Circuit Design-Chapter 2

Circuit Design-Chapter 2
http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~ensurya/lect_notes/commun_cir/Ch2/Chapte...
Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers Common-Emitter Amplifier Common Base Amplifier Emitter Follower Field-Effect Transistors Amplifiers Common-Source Amplifier Source-Follower Common-Gate Amplifier Multistage Amplifiers Dual Gate FET Push Pull Amplifiers Differential Amplifier Common Mode Analysis of Differential Amplifiers FET Differential Amplifier Most amplifiers in communication circuits are small signal amplifiers. Hence, they can be described by linear equations. We will consider several amplifiers including BJT, FET, operational amplifiers and differential amplifiers.
Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers

The equivalent circuit of the BJT is shown Fig. 2-1 rb is the resistance between the terminal and the actual base junction, rp is the base-emitter junction resistance. Typically rp >> rb. An estimation of rp is r0 is the collector to emitter resistance typically of the order 15kW, rm is the collector-base resistance
1 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
of the order several MW The transconductance gm rm = b
A simplified version of the small-signal model equivalent circuit is given Fig. 2-2
Common-Emitter Amplifier
Fig. 2-3
here the coupling capacitance is treated as a short circuit. The output voltage is therefore
The input impedance, not including Rs, is given be
Since rp depends on applied the input resistance will depend on it as well. The current gain is
Common Base Amplifier

The Circuit diagram and its equivalent circuit model for the CB amplifier are shown in Fig. 2-4 Since the sum of the currents leaving the emitter junction is 0, we have the following expression
If r0 is assumed to be large compared with Rs, rp and RL, the voltage gain is
if rp>> Rs(1+b), the magnitude of the voltage gain will be the same as that of the common-emitter amplifier
2 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
The input impedance of the common-base amplifier is determined using the following circuit
Fig. 2-5 The output impedance is determined using the following circuit
Fig. 2-6 The common-base amplifier has a voltage gain but its current gain is less than unity. It is used as non-inverting amplifiers where low input impedance and high output impedance is desired. It also has much better high-frequency response than CE amplifier and is often used in high-frequency circuits.
Emitter Follower
The EF has a non-inverting voltage gain of less than 1 However, it can combine with other stages, such as the CE stage, to realize a greater combined gain than CE stage alone Fig. 2-7 , Fig. 2-8 and Fig. 2-9 Using the equivalent circuit the voltage gain if found to be
EF configuration has the largest input impedance compared to the other configurations The output impedance is
EF is used when low output impedance is needed. Also, although it has a voltage gain < 1, it has large current gain. It is frequently used as a power amplifier for low-impedance loads.
Field-Effect Transistors Amplifiers

There are two types of FETs -- JFETs and MOSFETs. The low-frequency small signal model is as shown in Fig. 2-10
3 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
The transconductance is defined as
For JFETs where gm0 is the transconductance when gate-to-source bias voltage is 0, ID is the drain current and IDSS is the drain current when the gate-to-source voltage is 0.
For MOSFETs, gm is where gmR is the transconductance at some specified drain bias current IDR
Common-Source Amplifier
The common-source amplifier is similar to the common-emitter amplifier Fig. 2-11 Normally Rg >> R so Vi = Vg The source voltage is determined from the following equations
since the current leaving output node and source is zero The current through Rs The source voltage is
The voltage gain is
If rd >> Rs and RL we have the following relationship
For gm Rs >> 1 we have
Source-Follower
The circuit diagram and its equivalent circuit model for source follower are shown in Fig. 2-12 If Rb >> Rs, then
4 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
The output impedance is
which is much smaller than the other two FET amplifier configurations and is the major advantage for this configuration
Common-Gate Amplifier
The common-gate amplifier is often used in high-frequency application and has a much larger bandwidth than the common source configuration. Fig. 2-13
Thus
The input impedance at the source can be found by solving for the source current
and
since
5 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
The output impedance is determined as
but I0 is also the current passing through the source resistance so
The common gate amplifier has the highest output impedance of the three FET amplifier
Multistage Amplifiers
Multistage amplifiers are used for impedance matching or to obtain extra gain. Power transistors have smaller gain-bandwidth product than low-power transistors, hence the power amplification stage is often operated near unity voltage gain in order to maximize the bandwidth Voltage amplification is carried out in the stages preceding the power amplification stage
Dual Gate FET

The FET cascode circuit has many high-frequency applications that two FETs are often fabricated as a single transistor with 2 gates. The source of the one transistor is continuous with the drain of the other so the device has 1 source, 1 drain and 2 gates The device offers low-noise and high gain in radio-frequency applications It is a versatile device which can be used as a mixer or automatic gain control amplifier. The equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. 2-14 Here gate 2 and the source are grounded The load resistance of the first stage is the input resistance of the second stage, and the second stage is a common-gate amplifier. Therefore Since
where gmR is the transconductance at some specified drain bias current IDR. Since both transistors have the same drain current gm1=gm2. Thus Vi=-VD1 and Vgs2=-Vs2=-VD1
Push Pull Amplifiers

Transistors all exhibit a nonlinear characteristic that causes distortion of the input signal levels. Such distortion can be eliminated by push-pull amplifier Fig. 2-15 The above example uses 2 center-tapped transformers. The input transformer separates the input signal
6 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
into 2 signal 180o out of phase. The output transformer is used to sum the output currents of the two transistors. Hence
If the input signal is Vi = A cos wt then the output of the 2 transistors are also periodic, and they can be expressed in a Fourier series
If the two transistors are identical then I1 and I2 are identical except I2 lags I1 by 180o. Thus The output current is
The even harmonics are eliminated from the output. This is important as FET have a square-law characteristic that generates a relatively large second harmonic.
Differential Amplifier
The differential amplifier is an essential building block in modern IC amplifiers. The circuit is shown Fig. 2-16 The operation of this circuit is based on the ability to fabricate matched components on the same chip. In the figure IEE is realized using a current mirror. We assume that Q1 and Q2 are identical transistors and both collector resistors fabricated with equal values. The KVL expression for the loop containing the two emitter-base junctions is
The transistors are biased in the forward-active mode, the reverse saturation current of the collector-base junction is negligible. The collector currents IC1 and IC2 are given by
where we assumed that exp(Vbb/kT) >> 1
where Vd is the difference between the two input voltages. KCL at the emitter node requires
7 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
Similarly
, The transfer characteristic for the emitter-coupled pair is shown in
Fig. 2-17 If Vd = 0 then IC1 = IC2 If we incrementally increase V1 by Dv/2and simultaneously decrease V2 by Dv/2. The differential voltage becomes Dv. For Dv< 4kT as indicated in the transfer characteristics above the circuit behaves linearly. IC1 increases by DIC and IC2 decreases by the same amount.
Common Mode
Consider both V1 and V2 are increased by Dv/2. The difference voltage remains 0, and IC1 and Ic2 remain equal. However, both IC1 and IC2 exhibit a small increase dIC. Hence the current in RE increases by 2dIC. The voltage VE is no longer constant but increase by an amount of 2dICRB. This situation where equal signal are applied to Q1 and Q2 is the called the common mode. Usually differential amplifiers are designed such that only differential signals are amplified.
Analysis of Differential Amplifiers

The analysis of differential amplifiers is simplified using half-circuit concept. The equivalent circuit model for differential and common modes are shown in Fig. 2-18 Differential mode gain Common mode gain is The Common Mode Rejection Ration (CMRR) is defined as From the above we obtain If arbitrary signals V1 and V2 are applied to the inputs then
8 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM
FET Differential Amplifier

A typical differential amplifier connection is shown in Fig. 2-19 and Fig. 2-20
9 of 9
12/15/2011 12:01 PM

Circuit Design-Chapter 2

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Circuit Design-Chapter 2

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Circuit Design-Chapter 2

Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers

of the order several MW The transconductance gm rm = b

The input impedance, not including Rs, is given be

Common Base Amplifier

Field-Effect Transistors Amplifiers

The transconductance is defined as

The voltage gain is

If rd >> Rs and RL we have the following relationship

For gm Rs >> 1 we have

The output impedance is

The output impedance is determined as

but I0 is also the current passing through the source resistance so

Dual Gate FET

Push Pull Amplifiers

where we assumed that exp(Vbb/kT) >> 1

, The transfer characteristic for the emitter-coupled pair is shown in

Analysis of Differential Amplifiers

FET Differential Amplifier

Você também pode gostar