ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB TOOL KIT

by Anjali Ankush Gupta Deepa Gahlot Aman Jain (0802710014) (0802710018) (0802710031) (0802710412)

Submitted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering

Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad Gautam Buddh Technical University June, 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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DECLARATION.......................................................................................................v CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................vii ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................x LIST OF SYMBOLS........................................................................................................xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION) 1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO A.I......01 1.2 A.I. LAB TOOL KIT1...01 1.2.1 OBJECTIVE.....01 1.2.2 INTRODUCTION....02 CHAPTER 2 (BASICS) 2.1 ABOUT A.I......03 2.1.1 BRANCHES OF A.I....03 2.1.2 APPLICATIONS OF A.I. ...04 2.2 NEURAL NETWORKS.......05 2.3 ROBOTICS AND A.I......06 2.4 GENETIC ALGORITHM........06 2.5 NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING........08 CHAPTER 3 (LOGIC) 3.1 KNOWLEDGE.........09 3.1.1 FORWARD CHAINING......09 3.1.2 BACKWARD CHAINING..........10 3.1.3 MATCHING.....12 3.1.4 SEMANTIC NETS...13 3.2 REASONING........14 3.2.1 DEMPSTER APPROACH...14 3.2.2 MYCIN RULE.....15 CHAPTER 4 (SEARCH ALGORITHM)

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4.1 SEARCH TECHNIQUE......16 4.1.1 DEPTH LIMITED SEARCH......16 4.1.2 BFS...17 4.1.3 BIDIRECTIONAL SEARCH..18 4.2 HEURISTIC APPROACH...19 4.2.1 MIN MAX SEARCH...19 4.2.2 ALPHA BETA PRUNING...20 4.3 PROBLEMS.21 4.3.1 TOH......21 4.3.2 8 PUZZLE PROBLEM22 CHAPTER 5 (MACHINE LEARNING AND PR) 5.1 MACHINE LEARNING......24 5.1.1 APPROACHES.....25 5.2 PR..26 5.2.1 STASTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION.26 5.2.2 CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE......28 5.2.2.1 NN RULE......28 5.2.2.2 BAYES CLASSIFIER...29 CHAPTER 6 (GAMES) 6.1 TIC TAC TOE...31 6.2 CHECKERS..31 6.3 MAGIC SQUARE.....32 CHAPTER 7 (LAB WORK AND AI PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES) 7.1 LAB WORK..33 7.2 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES OF AI34 7.2.1 LISP...34 7.2.2 PROLOG...35 CHAPTER 8 (MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM) 8.1 VARIOUS DEFINITIONS.......37 8.2 CRITERIA FOR BUILDING AN EXPERT SYSTEM....37 8.3 PERSONNEL INVOLVED......38 8.3.1 DOMAIN EXPERT......38 8.3.2 USER........38 8.3.3 KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER...38 8.4 MAIN PLAYERS IN DEVELOPENT TEAM.....39
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8.5 STRUCTURE.....40 8.6 OPERATION OF SYSTEM ......40 8.7 MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM .....43 CHAPTER 9 (SNAPSHOTS) 9.1 SNAPSHOT OF AI LAB TOOL KIT........45 9.2 SNAPSHOT OF MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM.......54 9.3 LIST OF TABLES USED IN DATABASE...70 CHAPTER 10(CONCLUSION) 10.1 LIMITATIONS OF PROJECT...74 10.1.1. Limitations of AI Lab Tool Kit...74 10.1.2 LIMITATIONS OF MYCIN EXPERT SYSTEM..74 10.2 FURTHER WORK......74 REFERENCES..75 APPENDIX A...76 APPENDIX B...79

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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Signature : Name :Anjali Roll No : 0802710014 Date : Signature : Name : Ankush Gupta Roll No : 0802710018

Date :
Signature : Name :Deepa Gahlot Roll No : 0802710031 Date :

Signature : Name :Aman Jain Roll No : 0802710412 Date :

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled Artificial Intelligence Lab Tool kit which is submitted by Anjali (0802710014), Ankush Gupta (0802710018), Deepa Gahlot (0802710031), Aman Jain (0802710412) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of Computer Science and Engineering of Uttar Pradesh Technical University,is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under our supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Supervisors

Mr. Ajay Kumar (Assistant Professor) CSE Department Date:

Mr. AkhileshVerma (Assistant Professor) CSE Department Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr. Ajay Kumar and Mr. Akhilesh Verma, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad for their constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. Their sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only their cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor B. M. Kalra, Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad for his full support and assistance during the development of the project. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty and staff members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature : Name :Anjali Roll No : 0802710014 Date : Signature : Name : Ankush Gupta Roll No : 0802710018

Date :
Signature : Name :Deepa Gahlot Roll No : 0802710031 Date : Signature : Name :Aman Jain Roll No : 0802710412 Date :

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ABSTRACT
The project titled Artificial Intelligence Lab Tool Kit aims to showcase certain basic concepts of A.I by successfully applying these concepts in practice of knowledge, learning etc. Our main objective is to develop an educational software package to train future and current students on artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic, machine learning, pattern reorganization, search algorithm etc. The software will be designed to be completely user-friendly, and provide hands-on interactive lessons to enhance understanding and knowledge of these powerful methods. In A.I. Lab Tool Kit, we have provided the basic theoretical knowledge of the artificial intelligence to the AI toolkit user. After that some practical problem on the each topic of artificial intelligence are defined and solution are also provided. The toolkit is also including all the lab work practical with implementation and tutorials for students. The basics of using toolkit and programming languages used to code the AI based programming to implement various problems. Some games are also developed using AI concept in this AI toolkit. We are also providing some viva questions for students to prepare for practical exams. Our project also include Mycin Expert System this is defined as a model and associated procedure that exhibits, within a specific domain, a degree of expertise in problem solving that is comparable to that of a human expert Mycin was one of the earliest expert systems, and its design has strongly influenced the design of commercial expert systems and expert system shells. Its job was to diagnose and recommend treatment for certain infections. To do the diagnosis properly involves growing cultures of the infecting organism. Unfortunately this takes around 48 hours, and if doctors waited until this was complete their patient might be dead! So, doctors have to come up with quick guesses about likely problems from the available data, and use these guesses to provide a covering treatment where drugs are given which should deal with any possible problem. This project has successfully executed and the setup of this project is provided along with this report in the form of CD.

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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table name 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 9.3.8 9.3.9 9.3.10 9.3.11 Disease Master Table Symptoms Master Table Salts Master Table Test Master Table Mapping Table - Test for Disease Mapping Table Symptoms for Disease Patient details Table Others Details table Doctors Prescription Table Prescription Salts Table Prescription Tests Table Page No 70 70 70 71 71 71 72 72 73 73 73

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Fig 2.1 Fig 3.1 Fig 3.2 Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2 Fig 4.3 Fig 4.4 Fig 4.5 Fig 4.6 Fig 4.7 Fig 5.1 Fig 5.2 Fig 5.3 Fig 5.4 Fig 5.5 Fig 6.1 Fig 8.1 Fig 8.2 Fig 9.1.1 Fig 9.1.2 Fig 9.1.3 Genetic Algorithm Forward Chaining Backward Chaining Depth Limited Search Breadth first Search Bidirectional Search Minmax Search Alpha Beta Pruning Tower of Hanoi Puzzle Problem Machine Learning Stastical Pattern Recognition Stastical Learning NN Rule Bayes Classifier Tic Tac Toe Expert System Knowledge Acquisition Loading page of AI lab tool kit Main page of AI lab tool kit Lab work of tool kit
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Page No 07 10 12 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 24 27 28 29 30 31 40 41 45 46 47

Fig 9.1.4 Fig 9.1.5 Fig 9.1.6 Fig 9.1.7 Fig 9.1.8 Fig 9.1.9 Fig 9.2.1 Fig 9.2.2 Fig 9.2.3 Fig 9.2.4 Fig 9.2.5 Fig 9.2.6 Fig 9.2.7 Fig 9.2.8 Fig 9.2.9 Fig 9.2.10 Fig 9.2.11 Fig 9.2.12 Fig 9.2.13 Fig 9.2.14 Fig 9.2.15 Fig 9.2.16

Snapshot of Practical 1 Snapshot of Practical 2 Snapshot of AI Programming Languages Snapshot of NN Rule Snapshot of Magic Square Snapshot of video page of Magic Square Snapshot of main page of MYCIN Expert System Snapshot of Disease Master Snapshot of Symptoms master Snapshot of Tests master Snapshot of Salts master Snapshot of Symptoms for Disease form Snapshot of Tests for Disease form Snapshot of Tests for Disease form Snapshot of patient menu form Snapshot of patient detail form Snapshot of view patient form Snapshot of patient symptoms form Snapshot of patient analysis form Snapshot of recommended test form Snapshot of recommended test form Snapshot of patient history form

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

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LIST OF SYMBOLS
= / ( ) [ ] < > , + . * { } equal to almost equal to division slash infinity ornate left parenthesis ornate right parenthesis left square bracket right square bracket less than greater than less-than or equal to greater-than or equal to single low-9 quotation en dash plus sign decimal point multiplication sign left curly bracket right curly bracket

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LISP PROLOG NN DAG SVM ILP GA ANN TOH BFS DFS List Programming Programming in Logic Nearest Neighbor rule Directed Acyclic Graph Support Vector Machine Inductive Logic Programming Genetic Algorithm Artificial Neural Network Tower Of Hanoi Breadth First Search Depth First Search

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