Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 5.1

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Section 5.1: Area Between Curves Big idea: The integral can be used to compute other geometric quantities besides the area under a curve. It can be used whenever you can break up a problem into the sum of an infinite number of infinitesimally small pieces. 1. If f(x) g(x), then the area between those functions on the interval [a, b] is A = ( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx .
a b

2. To find the area bounded by f(x) and g(x), break the integral into pieces at the intersection points. Big skill: You should be able to look at the graphs of two functions and be able to calculate the area between the functions. Practice: 1. Find the area between y = cos( x) and y = e x on the interval [0, 1].

2. Sketch and find the area of the region determined by the intersection of the curves y =

2 and y = x . x +1
2

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 5.1

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3. Sketch and estimate the area of the region determined by the intersection of the curves y = tan( x ) and y= x.

4. Sketch and find the area of the region determined by the intersection of the curves x = y 2 and x = 4 .

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 5.1

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Review of Integrals from Calculus 1:

r x dx =

Power Rule

(provided r -1)

1 x r +1 + c r +1

because

sin xdx = cos x + c

cos xdx = sin x + c
Trig Functions

because because

sec csc

xdx = tan x + c

because

xdx = cot x + c

because

sec x tan xdx = sec x + c csc x cot xdx = csc x + c

Exponential Function

because

because

d 1 x r +1 + c dx r + 1 1 ( r + 1) x r +11 + 0 = x r = r +1 d ( cos x + c ) dx = ( sin x) + 0 = sin x d ( sin x + c ) dx = cos x + 0 = cos x d ( tan x + c ) dx = sec 2 x + 0 = sec 2 x d ( cot x + c ) dx = ( csc 2 x) + 0 = csc 2 x d ( sec x + c ) dx = sec x tan x + 0 = sec x tan x d ( csc x + c ) dx = ( csc x cot x) + 0 = csc x cot x

e dx = e + c e dx = e + c
x x x x

Reciprocal Function

x dx = ln x + c
(provided x 0)

d x e + c ) = ex + 0 = ex ( dx because And d ( e x + c ) = ( e x ) + 0 = e x dx d 1 1 ln x + c ) = + 0 = for x>0 ( dx x x And d ( ln x + c ) because dx d 1 1 = ( ln ( x ) + c ) = ( 1) + 0 = dx x x for x>0

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 5.1

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d 1 1 tan 1 x + c ) = +0= ( 2 dx 1+ x 1 + x2 And because d ( cot 1 x + c ) dx 1 1 = +0= 2 1 + x2 1+ x d 1 1 sin 1 x + c ) = +0= ( 2 dx 1 x 1 x2 And because d ( cos 1 x + c ) dx 1 1 = + 0 = 2 1 x2 1 x d 1 1 because dx ( sec x + c ) = x x2 1 because because because because because because because d 1 sinh 1 x + c ) = ( dx 1 + x2 d 1 cosh 1 x + c ) = ( dx x2 1 d 1 tanh 1 x + c ) = ( dx 1 x2 d 1 sech 1 x + c ) = ( 2 dx x 1 x d ( cosh x + c ) = sinh x dx d ( sinh x + c ) = cosh x dx d ( tanh x + c ) = sech 2 x dx

1+ x

dx = tan 1 x + c = cot 1 x + c

Inverse Trig Functions

1 1 x
2

dx = sin 1 x + c = cos 1 x + c

x
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1 x 1
2

dx = sec 1 x + c

1 1+ x 1
2 2

dx = sinh 1 x + c dx = cosh 1 x + c

x 1 1 1 1 x 2 dx = tanh x + c 1 1 x 1 x 2 dx = sech x + c

sinh xdx = cosh x + c

Hyperbolic Functions

cosh xdx = sinh x + c sech

2

xdx = tanh x + c

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 5.1

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Review of Integral Properties from Calculus 1:

Functions multiplied by constants and summed Integration by Substitutio n Argument of function multiplied by constant
d a f ( x ) dx b g ( x ) dx dx d d = a f ( x ) dx b g ( x ) dx dx dx d d =a f ( x ) dx b g ( x ) dx dx dx = af ( x ) bg ( x )

(af ( x) bg ( x) )dx because =a f ( x ) dx b g ( x ) dx

) )

) )

du f ( u ) dx dx = F ( u) + c

because

d ( F ( u ) + c) dx du = F( u) + 0 dx
d 1 F ( ax) + c dx a 1 d = f ( ax ) ( ax ) + 0 a dx 1 = f ( ax ) a = f ( ax) a

f (ax)dx
= 1 F ( ax ) + c a

because

(for a 0)

f ( x ) dx dx
= ln f ( x) + c (provided f(x) 0) Quotient of a derivative and a function

df

because

d ( ln f ( x) + c ) dx 1 df = +0 f ( x ) dx

tan ( x ) dx
= +c because =

tan ( x ) dx = ln sec ( x )

sin ( x ) 1 dx = sin ( x ) dx cos ( x ) cos ( x ) 1 d cos x dx cos ( x ) dx

= ln cos ( x ) + c = ln sec ( x ) + c Product of a function and its derivative

2 d 1 ( f ( x) ) + c dx 2 1 d = 2 f ( x ) ( f ( x) ) + 0 2 dx = f ( x) f '( x)

f ( x ) f ( x ) dx 1 = ( f ( x) ) + c 2
2

because

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 5.1

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