Primary Sources

Audio:
D. A. French. "Sixty-Three Is The Jubilee." Rec. 1863. Cws35. D. A. French. Root & Cady, 1863. Pdmusic.org. Benjamin Robert Tubb, 3 Feb. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.<http://www.pdmusic.org/civilwar/cws36.mid>. This song is an emancipation song from 1863 that we thought appropriate to use on our home page. Howe, Julia W. Battle Hymn Of The Republic. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, 1862. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.<lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000858/default.html>. This song is perhaps the most well-known song from the Civil War era. We chose it as the background music on the Historical Context page.

Documents:
Emancipation Proclamation, Abraham Lincoln (1863). Print. This proclamation allowed Blacks to fight in the Civil War for the Union side.

Photos:
Colored U.S. Troops, Authentic Photo. N.d. Photograph. United States Civil War African American Soldeirs. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://www.oocities.org/rmorecook/blacksoldiers.html>. We chose to use this photo to illustrate the impact Robert Smalls had convincing Abraham Lincoln to allow formerly enslaved men to fight in the Civil War.

Posters:
"To Colored Men." N.d. MS. National Archives. National Archives. Web. 13 Apr. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/article.html>. This Primary source was selected to show one way the message was conveyed to Black men that they were allowed to fight.

Letters:
DuPont, S.F. Letter to Gideon Wells, Secretary of the U.S. Navy. 14 May 1862. MS. N.p. This letter from the secretary of the US Navy praised Robert's bravery and intelligence, which was a new idea at the time when it concerned Black men. "Letter From Negro Robert Smalls. " Robert Smalls to The Editor of the Belmont Chronicle. August 27, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026241/1862-09-11/ed-1/seq4/#date1=1862&index=4&rows=20&words=ROBERT+SMALLS&searchType=basic&s equence=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 We found this to be an excellent primary source showing that Robert Smalls would fight until all slaves were free and that other Blacks would do the same. Ravenel, F.G. "Memorandum." Letter to Roswell S. Ripley. 13 May 1862. Deadconfederates.com. N.p., 17 May 2012. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. Brevet Lieutenant FG Ravenel wrote a letter to the officer in charge of the Confederate defenses informing him of the theft of the Planter. We found interest in the awkward nature of this primary source from the Confederate point of view.

Newspaper Articles:

Burlington Free Press (Burlington, Vermont). "Passing of the Bill." May 30, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84023127/1862-05-30/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=15&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=9&x=12&date FilterType=yearRange&page=3. This article gave proof that Robert did not get a fair reward for the delivery of the Planter. Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio). "Useful Contrabands." June 9, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-06-09/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=5&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=9&x=12&dateFi lterType=yearRange&page=4. This newspaper article gave an account of how the information provided by Robert was valuable to the Union. Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio). "The Colored Pilot-Contrabands Seize a Rebel Steamer." May 22, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-05-22/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=3&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-221&x=1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4. This article references the bill for the prize money for the Planter as well as for the bill that was introduced to grant freedom to Robert Smalls. Cleveland Morning Leader (Cleveland, Ohio). "The Negro Pilot." May 20, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-05-20/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4. This article references the bill for the prize money for the Planter as well as the bill for Robert Smalls' freedom.

Edgefield Advertiser (Edgefield, S.C.). December 30, 1863. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026897/1863-12-30/ed-

1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=bas ic&sequence=0&index=13&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=221&x=-1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3. This article expresses a different point of view of the theft of the Planter as a disgrace from the Confederate perspective. Fremont Journal (Fremont, Ohio). "Brave Feat of a Contraband." Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026050/1862-05-30/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&index=4&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=robert+small&y=-221&x= 1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This primary resource is yet another account of Robert's escape aboard the Planter. As an additional example, it shows the importance of the event. Fremont Journal (Fremont, Ohio). "Robert Smalls Commandeering His Own Vessel." January 8, 1864. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026050/1864-01-08/ed-1/seq 4/#date1=1862&index=7&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This article had a letter from J.J. Elwell, chief quartermaster department South requesting that Robert Smalls be made captain of the Planter, which is significant because it was the first time a Black man had been made Captain of a US vessel. Intelligence, City. "The Steamer Planter." Charleston Daily Courier [Charleston, South Carolina] 14 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://blog.robertsmalls.org/1862-newspaper-articles/charleston-dailycourier-may-14-1862/>. This is the Southern perspective of the treasonous act of the theft of the Planter, which is vastly different from accounts in the Northern newspapers.

The Jeffersonian Democrat (Chardon, Ohio). March 20, 1863. Accessed April 12, 2013.

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028083/1863-03-20/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quenc+=0&index=18&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-221&x=1104&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2. This article is the first news account we found of Blacks armed in Charleston. Marshall County Republican (Plymouth, Indiana). "From Commodore DuPont." June 12, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84038034/1862-06-12/ed-1/seq 2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=9&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=9&x=12&dateFi lterType=yearRange&page=3. Here we found reference to the information Robert gave the Union regarding the Confederates and the importance of it. The Nashville Daily Union (Nashville, Tennessee). "Restoration Of The Union On The Old Slavery Basis." July 25, 1863. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025718/1863-07-25/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=19&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This article is evidence of freed slaves fighting in the war. This supports the importance of allowing Blacks to fight. "The Negro Pilot." Cleveland Morning Leader [Cleveland] 20 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-05-20/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4>. This article speaks of the bill for prize money for the ship as well as the bill to grant Robert his freedom.

"The Prize Planter." New-York Daily Tribune [New York, New York] 27 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.

<http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1862-05-27/ed-1/seq5/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=11&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=21&x=19&date FilterType=yearRange&page=3>. This article has information about Robert and his shipmates getting half of the real value of the Planter. Raftman's Journal (Clearfield, Pennsylvania). "Bill For Reward Money Passed." June 4, 1862. Accessed April 12, 2013. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85054616/1862-06-04/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&index=9&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=-220&x=1047&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1. This article states a bill has been passed granting Robert Smalls his freedom and half the value of the Planter and allows contrabands to confiscate vessels and slaves for delivery to the Union. This is more evidence of the significance of the Planter escape. "Robert Smalls a Sable Hero." Union County Star and Lewisburg Chronical [Lewisburg, Pennsylvania] 27 May 1862: n. pag. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038443/1862-05-27/ed-1/seq1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=17&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=21&x=19&date FilterType=yearRange&page=2>. This article details the escape on the Planter and states its value at thirty-thousand dollars. It also says if they had been white it would have been a brilliant stroke. The Smoky Hill and Republican Union (Junction City, Kansas). "A Gallant Naval Exploit." June 5, 1862. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84030186/1862-06-05/ed-1/seq2/#date1=1862&index=8&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&sequenc e=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert%2BSmalls&y=16&x=24&dateFilterType=y earRange&page=1. This article from Kansas shows that it was a newsworthy event even in the western territories.

"The Steamer Planter and Her Captor." Harper's Weekly [New York, New York] 14 June 1862:372-373. Print.

This is most well-known piece of writing regarding Robert's escape. It is the Northern perspective and portrays him as a hero. Our project would not be complete without this primary source. "Thousand of Blacks Armed In Charleston." Cleveland Morning Leader [Cleveland] 7 Mar. 1863: n. pag. Web. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1863-03-07/ed-1/seq 1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Robert+Small&searchType=basic&se quence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=Robert+Smalls&y=21&x=19&date FilterType=yearRange&page=3>. This article in a Cleveland newspaper makes mention of Blacks being armed in Charleston. This is significant because it is where the Civil War began.

Secondary Sources
Books:
Billingsley, Andrew. "Mission to Washington." Yearning to Breathe Free: Robert Smalls of South Carolina and His Families. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 2007. 68-73. Print. This section has extensive information about Robert's meeting with Lincoln. Burton, Orville Vernon. The Age of Lincoln. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007. 39+. Print. From this book we learned about his early life as an enslaved person and his life after he got the reward for the boat in addition to his service as a congressmen for the Republican party. Cooper, Michael L. From Slave to Civil War Hero: The Life and Times of Robert Smalls. NewYork: Lodestar, 1994. Print. This book is an account of the amazing story of how a man went from being an enslaved man to a Civil War hero.

Dray, Philip. Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 3+. Print.

From this book we learned about his early life as an enslaved person and his life after he Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred A. Moss. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. New York: A.A Knopf, 2000. 235+. Print. From this book we learned about the 1st Black men working at the capitol, one of which was Robert Smalls. Hakim, Joy. War, Terrible War. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Print. This book helped us with the Historical Context page by giving us information about what led up to the war between the states. Halfmann, Janet, and Duane Smith. Seven Miles to Freedom: The Robert Smalls Story. NewYork: Lee & Low, 2008. Print. This book was about his enslaved life, but it also talks about the seven miles Robert traveled in the Planter. Herbert, Janis. The Civil War for Kids: A History with 21 Activities. Chicago: Chicago Review, 1999. Print. This book is an explanation of the Civil War for children. It helped us understand the basics of the war. Horrocks, Thomas A., Harold Holzer, and Frank J. Williams. The Living Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011. 208-09. This book has two pages about how Robert met with President Lincoln to discuss Black slaves fighting in the Civil War. This illustrates the significance of the meetings. Kennedy, Robert Francis, and Patrick Faricy. Robert Smalls: The Boat Thief. New York: Hyperion for Children, 2008. Print. This series for children discusses Robert Smalls story, his congressional life, and his contributions to public education. This is the book that really sparked our interest in the topic. Meriwether, Louise, and Lee Jack Morton.The Freedom Ship of Robert Smalls. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Print.

From this book we learned about the life of Robert Smalls from when he was hired out to his buying his wife's freedom to when he escaped aboard The Planter. Sterling, Dorothy. Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958. Print. This is a biography of Robert Smalls, which includes a passage about his meeting with Lincoln. This meeting was a pivotal turning point in the Civil War. Sterling, Philip, Rayford Whittingham Logan, and Charles White. "Robert Smalls." Four Took Freedom: The Lives of Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Robert Smalls, and Blanche K. Bruce. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967. 68-95. Print. From this book we learned about Robert hiring himself out and the abduction of the Planter. It helped us get a better understanding of Robert's story. Time, Life Books. Echoes of Glory: Civil War Battle Atlas. New York: Time Life ., n.d. Print. This book gives an overview of the Civil War. It helped us with historical context.

E-Mails:
"Interview with Dr. Powers." Message to Eric Lagos and Soren Malm. 10 May 2013. E-mail. This is an interview with Dr. Power a history professor at the College of Charleston. He answered our question about Robert Smalls impact on the Civil War. "Materials on Congressman Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 3 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Helen B. Moore, the great-granddaughter of Robert Smalls gave us a connection for where to get curriculum on Robert Smalls. She also gave us her phone number and said we could call with questions.

"Materials on Congressman Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 24 Feb. 2013. E-mail.

Helen Boulware Moore answered four questions we had regarding her great-grand father, Robert Smalls. We asked about reward money, the idea for the white sheet, how families got to the wharf, and how Robert became wheel-master. Photo of You. Message to the Author. 12 Apr. 2013 E-mail. Helen Boulware Moore gave permission for us to use her photo in our presentation. "Primary Sources about Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 3 Dec. 2012. E-mail. The Beaufort District Collection Manager suggested books from the Beaufort County Library and the importance of education to Robert Smalls. "Robert Smalls and SS Planter." Message to the author. 5 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Dennis Cannady of Beaufort, SC gave us a treasure trove of information. He has done extensive research on Robert Smalls and made a scale model of the Planter. He gave permission to use his research and pictures in our project. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 3 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Mr. Dulaney, of the University of Texas at Arlington suggested we look at the Library of Congress for an online version of Harper's Weekly and The National American Review. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 4 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Jeff Powley, Education Manager at The South Carolina State Museum, suggested we look at the Harper's Weekly article. He also sent us a copy of the Planter's escape route. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 8 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Bernard Powers of the College of Charleston, who was in the PBS documentary we watched, suggested that we check archives of the New York Times and Ira Berlin's Southern Freedmen and Society Project. "Robert Smalls." Message to the author. 8 Dec. 2012. E-mail. Vernon Burton of Clemson University suggested that the US Park Service, a little book on Robert Smalls probably about 45 pages would be a good place to start.

Films:

Lincoln (2012). Dir. Steven Spielberg. Screenplay by Tony Kushner and Doris Kearns Goodwin. Perf. Daniel Day-Lewis and Sally Field. Dreamworks, 2012. Film. The story of Lincoln during the Civil War years. From this movie we got a feel for the events of the time and helped us learn more how Robert fit in to the Civil War.

Videos:
The Big Picture: Robert Smalls. PBS Etv. South Carolina, 24 May 2012. Television. "Http://video.scetv.org/video/2238996688." Robert Smalls - an enslaved African American, a Union hero of the Civil War, and a US Congressman representing South Carolina. From Charleston, special guest host, Judge Alex Sanders, discusses this South Carolinian's life and the impact he had on the state's history with various guests. Ken Burns Civil War Documentary. N.d. Television. This is a Documentary about the Civil War by PBS.

Websites:
"Abduction of the Confederate Steamer Planter from Charleston, S. C., May 13, 1862." The Civil War Gazette. May 13, 2007. Accessed February 26, 2013. http://civilwargazette.wordpress.com/2007/05/13/abduction-of-the-confederate-steamerplanter-from-charleston-s-c-may-13-1862/. This article includes what was written by S. F. Dupont regarding Robert's superior intelligence. Blain Roberts Ethan J. Kytle. "Robert Smalls' Great Escape. "Opinionator Robert Smalls' Great Escape Comments. May 12, 2012. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/robert-smallss-great-escape/. On this website we learned more about the great escape of Robert Smalls.

Celliana, Miss. "Neatorama. February 15, 2012. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://www.neatorama.com/2012/02/15/the-first-black-american-sea-captain/.

In this website it talks how Robert Smalls became a worker on The Planter and how he stole it. Hall, Andy. "Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog. " Dead Confederates A Civil War Era Blog. May 17, 2012. Accessed January 26, 2013. http://deadconfederates.com/2012/05/17/sucks-to-be-you-lieutenant-ravenel/. Here we found a copy of the communication that the Brever Lieutenant wrote to the naval superiors regarding the abduction of the Planter. Hall, Andy. "Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog." Dead Confederates A Civil War Era Blog. May 18, 2012. Accessed February 25, 2013. http://deadconfederates.com/2012/05/18/to-be-divided-between-robert-smalls-and-hisassociates/. Information regarding the reward and what the reward amount actually should have been. Hall, Andy. "Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog." Dead Confederates A Civil War Era Blog (web log), May 13, 2012. Accessed February 16, 2013. http://deadconfederates.com/2012/05/13/one-of-the-most-daring-and-heroicadventures-since-the-war-commenced/. On this website we discovered the letter written by the officer of the Planter to the Confederate government to explain the theft of the ship. McLeod, Harriet. "South Carolina Marks Ex-slave's Daring Sail to Freedom. " Reuters. May 14, 2012. Accessed January 06, 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/14/us-usa-civilwar-southcarolinaidUSBRE84D19Y20120514. This website increased our knowledge of the escape of Robert Smalls "Memorandum." F.G. Ravenel to Roswell S. Ripley. May 13, 1862. In Deadconfederates.com. May 17, 2012. Accessed February 25, 2013. deadconfederates.com/2012/05/17/sucks-to-be-you-lieutenant-ravenel. Brevet Lieutenant F.G. Ravenel wrote a letter to the officer in charge of the Confederate defenses informing him of the theft of the Planter. It helped us realize the embarrassment to the confederacy

Paul Zummo Donald R. McClarey. "Almost Chosen People. " Almost Chosen People. May 13, 2012. Accessed January 06, 2013. http://almostchosenpeople.wordpress.com/2012/05/13/may-13-1862-robert-smalls-siezescss-planter/.

On this website there was a biography of Robert Smalls PBS. 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/freedom/spotlight.html. This website talks a little on his early life up until the Civil War and how he was forced to work for the place he longed to escape, and how he did on the ship the Planter later in his life. " - New World Encyclopedia. May 4, 2008. Accessed January 05, 2013. The Beaufort District Collection Manager, suggested books from the Beaufort County Library and the importance of education to Robert Smalls. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Robert_Smalls. This website speaks of his early life and what it was like. It's also about how he escaped and how he became a big naval hero and the first black congressman. "Robertsmalls.org." The Commonwealth, Boston Saturday, March 25, 1865. March 25, 1865. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://blog.robertsmalls.org/1865newspaper-article/the-commonwealth-boston-saturday-march-25-1865/. This is a newspaper article from the day he brought The Planter to the Union. "SC Events Mark Little-known Civil War Incident." The Augusta Chronicle. Accessed January 06, 2013. http://chronicle.augusta.com/latest-news/2012-05-05/scevents-mark-little-known-civil-war-incident?mmo_ccc=xfinity. This website is about all of his life from when he was born to when he became the first Black congressman. It helped us with the page, the Early life of Robert Smalls U.S. Department of Education Underground Railroad Educational and Cultural (URR) Program. "Robert Smalls, People of the Underground Railroad in America :: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio." Robert Smalls, People of the Underground Railroad in America :: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Accessed January 05, 2013. http://www.freedomcenter.org/underground-railroad/history/people/Robert-Smalls/. On this website we learned about the escape.