1.

proxy wars-During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. 2. Salvador Allende-Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. 3. Dirty War-War waged by the Argentine military (19761982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. 4. Sandinistas-Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990 5. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini-Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. 6. neo-liberalism-international institutions (like the world bank) urge individual nation-states to pursue their own economic self-interest in competition with one another. replaces the goal of achieving prosperous national selfsufficiency with the goal of finding a niche in the global capitalist market. 7. Saddam Husain-President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion

of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). 8. keiretsu-Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. 9. Asian Tigers-Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. 10. newly industrialized economies (NIEs)-Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. 11. Deng Xiaoping-Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. 12. Tiananmen Square-Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. 13. Mikhail Gorbachev-Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. 14. perestroika-Policy of 'openness' that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. 15. Solidarity-Policy of 'openness' that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union.

16. ethnic cleansing-The mass expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic or religious group in a society. 17. Thomas Malthus-Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. 18. demographic transition-A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. 19. What conditions led to the end of the Cold War and the breaking up of the USSR?-Both economics and politics played a
major role in ending the Cold War. Government inefficiency and lack of flexibility in the planned economy limited competitiveness.The global arms race also diverted resources from modernization of the Soviet economy.Soviet discontent from internal suppression of dissidents and the protests against the war in Afghanistan added to the effects of the declining economy.

20. How did American and Soviet imperialism in the Middle East lead to Islamic revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan? How did they become highly publicized examples of the frustrations of the United States and the Soviet Union?-In Iran, the United States had helped the shah regain
power in 1953 through covert intervention by the CIA. In return, Iran purchased American weapons and gave the United States favorable oil trade conditions.The people in Iran, however, resented the Shahs corrupt and autocratic policies and the people viewed the shah as a puppet of the United States.He was overthrown in 1979 by a Shiite cleric named

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who replaced the monarchy with an Islamic Republic.The new government was Ani-American and Anti-Israel. In November 1979, Iranian radicals seized the United States Embassy in Tehran and held fifty-two American diplomats hostage for 444 days.This was a blow to the prestige of the United States. In Afghanistan, the Soviet Union sent its army to support a growing communist government there.

21. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, new sources of conflict became immediately evident in the Middle East. Describe the first conflict after the end of the Cold War in the Middle East, and explain the events that led up to it and resolved it.-The first military conflict after the end of the Cold War
was the Persian Gulf War.The impact of the Cold War on this conflict is twofold; first, that Russia was no longer able to support its former ally, Iraq in a military confrontation with the United States became clear and second that Iraq wanted to flex its muscles in the region and perhaps become a regional superpower with the Soviet Union in a position of weakness. The leader of Iraq was Saddam Hussein.

22. Explain the characteristics of the newly industrialized economies (NIEs) of the Pacific Rim that allowed those nations to quickly industrialize and become global economic powers. Be specific.-Pacific Rim nations, such as Korea, Taiwan,
Singapore, and Hong Kong, (Four Tigers) share several important features. They have welldisciplined and hard-working work forces, and they invested heavily in education. All have high rates of personal savings. These savings are used to fund investment in new technologies. All these economies benefit from government sponsorship and protection. All benefited from the expansion in world trade and international communication that permitted technology to be disseminated rapidly.

23. Discuss global population growth since World War II, and compare the impact of population growth in developing and industrialized nations since World War II.Whereas population growth in the nineteenth century was highest in wealthy countries, since World War II it has been highest in poor nations.

Industrialized nations have made the demographic transition (lower fertility and mortality rates), with a resulting reduction in population growth. Population growth has slowed because of rising marriage age, fewer children per marriage, higher female employment rates, increased use of contraception, family planning, and social welfare policies. In developing nations, declining mortality rates have combined with high birthrates to create a population explosion. As much as 95 percent of future population growth will take place in developing countries. In extreme cases, government policies aimed at population control have led to infanticide (in China particularly) and forced sterilization (in India particularly).

24. in the years since World War II, how have economic development and population growth altered world migration patterns?-Since World War II wealthy nations have
generally remained wealthy and poor nations have remained poor.In wealthy nations, population growth has slowed, creating a shortage of working-age people.Some countries have allowed or even encouraged immigration to supply workers. Others, such as Japan, have tightened restrictions on immigration. Japan has compensated for its aging population by investing heavily in robots and other technological responses.In poor nations, population growth has soared, producing a large excess population for which there are no jobs, as the economy has not expanded sufficiently to provide them.Many people move from rural areas to cities, seeking economic advancement, health care, and education.Others migrate overseas to find those opportunities.

25. What part did technological innovation play in the economic expansion after World War II? What is the role of the transnational corporation on the dissemination of technology?-Enormous expansion of the worlds population and
economy has often had disastrous consequences for the environment.The intense need for raw materials has had an impact on a great many areas, ranging from urban industrialized centers to the most remote rain forests.Many nations that rushed recklessly to industrializeparticularly the

Soviet Uniontook few precautions against damaging the environment; they even carelessly dumped nuclear waste.The delicate balance between economic expansion, creating and protecting jobs, and consumer demands has often been maintained at the expense of the environment.At the same time, technological innovations have provided the tools to help repair environmental damage.Technological innovation in pollution control devices promises to aid the environment in the future.

26. What are the environmental consequences of postWorld War II population and economic growth? How has technological innovation affected the environment?Enormous expansion of the worlds population and economy has often had disastrous consequences for the environment. The intense need for raw materials has had an impact on a great many areas, ranging from urban industrialized centers to the most remote rain forests

27. Proxy wars were local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. 28. Why was Saddam Husain originally seen as "friendly" to American interests? Because he had donated large sum of money during his campain to the US. 29. The most successful emulator of the Japanese economic model of development was keirtsu. 30. The sole communist leader of Eastern Europe who refused to compromise communist ideals was the Yugoslavic man, Todor Zhivkov.