Chapter 7 7.

Kinetic Energ Energy and Work

7.1. What Is Energy? 7.2. Kinetic Energy 7.3. Work 7.4. Work and Kinetic Energy 75 W 7.5. Work kD Done b by th the G Gravitational it ti l Force 7.6. Work Done by y a Spring p g Force 7.7. Work Done by a General Variable Force 78 P 7.8. Power

What is Energy?
Energy is a number that we associate with a system of one or more objects If a force changes one of the object making it move, then the energy number changes Energy can transferred from one type to another and transferred from one object to another but the total energy is same (Energy is conserved) No N exception ti t to thi this principle i i l of f energy

conservation has ever been seen

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy K is energy associated with the state of motion of an object. object
For an object of mass m whose speed v is well below the speed of light, Kinetic energy K is:

Unit for Kinetic energy is: Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.

Work

Work W is energy transferred to or from j by y means of a force acting g on an object the object. Energy gy transferred to the object j is positive work. Energy gy transferred from the object j is negative work.

Finding an Expression for Work

(2) Solving eq.2 for ax and using in one, we get

(1)

Properties of Work
Only the force component along the objects displacement will contribute to work. The force component perpendicular to the displacement does zero work. A force does positive work when it has a vector component in the same direction displacement, A force does negative work when it has a vector component in the opposite direction. Work W k is i a scalar l quantity. tit

The minus sign tells us that during the object's rise, the gravitational force acting on the object transfers energy in the amount mgd from the kinetic energy of the object. This is consistent with the slowing of the object as it rises.

During g the object j fall, , Fg g transfer energy to the K.E of the object

The object is stationary before and after the lift This shows that the work done by the applied force is negative of work done by the gravitational force The applied force transfer energy to the object and gravitational force transfer energy from the object

Work Done by a Spring Force

The spring force given by Hookes Hooke s Law:

r spring r i Fx = k x

The work done by spring force:

Let us make two assumption 1. Spring is massless Hooks Law 2. Ideal spring to obey

Spring force is variable force. Let the blocks initial position xi and later position xf. Divide the positions into many segments. Label these segment starting from xi as segments 1, 2 and so on. As the block move through a segment, spring force hardly y varies because the segment g is too short that x hardly varies.

 Now the force is constant in each segment. We can find fi d th the work kd done b by each h segment t using i W=Fdcos The net work done Ws by the spring is the sum of all these work Ws = Fjx As the x goes to zero
x2

Ws =

x1

Fdx

spring

1 2 1 2 = ( kx2 kx1 ) 2 2

The work done by an applied force

The displacement due to the applied force and the spring force The total change in kinetic energy of the block due to these two energy transfer is

Work Done by Variable Forces

x2 x1

Fx ( x ) d x

Work Done by a Three-Dimensional Variable Force

The infinitesimal amount of work dW done on r r the particle by the force is dW = F (r ) dr

The work W done by while the particle moves from an initial position with coordinates (x1, y1, z1) to a final position with coordinates (x2, y2, z2) is then r

W =

r2

r r1

r r r F ( r ) dr

Net WorkKinetic Energy Theorem Th

When a net external force does work Wnet t on an object, the change of kinetic energy of the object equals to the net work:
W
W
net

net

= KE f KEi
r r2 r1

= r

r net r r F (r ) dr

Units of work and energy are: 1 joule = 1 J =1 kgm g 2/s2 = 1 Nm

Power
The rate at which work is done by a force is called the power.
The average power due to the work done by a force g that time interval as during

We define the instantaneous power P as the instantaneous rate of doing work, so that

The units of power

Home Work
Questions: 16,20,23,24,25,30,39,42,51,,52 16 20 23 24 25 30 39 42 51 52