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CUSTOMER CONFIDENTIAL
Introduction Overall RF Design and Optimization Process Design Input Design Objectives Pathloss Model Benchmarking of LTE Design Objectives Site Selection and RF Optimization Summary
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Introduction
UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE)
LTE belongs to the next generation of mobile systems recently standardized in 3GPP
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Adaptive modulation and coding with hybrid ARQ Fast packet scheduling with full flexibility in time and frequency Full spectrum flexibility with BW ranging from 1.4 to 20 MHz Standardized MIMO support with up to 4 antennas on each side
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SINR, data rate and quality network information is provided based on pathloss [more details in next slides]
Fine Tuning
Sites are selected and tilt, azimuth, power, etc. are tuned to improve the performance within the specified constraints
Results are analyzed via a static simulator. The process can be repeated for a finer tuning
After optimization predictions may be re-calculated for the sake of providing better accuracy
Optimized results are obtained using re-calculated predictions from the RF planning tool
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Design Input
Basic Parameters
Physical Parameters
Terrain attributes, clutter type, antenna location (latitude and longitude) and antenna configuration (azimuth and tilts)
Generation of Predictions
Propagation models, drive tests, OSS data, call traces, etc.
eNode-B Parameters:
PA power, pilot power, cyclic prefix, IoT level, network load, noise figure, etc.
UE Parameters
TX power, antenna gain, noise figure, etc.
Duplexing Mode
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) different channels for DL and UL Time Division Duplex (TDD) sharing in time a single frequency for DL and UL
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Design Input
Link Level Mapping Table
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MCS-1 [QPSK,R=1/8] MCS-2 [QPSK,R=1/5] MCS-3 [QPSK,R=1/4] MCS-4 [QPSK,R=1/3] MCS-5 [QPSK,R=1/2] MCS-6 [QPSK,R=2/3] MCS-7 [QPSK,R=4/5] MCS-8 [16 QAM,R=1/2] MCS-9 [16 QAM,R=2/3] MCS-10 [16 QAM,R=4/5] MCS-11 [64 QAM,R=2/3] MCS-12 [64 QAM,R=3/4] MCS-13 [64 QAM,R=4/5] Shannon
0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 SNR, dB
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Design Input
Standard Propagation Models Lee Model
Empirically derived area model that is commonly used in the United States Wireless applications in the 800MHz and 1900MHz range. Applied at higher frequencies, but adjustments must be made to the slope and intercept
Hata Model
Most-popular empirically-derived propagation model for the 800MHz to 2GHz frequencies Widely used in Asia accurately describing the dense urban environments better Based on the Japanese propagation environment, different from USA or Europe areas.
SUI Model
An extension of the earlier work by AT&T Wireless and Erceg et al. Widely used for technologies at frequency band higher than 2GHz Selected to test WiMAX due to its accurate estimations at NLOS environments
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Design Input
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
TX/RX Diversity
eNode-B
UE SINR Gain
Spatial Multiplexing
eNode-B
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Design Input
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) (II)
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Design Input
Uplink Power Control (PC)
Classic PC schemes aim all users received with the same SINR 3GPP agreed the use of Fractional PC for Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) to compensate for slow channel variations
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Design Input
Resource Block Planning (I)
Traditional RB schemes
Full reuse: all sectors within a site share the same bandwidth
Higher peak throughput at a cost of higher interference
Advanced RB schemes
Dynamic RB Planning: automatic solution to minimize the interference Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC): wiser allocation scheme in between full and one-third reuse
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Design Input
Resource Block Planning (II) - ICIC
Wise allocation of users generating higher interference to improve the system performance
Cell-edge users, which are assumed to interfere the most, have a limited band to be scheduled Rest of the bandwidth for cell-center users
Interference coordination
Cell-edge band location follows the well-known 3-color pattern within a site Distance between highly interfering users increases
cell-edge
cell-center
System bandwidth
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Design Input
Resource Block Planning (III) - ICIC
No ICIC
Worse SINR in CC
Better SINR in CE
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Design Objectives
LTE Metrics
RSRP
Average RX power of one RE transmitting RS
Carrier Bandwidth
RSRQ
RSRP x # RBs Carrier RX power + Noise
Time Slot
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Design Objectives
Coverage (I)
Indicating if a certain location may have access to the network Defined by Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
Linear average over the power contributions of the REs that carry cell-specific Reference Signals (RSs) within the considered frequency bandwidth
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Design Objectives
Coverage (II) Radio Link Budget [Downlink]
a b c d e f g h i j k l m N Transmit Power [dBm] TX Antenna Gain [dBi] Cable Loss [dB] EIRP [dBm] UE Noise Figure [dB] Thermal Noise [dBm] Received Noise Floor [dBm] SINR [dB] Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] Interference Margin [dB] Control Channel Overhead [dB] RX Antenna Gain [dBi] RX/TX Diversity Gain Body Loss [dB] Maximum Pathloss [dB ] [dB]
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43.0 13.0 0.0 56.0 5.0 -106.8 -101.8 10.0 -91.8 3.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 146.8
=dijk+l+mn
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Design Objectives
Coverage (III) Radio Link Budget [Uplink]
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Max Transmit Power [dBm] TX Antenna Gain [dBi] Body Loss [dB] EIRP [dBm] eNode-B Noise Figure [dB] Thermal Noise [dBm] Received Noise Floor [dBm] SINR [dB] Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] Interference Margin [dB] Cable Loss [dB] RX Antenna Gain [dBi] RX/TX Diversity Gain MHA Gain Maximum Pathloss [dB ] [dB]
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24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 10.0 -106.8 -96.8 6.0 -90.8 2.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 2.0 127.8
=dijk+l+m+n
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Design Objectives
Quality
Giving an idea of the level of interference, highly impacting the performance Defined by Reference Signal Received Power (RSRQ)
RSRP over the wideband received signals from all base stations in the carrier bandwidth plus thermal noise
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Design Objectives
Capacity
Note that each service has specific requirements and hence need to be assigned to different radio access bearers (RAB)
Requested Data Rate: throughput for a user to be satisfied Minimum Data Rate: throughput for a user to be in the system
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Pathloss Model
RF Planning Tool
Basic
Purely Predictions
OSS Based
No need for Drive Test. Extra accuracy from relaying on OSS data
Geolocation Advanced
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Neighbor List
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Monte Carlo simulation solution is used to characterize the radio performance of LTE at any time of the design process
Quick identification of the best design among multiple candidates Clearly pointing the main network problems (highest blocked/dropped field)
Required inputs
System, sector and user parameters Service and traffic set-up
Provided outputs
Accurate estimations for UL and DL loading, and noise rise Different raster views and text-formatted reports with information about served, unsatisfied and drop users, offered and carried loading, etc.
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Global KPIs
Coverage: percentage of covered area from signal level (RSRP) perspective. Quality: percentage of covered area from quality level (RSRQ) perspective Traffic Quality: percentage of covered area for minimum SNR based on minimum data rate the service requires Capacity: percentage of sectors at maximum load
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Site selection minimum number of sites to meet target coverage, quality and capacity.
15 sites KPI performance from potential sites KPI Objectives KPI performance after site selection 9 sites
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Operators have limited amount of resources, but at the same time they require to fulfill certain Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The optimization process aims to improve the overall network coverage, capacity and quality, and enabling operators to make the most out of their limited network resources. Network attributes that can be modified:
Antenna type Antenna height Antenna tilt (mechanical and electrical) Antenna azimuth Transmit power
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Other Functionalities
Cell-ID Planning
According to 3GPP there are 504 unique physical-layer cell identities The different cell-IDs are grouped into 168 unique physical-layer cell-ID groups
Each group containing three unique identities Each cell-ID is part of one and only one physical-layer cell-ID group
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Summary
Conclusions and Remarks
LTE key metrics for optimization RSRP to indicate the network access (i.e. coverage) RSRQ giving an idea of the link quality Capacity which is determined by traffic and distribution of users Advanced LTE features also have an impact on the design
MIMO capabilities to improve SINR and throughput RB planning (and ICIC) to control interference Smart schedulers to optimize RB allocation
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THANK YOU!
Comments and Questions?
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