the Iraqi (Shi'a) party. His reports are, however, not free from tribal glorifications, though in the akhbdrhe tries to remain impartial. The chronological sequenceis also found in his narratives, but their internal link is either at his reports are times missingor very obscure. In somecases, he Sometimes, touch' dramatic and having alive, substantial quoteslengthy dialogues in full, and cites completetexts of 'lectures composi' or discourses.{He does also use poetical his regard and in this a report of tions for the embellishment aryam \\ith the resemblance narratives bear a very close tales or the grfat (stories). His Works :5 of the UmayAbE Mikhnaf has dealt $'ith the anecdotes
Ibn Outaiba : r( d, al- Ma'arif P 194. Fawdi al-ryafayd, Vol. ll, p. t35, Tehdhib fl :295, a!-Dnri : Babth p.35 Adrired Amin : puha al-IslAmll t 341'342. , al-Tabari : Tafikh | | 3323-7125-3202-3203,3270. al-Baladhuri i Ansabal-Ashfif, Vol. V : 19'20. 3 . al-Tabari : Tdrikh I : 3296. 3298. 3303. al-balddhuri: Ansdbal-AshrafYol. V: 34, 35' 300,301. Seealso Brocklmann : G.A.L. I : 65 Supl. I p. 213, as far as possible, about.citiDg dats Abii Mikhnaf is also panicular, he has teportcd that'Umat scnt significant events. For example, of 'Urba b. Chazwao to th site ofBagra itr 14 A.H.. with tha purposcl ofdrivins awav lhePersiansfrom aFMadeitr and its suburbs afte' tha vicroly at Jilaula. aDd that this was lho begioningof tho fouuda tioo of Bafra (ity. ral-Mas'iidi: ar-fanbth wa al-Ishtdf p. 3lA).

trb!.t9z Y 1 D xl1lp L1 E q9tlx stoqno lqY pp[DN qpllx !{!xpqy_tD ttllg WtlX utD,usvlD uql lDtblrw Dtx !.ttolutlli gf, Ut\pog q?tlx iE'flP 'q F'os Prbaw qPllx .tlDqnzlD 'q U? lpqv, |ttboL'g qplry D.\t qD,ittN qpllx bp.t1,1o 7ol21tt11 sroo 'q lgtiqDQ ttDl! qpllN p1bo1ry on ugt\.tDf| lD,lDg Ll''i i!q![ t)p.tDlllD ulv, o,1tpDrns q uDatt0[rs qqllx plDqn, zqY q .t|tulnw qq,lx

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'It '0( '61 '81

rloqnzlD uql .t!i!H D'tt t,.t.tDH-ID tD,hDll qgtlx trttr P2tD;{ 1u!.ql pl?ll,+l otlt 1t[!41!.nt1[ lDltr ttlDsltH-lD lDibDIN qPllx DlDIln, 'q p!ltlDtstlhllD q!llx tlS -I D q9tlx uputUrO, I Dtb D la,t p4t I.t t-t DrDltl,ll i lqy'q prtutltLltion D.tl .tDlqstlD o.\t.qDg lqV 'q lrou aDlilow lDtbDI\,tqqr!:I . ql]tDI lPY, q r!'!rt lDtbD![ .q q?t!:{ ,f[DN-ttr lutrg D,\t,l1!t!s!]tt tr.J.tlUX-lD 12.!9UD1t1 9gt!,\ nt1y1o D,| uD.i\,!urlDN [1.tt1t IqV (]9t!X

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: Juuq)Jrn BqY Jo s{ro,t .ql eql uear6szq ulpeN-lE uq1 ,{ :e1sodo1 rulg Jo lsrl 3ur,lrolloJ t|loJJJpqqlD eLIlpellrLusur?.n orltl .)suqt Suotull sr rtuturul -le.r?In11, q Jres J?uqIIW llqY Iuo{ uotlstuloJul Jleql pa^rJep,{lsrEure,req sreqdz:Sotrolstq .rolnl pue porJadpe,{

68a

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BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOCRAPIIY

25. Kftab l.Iqdith Rustsqbadh 26. Kifib Shabibal-Khariji wa $dlih Ibn Masrah 27. Kitdb Mularuif b. al-Mughtro 'Abd al-Rallman 28. K ab Day al-lamaji t wa Khala' ql-Ash'ath b. 29. Kitdb Yazid b, al-Muhatlab ta Maqlaluhu 'Abdillah b. al-Qasti wa Yfisr1f b. 30. Kitdb Khalid b. 'Umar v'a Maut HishAmv's Wildyat al-Wqlid 31. Kiftb YahYa 32. K Ab al'Dahhdk al-Khariii 33. Kitdb Maqtol'AIi An ExaminatioDof his RePorts: Abtr Mikhnaf's name occurs in the history of al-Tabari for more than 345 times. His first appearanceis in the descriptionof the last illnessof the Prophet when he reports, b. Zuhair,a jurist of Medina, on the authorityof al-Saq'ab .that the Prophet had fallen ill during the last days of $afar and that at that time he wasin the houseof Zaitab b. Jahsh'l alhe adds,all his wives, On bearing the newsof his illness, 'Abbasb. 'Abd al-Muttalib,'Ali b. Abi Telib etc cameto his 'Umais suggested that the Prophet might be bouse. Asmd b. they heatedhim''z on her advice pleurisy and from suffering about the in discussion is the Mikhnaf Abtr to reference Next who holds that 'the Prophet, of the death the of day and date Prophet died at noon. on Monday, the 2nd Rabi' I. and Abfl Bakr was electedon the sameday.'3 'Abdulldh b' He has also obtained information from 'Abd al-Rahm6nb. Abi 'Amra al-AnSdriabout the procedingsat the Saqila of Bani Sa'ada on the questionof
l. af-Tabari: Taikh lll | 187, 2. al-T"barl : Tdttkh lll | 196. 3. al-Tabart : Tartkh lIl | 200'

DA 4!qwJ1o

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'60 : luttsllo 'l6s-06s 'I : p1!9J : ln ITBqEI-IE 'gre i lll ttltrpJ r IrEq41 L '9rt,lll '9 a*)sJ : IreqeJ-te ',tt i : ireq"I-le |L \lltpJ .srt-rt| : II lftJrzl: Ireg?i-te 't 'L9Z i lll qlJ,QJ : !.r?geJ-lu 's9z'tsz 'a I lll tptt.tt)J I Iteqel-l' 'zaz'8t2. .I I l\ttpJ i ttiqeT-p

s PJi"g Jo flrc eql Jo urSrJo9qt s?a\ .iruJld ul ereql punoJ ara,{ ezls sslqqod osn"Jeq :i ll"rils Jo 7-!I!-lo prv Peller rrun lerll l? s3^1 JJPId eql Hy tJ 'I .lqEU ut 'urnoPeq00S aulos qll,Y\ Prs88 Jo llrlslno ll ro ;qr ur eo,t1. ]P iP Jp Jreql e8ua^? lru[f PapueJsJp !.1 tdua P Jorll ur .irolrJ.rel rurlsnJ l oql uodn qc"oJJuo :(ausustsJed eql luqr ils ol PUE c.rrH Jo surJn .lepJoq iql iren; ol ug^lzBqo q EqlI]. peuorsslluruoc perl JBrrrO, H l/ 'rqEs ur ugrqEt\ r; Jo r{tEapeqt .rauDlpill sn sllal 3H t! puD, : .3.s fJrreds L,'H'y a l lDat( allt u! sat14 -.1 ul|q JoJ alqlssod sr tr J3^oueq^\ u8 eulrl puE luJ^e Jo rtEp cql uorluaw ol rlouSt seop Jtl Julri iou JuBs aql lv .q pllgqx .{g ueuu^\ I sr."pB]Atrle Jc .ldoad aqt oi pll"la-l? .slJoder slq .Ju:l aqt Jo lxal :ql urrr8 seq oq .elduBxa roj u.tdns ol sl{raurn}op Jo slxel eq} selonb eq .AIlse.J .o1rl :ql puB .. Jfo aglr, avt utoq uos,tad r, ol sJeJaJ eq uaq^\ 'irqrl ellnb souroJaqsuiEqJ ,t:lrJoqlnuerll Surlrc ur epnlru" <q 'jlpuoJes 'speri: pl",\tloJ Ur sJapuer pue uocoql OJluec >q! uaS.trleq sgorl?:rrunluuloc.to sJeltreJ snouen ol sJaJaJ Jo 30{ solonb eq lslrj : stjods.teseql ur ocllou lno quo,{l elB -l!.9A\ .q ilirrod o,{I J{?g uo{ uosjod Jo ,(tuoqln? aql :o satrceq uoneuiroJur srql pue .tqla)I"le .q u-ErlsiHqSnoJqt tirJorl?JJeirqrtnf aqi ut slroda: sItJ ptlu a.\\ ly'rplrlu.wolc .talel-utp[tD eql Jo aljls eg] ur suolltsodru03 leclleod palonb rsq eq 's odaj as:ql uI palsrl oql uo iJotqns E.oaoqe lJot\ srq glo{ tre{ul uoaq ,-!Eq qcrg,t ,utrqEi1? tq3rur ,{.rolsrqaql Jo .pfu1uLy aqt :i punoJ osle ?rE eqtr uo suodel sry1 UDfpiV salzqep puu sen8olerp -;o uotlsanbaq1 Surp.re'e.r polrl sBq llnJ fsE sJr?lep olr{ paJslue seq eq l.lodoJsrql uI r.uorssoJsns '.64 t;! ( (ttnD$) saTOrNouHJgo .lcv aHr s(xv.{^.o1,

292

Hlsrostocf,AplrY MUSLIM BARLY

Again, he figures in the description of the eventsof 'Umar.1 The report is quite detailed Shiraind the death of and al-fabari has incorporatedvarious versions into a single reDort with a collective chain in the beginning But, th material of this report must have been eKtracted from his work (No. I l). That Abn Mikhnaf used to collect information fron elpetribal sourcesis evidentfrom his report regarding the 'Uqba' b' al-Walid by led Armenia dition to Adharbdijdn ancl This report has been obtainedby a memberof his own clan joined Farwa L. Laqi! al-Azdi al-Ghamidi, who might have 2 report in this Here the expedition with the Ktrfi soldiers 'Uthman to aladdressed he hasliven full text ofa letter of 'Uqba.s he describes of 31 A H , In the anecdotes Walid i. the Furfrh oi Khurasan'a His report on thc pledge of alle'Uthmdn was obtained gianceto 'Ali after the murder of son of Ihrough the channel of Mohammad b' al-F.Ianafiya, 'Ali.t This must have been taken by al-f,abari from his Another report on the period of work No. 11 orNo.33 of 'Ali (year 36 A.H 1657A'D') is about the conversation que[ing the on embark to him Qatida with'Ali advising 'Uthmao was deputedto consult 'A'isha in r"b.lr.u Abao b. -::thecaseof a prisoner in 36 A.H.' and the report is given by al-fabari? onlhe authority of Abtr Mikhnaf which might have beentaken from his work No- '{. He has also cited the 'A'isha addressedto al-Khalid Zaid b' text of a letter of 'Ali's encampmentat Rabadhaand Strhan and its reply.s by reported is also of Banii Tayy, arrival of the -".b".t Abtr Mikhnaf.'
: Tatikh lv i 227'229 1, al-Tabart 2. al-Tabarl: TdrtkhlV 1246, 3. al-Tabari: Tattkhl\ t247. 4. al'Tabari: TaikhIV t3Ol 5. al-Tabari: TdrikhlY :429. 6. al-Tabari: TatrkhlV | 451. 7. afTabari : TdrtkhlV . 468, 8. al-Tabari: Tafikh IY | 476. 9. al-Tabari: TarikhlY: 478

'l' '9 's 't 't .I

| Ll trtFgl : P8q".L1r ES9 8W I Ll tltfitpJ : ttq{-ls 9ts I il wrpJ : g4l-t8 'lz9 | Ll 44r9J : g8q"If '6ls I Ll Vttygt: g"qsl-le 'zl9 | LI,!WqJ: gBq"l-lrz .o0t-66t I Lt t!4r9J : 3.r?q{.lE

p?Eursqol J 'sr?b pesodap !Tv, ueqA\ ruodar eltr?s egl ol p,es 'q sl"b Jo Jollol Jeqlouv u! ue^!a osl? sr ",{r^{-s,nw 'acuelpne o'Jellel l"qlJo lxel TInJ ue^F s?qJ"uq)IW Bqv eql ol lno p"or eq qrlg,n IV' Jo r0ll0l ? ulq qll,a uel"l cuqnd uePI?Eslq p?g aH 'onbsou i(tlc eql ul ecuJ"odd? aa"E pu? ld/g or luellt flSulpJocts sl?b 'fJlunot FqIJD ol ulq oqt eaJeqtsl"l pu? ld/g ol poocoJd dlqs:ou.ra,ro8 Jo p,eg 'q sre| roJ luos IIv, 'qdll?c Jo J)erep.ro pu? Fpsuvl? ergo eql Jo uoudunser oqr uO 'qr?qpnll [qV uqJJo uoll"u '01 'oN -rssEss" palrelloJ aqt s1:odar s?q eq srq uI lnoqe lro^r 'uoll?qss?ss? s.rall?leql ul porlnser ,(llenluJ^o gJrqA{ ngurqll}, Jo esnoqaql olur su"lldf8q a$ psl"rallgq lo8 pEq 'q 'q ",!qEu ?qrn, ,"JI?qpnH lqv q peuu?qontr leQl q'lPteS Is 'q 'sn suJoJureq reldzqc lqEs sEqqv, Jo flrroqlns eql uo slq] u! Pu" 'leur3 6ql Jo enl?q eqr reu? '?qs!.v, pu" lls9^ 'q J9uEV, uooaloq sn3oplp ot slaJej eq pua oql lV o':alJodarJno Jo elfls pn? uollrlp e\t no s.Vl-ur9/6D e\t 'oN lro[\ uro{ ,(lqsqoJd 3o padur aql flr?3lc tcldePPus t .lJnb arB suol od esaq; 'elt$ tugtto lex\dft.\t v\ zD[D.l p&^uoJ sernor rl"qnz 'q qfFgHl? 'pzv u Euqllcar ,([a^?Jq Jo eqr-4 eql Jo Jequeru e pue llslop ur fFr"J sr uondgcsep rreql '"q$.v, Jo lau?J aql Jo surar eql ploq ol pl"aroJ au"i aldoad 'Joglou?JeU? euo s'luoae eql q lu?drcr sd g?Upqv, 'q p?qqv, q8norqt JEU$ trt BqV e "]'eqnz-le'q 5[*eq slql lnoq" uoll"rrrJoJnl Jarl]ouv .'uolsraA Peqc"al sq1 ur,{r1aodposnosl? seqJBuqlrl l BqV pu" 't 'oN lroid srq uro{ ua)?} sr ('H'V 9g) !lV, pus ?qsr.y, uea,{leqIertr?3 3qtJo al egiJo uorldursop oQJ r'sJry Jo aldoed aql oslndorol "q rlsg1 q JBrutuV,qlr^r Suol?JEb urorJu?suq lqq aqt uo sJnJJo lJodoJ 12.;o uollulndapeql Jo uors?cco V E6Z $ptktllnDH) s['tctNodHc to sov sHr scuv,r\or

294

ErRLyrvlusI-rM HrsloRlocR.{pfl]{

of governorship and later b. Abi Bakr assumedthe charge Mikhnaf had compiled a monograph he rvas killed. Abt on (No. 10)which al-fabari has evidently ution theseatrecdotes rvriting of 36 A.H.r Al-Tabarihas quoted lized in the events al-Madd'ini, on the authority of Abn Mikhnaf, that 'Ali had deputed Khulayd b. Tarif to the province of Khurasan.'z 'Ali orderedthat a bridge On reachingth place al-Raqqa, Nhould be constructed on the river Euphrate. This report 'Abd Yaghurh ai-Bdriqi. Abn Mikhnaf bas obtaiDed from 'Ali crossed the river, and preparations for a confrontation with the Syrian army began. These reports provide such details lvhich clearly speak of lhe consciousness of the akltbari classin history writing and exhibit an easilyunderstandable devlopment in the presentation of historical maierial vis-a-visthe oral transmitters of dre first century. Allabari must haveextractedthesedetailsfrom the monograph of Abn Mikhnaf on the battle of Fitlin (No. 5).3 In thc early days of Mufarram 37, 'Aii se[t a delegationconsisting of 'Adi b. Hatim etc. for peacenegotiations with Mu'awiya. 'Adi made a brief speech in the court of the Umayyadruler of which the text is given by al-Tabari, on the authority of Abn Mikhnaf.4 Other dialogues between the membersof ,,the delegation and the Caliph are also given. Similarly, Mu'awiya sent a delegationto 'Ali's camp, headedby Itabib b. Maslamaal-Fahri, their endeavoursin negotiations and conversation with 'Ali are also fully reported.s It appears that al-Tabari has utilized the work of Abtr Mikhnaf on $iftin (No. 5) almost in toto and details about the cpisodc are mainly <ierived from there.6 These reports from Abu Mikhnaf are rich in information, ornatein style, having fanciful imagination at places
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. y .555. al-Tabari;Tdrtkh al-Tabari: TAfikhIV | 558. al-Jabari: TafikhlV | 567-568,573, S7S. al-Tabari: Tatikh \ | 5. i TdrikhV t7. al-Tabari al-Tebari: Tdriklt Y : 10,11, 13,14, 16-19,22,Z5-2A,10,32; ,5-36, -56, 59, 60,62-64, 42,4549, 5t, 53 66,70, 72,73,78, 80, 8r,

'6t: lll 'ts|.lze tll qDqbqolo {urrJ,{ : !p!,srrt^l{B '90I l0I 'ZOI i 'l LU\ypJ I :dcqel.ID-

tslltlg10 ur peuorlualn tou sr grrqai J?uq{rI l Bqv Jo llo/( e tno{ p3tJ?JlYO useq o^sq ol sulees uoluod srgJ 'ali(ls Jsratfll?3rdfl srq uI poqucsepJruy, qJrq^{ 'sornl"eJ rrlrl -J f,"rPqrJraql pue s3qrJt qsJv eqr lnoqu psJrnbur aq.r"Itrn, qdrlEJ puoces eql 13uI qll"Ilp,?nt q JllJv, u.gia .saqrrl qaJV snoIJeA Jo seJnl?oJcllsrJoF?l"qt eql Jo uorldrrJsap rqr ur Juq{rw 4qv ol porJaJers"ri oq .lsrld 6.!pB,sw -lE Jo {Jolstg eql u[ sec?ld saJql 1" {1uo srncco aueu e,{l^lg,nIN pu" IlV, uoo^rteq slcrguoc s.J?uqIrW qqv lerrtrlod go uortrdrJcsopoq1 roJ .ll"lnJl ed puu ,{rnluar -ilree eqt Jo solopJeu" oql ur J?uq)lrw BqV uoJJ qrnu prurElqo e^eg ol ureos lou saop eq q8noql'sll"tap urcUer Jo sran?u ur J?uq{rt{ nqv uo pertoJ osls s?q ('H V 'dfl"c 'p) s,llv, ol {r1e,(o1 Eurpuels 3uo1 :f IpB.s"ntr-lv pue pono:84:eq ,(llurq srq esnpoaquoq?urJoJur pelr"lep Jo ',{F^llJadsar Sururelqo J?uqIrIi'{BqV Jo oEelr^udlelreds prJ Jo selll"q eql ur so^rlrroql u^{op pr?I rEulel pue "lr?qInNJ lrslq?llnpqv, pu" q?,bEs-13'sueqs pqv, sreqlorq eorql srqlnq 'J?uqlrhJ.(luo loN ulJls Jo allleq eql ur pallr{ puz gv" f,q paqcunl suEredurzc eq1ur ped e^rp" Ioot sB,r,\ .q 'llv. Jo:a oddns turog 'suorlrperl oltros poltrrusupJl " spa{ :BtrqIltr I osls pEqoq^r taqdojd eql go uotueduro3 " 'JolIJEe pocllos el"q a,rtsV -r:qre3pue:3 s,J?uq{rtr [ BqV 'ot egr uo t) lcofqns ,'(oI ''c'v Itro.\\ s.Jsuqlrtr 6s9 l oqv mo{ uo1z1flqeqordlsotu sr s"g tlEq"j1" tr?gia H y g Jo strua^aeql lnoqu ue,,'r3 ',(pnls Sulqrosq"ue lr eql JoJ rlEru pue qJnol crlru"Jpe 1:odereqt o^r8 'uorsecao 'llu a^oqcpue'sltreurnJop pue lu"elu suorlrsodluoc lectleod 'senSolsrp qlJ,l pau esaql aql sl:ual Jo slxal 'seqcaeds lua^a -:::uoc po8urqoxe sJelleJ pu? seltJpd aldoad uer,tlaq uea^ueq sI eH luo^aaqlJo s:n8olprpEurtonbJo puo.; ,1:e1nrr1:ed s,r?lepolnurru ,(JaAerxos aprao:df,eql elurl arussel{l 19lnq t5: 1AtrlnDE) salcrNotHJ do acv :rHr scuv,iAor

296

EARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

and is a very illustrating exampleof the specializationof Abu Mikhnaf in the tribal history of the old Arabs and their national traditions. At anotherplace, al-Mas'ldi tells us, on the authority of Abn Mikhnaf, that Hassanb. Thabit, Ka'b b. Mdlik and alNu'mdn b. Bashir had corne to 'Ali during the last daysof the third Caliph 'Uthmdn, and had taken oath of allegiance to 'Ali. His third report.in the book of a.l-Mas'udiis about the last moments of Mu'dwiyal when he repentsand prays of Allah and recitesa couplet. for the forgiveness Al-Tabari has also quoted Ab[ Mikhnaf in the anccdotesof 40 A.H. Here he givesdetailsof the correspondence that took placebetween 'Ali and Ibn al-'Abbas when the latter left Basraand came to Mecca.2 Then repo s about the activities of Khawdrij are given (42 A.H.) apparently borrowedfrom Abn Mikhnaf's rvork 'Kitdb al-NaharwAn wa al-Khawdrij' (No. 6).3 Other reports of Abii Mikhnaf in the history of alfabari are briefly listed here to show the scopeand treatment of bis subjectand the topics regarding which later historians have relied on him. 1. Report on the Assassinationof al-Mustaurid b. 'Ullrfa (vide his treatiseNo. 12).a A careful study ofthese reports show that AbE Mikhnaf has transmitted them from such sources as were active participantsin thesepolitical events, like Murra b. Munqidh b. al-Nu'mdn, Salim b. Rabi'a, 'Abdullah b. 'Uqba alGhanavi,'Abdxllah b. al-Harith, Zaid b. Rdshid al-FA'ishieto. 2. Maqtel Hijr b. 'Arli (50 A.H.) : Reports on the assassination of Hijr b. 'Adi have been extracted by allabari from tle work of Abtr Mikhnaf (No. 9). But al1 . at-M&s'[di : M ruj al-Dhahab lIl | 49.

al-Tabari: TankhV I l4l. al'Tabari: TartkhV | 173,174,178. 4. al-Tabari ; T'drtkhV 1185.

9 t 't 't z I

'L9e I L tltltrgJ: 's9Et A tlrlJ/gJ: 'ts| '. Ltt,l/!J: '60Z i 1rqtlttlJ: 'lgz'6LZ'8LZ'lLZ I L 413r?J i 'E|Z I L4tt3t9J:

!I8gaI{ UqBI1u ITEqEIIE !J?qeJ{ lreqel'Ig tlEqel'le

'q 'q qe,b?sle '!pwN-lB u?trIqrn, lqv e'"I'"ld o'rl"qnz JieEnN : er" gJ"qJe) uI slue^aaq! lnoqE slJodalslq JoJ eql pe^leJelpEq stq Jo srlrsu r'I?^IJJB ,IPurRlt{ AqVJo seJJnoS 'q4) gleqr") Jo fllulcr^ oql ul Jo rouro^oS e\l pgfrz pIrc p3^JrrE pEg ur?snll18 ellqrl\'sleble pqv, Jo dllrtr?Jeqr Jo g8solt\ 'p,"s q Peq Jo esnog eq} uI p3Joql?8 'lsrJd "{rJ-?w selr,gls 3q1 l"qt llodet (Jl sleoddBJsutIlIW lqY 'oN) ulDsnE-P lDrbDW \ooq slq wo{ palcrlxe uoeq {I 'q ulesnH-l?Jouollsulssssss 3'l o^"q slunoJce aseql '[Y, pue d11ecr1r1od Eull"JsqJeAeJ rn?lslJo frolslr{ aql Jo eposrds eql Jo cl"un oJun lsou eql ol poJ 1?q1 seJu?lsulncJlc "H V 09 word lrrnoJca pall?lop olul sJ3lua I.rBq"IJ? aql '? : -Isq$)I Jo epos.Idd s'clo !^euBq9 'q qgllnpqY, sllleurel?lsoql uo elor^{ eq quq^\ Jo 1e eqbn, (rI oN) IJo^{ sq IuoU ,{puereddr er" slJodal 3sorll . : uEluqBU-lB PqV. 't go luamlulortrty ptr8 BJBX ruor} lgqqB( Jo uolllsoilac 'cl3 r"uqv1? 'q Jnv, 'q q?llnpqv, '[u?pE?Hl? qglllpqv' 'q 'q u-?uq]n, qEnolql Jeuqrllt l llqv m?snA '[purtJ" "qbn, qcaer sgoder aseql -'e^oq" ol poJJeJeJ IJo^l oql Ino{ uelsl crs suotl.Iod osoql l"q} lno ptrg Il?J e^r pu" !?uqllni 'lng BqV Jo 3rtr"u eql pasolluarus?q eq setsld ul?lJo31" ',(1e,r1sn1cxe Seuqlll I BqV uro{ 'aJo;aJeql pcul?lqo 3g l"lJet"rlr treq,{ 1no 1u1od01 llncglp 'sr 11 ',{:o1ss1gl5ouoder aqt ul rsulaqf, e^Ilc3lloc ua^li sEq 'lpeqX 'q 'eqbn, 'q ul?snH-le uryqsrg pue 'cle P-Blntr I13 'p!,3S alll slouu"qt pllgfnm-I" q Ir?pnJ'rl?qnz'q qE,besls '[q]?)1" p?ullll?gol l reqlo qtnorql pallrtusu?Jlpeq oq qrlq,{\ .q u-EqslH JO trOll"J.l?U Cql lr uI pol"Jodlocut s?q u?q"i L6C o?,lt!Poi) llo 8Dv aHr sc{v' Aor ss'I3lNoltH3

298

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPIIY

'Abn Waddk,r Al-tlasan b. 'Uqba al-Muradi.s al-tlajjaj 'Abdulldh b. KhAzim,a 'Abbds al-Jadali,5 Ab[ b. 'Ali.' Jan6bal-Kalbi,6 al-Mujdlid b. Sa'i<i,r Quddma b. Sa'id b. Hudhaifa at-Tn'i,c Sa'id b. al-Thaqafi,s la'far Mudrik b. 'Umara,lo 'Aun b. Abi Jufaifa,ll Ab[ Jandb 'Umar b. 'Abd al-Rafm5n b. Yafuyab. Abi flayya al-Kalbi,l' 'Uqba b. Sum'dn,l''Adi al-Harithb. Hishdmal-Makhziimi.1s 'Ali b' al-Husain 'Uqaypa,lB b. Hrmala al-Asadi,l5Abtr Sa'id to b.'Ali b. Abi fdlibl? etc. who appear as an eyewitness these events. Sometimes,he doesnot mention the name of 'from someone who the prdmier authority and quores simply 'from Bani tribe of member of the a was presentthere',l8 or Fazdra'rsetc. He has also obtainedhis reports from women who had either participated in the happenings or were the episode.20 in the mattersconcerning knowledgeable 5. Episodeof $arra : When Abt Mikhnaf enters 62 A'H, his informants change according to their associationwith the Umayyad with the personages court, or accordingto their connections 'Abdullah b. at Mecca. Here he obtains reports from 'Abd al-Malik b. Naufal b. Musahiq, Mofammad __Urwa,'r
aFTabari: TattkhV r358,361. aFTabari : Tdtfkh Y i 364, al'Tabari : Tdttkh Y : 368. al-Tabarii TdrtkhV i p.368.Ha wasa m.mbo! of tho ttibo ofAzd from Barii Kuthayyir. 5. al-TabariI TadkhV i370. 6. 6. al-Tabari: al-Tabari:Taftkh TAftkh V 2369. 2369. 7. al:Tabarf : Tdtlkh V | 369, 8. al-Tabari : Tdrikh v t371, 9, al-Tabari: TdrikhV i 373. I TadkhY i375. 10, al-Tabari 11. al-TabsriI TarlkhV ?378, 12. al-Tabari: T'nikhY :378,381. 13, al-Tabari : TaikhV i38o, 14. al-Tabari : Tdrtkh Y | 382. 15. al.fabari: Ta khV i383. 16. al-Tabari: TartkhY t384. 17. aFlbbarl: TdrikhV i385. t8. al-Tabari : TdrtkhY:387. 19. al-Tabari: TdttkhY :394. 20. al-Tabarir Tdtikh \ i196, 21. 8l-T8bari: TartkhV 1396l. 2. 3. 4.

'gI '189 | LqtlygJ: 5r?qI{a 'tI '5LS I L |rltr?J : F"qel-le 'I 'LLS I L tttlttlJ : IIqBli ' LL| | L r!4tt?J : [!Eq?I'Ie'ZI .tLS I LtltPgJ: Ueqrl-le 'lI '699 i : Jr8q?l-le '01 Lrlttrt|,t '6 'SgSI Ltltltt?J: Irq"l'Is '8 't99 | IrrqI-lE LqIygI: 'L 'SSSI LtlrlyPJ: !rq"l-I8 '9 'tg9 | : gl8q"l.le Ltttlttgt '9 '299 | L ltlttgJ : Ireq"l-lE 't '6E9 i LqrytpJ: rr"q"l-l? ' 't6t . LtlrfirpJ : Ireqel1E 'z 'o8' i : FDg?l-le L \tltt 'I '\Lt I Ltltlt.tzJ: gJ"qsl{e

'slue^e oJa,'d q aqtr lussJd 'Pa8tr?IIJxe sJallsl oq.A asoql Jo sessoull^{pu? 'slxel Jloql 'peuJecuof,soDJd eql sao,|aleq s3n8ol"lP eq1 SuIpJ?3eJ 'q slrBlsp uI qclJ fnBnsn eJ? sllodeJ esel{I sr'?sl, Iqv 'q eppqn, Bfq"Lr'rurv, .ri1uppue11-pbn"U BqV qIFEH 'q pl,es q ruv, 'q pl,es rrp,?S'q lqS 'q 1a e,Q(riy, 'q 'q sgqqv, "r3V,-I" or'riltps rp?N-le 6'Irue.q]"q1-p euebly, ttgV a'lqls9{-le brr-?qlnl Il3 BqV er? Juq)lll J nqY Jo slusulroJul '(61 'op) tcofqns eqt uo Juq)llw nqv Jo ostlerl aql aql uto{ eJe suodal esegJ 'lau? pu? "H V t9 Jo stloprau? 'q agl Jeprrnseruor luetuuraloS IaI",Jed slq PUE JI"qnZ1" eqJ, : rlGqnzl8 'q qEllnpqY, 'I q-e11npqy,f30 uorrdtrcseP 'rla 'l?JftN 'q p,"S rq qEIInpqV,.'p,"S 'q qgllnpqv, q plzsl 'g ul"snfil" e'urlsnw 'q 'q q?tlnpqv, 'q preEnH l?uqv 'q r'BrJn) JnV, s'lpzvlE uollellloJul sql uo pos?q qlqeH {q JoqTW Bqv o} peJlddns er? suodar eseql pu? (rI 'oN) esllBerls.J"ugIII I BqV uro{ Fq"11?,{q ua44 uaoq eA"q sl?b'q {gqqO Jo uol{eqer '9 aq1Eulurocuoc ?9 ree,(oql Jo sluo^g : iftEE-lEW 'lcsfqnsagl uo (tI 'oN) Iro^{ slq esaql 'Jlo c'lJnv,l? polc?rlxo e^?q st.roda: uaaq rrloJJ ",{fIiV, 'q 'q ugluqeu1? pqv, 'q lzlzv,le pqv, 'q u?s"Hl" a'Jnv, 662 (?t/(!IftDE\ sa',rclNo8Hf, do acv !tHr.sdrvrAor

300

BARLY MUSLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

8. Sulaiman b. $ul&d : The movement of Ta$,wdbn (repenters) launched by Sulaimdn b. $urad to avenge the of al-IJusain, is also a part ofthe eventsthat assassination took place in the year 64 L.H., and al-fabari must have obtainedthesereports from the compilationof Abri Mikhnaf (No. 16).The informantsof theseevents are 'Abdulah b. 'Auf al-Afrnari,l Humaid b. Muslim,' al-Sari b. Ka'b al-Azdi,t 'Abd al-Ra[man b. Ghaziyya,r Abir sadiq,s al-Muhill b. Khalifa al-Td'i,6 Ad'ham al-Muhriz al-Bnhifi.? Abn Mikhnaf has dealt in detail with the eventsof thc Umayyad period, particularly with the government of 'Abdullah b. al-Zrobab, the movement launched by Mukhtar of 'Abdulldh b. al-Zubair, murdcr al-Thaqafi, assassination 'Amr, Mul'ab b. al-Zubair and his encounterwith of Sa'id b. 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwdn, al-Muhallab b. Abi $ufra, al-FJajjAj 'Abdilldh al-Qasri,al-Ash'ath b. b. Ynsuf, Khafid b. Qais,etc. Conclusion : It is an acceptedfact that man is deeply iopressed*6y. the (; ..lJ*l..ole Iives in, and it doesalso shape the way of his < . thiilinETfiil-his approachtoward the eventsaround him. The I Arab historiographers of the period under study are no excePru!g. We find that someof them belonged to univ-diqa.! tion this to the city of Medina, the abodeof Islam, while others hailed from either Kifa, Baqra,or Damascus.All these cities were .and- - cultural actfuiles importaa!-- rgnlEgl-glljntelecrual. Differences of go:fephicgl*diYjl: the eady-caBturie. dufing impact on their mindsand ions or poliqicala.Faitieshad deep ofhistorical knowledge. on their attitude towaids transmission Thus, we flnd that early reporters belonging to the city of

l. al-Tabari: TdrtkhV | 583. 2. al-Tabari: TartkhY | 584. 3. al-Tabari : Tadkh V | 585, 4. al'Tabari : Tafikh \ i 589. 5. al-Tabari : Tdrtkh Y | 589, 6. al-Tabari: Tdrtkhl z59l. 7. al-Tabari : Tartkh! :605.

'ir.rls'6rti eIIi spads" snolEllorJo uolldlDs3p Orlelzptlt\u! eql ptn"rcp^""o? d5!r5pn5l-it-nads e seq looqcs ulpe6 aqJ '.{luo sJAlleJJeu-]E,t\ Puu .sroqlo 'seleP .ilq,u Pu" i(8o1ouo'rqr;o solop3au? u[ ll\\olloJ lelsls sll ttro$ Surprocar lnJet?J Jo slallu(U ul .suollulIgl poqsrn8ullstp osle .t Sutltl rr-,'(.torslq Jo lootlJs euIPeI J eql 'i1;nlarer slll elttl'^{ tuDPaI sJ,/}t?r esn ,{rleod ,ila,rtleludutoc '.uorl,.od*oc .IIaq] :uoddns .(q lolJolslg l?lJolaru lucrlaod -di?-Ajleii"e,:$I ol pdriatrurtrlriiroq Jo suElrolslq aql Fue 'oorlBrJ?u Jleql dJJ{ uorluJllu E io lxel eql uo palbJluoJuoJ 'eserqd Jo pro.{ elSulse Jo uorssltusu"rl slooqcs Jeqlo oltqar eqt JoJ ua^e elnrl qce. uollllsder -Jlaql uo lslssr pue--(wluot 'seurtlauog pg,usr)- ,sureqc a^rFello3, iuasald faql "suoiistru eqr 3o -suBrr lle ul (lzrrl.r.?).,{Iroqrny.{9 !.ligqr eq1,3o e1d1cu1:d acuearoiqo Sqf"iiiIeiniijred ellrib 6e,t looqcs'eu1pey1aq1 'r1a eql s:apeal-[e11 ara,t esaql pu 1o sisrl ,{1:ze,( eq} eM SaAIqrrB oq1 uI trd3l stcadsr snot:ea uo uoltrulloJur Fututeluol sJelslSal Sslllas -a:d acgg spJotoU e]"]S u peul"lulelx PBrl 01"1s tlInEIsI 'lell?u-lcefqns ,{lJ?eaql 1BI{l ,$oqs osls seop Jo ,{ltr8elul-3ur slqnop stllceJd eql 'Ja^mlow -^Jesqo Jal?l suBrJolsl{ uI Jo 'eJn) puo.{3q pe^oJd s! 'smset[?C pue ?lS?{ Jo sallrt eql 'q sluernntop rlrns eql'dlJslIuIS 'loogos ?ulpeN Jo eJuaseJd rqlJo sJa odaJ,{llEa 3ql ,{q .tlrJalsod ol polltulsulJl eJa'h pu? pa^JosoJd eJo,l! sluaunjoP qcns trBqlJaJul ,{lls?e u5_euo 'sqdll?3 sacuepr^asnorla IrIo4 'lng PaPrilg aql Jo poued aql 'at elJodurl l?cllolsiq cIsEq_Jo .. IIlf rBulpart ur pe,r.rssardaJa^{ ' rle sretlel 'sluotuncoP ,{ua lou ro Jeq13q1( s}qlroP pesseJoxe a^eq slsll"luelJo oql Jo eruos'meqlJo r{}oq uroaoS fulln:cs ro saldlcuud ous oqi pu" alrn"lal!l-tlrJprq eql uo{ pa^lJaP

sJlgt{l arnrJnrlseql ,(q^1 \t (ipuziuil :o suoiizr:r6ri{il3t leqdo.r4oqi.;o suotllP"ll-Sgllqill :fuc srql ul paraql"Sere,,ir aj3q^^ 'reqdord -tm!S aJll slq Jo srEe,{ uat tsel aqt pess-ejl-eq eqlJo lees eql '"ulpatrt ul poltolloc s?/r\ttf,tls Jo lulJeletu .qr jo-uogroa:oJ"W'siirut'5il?5illt-od'i?'oot 5ql.i6-i5dfr il5:d ]5muTrsllEfuolunoJ llJql reor.rt ,{o pecuon |Jsr elJ,t 'suot8Sr aqr ,rq'-p;;aemdfilAeep ara^\culpatrAl .1'.inr 'rbolospi "irite1s1 Q?lhqPDE)sslclNoltHc do aov aur souvrhol lot

302

EARLY MUSLIM HTSTORIOCRAPITY

in the hadith etc. while others specialized

welt politik,

The Bedouin tribes had settled in kflfa and Basra in separate localities meant for each tribe. They weredeeply steepedintriballegends.sag4g4!d-4glr-aU.o-n-q,"e-n-d--relsrtFon inter-tribal oonflicts. U lBd-resnltsd !tr-Jhe--e,moeFnce,ofjocal

andtribelle$batshilr.-&errprdrcoecgts,.afua{gn+lhtt.'Iride
for purity o-fraceandblood etc'- The major part of their o_f tlrgir {qn&tLe-ry, byJhe glorific_ation na ativesis dominat-ed or satirescomposedby their tribal bards, or family eulogies traditions depictinga prejudicedoutlook on other tribes-

featuresof the charactersitic Among thoservho represent 'Utblqdn.b-'Aflan (d. 105 the Medina school are Aban b. (d. 124A.H.) al-Zuhri(aEi6i-n uv origin) A.H.) Ibn Shihdb ( d . 1 5 0A . H . ) . andlbn Is'lrdq 'Abid b. Sharya, Wahb b. Munabbih (d. 110 A.H.) and Abt Mikhnaf Lut b. Yahya (d. 157A.H.) belong to other schools. The school of historiographywith-it+-eentreat =Bagbded 'during the early Abbasid period is dominatedby the colour problems and a civilized ofa compJex society,hydraheaded the-seope but all thisis beyond consciousness; universal clearer of our presentstudy.

I$, ' J-r.."'

*+*

('H'V 00t 'oI?J) 19top04nw rltflgdtv 1D lg.our?sn^[ Dttt l!,qttrY1D : IrB.t\nllEs-le8p?o Ill/, 'q IDquDE powqv pDusnw : l?queH'q puuqv 'orI?C '?ru?F"Il" u,t 311-e11e luufel t96I ('Pe qt6) wglsft' ltDl : ulurv psEqY (y961'ortry) pqno ( pe qlr) II'I 'lo^ LuqlsI-ID

: u*uv P"uqV CHV0rl'orruC) prrDllDPbLID pqv, uql : qrqq?u l?Jr.go) ( H'Y ftI p?qsrapf,H !IrE,t{-I?

's

o ua14atr-lt) ,"' ?qlqqsuvott 9q119'qsY 'q pny t?qalY ' Qqvly rl2unq.oq'-lD ptlDqs 'q : Irunqrnf-le PIqY' ",tu?qs 'P?q"raP'tH 'uollres SSW l?luelro '1dJrcsnuetrt ',{.re;qr1 6unl JEIgS runasn14

'g I

qqe.rwqv, weros jlffioo,

uqllD

.c
l (I)

u|ttog '!utq[ : JJ?gl? pqv, uql

: sitoog clqBrv

,tn1dnfioryqtg

r
304
q

EARLY MUSLIM HTSTORIOGRAPHY

Qdri: Mau''dfr'At 10. Ibn 'Asakir (Abn al-Qasim'Ali b. I.{usain) : Tdriklt Dimashq(1329 A.H.)

'Ali

I t.
12-

Ibn al-Athir : Kitdb al-Lubdb lbn al-Athir : Tarikh al-Kamil al-Nihiya J? al-TArikh

1 3 . Ibn Kathir : K ab al-BidAya f'q (Cairo, 1932)

t4. Baghdddi:
Khizdnat al-Adqb

(Bfrlaq 1299A.H.) 1 5 . al-Baghdadi(Mohammadb. tlabib) : Kitdb al-Mubabbar 1 6 . Baghdadi(Kha-tib): (d. 493) Tdrikh Boghddd(14 vols.) (containsdescriptionsof 7831 narrators) (Cairo, l93l) 1 7 , al-Baladhuri (Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jdbir : al-Baghdddi) Futdh al-Bulddn(Ist edition) (Ma!ba' al-Maus['at,Cairo, 1319A.H.) 18. al-Balddhuri: Ansdbal-Ashraf vol. V (ed. Goetein,1940) vol, IV (1936) 1 9 . Bukhdri : al-Tarikh al-Kabir (Hyderabad,1360-64 A.H.) dro al-Dhahabi : Mizan al-I'tid'dl (3 eols.) (contain 10907biographicalnbtices) (Cairo, 1325 A.H.)

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EARLv MUSLTM HrsroRrocRApHy

32. Hdji I(halifa : Kashf al-Zunfin'an Asdnti ol-Funin (3 vols,) (Leipzig,1958) (Istanbul,194 [-3) 2 vols. d 33. al-Hamdani: al-lklil l. ed. D.H. Mtller, Lofglen(lsbala, 1954) vol. I 2. ed.Mollammad b. 'Ali al-Akrva, Cairo,1963 3. ed. Mohibb al-din al-Khatib,Cairo, 1368 vol. X

34. $amidullih (M) :

Sahifa Hamnfim b. Munabbih Hyderabad,1956 IslamicPublications Society,

35. aI- WathA'i q ol - SiJ' Asiy Ia o 36. Ibn Hishf,m :

0I- Sirah aI-N abaty iy)trr 1. ed. Wiistenfeld(2 vols) Gottingen18591890 et. al. 2. ed. Ibrihim al-Saqqa Cairo, 1955(4 vols.) HusainNassar(tr.) : al-Maghazt aLA[a v'a Mu't ifiiha Cairo, 1949

3 8 . M. Abn al-Fadl Ibrdhim :

Ayyam al-'Arttbfi Egypt, 1968 ol-Islanl

39. al-IsbahaniiAbn al-Faraj) :

Kitdb al-Aghdni(14 vols) (Dar al-Kutub,1323A.H.)

40. al-Isbahdni(Abn Nu'aim) :

Ililyat al-Auliya (10 Yols) (Cairo, 1932-8)

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308 5 t . al-Khudri :

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

Tdrikh al-Tashri' aI-Isldmt Cairo, 1934

o 52.

Krenkow (F) : ed. Kitdb al-Tijdn fi Mulfik Himyar 1348A.H.) DA'irat al-Ma'arif,Hyderabad, Lisan (tl-'Arqb ReprjntBDlaqPress Edition,Cairo

53. Ibn ManTur:

5 1 . al Mas'iidi(d. 346 A.H.) : al-tlidthan AkhbAr sl-Zqman v)a men Abddahir 1938 Cairo, 5 5 . Murfrj al-Dhqhqb(4 vols.) ed. Yusuf As'd Daghar Beirut,1965 Ddr al-Andlus, (9 vols-Paris, l86l-76) 5 6 . al-Tanbihwa al-Ishrdf ed. De Goeje,Leiden,1893 ed. 'Abdullah Ism6'ilal-$nwi, Ddr al-Sdwi,Cairo, 1938 5 7 . al-Mubarrad: Kitdb ll-Kamil : 5 8 . Mlsa Suleman 'indq 4l-'Atab al-Qisagal-Adabi b. Is'haq): 59. Ibr al-Nadim(Molrammad ql-Fihttut ed. Fliigel, Leipzig, 1872 Urdn tr. M. Is'laq Bhatti, Lahore, 1969

60. Nasr b. Muz6ltim:

Stflin ed, 'Abd al-SalamHalfn Cairo, 1365 6 1 . al-Nuwairi : Masdlik al-Ab$dr

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tseI'orrEJ (rbrdle putBH peluu?qol{ .po) 19,$uV1Dq8lly : (rurspcrle pl?qn, nqy) u.rEll?s uql UtlPoE-lPut!ln' : wrlBslqqns ,

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310

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

74. sl-Shdmdrikh fi 'Ilm al-Tatikh

Manuscript, Zerox copy \ryiththe writer OsmaniaUniversity Library, Hyderabad,A.P. 2. Leiden.1894 3. Lahore,1896

75. Tuhfat al-Majalis wa Nuzhat ql-Maidlis

ed. M. Badruddin al-Na'sani,Egypt' 1908

76. al-Tabari : (Mohammad b. Jarir d. 310 A.H.)

al-Muntakhab ,nin KitAb Dhail al-Mudhayyal wd aLTAbi'it min Tdrikh al-$afudba ed, M'J. De Goeje E.J. Brill, Leiden,1890 'sn TAwil Aya al'Qur'an (IInd Ed.) 77. Jdmi' al-Baydn Murtafa el-Babi al-Halbi & Sons' Cairo, 1954 (30 Parts) Ist ed. Cairo, 1903

78. Tarikh al-Rusulwa al-Mulik (10 vols.)

l. 2. 3. d, de Goeje,15 vols,Leiden1879-1901 Hussainiya Press, Cairo, 1336 A.H. 13 vols. ed. Mohammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim Ddr al-Ma'drif, Egypt, 1967(2nd ed.)

7 9 . al-Tabrizi :
Diwan al-tlamdsa (2 YoIs.) Cairo, 1927,3rd ed.

80. al-Tha'alibi :

'Ara'is al- Majdlis

8 1 . Laf if dl-Ma'arif (Leiden, 1868)

82. Wahb b. Munabbih :

Kitdb al-Tijdn rt MuMk llimyar ed. F. Krenkow Hyderabad, Da'irat al-Ma'arif 1347A.H. Osmdnia,

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312

EARLY I{usLIM HISToRIoGRAPHY

(ii) English Books: 94. Afzal Iqbal : The Prophet'sDiPlontacY U.S.A., 1975 ClaudStark & Co; Mass, Barclay (J) : HebrewLitersture (New York, 1901) Barclay(J) : The Talmud (John MurrY,London, 1887) (C.H.) : Becker Pqpyri Schott-Reinhat'dt Heidelburg, 1908 The Bible Brockleman: Geschichteder Arabischen Literotut 2 vols. Weimer,1902, Leiden1943, 49 Szppl.(3 vols) II ed. Leiden 1937-38,1942 Browne(Lewis) ; The Wisdomof Isra'el (London, 1948) Charles(Marston) : The New Knotttledge about the Old Testamellt

95.

96.

97

98. 99.

100,

l0l.

102. Chauvin (V.) : La Recension de 1001nuits Egiptienne Paris, 1899 103. Dauby (H) : Mishnah (Oxford, 1933) Encyclopaedia of Islam Fabian (A) : The Babylonian Talmud (Univ. of Queensland Press,1963)

104. 105.

'P'u ruoPuo'J'ttr?gseJ9 ( slo^ E) uo!10N Ust.\afaqt lo uot11po.tlpuD a.mpJat!1 tlJflE : ( S'V) llod?dd?u '9I I plO at!tpuD tSoPaDq?tY lualuDtsaJ : ( g'I) pJ?qcllrd '9I I ('p s uopuoT) ptrlulotr aql : (H) otr?lod 'vII 'v s'o eql uI pelulrd uopuo'I '/fu"rql'I uBclleIuV^leN oql qtl I) crsselc snor8qe6ro1ualA1 (Srrnur.rd 'w 'r] leqlltld elnpeItrrel [ u-?.inb snouolC oql Jo SnIu"oJI erll

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-t14

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPHY

117. Roberlson : Lectureson the Religionsof the Senites (London, 1927) I18. Rosentha (F l ): A History of Muslirn Ilistoriography (Leiden, 1952) Rorviinson : tr. {George) Tlte Histot! of Herodotus (London, 1920) Strabo ; Geographia ed. AugustMeineke3 vols. (Leipzis, 1907-1913)

I 19.

120.

121, Strack(H.L.) : Introductiott to the Tehnudon.l tr{idrash (Philadelphia, 1945) 122. al-Tha'dlibi: Lq!a'if al-Ma,Arif Englishtrans. by C.E. Bosworth Edinburgh University press,196g 'r23 - Wright (G.8.) : Biblical Arcltaeology (iii) Urdu Books : 124. Fariq (K.A.) : Ha/rat , Uthmd,n ke SarkAri Khulil Nadwat al-Mu;annifin, De.lhi, 1957 125. Hodtqt,Umar ke SarkAfiKlluld! Nadwat al-Musannifin, Delhi 126. Farfiqi (NisAr Ahmed) : Sirut Nabav,I ki Ay,r,tslt Kitabeh qxr .Mu'nlffin Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Delhi, 1974 127 Tortkh labari ke Ma, Akhidh ,Burhdn' (Feb. 1965)t7 instahnents

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318 'Abd 244, 276 b. al-Mut1alib -b. 'Abd al-Ralmdn 290 b. 'Abdillah 228 -b. Abi Bakr64 -b. Abi Bakr b. l)^zn 216,234 -b. Abl Hadrad252 b. Abi Hudhail 183 -b. 'Amr b. al-'Ar 121,1?3, 179' t82, 233 -b.'Amir 210 -b. al-Arqan'r 122 -b. A f. 297,299.100 --b. Dinar 264 -b. Farwa260 -b. al-Hakam195 -b. Ilakim 228 -b. al-Ha(ith235,296 b. Hudhifa 251 -b.ln'far 224 -b. Jal.rsh 246 135, -b. Ka'b 242 -b. Kheli<{ b. Usaid 100 -b. Khstal139 -b. Khazin1 298 -b. Mas'Dd t2t, 122, 160, 118, ,203,208 -b. Mohamnlad 176 -b. Mohammadb. nl-HandfiYya 181,210 -b. Mofammad b. 'Umara alAngari263 -b. Munabbih 94 -b, Mu!'ab 228 -b. Rawalta122,139, 112 -b. Saba 66,200,202 -b. sa'd 155,299 -b. Sa'db. Naufal299 -b. sa'ib121, -b. Sa'idb. Abi Sarahal-'Amiri t72 -b. Salem 146' r55,15695, 137, r64 -b, Salanra 68 -b. shiheb 215 --b. Sulaim287 -b, Thlr'laba240 -b. al-Thamir l5t 'UIba 168 -b. 'Ubaidilish b. 156' 173,248 b. Salnl -b. Ubayy -b. 'Umar 122,176,182,194, 199 ' 203 2tO, 2rr , 226,262 , -b. 'Uqba lll"Chana'ri 296,297 -b. 'Urwa 229,298 -b. 'Utba240, 243,241,250'251' -b. Wahb94 -b. Yatlya 212 b. Saiman -b. Znid 172,208 b. al-Zubair lO0, 125'204, 227' 9' 289, 21t, 21 228,230,261,258, 299,300 Abcl 86, 109 'Abid b. ShalYaat-Jurhumi 5' 50 87,88,96, i87' 302 55,84,86, Ablaq (mountain)19 107 Abna-i-Fdts Abrala^2l, 22, 21, Abraham (lhe Prophet) 27, 116' 243'244' 144, 148,r59' 130. 129, (see alsolbrahtnt.) 273,2'74 47 Abrr al-'Abbas -'abdullah b. MohamEadI76 al-L{adraml172 al-'A16 --'Alqama al-Kbalh'ami 299 -'Aor b. al-'Ald81,119 -b. Huraithal-'Udhad 182 -d-Bakhtari 66 -Bakr 50, 54, 64, 88, 89, 121' 155't65' 168, t25,140, t22,123, 232' 213' 221, 207, 204, 177 116, , ' 236,237 ,253-2s5,2t6,264' 26s 268,278,290 -b. 'Abd al-Rabnan240 -b, Mohanmadb. 'Amr b. flazm 225 191-193, , 260 -Baraza al-Aslami139 -Bustam 44 -al-Darde 120, 203 188, 160, AbnDa'nd1'1,176 --Dharr al-Ghifari154, l?8, 155, 232,26',1 -Dhubyar 170 -al-Faraj al-Isbaheni 8l -Habiba 26t, 266,268

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AIV^I Iqbdl 278 Agatharchides of Cridus 20 Abdditlt al-Anbid wa al-'Ubbdd *a Akddtth Boni In ael99 Ahl al-Bait 204 Ahl al-Hadith 13 Ahl al-Kahf ?2. 275 seealso People of tlre Cave Ablaf (bookson) 70 Ahnrad 2ll see.lso Mokqmntu.l and Prophet thc, Abmad Amin 34,35, 45, 55, 57, s8, 66,82, 85,86,88,92,17r, 7(l.rr1A ,11 '7i\ r74 ',rqR -n. harls ll -b. Hanbal 25,60,69, 120,141, 180, t86, 199, 272 - b. Mohammad 146 b, Misa 52 -Zeki Pacha8,'70,13, 75, 224 al-Ar.)nAf184 al-Abzab sfira 119,138 Ai1, 101 , 176,252 nl-Aili Yunus b. Yazid 258 Aiman 192 'Ain al-Warda 289 '.fisha bint Abi Bakr 64, 113,115, 12t, 140,162,112,192, 199,223, 226, 230, 232, 245, 247, 24a, 253, 254, 258, 266, 286, 292, 293 -blnt al-Zrrbak 229 'Aj[z al-Yemen 100 Akhbdr 5, 9-lt, t3, 40,42. 43. 46,48, 52, 54, 55, 57-59, 68, '70, 75, 78, 80,-82, 88, 101, 164, 169, 215, 218, 226, 230, 281284, 288, 289,302 -'Abid b. Sharya 38, 88 -al-Furs 82 -al-Kalbi 69 -al-MA(lin 88 al-AkhbataLThfil28l Akhbart 7, 13, 5t, 283, 284, 287, 294 al-Akhtal 56 aL'Ala b. al-I-Iadrami 122 nl-'Alaq stua 1t3

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORTOGRAPHY Ale'Inra sfird 118, 120, l3'l Alexander 33, 64. 108 Alexaddria31, 33, 36, 212 - conqrest of, 64 -Library 33 -Alexandnian Year 26 'All alitrcnsmitter of lbn 'Abbds) 170 -b. Abi Talib 25,58, 66, 11,8789, 121, 122, 126, 143, 152, 154, t55, 162, 166, t7 t , 179, 188, 202, 204, 213, 221, 223, 235, 237, 248,253, 254, 2s7,258, 266,28s, 290,292-296,298, 'All 'Abdillah b. b. al-'AbbAs 270 -b. al-Fusain 91, 227, 255, 298 -I]asan 'Abd ::l Qadir 143 -b. Mujelid 188 -Qari 60 Alid 282 Alrah 5,6, 11,34, 49, s3, 60, 62, I09, 1lt, 113, 64, 102-101,106, 114, 119, 132, 134-138,1.10, 156!45, 146,148, 149,151.r54, 159, t6t, 161, 247-250,257, 262, 265,268,273-217 'Alqanra b. al-Waqqa$247,248, 266 al.A'mash 170, 273 'Am al-Fil 24 -al-Ch?dr 24 -aFTafalruq 24 'Anlaltq 72 'Amir 'Abdillah b. 228 b. Fuhaira 122,130 -b. Kilab (clan)88 -al-Sha'bi 66 -b. 'Umaira 64 'Ammir b. Yasi. 293 'Amr b, Abi Surah 263 -b. ai-A;4t, 89,90 147,188,227 -b. Dinar 96 -b. Hamdao 52 -b. Hazm 174, 179,208 -b. Ma'dikarib 74, 295 -b. Maimun 203 -b. Naufal 262

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IIISTORIOGRAPIIY FARLYMUSLIM Bashdad,70,128,1M,3U (Khatib) 45, ?6 Bashdadi Bahila(tribe)28! Ba[rraio126 Bai'at al:Aqaba234,235 scealso 'Aqaba -al-Ridwdh 12,208,280 Bait al-Mdl209,265 -al-Maqdis 177,250 'Uthmao 181, a!-Bejali Aban b. 224,n3 'Abdullah b' al'Tufail al-Bakka'i 97 -z^yyat 211 55,5? al-Bakrial-Nasseba tl 8, 189, 50, 171-173, al-Baledhuri 226,221,239,270, 285,288 'Alqama105 Beli b. Bao[ Aban b. Derim 65 -'Abd al-Qais194 -'Abd Tha'dliba193 -'Amr b. 'Auf 163 -Asad 183 -Bakt b- We'il 45'252,291 -Buhtar 2l2 -Pamara 175 -Faras b. Ghanamb Kinana 64 -Fazata 175,298 -Ghatrfan 175 -Hanila 75, 122,189 -Haritha 137 -Hashim 53,166, 118,212,223, 254,282 -Huddan 271 -Israel ?2, 104,147,158 -Jadhima 280 -al-Jaun 190 -Jurash 221 -Kalb 282,285 -Khatma 235 -Khunduf 90 -Kuthayyir 298 *La'wa 52 - LihyaD280 -Makhzim 269 -Mudlij 1s2 -al-Na{ir 137, 138, 16l' 247 '

Asmabint Abi Bakr 64'226' 228' 230 -bitrt 'Umais221,256,290 Asna al-Riial t7l,196 'Abd al-Malik b. Quraib al-A9ma'i 38, 43,47, 79, 83 al-Jana'i 3Ol al-Asnad al-khulafal9O Asnan see16zFaiar al-'Asqalani 17,20 Assyrian al-Asvaf234 Aswar 17 al-Aswar17,94 'Ata b. Abi Rabab196,201 -b. Markbnd 107,120 -b. Yas6r9l 'Atiyya b. al-I.{alith299 'Attf 267 -b . al-A\f'ar 297 , 299 'Aun b. Abi Juhaifa298 Aus 146,172 -b. Khau,all172,173 AuthorizedVe.sion131 'Awdoa 68,282,285, b. al-Hakam 286 .al-'Awwamb. Khuwailid 228 2, 4, Ayyam-'Arab,(Ayl'em-tales) 43, 44,46,54,75, 8U83, 31-41, 185, 93,96, 99, 109, 165,169, -283, 286' 215,230,260, 267,28t 288,291,293 Ayyiib 103 AzAtiga 55, 289 D8 Azd12,27t, 282'288,293, (B) Babel130 Babylonia143 Babyloniao28, 30 (ioscriplions) 17,143, -Gemara 28 -Talmud 30 Bada'al-Wabt 245,21'l of) ll, 62,68, 1t5' Badr,(battlo 117 , 173, , tl8, 122,r25, r35-r31 2to, 2l3 -2rs,223,234, 235,246, 263,267,268,2n,279 Batb al-Mau'id 219

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EARLY MUSLIM IIISTORIOGRAPHY

-al-Khariji 290 -b. Qais289,299 Dal,ris(war of) 4, 87 D.|ry:r b. Khalifa 250 Dair a]-Jamajim 59, 66, 290 Da'irat ai-Ma'drif 84, 87, 88' 96 Dajjal 86 Damiscus 35, 11O, 111,124,126, 179,203,300,301 -great mosqueof,23, 110,195 Daniel 27 Dar al-Arqam 209 -a!-Imara 209 -al-Islanl 209 -Marwad 209 Daraf b.'utar;d 67 -mosque of, 140 Dauby II. 29 Dauma 148 D a v i d6 1 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 ,1 0 5 , 1 1 1 , 1 2 0 t59, 142,145, Dolhi 93, 124 Deluge128-130,273 Deputfltions, year of, 134 Deutero'lomy 27 . a1-Dhahabi 67, 96,248 'ali Dhir rih 19 Dhrmnr Dhat al-'Indd 20 -'kq266 -a1-'Ushaira 152,153 Dhimdr 95 Dhi Qar 4, 258, 293 Dhu al-'Ashira 186 -o]-Kifl 145 -al-Nitn (Prophet) 145 -al.Nuo al-Milri 18 -al-Qarnain 98. 101,lOE,145,163 Raidaa 23 -i{u'ain 88 Dhuhl b. Duhman 64 al-Dinawari 126, 281, 285 Diodorus Siculus 32, 33 DiscfiminationDay of, 135 Diwan slstem of, 52, 54-56,178, 237 -al-'Arab 42, 82 -al-Hetim 284

Diy B^kri 262,269 Duldul 208, 252, 278 212 Duma (place) Durnat al-Jandal tl 5, 268, 280 Duraid b al-Simma 69 'Abd al-'Aziz14' 21' 51' al-Duri, 88,92, 94,96, 220' n0 56-58,68, 284,288 (E) Edioburgh100,221, Egypt 4, 17, 18,2't,32,33, 46'60' 61,65, 95, tl8, 125, 121' 149' 2oo, 227, 242, 243, 258' 275' 293 Egyptiao18, (civilization),293 -(language) 132,l4l El (deitY) 130 El-ElYon 131 Elias 145 Elion 130,13t Elishn 145 Empty Quarter 16 bngllsn J4 33 Eratosthenes Eslher 2T Etbiopia 20, 234 Euphrate 26, 65, 128,294 Europe12?,128 Eve 102,109 Elodus 27, 29, 127 Ezekiel27 Ezeliel b. Budha 104 Ezra 145 (F ) Fabian A.28 Fadak 254, 280 'ubaid 121,i93 Fadetab. al-Fadl b. al-'Abbas 63 Faiduilah Afandi LibrarY 272 Fair[z al-Dailami 107 Ffl1i(village)213 al-Farr5131 Farwa b, Laqit 292 -birt Abi Qubafa 256 -b. 'Amr al-Jlidhemi 252 a'-Farazd,^q56, 67 al-Farid 70

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186,212 al-Hamisa' 52 Hammad'Ajrad 46 -b. Hurmuz 47 -al-Rawiya 44-48, -b. Salafia 184 -b, al-Zabraqar46 Hamodrn b. Muoabbih 93, 94, 179, 180, n2, n9,280 'Abd al-Muttalib 153' Hamza b. t75,221 -b. 'Abdillah 228 -b. Mus'ab 229 -b. al-z.ubnit 229 qanzala b. al-Rabl' 122 Harcm 52, 189, 2ll al-Ilarith 183 -al-A'war 201 -b. Hisham 125,240 -b, Hisbam al-Makhzumi 298 -b. Huwairith 64 -b. Suwayd 63 -b. zrhaft 293 -b. Zuhra 235 Hatta (Day of) 227' 289' 298 Htrnn (Caliph) 20, 'Ali ll4, 229,259' al-Hasar b' 2a5,293 -b. 'Atiyya al-'Auii 299 -al-Ba-sri87, 143, 167,184'274, -b. DiDar 184 -b. al-Hasao 229 -b, Mottamlnd b. al-HanaiYya 181 -b. 'Uqba al-Muradi 298 I{ashid (tribe) 2l Heshir 2ll al-ryashr siira ll9,l37 Thabit 296 Hassar b. 'Amr 172 Hatib b. Haudha 183 Haudhs b. Qais al-Wa'ili 153 Iltuliyyat 281 Haurao 1? Heber 19 112,113,125' Hobrew 85, 108.110, 129,171

HobrewProphets26 Heidolbutg97 Hetcalesseellirdql 3l-33 Herodorus Ifigris'72 200 17,50,si, 197, Hljaz 2, 'Adi 289,296 Fijr b. Hilta Caler,dar2, 24, 25, 178'246 atra (MigratioD) ll7, ll8' 245' 269,nl Ilikmat Ale Dd'iid 98 flikmat lVahbb. Mnnabbih 98 Hilf al-Fud 7l Himg89, 124 Himyar21,?3,88 'Abd al-Malik b al-Himyari. Hi sham38 86, 171, Himytritc18,21, -language 16 -rule ofthe,23,51,52 -Sctipt 22,23 -State Archives t -Ycat 22,23 Hind b. Nemata221 1'll' Hira 1?, 36, 68, 69,'73,14' 175,291 ll3, 232 Hira (cave) Hiraql 250 Hirat 106 'Abd al'Malik 46, 190, Hishad b. 237 ,290 ,248,260,261 -b. Abi lJudhaifa269 -b, Hakim 228 -b. Isma'it 223 -b. Mohammad al-Kalbi 8, 52' 75-77' 72,'13' 59, 6t, 64, 67-70, ' 297 212,213 , 263 , 282,286,291 -b. 'Urwa 181,190,201, 227'230' 2X4,266,281 264 Hadramaut Hisma65, 193 18 Hiitr-i-Ghureb Hittites 127,128 Hizeo b. Khuwailid 192,228 Home of Allah 24 see also 92,93,95,98,99, Horovitzjoseph

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285-289 -Sa'd,24, 44,49,50, 53, 54, 56-59, 61, 68, 70, 76, 77, 82, 88,.90-92, 94, 98, 99, rO7, 120,122,124, 125,130,141, 146,152,153,155| 57, 160, 162, 163 , t65, 166, 169 , 172,173,1'77,178-184, 188, 190194, 199,207-210, 211-211, 217, 220-227, 299-231,234, 235, 238, 240-242,262, 263. 269, 27D, 272 -$aldb 2J -Sayyid al-Nds 225 -Shihab seeal-Zuhrl -Tha'lab l4l -Umm Maktlm 183 -'Urdta 204 -Urnba 183 -Yemin 163 *at-Zubair *e 'Abclulhh b. alZ bair Ibrahim 59-61, 133, 246, 2'14, seealso "Abrahatn" Ibrahim, M. Abu al-Fadl 4 Ibrahlm al-Nakha'i 232 Ibrahim al-Sxqqa 159 Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli 92 Idha Jd'a Nas.rullahill9 Idris 97, 110,145,159 -b. Sinan 94 Ifk (the False Allegation') 140,247 Ikhld; sura 159 al-Iklil21 'Ikrima 167,169, 170 Ilisha 104 'Itliyir l3o 'Illtyun 130, l3l 'Ilm al-Ansdb 7'7E IlyAs 104 tntam utnman s copy oI tne Qur'aqt 126 al-InAma wa al-Siyasa, 281 Imra al-Qais 75 -al-Qais (king of al-Hira) 17 'Imren 104,120, 145 -b. al-Husainl 44 hdia 128,273

EiRLY MUSI-IiI HISTORIOGRAPHY Indian civilization '143, (idols) 1 2 8 ,i l e g e l d s ) 4 Indira ideity) 128 Indo-European race 128 al-' Iqd al-Farid 41 IraD l0?, i26 see also P?r.ria 'ltaq 46,124, 127, 200, 203, 284287,289, IIaq School (of histofiogmphy) 14, 42, 217, 282-284, 286 (of Jurisprudence)l2 'Ist 72 see also : crlrt/ -b. Maimln 170 -b. Mazin 114 -b. Mus'ab 229 -b. Yazid b. Da'b 58 Isaacb. Abraham 103, 145, 148, 243 Isaiah 2T al-Isb.rhani, Aba al-Faraj,45,48, 64, 67, 69, 88, 230, 270 Isbala 5t Ishmael 27, 145, 148, 243, 246 Islamic Cult rc 84 Islamic Publicatio! Society 272 Jsma'ilb. 'Abd al-Karim 94 -b. Ibrahim 270 -b. Ibrahim b. 'Uqba 262 -b. Sadus 275 -Sa'ib Collection 272 Ismel 105, Israel,childfenof, l4E, 149 Israelr,lat 30, 42, 98, l\0,144, 145, 147 , , 165 Istanbul 180,272 Itha'amar 20 Ith'amara 19 Iyad (tdbel 59 (J) Jabalayn212 JabbaDaal-Sabi' 58 Jabir 212 'Abdillah Jabir b. tO9, 179, 211 -b. Zaid 184 Iacob 27, 6l , | 45, 148,27 5 Jad al-Maula Motramammad

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Kariba'il Watar Yuhan'im 19 al-Kauthar sira 114 Khabat : See Akhbdr Khabbab b, aFArat 173 Khadija bint Khuwailid ll4, 192, 228, 244, 245, 276, 277 -bi'it al-Zlrbai 229 Khaibat 157, 251. 254, 280 Khaizurao 209 Khalaf al-Atrmar 45 -b. Khalifa 201 'Abdi Khalid b. eh 46, 69, 267, 290, 300 *b. Dahqan 189 -b. Hishem 188 -b. HizaDit 228 -b. Sa'id 122, 172, 194 -b. 'Uthman 229 -b. al-Walid 122,291 -Zaid b. Snha'r 292 -b, Zt$air 28 Khdlida bitrt al-{arith 163 Khalfa b. Khayydt 70 Khalil Ibrahim 224 'Amr Kha a! b. 184 Khandaq 138, 175, seealso Trettch banle of the al-Khanji 81 Kharlja b. Zaid 24O Kharijites 55, 80, 90, 166, 197, 2OO,287 sa. also Khau,atij Khatib Baghdadi 69, 194 Khatem 2ll 'Adi Khatim b. 63 Khath'am (expdition) 97 Khatt aFMusnad 86, 109 Khaula 63 Khauleni (leather) 186 Khawafij 289, 296 see also Kharijites Kha'ztaj 172 Khidr l0l, 243 KhiDdif 57 al-Khirrit b. Rashld 289 Khubaib 77 -b. 'Abdillah 228 Khuda't Ndma 8,9

BARLY MUSLIM HISTORTOGRAPIIY al-Khu4ri 113,118,200 aFKhudri Abu Sa'id 199 Khulayd b. Tarif 294 Khums 135,166 Khurasan 106, 292, 294 al-Khtsbani Abu Thabit Sulairndn b. Sa'd 190 Khuwailid 277 Khuwailid b. Aead 228 Khuza'a 70 ai-Kilab (battic day of) 72 'Alqama at-Kilabi b. Karim 88

Kinana 58 -b. al-Rabi'153 al-KitraniHijr b. Harith 54 t90,252,288 Kirda 59,62,12, al-Kisa'i9l Kish 128, 131 Kisra 68, 92, 107,116,243,251 al-Kitab (Qur'an) l2l seealso aJ' eur'An
Kiteb Abi'Attdb'13 *,4d al-uld i2 -'Adl b. Zcid73 -Adydn al-Arab 73 -ul-Aghdnt 41 -al-Ahadtth 75 -Ahkam al-'Arab '13 -Ahl Noharvtah 289 *'Aja'ib al-Arbo'a 74 -'Aja'ib al-Babt 16 -Akhbdr al-'Abbas b. al-Mullalib -Akhbar 'Amr b. Ma'dtkarib 74 -Akhbtu al-.lihn 74 -Akhbtu 'Umar b. Abt Rdbi'a 74 -Akhbtu Zirad b. Abth12 -Akhdh Ki:ru Rihna al-'Arab 13 -Alqdb Bant TabtkhaTl -AlqAb-e-Qais AilA 71 -Alqctb-e-Qwaish 71 -Alqab-e-Rabt'a 7l -Alqab-e-Yemen 7l -al-Atuhal 55, 87, 88 -al-Anhdt 74 -al-Aqali.t t 74 -AqyAI-e-Ilimyar 73

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-Maqtat Sa'nl b. at_,,+ -aLNawArtl v,a al_Jirtln j6 289 *Marj-c-RAhft 289 -Nawafl Kinana 7l -Marwdn al-earaz -Nawa.ftl 73 Qais 7l -al-trtathdlib 1l -Nawifit euraish 71 -aLMauriddt -Navafl 7l Quza'a72 -41-Mau'fidLat 71 -Nav'alil Rcbt'a 7l -aLMarn,iz rra al-I,tibir -tvawo|lt l. natn7| ll -al-Mawati 82 -Nayjaf I al-yencn 72 -al-Mazdhb98 *al-Nudand i3 *al-Mu'amnturir 73 -.tl-Qdclar 96 -al-Ma'dtebdt -al-Qidah 73 72 -aLMubtadd 97,98 -Rafa' '|sd 72 -aLM btada wa al_Siar -til-Ricltah 289 l0l, I08 -al-MaghtarabAt 7I -al-godaqa 186 -Mukhtar b, Abf Ubaid -al-Sanar 7S 28g *al-Mulik vta Akhbar al-trIadin -Sand'i Q raish 72 5, 87 -Seef 15 -al-Mulnki -Shabtb nl-Khdrii ft al-Nasal) 17 290 -Mulnk Kinda 72 -Shamf Q ;aD, b. Kilab 71 -al-Muliik - Shira v,aMaqtal'AllmlAn al-Mutawwaja 96 289 -al-M ltk aLTawd'if *$iJ:a! at-Kh\tafa 74 72 -Mulalk al-yemen mtu -Sitr| 2s9 al_Tababi,a 72 -al-Sitar wa al.Magha:i le3 -al-MundfarAt -Sulainla b. S rud 7l wa,Aiaat-al-Munaqalit j2 Wrarda 289 -aLM ndhir Malik at-,Arab -al-Suyiif j3 75 -al.Muqafta'At 76 -Tafarruq al-.42d72 -al-Mil'riqat -Tafe.tuqi',4d j2 min al-Nirn ji -nl-Taftr|1 141 Qutaish 72 -Mus.'ab ta Wilayat al-'IrAq -Tafstr al-Aya 17 289 *Musaili ta -al-Tdrikh 74, 285 al-Kadhdhab v,a Sajal T5 - al-Tdtik h t,.tritana) 286 -al-Mtsajafit j2 -Tarikh Ajnad al-Kh tafa j4 -al-M -Tdrikh al-Khulafa 74 vtli 74 -al-Mushaghabat 72 -Tasnia na Shi,r Inra il-e.tk f -al-Mushojahdt 72 ltun Asl A al-RijA 1,75 -al-Mustaurid b. 'U afa -Ttwnia nlan bi al.Lfijaz 289 tin Al.tyd *aLMusfikh min Bani Jsrael 7Z al-',.1rab'74 *al-Mutarrif b. al-Mughira 290 -Tasmia nln Nafala min,.Ad wo -al-Naharwah wa al-Khawn j 296 Thanrd'i2 -Najdat Abi -Tarnia mtn Qubais 289 eala Bultan au -Nasab ol-A ;Ar l9l Qila fihi 74 -al-Nasab al-Kablr j6 -Tasnia Lluld 'Abd at-Mullalib -Nasab Qwaish 238 -al-Nawdfrl7l -Tasrnila, al-Atdain 74 -Nattafil Asad 7l -Tasm t'a .fadis 72 -Nav,dfil lrdd 7l -al-Tija f Muluk Hitlrlar 38,85,

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Matrichaeism 205 al-Mangur Abi Ja.far 47,48, 144. Maqem-i-Ibrehim lt6 Ma'qil b. Munabbih93.94 Maqtal al-UusoiL 29:' M a r g o t i o uD t h. S . , t,16,t7.2t.24 Ma' rifat' UIEmat_tlodtt h 20l Mariaba 20,32 Marib(Dam ofl2, tg,20,32 Mariyabint Sa.d 297 Mad Rdhi!289,299 MarkaziUrdi Board3, Marthadal-GhaDavi I l6 Marwa 48 Marw5n b. at-IIakam !26, 188, 189,249,25t, 265,27 8, 289, - al-Qaraz73 Mary 105 Maryam34,35, 105 Mu.ib 35 ulro Cr.to, """ Masr[q 58 3l-Mas'ndi 5, 22-2435,65,66,87, 8 8 ,l o t , I 0 2 ,1 0 6 1 , 0 8 l,1 0 , l l l , 126,1s9,164,186,t87 , 223,288, 291.29s,296 Mttwd'iz lfahb b, Munabbih gB Mawali 80, 82, 235, 241,262 Mecca 11,24,48, 63,85, 89, 90, t00, lt2, 113,tl6IL8, 122,125, 126,t32-134, 139, 140,lsl, 155, t67, 169,178,189, t92,214,2t8, 2t9, 233,236,249,2st, 252 2s1, 262,267 , 268,271 , 280,296,298 Meccan period iof the prophet) 8, 97,236, 245 Mecca[s62 Medina 2,6-8, 1t,t2,24, 39, 52, 54,85, 88-90, 93, 95, r10,r12 117,l l8, 121,122,124,t26, 132, I33, 138-140, 147, 152-1s4, 1s6, t6o, 162,t63, 169,172,174,186, 188, 190, l9l, t93,195,203,208, 2O9, 21 5, 2t7, 2t9, 221,22!_22s, 227,23D,233-236, 246, 249,257 261,264,265,267, 277 , 280,287 , 290,300, 301

BARLY MUSLIM I-IISTOYIOCRAPHY Medin4, f6asu5 of Muslirns 6 Medina N46squqltO, tZ7, f88. 209,227, 277 Medinags.h661 (of historiograDhy) 1 3 , 7 4 , 9 3 , 9 9 , 2 t 6 ,2 r ? . 2 2 4 234,236, 238, 280,284, 30t. 302 Medinite traditioos 240 -Period (of the Prophet) 244 -rransmittrs 288 -version 286 Mehren 170 Meitrcke August 32 M.sh'had t26, Mesopotamia 20, 132, Messenger of AIIah \75, l7g, lg3 see also Pfophet the, Messengerof Cod 221 see also Mokammad aad prcphet ,he, Michai 130 Midrash 29,30, u0, !56, 165.179 Midrashim t?9 Midyan b. Ibrahim 63 Mikhoaf 295 *b. Sulaim287 -b. Zaid at-Khail al-Ta'i 45 Mina I 17 Mirba' (+ of rhe spoils of war) Mirbad 8l Mishna 28, 29, 108, 143 al-Miswar b. MakhEma 137, 249, 251,254,278 Mitanoi 128 Moed 29 Mobammad (the prophet) 3, 24. 6U62, 64, 91, 100, iot, 104, 109,I t3, 114,136, 138,139,144146, l5l, 153, 154, 156_159, t94, 2n,244 256, Mohamrnad see dso prophet, the Mohammad b. 'Abdilleh (Nephew of al-Zl!hri) 242 ' b . Abd a\: Azlz 298 *b. 'Abd al-RatrEan 68,182,228, -b. Abl Bakr 97,258, 259, 278, 289,293 -b. Abi Iludhaifa 278, 289,293, -b. Abi al-Sari 70

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-b. 'Urwa 229 -b. al-Zubair 58, 66,227-229, 235,289, 300 -al-Z]dbalri 239 Musailirna63, 64,15, lB9 Musann(rfb. 'Abd al-Razzdq lBO, 272 -Mobammad b, 'Abd al-RahtuAn 182 Miisa Sulaiman 143 Mu;'kaf (of Dafiascus) 126 -.4bt Bat.la t83 -Abi Hq,yan tg3 -al-Atnof 184 -Ildmma.l 183 -Ka'b b, Sit 184 Muslim (author)205 -b. Sabih 170 -b. Shihab 235 -b. 'Ubaidillah 235 Muslima b. Mukhla I2l Mu;tafa al-BEbi t4l -al-Saqqd 9! al-Mustaurid b. 'UUafa 299,296 Nlutarrif b 'Abdilteh 2t3 -b. al-Mughira 290 Mft infi 267 Ifurrallad (poats\ 78 Muzairc I93,204 Muzdalifa 207 (N) NabatanlB,3l-33 Nabatean script 17 Nabhiim 27 Nabih Mijab, M. 82 al-Nadr b. Satih299 Nadvi M. 16, 18,20,27,31-34, 36, Nafi' 119 -b. al-Azraq 90 -b. Jubair 21t -naula' Abdilldh b,' Llmar tg4 Naharwen 289, 296 Na it t8, 21 Najashi 176,2t I Najd 62 Najda al-Harnri 166

Najjar (baDn) 59 al-Najjar b. Aus 62 al-Nakha'i Motammad b. alMaija) 204 Nakhla 135 al-Namal stira 104, tc.s Namns-i-Akbar114 Namriid 274 Naqe'io 41, 56, 59 Nasab al-Mahaliba 57 Nashim 29 Nashwan b. Sa'id 21 Naskh (cban ter) 126 Na|I b- Asim 126 -b. Qu'aryn 69 -b. Rabja'a 68 NassAba41,59 Naubi 193 Naufal 209 Naufal b. al-Harith 62, 209, 223, -b. Khuwailid 228 -b. Musahiq 298 al-Nawavi9l Nebuchadnezzar I, 24 Necholas lrg Negrana 32 N e j r e n1 7 , 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 51 , 0 1 ,1 0 7 ,I 5 l New Testament34, 35, 108, 110, 165 New York 29 Nezekid 29 Night of Power ial-Qdldr.) tl4 NihAyat al:/1rab 38 a/-Nr',r.i sira l18 Nizar 11,72, Nizari 19? al-Nukhila 287, 295 al-Nu'man b. Bashir 296 -b. Buzruj 107 Numayr b. Wa'la 29? al-Numeri Zaid b. Kayyis 55, 88 Noah 25. 6t, 128,t45,242 Number!; 2:l al-Ntir s ra ll9,167 al-Nuwai.i 18

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Quraish24,48, 50-52,57, 59, 62, 11, 74, 100, 124, 125,136_138, 1 5 1 ,1 5 3 ,l 7 l , 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 , 2 0 4 , 2 l t , 212, 233, 238, 244, 249, 265, 267,

EARLY MUSLIM HISTORIOGRAPI{Y

Ranrpu! 126 RappoportA.S. 30, 142,143 al-Raqqa294 Ras al-Jalut 221 Ras Shamra130 Qur'an 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 20, Riddah 63, 122,226, 264,265, 28.1 21,24,26,29,30, 31, 34, 35, 289,291 43,45, 48,49,61, 10, 73, 79, Robertson 28 80, 89, 90, 93, 100, tot_108, Romans 4, (christians) 36, 37, 1r0, 112-115, 117, 118-120 (invasion)31,32, 105 103, t29, (collection af) 120, (copy of 167, 'knguage) 190, l9t, 250, 'Abdullah b. Mas'ud) l2t, {Sea)127,(village)106 (compiatatioD Boafi) 123, 124, Rome 17,36,39 (royal family of) (copy of Abrt Bakr) 125, (history 276 in the) 126, 121, 130-136,139Rosenthal F., 98, 09, 285 t42, 144, 145-153, RowliriscnGeorge,3l 156,159, l6t, 163-169. 173,174, 177,179,189, Rulrbat at-Fada 209 190, 199 Rustaqbadh 290 , 200, 205, 206, 2A8,214, 2l5 , 218, 220, 231 , 232, 239, 243, 24s, 247-2st, 268, 273_27 Sabe23 s, 27s, 280 S a b ' a( c i t y ) t 4 8 al-QuraziMohammad b. Ka'b _r4, Sabaean 18,19, 20, 2i, 22 86, 143, t46-ts5 SachauEdward 269 Oarrd (Qur'an reciters) 66 Srcred Home of Allah 133,138, Q u f y yb . K i l a b 7 1 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 1 249,273 Seealso "Ka'ba,, Qqtaiba b. Muslim 283 Sa'd b. Abi WaqqAs 265 'Abd -b Ihrahim I92 Qutaila bint a1:IJzza 64 -bint Qais 252 -b. Kh".irhama 77 -b. Mrf'lb 229 Qutham b. al-'Abbas63,255 -b. Naufal 299 Quza'A 72 (R) b. al-Rabi'172 -b.'UbAda 172 R^badha 154, 230,292 -b. 'Ubaid b, Nu'man l20 Rabah 193 -b. al-WaqaafI2l Rabbis ll0 Rabi' b. Khaitham 203 al-Sadi141 Rnbi'a 172 Sadiq 106 Rabi'a (tribe) 59, 64, Sadnm148 Rafa a b. Zaid 193 Sadnq 106 Rafe' b. Khadij 186 al-Sednsi Dagbfal b. Hanzala54 - b. Malik 172 -Qatada b. Di'.ma 18, 196 -b. yLtzid 263 Safe48, 209 maula'Umar 124 al-Srfhdi 70, 75 Raltim 23 !l-Suf sttra t19 Rah61123, 64 Safina 192 'Abd al-Muttalib Ra'il b. Ra'ail 61 Safiyyabint 228 al-Raji'279 $afwan b. Umayya 268 Ramla bint al-Zubair 229 SaLifa270

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Shl'a 197, 200, 204,282,288,2sj Solomon 23, 98, I00, 105, llf, SbibllNu'mdnl 60, tg}, 192, 194, 142,150(Songs of) 27 195,2s8 South Arabia16-19,21, il, 8i,88 'AbditJah Shifabint l?2 SDain272 Shirnarl7 Sprenger37 Shiqqal-Yashkuri 164 Stafi of Mosesl03 al-Shi'rani ('Abd al-Wahheb)8S, StateRecordsOflice301 146,191,224, Stationof Abrabamt28 Shishah Sedorium 30 SterrS.M.,37 Shith109,159 Storyof Samuel 10.' Sho'ayb145,148,275 Strabo32,33 -b. Ibrahlm286 StrackH,L..29 al-Slru'drasira 104,llg Su'ayrb, 'Add. 212 Shu'ba83,184 Sub'bal-Hanafi55 -b. at-Ilajjej $, 44 $ub'!l Salim7, 44,18-BO, r9t Shn a 237,292 Sudaoese I03 Shuraik170 Sufyan (Traosmittcr of Ibq al_ 'Abbe8) Shur'fabilb. al-Hasana122 u0 -b. Sa'd215,216, 234, 235, 263, -Thauri l4l 268, -b.'Uyaioa 198,234,272 -Ya'fur b. Abi Kuraib 23 Suhail236 Shu'tbiyya50, 52, 53 -b. ' Amt 154,213, , 56,82,2Os 249 Sicily 33 al-Suhaill 269 Sidarem 29 Suharb. 'Abbar 'Abdi i5 $iddiq b. Mnsa 228 SuhaymseeAbd al-Yaqzdn Siddiqul(Mazharud-Din)6 Sulaiman b, 'AIi 60 $iffin l,58,66,1 ,237, 258,260, -b. Asad146 284,287,289,294,295 -b. Sa'd 190 Sij b. al-Aswdr -b. Surad289,300 94 Silee Castte 2l -b. Yasar 240,248 Simonb. Lakish29 al-Sunab 256 Sinai 29 Suna DArqalnt 176 Siaed94 Sl.Jnna 7, 199,202,241 Sinope harbour128 Suuites 204 al-Simfl8l Sureqa b. Maiik al-Mudtajt Sirah 13, 30, 5t, 62, 68,93,97, Syria17,20,35,46,89, t25 126, t27, 100-103, lrq l15, t33, 135, 137,162, 787,t93, 200, 247,256. 147 t 5l t52, 17 , , 8, 184,t90, 192. 258,271, 284,285,287 19 5, 214-216, 219,220, 223_225, Syriac35-17,1O9, |0, l2S,1:/3 227,232,234,236,237, 239 -U2, SyriaDs 282,285, 294 (conquosts) 244,245,251,262, 271, 275_277, 2?8,(militia) 65, 280,301 al-Suyiiti 25, 38, 45-48, ?3, 80, strah lbn H isham101,231,269 102,242,246 - Ibn h'ltaq 38, 97 165, 2rj , 269 , (r) -of the Caliphs286 al-Tabarl 6, 8, 14,U,29,34,35, -Ma'dwiya wa Bafit Itmayya 2g6 39,49, 52-54,57_66,88, 9t, 9E, -'Umar I l8l 102-107, ltq n2-1l5, 122, 126,

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'Ubada b- al-gamit t2l, t22 'Ubaid b. Bishr58 -al-Kheriii 192 -b. Nu'man 120 'Ubaida 'Amr b. 299 --+. al-Zubaft 229 'Ubaidullah al-'Abbas b, 6i,207 -b. 'Abdillah191,23s,uo, 247, 248,2s0,2st, 2s3,254 -b. 'Adi 203 -b. 'Umar 250 -h,'Utva 229 ubayy b. Fatima 122 -b. Ka'b 120-122, 168,112, 173, 177 , t1E Udhra (tribe) !82 Uhud battle of68, 117, 1tt, 136, 1 3 71 , 5 31 , 5 6t,6 l , 1 9 42 , t1,214, 21 5, 234,235,247,253, 263,267 Ukaidir b. 'Abd,al-Malik 175,212 'Ukasha b. Mu$'ab229 'tJkaz D2 'Umair al-Hamdarii 58 - b. Darndam 55 -Dhu Murlan 58 'Umar 'Abd b. at-'Aziz tt1, 147, 149,176,181, 19t-95,2t0, 225, 2to,236,241 -b. 'Abd aFRahmen 298 -b. 'Abdillah 233 - b. Abi Rabi'a 74 -b. Jarwal250 'Umar b. al-Khatjab 2,25,26, 52, 56,64, 86, 88,89, 91,116, ll7, 121-24,143, 144,162, t65,166, 168,171, 173, 176-78, 186,198, 199,203,207-tO, 220, 22t, 231, u\ 246,249,250, 255_57, 262, 265,278,288, 29r,292 -b. Munabbih93,94 -b. Mu'ab229

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-b,'Ur\\a 232 -b. al-Zlubair 229 ':Ufi:a@ b. Hafiza 229 Umayyads 5, 18,23, 35,36, 40, 44, 46-48, 50-52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 't8,82,86, t49,160, 167, 186-90, 197, 204, 225_27, 233,236_38, 243, 260, 262, 267, 270, 280, 282, 234-87,289,294, 295, 298, 300 'ankht al-Talib 57 Umm AimaD 192 -'Amr b. Jundub 2t7 -Bakr 137 -al-Fadl biot at-tJdr.ith63, 221 -al-Hasao 228 -Jamil 100 -Khalid 262 -Kulthnm 172 -biDt 'Abdilbh b. Ja'far 224 -bil11 'Unlar 250 -Kurayz 69 -Ruman bint al-I.Itrith 64 -Salma l2l, 172. UDiversity of rhe Punjab 2 'Uqail b. Ka'b 213 'Uqba 224 -b. Abi 'Ayyash 262 'Amir -b. t2l -b. Mnsa 260 -b. Sum'an 298 Ur of Chaidees128, 129 Urdu E clclopaecliaaf Islanl2 'Urwa b. al-Zubair lI3, 115, 141, 152,1',77, t8t, 190,216, 222,224_ 27, 228-36,239-4t, 245_49, zst, 253,254,266, 211, 280 Usaid 163 -b. aFHudai! U2 Usarr b. Zdrim 139 Usdna b. Zaid 226, 264, 280 U.snlal-Hadith 171 'Utarid b. Hajib 63 'Utba b. chazwen 288, 291 'Urba b. Mas'ud 243, 251 'Utba b. al-Mughira 220 -b. Rabih 293 'utbaa b. Malk 210

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EARLY MUSLTM HISTORIOCRAPHY

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-b. Rashid at-Fa'ishi 296 -b. al-Sa'ib210 -b. Snhar 183 -b. Thabit 120, 122, t2i, t2S, t'73, lB8, 226, 234, 240 Za'|da 184 Zaid:inJu{i 17,68 Zainnb bint'Arlra 69 -bint JaLsh290 Zakariyyab. Is'haq 181 al-Zamakhshari l3l Zdndaqa 46, 47 Zi\r/ lO4 Zetuirn 29 ziyid.297 Ziyad b. Abih 72 al-Zub.idi 80, 81 al-Zubairb. 'Abdiltdh228 -b. i]-'Awwam 122,155,t62,216, 222,226-28, 257, 258,262, 265, 266 -b. Bakkir 57, 220, 281 Zuber 51, 52,161 Zutua (bann) 261 al-Zuhri Ibn Shih:ib, 25, 56, tl3, 152,176,188, t90, 193,194, 198, 201, 211. 217, 234-62, 267 268, 271, 2't 8, 280, 302