PG-PDS 04-01-03

Design Loads for Structures

October 2008

Scope
[I] Specification covers the loads for the design of support structures, equipment, and other facilities. The loads include gravity (dead and live) loads, process-generated loads, wind, and earthquake.

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Design Loads for Structures

October 2008

Table of Contents
1. Required References..............................................................................................4 1.1. 2. ASCEAmerican Society of Civil Engineers ..................................................4

Additional References............................................................................................4 2.1. 2.2. PNG LNG Project Specifications ...................................................................4 APIAmerican Petroleum Institute .................................................................4

3.

Design......................................................................................................................4 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. General ..........................................................................................................4 Live Loads......................................................................................................5 Wind Loads ....................................................................................................5 Earthquake Loads..........................................................................................6 Process Loads ...............................................................................................6 Maintenance Loads........................................................................................7 Construction Loads ........................................................................................7 Other Loads ...................................................................................................8 Load Combinations, Allowable Stresses, and Load Factors .........................8

Attachment: Purpose Codes Definitions...................................................................10

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October 2008

1. Required References
1) [I] This Section lists Codes and Standards that are generically referenced and assumed to be a part of this document. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition.

1.1.

ASCEAmerican Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures "Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities." 1997. American Society of Civil Engineers. (ASCE Report# 40262) Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and design of Petrochemical Facilities 1997. American Society of Civil Engineers. (ASCE Report # 40264)

2. Additional References
[I] The following Practices and Standards shall be used with this Practice as applicable.

2.1.

PNG LNG Project Specifications

PG-PDS 04-01-04 PG-PDS 04-99-17 Surge Vibration Design Loads Roads and Bridges

2.2.

APIAmerican Petroleum Institute

API STD 620 API STD 650 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

3. Design
3.1. General

1) [I] The following basic loads that shall be considered in the structural design include: a) Dead loads. b) Live loads. c) Operating loads including fluid, impact, piping restraint, surge vibration, thermal, and vibration loads. d) Maintenance loads including bundle pull loads. e) Environmental loads including earthquake, snow, ice, rain, and wind loads. f) Construction loads including erection forces and transportation loads. 2) [I] Basic loads on all structures except bridges shall be as defined in ASCE 7 except as clarified and supplemented below:
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Design Loads for Structures

October 2008

a) Live loads include the following loads: Personnel, portable machinery, tools, and equipment. Material to be temporarily stored during maintenance, such as exchanger parts, pipe and fittings, valves. iii) Material normally stored during operation such as tools, maintenance equipment, catalyst, and chemicals. b) Fluid loads are the gravity loads resulting from liquid, solids such as packing, catalyst or inerts, or fluidized solid materials in equipment and piping during operation or hydrotest. c) Piping restraint loads are forces on pipe anchors and guides resulting from thermal expansion, surge, or internal pressure of the piping. d) Impact loads are loads that account for the dynamic effects from moving equipment such as traveling cranes, elevators, hoists, and vehicular traffic. e) Bundle pull load is force resulting from the removal of a tube bundle from a heat exchanger. f) Surge vibration loads are lateral inertia forces caused by the surging action of fluidized solids. g) Construction loads are temporary loads caused by the erection and construction of structures and equipment, such as loading from guy rigging, shoring, etc. h) Transportation loads are inertial loads caused by the movement of structures and equipment from a fabrication site to the installation site. 3) [I] Basic loads shall be determined according to the applicable codes and standards listed in Sections 1 and 2 as modified or supplemented herein. i) ii)

3.2.

Live Loads

1) [R] Minimum live loads which shall be used to design structural elements and appurtenances shall be per ASCE 7 except where values in Table 1 are larger.

Table 1: Minimum Live Loads

Component Design Loaded Area Walkways and Access Platforms Floor Plate, Grating and Slabs Platforms for Operating Storage or Maintenance Storage Loads. Walkways and Access Platforms Floor Framing and Bracing Platforms for Operating Storage or Maintenance Storage Loads. Walkways and Access Platforms Columns and Brackets Platforms for Operating Storage or Maintenance Storage Loads. Roof (Sloped or Flat) Note (1): 6.0 kPa 1.0 kPa 6.0 kPa 3.0 kPa or a Moving Concentrated Load of 4.5 kN 5.0 kPa 6.0 kPa 3.0 kPa or a Moving Concentrated Load of 4.5 kN Minimum Live Load (1)

May be reduced based on influence area per ASCE 7

3.3.

Wind Loads

1) [I] Wind loads shall be calculated based on procedures provided in ASCE 7 with the following additions/clarifications.
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a) Site specific wind design parameters as appropriate for the applicable code/standard shall be as specified by the Owners Engineer. b) Exposure category C shall be used unless the terrain condition of the site justifies a different terrain category subject to the approval of the Owners engineer. c) Gust effect factors for flexible building and structures may be calculated by alternate methods acceptable to the Owners Engineer. A building or structure shall be considered flexible only if it has a fundamental natural frequency less than 1Hz. d) Force coefficients (Cf) for typical petrochemical facilities not specifically covered by ASCE 7, such as multiple-bay open-frame structures containing equipment, pipe racks, vessel with appurtenances, etc., shall be determined based on guidelines provided in ASCE Publication 40262: "Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design of Petrochemical Facilities." e) The total wind force on equipment support structures may be determined as the sum of the forces on each component in the structure. Components shall include: equipment and supports (without considering shielding), piping, structural framing, ladders, stairs, and other miscellaneous objects attached to the structure. However, the total force due to wind for an ordinary structure need not exceed that of an enclosed structure that would completely envelope the structure and attachments.

3.4.

Earthquake Loads

1) [I] Earthquake loads for building structures shall be calculated and applied in accordance with ASCE 7 with the following additions/clarifications: a) Site specific seismic design parameters as appropriate for the applicable code/standard shall be as specified by the Owners Engineer. b) Load factors applied to earthquake loads shall be consistent with the strength (limit states) design or allowable stress design method, as appropriate. c) When a dynamic analysis is required by the applicable code, it shall be based on the seismic response spectrum method to determine the earthquake forces and structural response. 2) Earthquake loads for tanks designed according to API STD 650 and API STD 620 shall be per the seismic provisions provided in the Appendices of those standards. 3) Earthquake loads for non-building structures shall be calculated and applied in accordance with ASCE publication 40264: Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and design of Petrochemical Facilities with the following additions/clarifications: a) Site specific seismic design parameters as appropriate for the applicable code/standard shall be as specified by the Owners engineer (refer report titled Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Papua New Guinea Gas Pipeline Project). 4) Earthquake loads for bridges shall be calculated and applied per PG-PDS 04-99-17.

3.5.

Process Loads

1) [I] The operating contents of vessels including liquid, catalyst, inert balls, packing, etc. shall be treated as Fluid loads per ASCE 7 and shall be based on the maximum level that may occur during operation. 2) [I] Vibration loads shall be based on process design or equipment specifications, or manufacturer data, whichever is governing. They shall be considered as live loads in the selection of load factors or safety factors in the applicable load combinations. 3) [I] Surge vibration loads for support structures and vessels for fluid-solids shall be per PG-PDS 04-01-04. Load factors and combinations shall be subject to Owners engineer's approval.
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4) [R] Impact loads for hoist and equipment handling facilities shall be as follows: a) Impact load shall be considered a variable load, similar to live load in the selection of load factors, safety factors, and load reduction factors in the applicable load combinations. b) Vertical, lateral, and longitudinal impact loads on the supports for moving bridge cranes, trolleys and davits, and monorail cranes shall be per ASCE 7. c) Davits (exclusive of manhole davits) shall be designed for the weight (mass) of the heaviest piece of equipment that they may be required to lift, plus the weight of rigging equipment, plus the impact load, but not less than a total load of 4.4 kN. Design shall be based on use of a single sheave pulley block. All davits shall be legibly marked with the safe working load (SWL). d) Impact loads for other moving equipment shall be determined in conjunction with the equipment manufacturer. 5) [R] Thermal loads shall be considered for support structures, foundations, and elements thereof based on the effects of differential temperature, and shall reflect the following: a) Thermal loads shall be considered as a self-straining force per ASCE 7 in the selection of load factors or safety factors in the applicable load combinations. b) Thermal effects shall be based on the difference between ambient or equipment design temperature and the installed temperature, whichever is more severe. 6) [R] Forces due to sliding friction shall be considered as a self-straining force per ASCE 7 and shall be based on the following coefficients of static friction: a) PTFE on PTFE: b) Steel on Steel: c) Steel on Concrete: 0.10 0.40 0.45

d) The coefficient of static friction for use on proprietary sliding surfaces and coatings shall be per the manufacturers specification and is subject to Owners engineers approval. 7) [R] Pipe anchor and guide loads produced from thermal movement, internal pressure, and surge shall be considered as a self-straining force per ASCE 7 for determining applicable load combinations and allowable stresses or load factors, as appropriate.

3.6.

Maintenance Loads

1) [M] Bundle pull loads shall be considered for structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers subjected to bundle pulling during maintenance based on the following: a) Bundle pull load shall be a longitudinal force equal to 100 percent of the tube bundle weight, but not less than 9.0 kN, applied at the centroid of the tube bundle. b) Bundle pull load shall be considered as a live load. c) Bundle pull force (shear) shall be assumed transmitted by only one (either) shell support, unless specified otherwise.

3.7.

Construction Loads

1) [I] Construction loads shall be determined in conjunction with the erection contractor and equipment manufacturer. 2) [R] Transportation loads for structures and equipment shall be as follows: a) Transportation loads for sea going transport shall be based on the most extreme conditions from a minimum 10-year seasonal storm for the worst part of the route. Roll, pitch, and
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Design Loads for Structures

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heave motion response of the barge/ship shall be developed in conjunction with the transportation contractor. b) Transportation loads shall be considered as a variable load per ASCE 7 for the selection of load factors or safety factors in the applicable load combinations.

3.8.

Other Loads

1) [I] Vehicular loads shall be determined as follows: a) For tired-vehicles (moving equipment) that operate on paved areasaccording to PG-PDS 0499-17. b) For railway equipment that operates on tracks-according to the applicable industry standards 2) [I] Hydrostatic Loads and Buoyancy shall be considered when a structure or equipment extends below water level, either temporarily or long-term as follows: a) Structure or equipment shall be considered as empty when evaluating impact of buoyancy. b) Water table level shall be assumed to be at grade unless otherwise approved by the Owners Engineer. c) Treatment of external hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy loads shall be the same as ground water load per ASCE 7.

3.9.

Load Combinations, Allowable Stresses, and Load Factors

1) [O] Loading conditions for buildings, structures, equipment, and foundations shall be according to ASCE 7, plus the load combinations shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Applicable Loads for Loading Conditions

Operation Loads Erection Testing Empty (Shutdown) Normal Abnormal (Upset)

Dead (Fixed) Loads Dead Load of Structure plus fireproofing Dead Load of Equipment plus internals, fireproofing, insulation Dead Load of Piping plus insulation Construction Loads Forces caused by erection Live (Moveable) Loads Platform and walkway loads Material storage Process Loads Normal fluid loads
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X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X
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Design Loads for Structures

October 2008

Operation Loads Erection Testing Empty (Shutdown) Normal Abnormal (Upset) X X X X X(4) X(4) X X X

Shutdown fluid loads Thermal forces Vibrating equipment forces Impact forces Normal surge forces Abnormal surge forces Maintenance Loads Test fluid loads Bundle pull force Environmental Loads Snow, ice or rain Earthquake (1) Wind, 3 second gust (1) Notes: (1) (2) (3) (4) Wind and Earthquake are not considered to act simultaneously.
1

X X (3)

X X

X X X

80% of full wind

X (2)

X (2)

/3 full wind load or wind at 20 m/s, whichever is greater.

Bundle Pull shall not be combined with Wind or Earthquake. Normal and abnormal surge loads shall be treated as variable loads. Load factors and combinations shall be subject to Owners engineer's approval.

2) [R], [C] Design should be based on the load combination causing the most unfavorable effect. When excluding loads other than dead loads results in a more critical loading condition, then such exclusion shall be considered. Load factors and combinations are subject to Owners engineer's approval. 3) [R], [C] For modifications or additions to existing structures, reduced load factors or higher allowable stresses may be used with the approval of the Owners engineer.

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Attachment: Purpose Codes Definitions

Code C Description Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is reduced costs. Reduced cost in this context refers to initial investment cost and does not include Life-Cycle cost considerations. Life-Cycle cost considerations are captured under reliability, maintainability, or operability purpose codes. Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is driven by environmental considerations. Environmental considerations typically include specifications intended to protect against emissions/leakage to the air, water, and/or soil. Deviations from the specifications contained in such paragraphs require formal review and approval according to local environmental policy. Assigned to paragraphs that provide only clarifying information such as Scope statements, definitions of terms, etc. Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is to provide for maintainability of equipment or systems. Maintainability provisions are those that facilitate the performance of maintenance on equipment/systems either during downtimes or during onstream operations. Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is to assure operability of equipment or systems. Operability is the ability of the equipment/system to perform satisfactorily even though conditions are off-design, such as during startups, process swings, subcomponent malfunction, etc. Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is to improve or assure the reliability of equipment or systems. Reliability is a measure of the ability of equipment/systems to operate without malfunction or failure between planned maintenance interventions. Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications whose primary purpose is avoidance of personnel or operational safety incidents. Any deviation from the specifications contained in such designated paragraphs requires formal review and approval according to local safety policy. Personnel Safety: Refers to the avoidance of recordable personnel injuries; i.e., burns, cuts, abrasions, inhalation, or exposure to dangerous substances, etc., that could result in medical treatment, restricted work, lost-time incidents, or fatalities. Refers to the prevention and control of process releases, fires, explosions, etc.

I M

Operational Safety:

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