VIDEOGRAPHY

Chapter 1 Introduction

I hear, I forget; I see, I remember; I do and I understand. ~Anonymous

Definition Video
Refers to recording, manipulating, and

displaying moving images,

especially in a format that can be presented on a

television
A recording produced with a video recorder

(camcorder) or some other device that captures full motion

Definition
Videography
the art of telling a story through careful presentation

of video. refers to the process of capturing moving images on electronic media (e.g., videotape, hard disk, or solid state storage, streaming media). It is the equivalent of cinematography, but with images recorded on electronic media instead of film stock. "video" from Latin, meaning "I see" or "I apprehend", with the Greek terminal ending "graphy", meaning "to write".

Definition
Camcorder Is a portable electronic device for recording video

images and audio onto an internal storage device. Contains both a video camera and (traditionally) a videocassette recorder in one unit

The earliest camcorders, developed by companies such as JVC,

Sony, and Kodak, used analog videotape, but since the mid-1990s, camcorders recording digital video have become the norm.

Definition
Videographer Videographer is a person who works in the video

medium recording moving images on tape, disk, or other electro-mechanical device, or even broadcasting live. On a set, videographer is responsible for the camera and lighting.
as part of a typical field production crew, videographers

usually work underneath a director. for smaller productions (e.g. corporate and event videos), a video videographer often works alone, or as part of a two or three person team of camera operators.

Basic Principles
Video-how it works?
Sequence of framesfilmstrips

Major camcorder components

lens, imager, and recorder.

Types of video signal

Video signal can be organized in 3 different ways:
Component video, composite video, s-video

Color models
YUV,YIQ,YCbCr

Basic Principles
Video-how it works?
Sequence of framesfilmstrips

Major camcorder components

lens, imager, and recorder.

Types of video signal

Video signal can be organized in 3 different ways: - Component video, composite video, s-video

Color models
YUV,YIQ,YCbCr

Basic Camcorder Components

Lens, imager, and recorder.
The lens gathers and focuses light on the imager. The imager (usually a CCD or CMOS sensor on

modern camcorders) converts incident light into an electrical (video) signal. Finally, the recorder encodes the video signal into a storable form. More commonly, the optics and imager are referred to as the camera section

Lens
The lens is the first component in the camera-section's

"light-path The camcorder's optics generally have one or more of the following adjustments:

aperture (to control the amount of light), zoom (to control the field-of-view), and shutter speed (to capture continuous motion.) In consumer units, these adjustments are automatically controlled by the camcorder's electronics, generally to maintain constant exposure onto the imager. Professional units offer direct user control of all major optical functions (aperture, shutter-speed, focus, etc.)

Imager
The imager section is the eye of the camcorder, housing a

photosensitive device(s) The imager converts light into an electronic video-signal through an elaborate electronic process The camera lens projects an image onto the imager surface, exposing the photosensitive array to light The light exposure is converted into electrical charge At the end of the timed exposure, the imager converts the accumulated charge into a continuous analog voltage at the imager's output terminals. After scan-out is complete, the photosites are reset to start the exposure-process for the next video frame
In modern (digital) camcorders, an analog-to-digital (ADC) converter digitizes

the imager (analog) waveform output into a discrete digital-video signal

Recorder
The third section, the recorder, is responsible for

writing the video-signal onto a recording medium (such as magnetic videotape) The record function involves many signal-processing steps,
historically, the recording-process introduced some distortion

and noise into the stored video, such that playback of the stored-signal may not retain the same characteristics/detail as the live video feed

Video Connector
Component Video
Higher-end video systems make use of three separate

video signals for the red, green and blue image plane. Has 3 wires and connecters connecting devices to monitor. Not restricted to RGB, but most use it. Pro: Best color reproduction, as no crosstalk Con: Require more bandwidth & good synchronization between signals

Video Connector
Composite Video
Color (chrominance) and intensity (luminance) signals are

mixed into a single carrier wave. Only use 1 wire, thus 1 connector at each end of cable; so video color signals are mixed, not sent separately. How about audio? Pro: use 1 wire only, cheaper Con: Inference of signals is inevitable

Video Connector
S-Video
Use 2 wires: 1 for chrominance and 1 for luminance

signals Black & white information is crucial for visual perception

better than for the color part of color images.

human are able to differentiate spatial resolution in grayscale image much

Pro: Less crosstalk between the color information and

the crucial gray-scale information Con: Inference of signals is inevitable

Colour Model
Video color transform- methods of producing color derive largely from older analog methods of coding color for TV. Luminance is combined with color information in a single signal using a particular matrix transform (YUV,YIQ or YCbrCr)

YUV Color model

YUV coding was used for PAL analog video Codes a luminance signal equal to Y, chrominance (color differences to

U,V) ColorTV can be displayed on a black & white tv by using Y signal.

Colour Model
YIQ Color model
Used in NTSC color TV broadcasting Best correspond to actual human perceptual color sensitivities. Y is still the same in YUV, while I Q representing chrominance.

YCbCr Color model

Used for component digital video. YCbCr transform is used in JPEG image compression and is closely related

to YUV transform Y same, Cb Cr for chrominance.

Video Signal
Analog Video
An analog signal is one having a continuous set of values It samples a time-varying image An analog picture can be enlarged to any size without loss of

quality of the images Examples: VCR, laser discs

Video Signal
Digital Video
An digital signal is one having a set of discrete values Digital picture made up of pixel. If pixels are enlarged, total

image will be less sharp. Pro: Storing video in digital device, direct access, ease of encryption, better tolerance to channel noise. Examples: Computer, HDTV

Analog to Digital
How to do it?
Digitizing- converting the video signal to digital

formation. From analog source -> Process (converting) -> digital output Most analog source is VCR. The better analog source produce better digital output Digitizing also depends on the speed of the processor The more memory the system has, the easier it is to capture and digitize video. Hardware needed: Hard drive, Video Capture board, CPU

Analog to Digital

Analog to Digital
What happens in digitizing phase?

Sampling

Nyquists Law: states that to sample an analog signal in a manner which

Quantization

permits you to reconstruct the original signal, you must sample it at or above twice the maximum frequency of the analog signal.

In a digital world, you must specify a finite precision (generally in bits) to

represent a value. In order to convert an analog signal to a digital one, the intensity values must be rounded to a quantum. This is why a digitized signal loses most of its quality compared to original, analog signal.

*Scaling-The analog video is shrinks to the target resolution. Ex.?

Analog to Digital

Digitizing will take an analog signal (the black line above) and convert into digital representation (the blue bars). Each of these blue bars represents the intensity of the signal at a point in time.

Video Broadcast Standard

AnalogVideo Broadcast Standard

Each video format is clocked by half the frequency of the AC power line
(60Hz in US and 50Hz in Europe) NTSC (National Television Systems Committee)
525 lines of resolution 30Hz frequency rate. most widely used standard.

SECAM (Sequential Coleur Avec Memoire) is a frequency-modulated

signal

PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is similar to SECAM 625 lines of resolution 25Hz refresh rate used in parts of Western Europe, Malaysia, etc.

625 lines of resolution 25Hz refresh rate used in France and Eastern Europe.

Video Broadcast Standard

Digital Video Broadcast Standards Earlier days, digital was in form of composite, then uses component.
Chroma Subsampling (JPEG, MPEG) CIF (common intermediate format) - compromise between NTSC and PAL HDTV- concept of wide screen with ratio 16:9 thus increase the visual field, especially its

width. Use progressive scanning-scanning traces through a complete picture row-wise for each time interval.

Some of the digital video file formats:

.avi, .mpeg, .mov, .dat

*Interlace?-the odd number lines traces first, then the even lines. Odd and even fields make up one frame.

Analog Video Formats

~333x480 edge-to-edge) Betamax (1975)
VHS (1976)

Lo-Band: Approximately 3 megahertz bandwidth (250 lines EIA resolution or

Only used on very old Sony and Sanyo camcorders and portables; obsolete by the mid/late-80s in the consumer market.

VHS-C (1982)

Compatible with standard VCRs, though VHS camcorders are no longer made. Obsolete.
Originally designed for portable VCRs, this standard was later adapted for use in compact

Video8 (1985) Small-format tape developed by Sony to combat VHS-C's compact palmsized design; equivalent to VHS or Betamax in quality, but not compatible. Obsolete.

consumer camcorders; identical in quality to VHS;

Analog Video Formats

Hi-Band: Approximately 5 megahertz bandwidth (420 lines EIA
resolution or ~550x480 edge-to-edge) S-VHS (1987)
Largely used in high-end consumer and professional equipment; rare among mainstream consumer equipment, obsoleted by digital gear like DigiBetacam and DV.

S-VHS-C (1987) An upgrade to provide near-laserdisc quality. Now limited to the low-end consumer market (example: JVC SXM38). Hi8 (1988) Enhanced-quality Video8; roughly equivalent to Super VHS in quality, but not compatible. Now limited to low-end consumer market (example: Sony TRV138)

Digital Video Formats

Digital Tapeless: Low-end digital tapeless systems often use an
MPEG-4 codec and flash memory; high-end versions, on the other hand, store video data to hard disk or optical disc. H.264 codec based AVCHD format,
records MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) compressed video to various kinds of

tapeless media (recordable optical discs, flash memory, hard disks, etc)

Digital Video Formats

DV codec based: MiniDV (1994) and several derivatives, including DVCPRO from Panasonic and DVCAM from Sony
DV records the highest quality pictures (to be at or near broadcast-quality) on DV tapes easily transferable via Firewire or USB to personal computers. Though designed as a consumer standard, there is extensive use of MiniDV in low-budget

film and television production.

Digital8 (1999)
uses Hi8 tapes. Some models of Digital 8 cameras have the ability to read older Hi8 analog format tapes. The format's technical specifications are of the same quality as MiniDV (both use the same

DV codec), D8 has been used to make TV and movie productions (example: Hall of Mirrors).

Digital Video Formats

MPEG-2 codec based:
MICROMV: Uses a matchbox-sized cassette. Sony was the only electronics manufacturer, and editing software was proprietary to Sony. The hardware is no longer in production, though tapes are still available through Sony. DVD
Uses either Mini DVD-R or DVD-RAM. multi-manufacturer standard that uses 8 cm DVD discs for 30 minutes of video.

DVD-R can be played on consumer DVD players but cannot be added to or recorded over

HDV Records up to an hour of HDTV MPEG-2 signal roughly equal to broadcast quality HD on a standard MiniDV cassette

once finalized for viewing. DVD-RAM can be added to and/or recorded over, but cannot be played on many consumer DVD players, and costs a lot more than other types of DVD recordable media. The DVD-RW is another option allowing the user to re-record, but only records sequentially and must be finalized for viewing. The discs do cost more than the DVD-R format, which only records once. DVD discs are also very vulnerable to scratches.

Aspect Ratio
Because human vision is wider than tall, television is rectangular, its width is larger than its height. Related to height and width of display screen The ratio of width to height is called the aspect ratio. For standard TV, the aspect ratio is 4:3, giving a resolution of 700x525.
4 3

16
9

HDTV has 1000 scan lines and an aspect ratio of 16:9, giving a resolution of 1778x1000