International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6545(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), pp. 344-357 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
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UNDERSTANDING OPERATION OF SHUNT CAPACITORS AND OLTC FOR TRANSMISSION LOSS REDUCTION
Dr. M. P. Sharma AEN, RVPNL, Jaipur Sarfaraz Nawaz Assoc. Prof., EE Deptt., SKIT, Jaipur

ABSTRACT This paper presents an understanding operation of shunt capacitor banks and OLTC in various power system conditions for reactive power control in power transmission system to reduce transmission losses, power system elements loading and voltage control. This paper also presents efficient use of existing shunt capacitor banks for voltage-var control in power transmission system in order to avoid installation of new devices allowing economy of operation. The procedure has been simulated to the Rajasthan power transmission system model having 750 buses, 6800MWsystem load and 3200MVAR capacity shunt capacitor banks installed at various 33KV and 11KV load buses in order to verify its effectiveness. Rajasthan power system has been modeled using Mi-Power power system analysis software designed by the M/s PRDC Bangalore. Results of tests conducted on the model system in various possible field conditions are presented and discussed. Simulation results compared with that obtaining using existing methods for operations of shunt capacitor banks & OLTC attach with power transformers for reactive power and voltage control are presented to show the potential of application of the proposed methods to power system economical operation. (I) INTRODUCTION Rapid rise in load growth in the Rajasthan system led to fast expansion of the Rajasthan Electrical Network. Total transmission system network at the end of financial year for last three years is placed at Table-1.

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Table-1: Total transmission network at the end of financial year Particulars 400 kV S/S (Nos/MVA) 400 kV Lines (ckt kms) 220 kV S/S (Nos/MVA) 200 kV Lines (ckt kms) 132 kV S/S (Nos/MVA) 132 kV Lines (ckt kms) 31-3-09 4(2955) 1358 31-3-10 7(3900) 1945 31-3-11 9(4895) 2660

62(11855) 9321

66(12955) 10067

74(15405) 10662

280(14151) 292(15871) 310(18174) 12776 13193 13852

(II) TRANSMISSION LOSSES WITHIN STATE For Rajasthan Power System, recorded peak load (MW) & reactive power demand and transmission losses within the state in the past few years have been tabulated at Table-2. Table-2: Transmission lossess within state FY 200708 5564 200809 6101 2009- 201010 11 6859 7442 5144 5581

Recorded peak load (MW) Load Reactive 4173 4575 Power Demand (MVAR) %Transmission 4.61% 4.34% losses

4.43

4.40

To compensate the load reactive power demand, capacitor banks have been installed at 33 kV (at 132/33 kV GSSs), 11 kV (at 33/11 kV GSSs) and LT voltage levels. As on 31.3.2011, 3200 MVAR capacity capacitors banks have been installed in the Rajasthan system at 33 kV voltage level. Rating of most of capacitor Banks is 5.43 MVAR at 33 kV voltage level. At 220 kV & 132 kV substations, for voltage and power factor control two devices are available: On Load Tap Changers provided on EHV Transformers Shunt capacitor banks installed at 33 kV voltage level When to operate OLTC & when the capacitor bank is big question??. Understanding and coordinated operation of OLTC and capacitor banks results reduction in system losses, improved voltage profile and reduce MVA loading of transformers & transmission lines.
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To understand impact of operation of OLTC & capacitor banks in different operating conditions on voltage profile, system losses and MVA Loading of transformer and transmission lines some simulation studies have been carried and presented. Rajasthan power system has been selected to carry out the simulation studies. Rajasthan power system has been represented up to 33 kV voltage level using the Mi-Power software. Load and capacitor banks have been lumped at 33 kV buses at 220 kV and 132 kV sub-stations. All transmission lines above 132 kV voltage level and all 400/220 kV, 220/132 kV & 132/33 kV transformers have been represented. 132 kV GSS Lalsot has been selected to show the effect of OLTC operation and shunt capacitor banks operation in different operating conditions. 132 kV sub-station Lalsot is presently connected to 220 kV sub-station Dausa via 35 kM long 132 kV S/C line. Details of power system Equipment's installed at 132kV Lalsot are as follows:Transformers capacity 132/33kV 1x40/50 MVA Transformer: Total No. of taps :1-5-9, 10 % impedance 132/33kV 1x20/25 MVA Transformer: Total No. of taps :1-5-9, 10 % impedance Capacitor Banks Capacity 1x5.43MVAR, 33kV Voltage Shunt Capacitor Bank-1 1x5.43MVAR, 33kV Voltage Shunt Capacitor Bank-2 1x5.43MVAR, 33kV Voltage Shunt Capacitor Bank-3 132kV S/C Dausa- Lalsot line: 35kM (III) CASE STUDY-1: BENEFITS OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS Power plots of load flow study with 45 MW, 0.80 PF load at 33 kV bus (505) is placed at LFS Plots-1. Under this condition reactive power drawal of 33 kV Bus(505) from Grid is approximately 20 MVAR. Power plots of LFS with 4th 1x5.43 MVAR, 33 kV Capacitor Bank at 33 kV Bus(505) while other conditions are remain unchanged is placed at LFS Plots-2.

Fig. :1 LFS Plot1: With three Capacitor Banks at 33 kV Bus ( 505)

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Fig. 2: LFS Plot 2: With four Capacitor Banks at 33 kV Bus ( 505) Impact of 4th Shunt Capacitor Banks on reactive power flow, transmission losses, system voltage and system element loading have been analyzed. Impact on Reactive Power Flow flow With three With four Capacitor Banks Capacitor Banks 20.99 MVAR 22.76 MVAR 91.09 MVAR 16.34 MVAR 17.79 MVAR 85.09 MVAR

Reactive on

132/33 kV Transformers 132kV line 220/132kV Transformers

Impact on voltage profile Particulars With three With four Capacitor Capacitor Banks Banks 33 kV bus voltage 29.21 kV 29.55 kV 132 kV bus voltage 117.76 kV 118.93 kV 220 kV bus voltage 214.52 kV 214.81 kV

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Impact on Transformers and transmission lines loading Particulars With three With four Capacitor Banks Capacitor Banks 132/33 kV transformers 50.05 MVA 48.17 MVA loading 132 kV line loading 220/132 kV transformers loading 51.37 MVA 168.51 MVA 49.28 MVA 165.19 MVA

Impact on Transmission losses Particulars With three With four Capacitor Capacitor Banks Banks Total losses in 132kV 1.06 MW 0.96 MW network (Line+Tranf.) Saving in transmission losses in 132kV network due to fourth Capacitor bank : 0.10 MW Saving in transmission losses in 220kV & above network due to fourth capacitor bank: 2.5x0.1 Saving in transmission losses in 132kV network due to fourth Capacitor bank : 0.10 MW Saving in total transmission losses due to fourth capacitor bank: 0.10 + 0.25 = 0.35 MW Yearly Energy Saving: 30.66 LUs Saving in terms of rupees: 30.66x2.0 = Rs. 61.32 Lacs/annum

This study indicates that With 4th unit of shunt capacitor bank Voltages of 220 kV, 132 kV & 33 kV buses have been improved Loading on transformers & transmission line has been reduced. Transmission losses have been reduced. Therefore, capacity of Capacitor Banks at load Bus should be comparable to Bus reactive Power Demand in order to reduce the system losses and system elements loading. (IV) CASE STUDY-2: CONTROL OF HIGH VOLTAGE BY CAPACITOR BANKS VS OLTC OPERATION Power plots of LFS with 33 MW, 0.80 PF load at 33 kV bus(505) is placed at LFS plots-3. Under this condition voltage of 33 kV bus(505) is above the 5% of nominal voltage. This 33 kV bus high voltage can be reduced either by switching off one capacitor bank or decreasing the transformer ratio with the help of OLTC. Power plots of LFS for voltage control through one capacitor bank switching OFF and transformer tap ratio reduction is
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placed at LFS plots-4 & 5 respectively. Impact of 33 kV Bus (505) voltage control through Capacitor Bank switching (Case-1) vs OLTC operation (Case-2) on reactive power flow, transmission losses, system voltage and system element loading have been analyzed. Impact on Reactive Power Flow Reactive flow Capacitor Bank OLTC on operation Operation 132/33 kV Transformers 132kV line 220/132kV Transformers 12.99 MVAR 13.30 MVAR 37.12 MVAR 8.12 MVAR 8.42 MVAR 31.62 MVAR

Impact on voltage profile Particulars Capacitor OLTC Bank Operation operation 33 kV bus voltage 34.34 kV 33.34 kV 132 kV bus voltage 220 kV bus voltage 132.70 kV 224.13 kV 133.72 kV 224.38 kV

Impact on Transformers and transmission lines loading Particulars Capacitor OLTC Bank Operation operation 132/33 kV 35.59 MVA 34.07 MVA transformers loading 132 kV line loading 220/132 kV transformers loading 35.64 MVA 109.34 MVA 34.19 MVA 107.55 MVA

Impact on Transmission losses Particulars Capacitor OLTC Bank Operation operation Total losses in 132kV 0.42 MW 0.38 MW network (Line+Tranf.)

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Saving in transmission losses in 132kV network in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: 0.04 MW Saving in transmission losses in 220kV & above network in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: = 2.5 x 0.04 MW = 0.10 MW Saving in total transmission losses in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: 0.14 MW Yearly Energy Saving in Case-2 as compared to Case-1 for four hours: 2.04 LUs Saving in terms of rupees: 2.04 x2.00 = Rs 4.08 lacs/annum

This study indicates that under lagging power factor of a bus, control of high bus voltage through switching OFF capacitor Bank instead of OLTC operation results: Increase the reactive power flow on Transformers and Transmission lines Increase the MVA loading on transformers & transmission lines. Reduction in 132 kV & 220 kV voltages which may be already low in some system conditions. Increase the total system losses which results loss of revenue.

Fig. 3: LFS Plot 3: Base Case with high 33 kV Bus (505) Voltage

Fig. 4: LFS Plots 4: Control of high 33 kV Bus(505) voltage through switched off one Capacitor Bank

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Fig. 5 : LFS Plot 5: Control of high 33 kV Bus(505) voltage by reduction in Transformers Tap ratio from 1.04 PU to 1.0 PU Therefore, in lagging power factor condition, high voltage of a Bus should be regulated through OLTC operation instead of switching OFF the Capacitor Banks in order to reduce the system losses and system elements loading. (V) CASE STUDY-3: OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF CAPACITOR BANKS Power plots of LFS with 45 MW, 0.80 PF load at 33 kV bus(505) is placed at LFS plots-6. Under this condition Voltage of 33 kV bus(505) is 27.74 kV Reactive power flow on 132 kV transformers is 22.24 MVAR 132/33 kV Transformers tap position is 1.0 PU Capacitor banks are injecting 13.65 MVAR against the 16.29 MVAR connected capacity. Now transformer ratio of 132/33 kV transformers connected to 33 kV Bus(505) is increased from 1.0 PU (Case-1) to 1.05 PU (1/0.95) (Case-2) while other system conditions remain unchanged. Power plots of LFS with increase transformers ratio is placed at LFS plots-7. Impact of rise in transformer tap ratio on reactive power flow, transmission losses, system voltage and system element loading have been analyzed. Impact on Reactive Power Flow Reactive flow on Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.05PU Output of Capacitor 13.65 MVAR 15.48 MVAR Banks connected to Bus(505) 132/33 kV 23.94 MVAR 21.57 MVAR Transformers 132kV line 24.48 MVAR 21.98 MVAR 220/132kV Transformers 84.89 MVAR 81.92 MVAR

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Impact on voltage profile Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.05PU 33 kV bus voltage 30.22 kV 32.18 kV 132 kV bus voltage 125.46 kV 126.01 kV Particulars 220 kV bus voltage 226.10 kV 226.23 kV

Impact on Transformers and transmission lines loading Particulars Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.05PU 132/33 kV 51.13 MVA 50.05 MVA transformers loading 132 kV line loading 52.21 MVA 51.02 MVA 220/132 kV 165.01 MVA 163.42 MVA transformers loading Impact on Transmission losses Particulars Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.05PU (Case-1) (Case-2) Total losses 1.12 MW 1.05 MW in 132kV network (Line+Tranf.)

Saving in transmission losses in 132kV network in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: 0.07 MW Saving in transmission losses in 220kV & above network in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: = 2.5 x 0.07 MW = 0.175 MW Saving in total transmission losses in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: 0.245 MW Yearly Energy Saving in Case-2 as compared to Case-1 for four hours: 3.57 LUs Saving in terms of rupees: 3.57 x2.00 = Rs 7.14 lacs/annum

This study indicates that rise in transformer tap ratio under low load bus voltage condition increase the output of the connected capacitor banks which results: Decrease the reactive power flow on Transformers and Transmission lines Decrease the MVA loading on transformers & transmission lines. Increase the 33 kV, 132 kV & 220 kV voltages which may be already low in some system conditions.. Decrease the total system losses.

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Fig. 6 :LFS Plot 6: 1.0 PU tap ratio of 132/33 kV Transformers connected to 33 kV Bus(505)

Fig. 7 : LFS Plot 7: 1.05 (1/0.95) PU tap ratio of 132/33 kV Transformers connected to 33 kV Bus(505) Therefore, load bus voltage should be maintained near to nominal with the variation of transformer ratio using OLTC unit for optimum utilization of Shunt Capacitor Banks to reduce the system losses. (VI) CASE STUDY-4: EFFECT OF OLTC OPERATION OF 220/132 KV TRANSFORMERS ON TRANSMISSION LOSSES Power plots of LFS with total 148 MW, 0.80 PF load connected to 33 kV Buses No. 501, 502, 504 and 505 is placed at LFS plots-8. Under this condition Voltages of 33 kV buses is poor, therefore, output of capacitor banks is below to their rated capacity Voltages of 132 kV buses is also poor Tap position of 220/132 kV transformers is 1.0 PU Now transformer ratio of 220/132 kV transformers connected to 132 kV Bus (101) is increased from 1.0 PU (Case-1) to 1.04 PU (1/0.96) (Case-2) while other system conditions remain unchanged. Power plots of LFS with increase transformers ratio is placed at LFS plots-9. Impact of rise in 220/132 kV transformer tap ratio on reactive power flow, transmission losses, system voltage and system element loading have been analyzed.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME Impact on Reactive Power Flow Reactive flow on Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.04PU Reactive power 35.97 40.57 MVAR injection by the MVAR Connected Capacitor banks at various 33 Buses 220/132kV Transformers Particulars 112.21 MVAR 100.94 MVAR

Impact on voltage profile Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.0PU Ratio:1.04PU 126.66 kV 213.41 kV 136.06 kV 213.96 kV

132 kV bus voltage 220 kV bus voltage

Impact on Transformers and transmission lines loading Particulars Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.04PU 220/132 kV 188.97 MVA 182.00 MVA transformers loading Impact on Transmission losses Transformer Transformer Ratio:1.00PU Ratio:1.04PU (Case-1) (Case-2) Total losses in 5.50 MW 4.78 MW 132kV network of 220 kV GSS Particulars

Saving in transmission losses in 132kV network in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: 0.72 MW Saving in transmission losses in 220kV & above network in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: = 2.5 x 0.72 MW = 1.80 MW Saving in total transmission losses in Case-2 as compared to Case-1: 2.52 MW Yearly Energy Saving in Case-2 as compared to Case-1 for four hours: 36.79 LUs Saving in terms of rupees: 36.79 x2.00 = Rs 73.58 lacs/annum This study indicates that rise in transformer tap ratio of 220/132 kV transformers under low voltage condition increase the output of the connected capacitor banks which results: Decrease the reactive power flow on Transformers and Transmission lines Decrease the MVA loading on transformers & transmission lines. Increase the 33 kV, 132 kV & 220 kV voltages which may be already low in some system conditions.. Decrease the total system losses.
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Fig. 8: LFS Plot8: 1.0 PU Transformer ratio of 220/132 kV Transformers connected to 132 kV Bus(101)

Fig. 9 : LFS Plot 9: 1.04 PU (1/0.96) Transformer ratio of 220/132 kV Transformers connected to 132 kV Bus(101) Therefore, voltage of 132 kV Bus at 220 kV sub-stations should be maintained near to nominal with the operation of OLTC to increase the output of connected capacitor banks to reduce the system losses and system elements loading. (VII) CONCLUSION Understanding operation of Shunt Capacitor Banks and OLTC in different operating conditions results: Reduction of reactive power flow on transmission lines and transformers Reduction of loading of transmission lines and transformers Improve the transmission system voltage Reduction of transmission system losses Therefore, understanding operations should be performed on Capacitor Banks and OLTC attached with transformers in different operating conditions. Capacitor banks are the means to compensate load reactive power demand to the bus (the load bus) to which these are connected so as to restrict flow of reactive power from the sending bus to the load bus. Therefore, in order to reduce the system losses and system elements loading

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Capacity of Capacitor Banks at load Buses should be comparable to Bus reactive Power Demand The shunt capacitors are required to be kept ON till the reactive component of the load (which is generally inductive) is more than the reactive power injected by the shunt capacitors i.e. power factor of the load bus is lagging. Output of the capacitor banks is squarely proportional to system voltage where capacitor bank is connected therefore load bus voltage should be maintained near to nominal for maximum utilization of connected capacitor banks. REFERENCE R.F. Cook, Optimizing the application of Shunt Capacitor for Reactive Volt-Ampere Control and Loss Reduction IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 80, Aug. 1999, pp:430-444 2. B. V. Vidhute, Dr. H. P. Inamdar, and S.A. Deokar, Maximum Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Capacitors on a Distribution System Power India Conference, 2008, IEEE, pp: 1-3. 3. Bei Gou Optimal Capacitor Placement for improving Power quality, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, IEEE, 1999, PP-488-492. 4. H. Kim, S-K. You, Voltage Profile Improvement by capacitor Placement and control in unbalanced distribution Systems using GA, IEEE power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999, Vol. 2, pp. 18-22. 5. J. B. V. SUBRAHMANYAM, Optimal Capacitor Placement in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Networks Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol6. No1. (pp 106 - 115) 6. M. H. Shwehdi, A. Mantawi , S. Selim, A Capacitor Placement In Distribution Systems, A New Formulation 7. IEEE Bolgona Power Tech. Conference, June 23-26, 2003 Chun Wang and Hao Zhong Cheng, Reactive power optimization by plant growth simulation algorithm, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 119-126, Feb. 2008 8. Suresh Kamble, and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, Characterization of Voltage Sag Due to Balanced and Unbalanced Faults in Distribution Systems, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 197 - 209, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. 9. Om Prakash Mahela and Sheesh Ram Ola, Optimal Placement and Sizing of HT Shunt Capacitors for Transmission Loss Minimization and Voltage Profile Improvement: The Case of Rrvpnl Power Grid, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 261 - 273, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. 10. S.Neelima and Dr. P.S.Subramanyam, Effect of Load Levels on Sizing and Location of Capacitors in Distribution Systems, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 31 - 42, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. 1.

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BIOGRAPHIES

Dr. M. P. Sharma received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering in 1996 Govt. Engineering College, Kota, Rajasthan and M.Tech degree in Power Systems in 2001 and Ph.D. degree in 2009 from Malaviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur (Now name as MNIT). He is presently working as Assistant Engineer, Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd., Jaipur. He is involved in the system studies of Rajasthan power system for development of power transmission system in Rajasthan and planning of the power evacuation system for new power plants. His research interest includes Reactive Power Optimization, Power System Stability, reduction of T&D losses and protection of power system. Sarfaraz Nawaz has received his B.E. degree from University of
Rajasthan and M.Tech. degree from MNIT, Jaipur. His research interests include power systems and power electronics. He is currently an Associate Professor of the Electrical Engg. Dept., Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan (SKIT), Jaipur, Rajasthan.

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