shes 1270

Biology practical
INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
GROUP : FRUITY
VALLEY ROAD
LECTURER:Prof Madya Dr Fauziah
Abdullah

MALRUPI B. SANGKILING IES 080021

MOHAMAD ISHAM B. ISMAIL IES 080024
MOHAMAD TAQIYUDDIN B.OMAR IES 080025
FAIRUZ BT ABDUL RAHMAN IES 080012
NIK ZAHARAH BT NIK HUSIN IES 080048
NOOR HASNI BT MOHD FADZIL IES 080049
NOR AFIFAH BT HABLI IES 080052
NUR SUHAIDA BT ABDULLAH@MOHAMED IES 080064
SITI FAIRUS BT HASSAN IES 080083
SURIYANI BT AHMAD IES 080091

TITLE

Insect sampling in orchard area, Botanical Garden using Malaise Trap

INTRODUCTION

A Malaise trap is a large, tent-like structure that used for trapping flying insects

particularly Hymenoptera and Diptera. The trap is made of a material such as

terylene netting that are able to trap insects in it. Insects fly into the tent wall and

because it trapped and cannot go elsewhere, it was funneled into a collection

container attached to highest point. Malaise trap was invented in 1934 by René

Malaise.

INSECTS

Class Insecta is the largest class of arthropods and the only ones with

wings. They are the dominant group of animals on the earth today where over a

million described species. Insects are extremely important to man by their

pollinating activities they make possible the production of many agricultural

crops, including fruits and vegetables; they provide human with honey and silk

although a few of them may cause losses and harmful to human health and food

sources.

Insects possess segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton, a hard

outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized
into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata; a head, a thorax, and

an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound

eyes, if present, one to three simple eyes, if present, ( ocelli ) and three sets of

variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six

segmented legs (one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the

metathorax segments making up the thorax) and two or four wings (if present in

the species). The abdomen (made up of eleven segments some of which may be

reduced or fused) has most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and

reproductive internal structures.

The oldest insect fossils date from the Devonian period which began 416

millions years ago. During this time they have evolved in many directions to

become adapted to life in almost every type of habitats.

 CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS

INSECT

DICONDYLIA MONOCONDYLIA

PTERYGOTA THYSANURA

NEOPTERA PALEOPTERA

ORDONATA

ORTHOPTERA BLATTARIA COLEOPTERA DIPTERA

LEPIDOPTERA HIMEPTERA HYMENOPTERA

Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies,

wasps, bees, and ants. The winged members of this order have four

membranous wings; the hind wings are smaller than the front wings and have a

row of tiny hooks (hamuli) on their anterior margin by which the hind wing

attached to the front wing. The name refers to the membranous wings of the

insects, and was derived from the Ancient Greek, humen: membrane and pteron:

wing. The antennae usually contain ten or more segments and are generally fair

long. Only female can sting.

Diptera, from the Greek, di: two, and pteron: wing, possessing a single pair of

wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres which is the hind wings that are
reduced to small knobbed structures on the metathorax, function as organ of

equilibrium. The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from

other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies,

stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies, alderflies, dobsonflies, snakeflies, sawflies,

caddisflies, butterflies,calliphorid flys or scorpionflies. In common names of

Diptera, the “fly” of the name is written as a separate word.

Diptera is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species of mosquitos,

gnats, midges and others. The majority of the Diptera are relatively small and

soft-bodied insects. It is one of the major insect orders both in terms of ecological

and human (medical and economic) importance. The Diptera, in particular the

mosquitoes, are of great importance as disease transmitters, acting as vectors

for malaria and other infectious diseases, other Diptera aid in the pollination of

useful plants and some are enemies of noxious weeds. The mouth parts of

Diptera are the sucking type, but there is considerable variation in mouth part

structure within the order. In many flies, the mouth parts piercing, in others they

are sponging or lapping, and in a few flies, the mouth part are so poorly

developed as to be nonfunctional.

Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterflies. They are

most readily recognized by the scales on the wings, which come off like dust on

one’s fingers when the insects are handled; most of the body and legs are also

covered with scales. This order has more than 180,000 species. The name is

derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (scale) and πτερόν (wing). The Lepidoptera
are of considerable economic importance. Natural silk is the product of a member

of this order.

Coleoptera from Greek, koleos, "sheath"; and pteron, "wing", thus "sheathed

wing", Estimates put the total number of species, described and undescribed, at

between 5 and 8 million. These insects vary in length from less than a millimeter

up to about 3 inches. The beetles vary considerably in habitats, and are able to

be found almost everywhere. One of the most distinctive features of the

Coleoptera is the structure of the wings. Most beetles have four wings, with the

front pair thickened, leathery, or hard and brittle, and usually meeting in a straight

line down the middle of the back and covering the hind wings. The hind wings are

membranous, usually longer than the front wings, and at rest, are usually folded

up under the front wings. The front wings of a beetle are called elytra, normally

serve only as protective sheaths; the hind wings are the only ones ordinarily used

for flight.

Blattaria, this name derives from the Latin word for "cockroach", blatta. There

are about 4,000 species of cockroach, of which 30 species are associated with

human habitations and about four species are well known as pests. They can

usually be recognized by their oval flattened shape, the head concealed under

the pronotum, and long hairlike antennae. The wings may well developed,

reduced, or absent; the females of many species have shorter wings than the

males. These insects are rather general feeders.

Hemiptera comprising around 80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers,

leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others. They range in size from 1 mm to around

15 cm, and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The defining

feature of hemipterans is their possession of mouthparts where the mandibles

and maxillae have evolved into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium to

form a "beak" or "rostrum" which is capable of piercing tissues (usually plant

tissues) and sucking out the liquids, typically sap. One of the most distinctive

features of the Hemiptera, and one front which the order gets its name, is the

structure of the front wings. In most Hemiptera the basal portion of the front wing

is thickened and leathery, and the apical portion is membranous, this type of wing

is called a hemelytron. The hind wings are entirely membranous and slightly

shorter than the front wings. The wings at rest are held flat over the abdomen,

with membranous tips of the front wings overlapping. The antennae are fairly

long in most of the Hemiptera and consist of four or five segments.

Orthoptera, from the Greek, orthos : "straight" and pteron : "wing" are an order

of insects with paurometabolous or incomplete metamorphosis, including the

grasshoppers, crickets and locusts. Many insects in this order produce sound

(known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs,

the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is

located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids. These organisms

use vibrations to locate other individuals. The Orthoptera may be winged or

wingless, and the winged forms usually have four wings. The forewings or

tegmina are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base. They are
held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The hind wing is membranous and held

folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. They have mandibulate

mouthparts, large compound eyes, antennae length varies with species. Their

saltatorial hind legs are elongated for jumping.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

1. Malaise trap was set up in Rimba Ilmu 48m from the valley road. A

location map drawn based on this location.

2. 70 % alcohol put into the collection container and was placed at the

highest point in the Malaise Trap.

3. After 5 days, all trapped insects collected from the collection container

were put into a plastic bag.

4. The insects are observed using hand lens and the orders of the insects

identified.

5. 99 % alcohol put into each of the black cap bottle and all the insects were

put into it according to their order.

6. Each individuals of each order were count and all the data filled into a

table.

7. All the insects that have been classified into orders were observed again

and then sorted into families according to their morphological features. .

Species that unidentified were given a code with alphabets.

8. About 1 - 2 ml alcohols were put into the white cup bottle and the bottle

labeled with order and family species.

 9. All the insects were put into the white cup bottle according to their families.

10. Every individual in every family counted and the data filled into a table.

11. Picture each of the insect of each family captured.

12. From all the data, the Margalef index, Simpson diversity index and

Shannon Weaver index were used to calculate the abundance and

diversity of the insects:

Margalef Index = (S – 1) / In (N)

S = Number of species

N = Total number of individuals

The higher value of Margalef index, the more abundant the species at the

sampling area.

Simpson index (D) = ∑ ni (ni – 1) / N (N – 1)

ni = Number of individuals of species observed

N = Total number of individuals in the family

Shannon index (H) = - ∑ pi In (pi)

pi = Frequency of the species of the i’th individual

In = Natural log
RESULT

Order No. of individual

Hymenoptera 41
Coleoptera 8
Lepidoptera 5
Diptera 29
Insect
Blatidae 4
Orthoptera 1
Total 88

Order Family Species Individual

Hymenoptera a Hymenop A 19

b Hymenop B 1

c Hymenop C 2

d Hymenop D 3

e Hymenop E 1

f Hymenop F 3

g Hymenop G 1

h Hymenop H 1

i Hymenop I 2

j Hymenop J 1

k Hymenop K 1

l Hymenop L 1

m Hymenop M 1

n Hymenop N 1

o Hymenop O 1

p Hymenop P 1

q Hymenop Q 1
Coleoptera a Coleop A 2

b Coleop B 3

c Coleop C 1

d Coleop D 1

e Coleop E 1
Lepidoptera a Lepidop A 2

b Lepidop B 3
 Diptera a Dip A 1

b Dip B 1

c Dip C 1

d Dip D 1

e Dip E 3

f Dip F 1

g Dip G 1

h Dip H 1

i Dip I 14

j Dip J 1

k Dip K 1

l Dip L 1

m Dip M 1

n Dip N 1
Blatidae a Blati A 1

b Blati B 2

c Blati C 1
Orthoptera a Orthop A 1

Calculation of Margalef Index, Simpson Diversity Index and Shannon

Weaver Index
Margalef Index

- to measure the species richness at the sampling area.

I Margalef = (S – 1) / ln(N)

Simpson Diversity Index

- to measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a

sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than

species).

D Simpson = Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1)

Shannon Weaver Index

- to measure diversity in categorical data. It is simply the information

entropy of the distribution, treating species as symbols and their relative

population sizes as the probability.

I Shannon = H = - Σ pi ln (pi)
 Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Hymenopter a Hymenop A 19 17 41 4.308520129 0.218292682 0.781707318 2.120679309
a b Hymenop B 1
c Hymenop C 2
d Hymenop D 3
e Hymenop E 1
f Hymenop F 3
g Hymenop G 1
h Hymenop H 1
i Hymenop I 2
j Hymenop J 1
k Hymenop K 1
l Hymenop L 1
m Hymenop M 1
n Hymenop N 1
o Hymenop O 1
p Hymenop P 1
q Hymenop Q 1
TOTAL 41
HYMENOPTERA

1) Margalef Index

(S – 1) / ln(N) = (17 –1) / ln (41) = 4.308520129

2) Simpson Index

Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) =

{19(19-1) + 1(1-1) + 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) +

2(2-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) }
41(41-1)
= 0.218292682

3) Simpson Diversity Index

1 – 0.22 = 0.781707318

4) Shannon Weaner Index

- Σ pi ln (pi) =

- { (19/41 ln 19/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (2/41 ln 2/41) + (3/41 ln 3/41) + (1/41

ln 1/41) + (3/41 ln 3/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (2/41 ln 2/41) +

(1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln

1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41) + (1/41 ln 1/41)

= - (-2.120679309) = 2.120679309
 Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Coleoptera a Coleop A 2 5 8 1.923593388 0.142857142 0.857142858 1.494175138

b Coleop B 3

c Coleop C 1

d Coleop D 1

e Coleop E 1

TOTAL 8

COLEOPTERA

1) Margalef Index = (S – 1) / ln(N) = (5 –1) / ln (8) = 1.923593388

2) Simpson Index = Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) } = 0.142857142

8(8-1)
3) Simpson Diversity Index = 1 – 0.14 = 0.857142858

4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (2/8 ln 2/8) + (3/8 ln 3/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) }

= - (-1.494175138) = 1.494175138
 Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Lepidoptera a Lepidop A 2 2 5 0.621334934 0.4 0.6 0.673011667

b Lepidop B 3

TOTAL 5

LEPIDOPTERA

1) Margalef Index

(S – 1) / ln(N) = (2 –1) / ln (5) = 0.621334934

2) Simpson Index

Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) } = 0.4

5(5-1)
3) Simpson Diversity Index

1 – 0.40 = 0.6

4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (2/5 ln 2/5) + (3/5 ln 3/5)

= - (-0.673011667) = 0.673011667
 DIPTERA
Order Family Species Individua S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
l Index Index Diversity Weaver
Index
Diptera a Dip A 1 14 29 3.8606646 0.2315270 0.76847290 1.9796186

b Dip B 1 57 93 7 07

c Dip C 1

d Dip D 1

e Dip E 3

f Dip F 1

g Dip G 1

h Dip H 1

i Dip I 14

j Dip J 1

k Dip K 1

l Dip L 1

m Dip M 1

n Dip N 1
TOTAL 29

1) Margalef Index

(S – 1) / ln(N)

= (14 –1) / ln (29) = 3.860664657

2) Simpson Index

Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) =
 { 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 3(3-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +14(14-
1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) }_______________________
29(29-1)
= 0.231527093

3) Simpson Diversity Index

1 – 0.23 = 0.768472907

4) Shannon Weaner Index

- Σ pi ln (pi) =

- { (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (3/29 ln

3/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (14/29 ln 14/29) +

(1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln 1/29) + (1/29 ln

1/29) }

= - (-1.979618607) = 1.979618607
 Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Blatidae a Blati A 1 3 4 1.442695041 0.166666666 0.833333334 1.039720771

b Blati B 2

c Blati C 1

TOTAL 3

BLATIDAE

1) Margalef Index = (S – 1) / ln(N) = (3 –1) / ln (4) = 1.442695041

2) Simpson Index

Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 1(1-1) + 2(2-1) + 1(1-1) } = 0.166666666

4(4-1)

3) Simpson Diversity Index = 1 – 0.17 = 0.833333334

4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (1/4 ln 1/4) + (2/4 ln 2/4) + (1/4 ln 1/4) } = - (-1.039720771)

= 1.039720771
 Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Orthoptera a Orthop A 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

TOTAL 2

ORTHOPTERA

1) Margalef Index

(S – 1) / ln(N) = (1 –1) / ln (1) = 0

2) Simpson Index

Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 1(1-1) } = 0

1(1-1)
3) Simpson Diversity Index

1–0=1

4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi)

= - { (1/1 ln 1/1) = 0
DISCUSSION

From our observation, we confirm that Hymenoptera was the major order

in the orchard (fruit trees) with 41 individual insects belonging to 17 species. As

we know, Hymenoptera can be found in large numbers in almost terrestrial

ecosystem and the important is they are responsible for a larger share of

interaction with other species in ecosystem than any other insect group. Ants,

bees and wasps have the ability to adapt to different microhabitat even harsh

one. Although there were non fruit season during the experiment, the orchard still

become the source of food to the insect. The surrounding of the orchard which

was wet after raining attract more insect out and find the food. Ants were known

as biological control and plant mutualism while bees and wasp known as

pollinator. This interaction balance the ecosystem of the orchard.

Diptera was the second most abundant order recorded in this experiment

with 29 individual insects belonging to 14 species. Insect like mosquitoes and

houseflies were found from this order. Both of this insect can pick up bacteria and

viruses that may cause human diseases.They serve as carriers of disease

agents. Houseflies are generally found in greatest numbers during the hotter

summer months, so during this experiment it was not too much because there

were non summer month. One of the most popular living spots of mosquitoes is

the wetlands, usually nice quite place that keep dark a lot of the time. This

explain why we get a lot number of mosquitoes compare to the houseflies.

 Beetles is the only insect in Coleoptera order with 8 individuals belonging

to 5 species. It play role as herbivores, scavengers or predators. The beetles that

we collected were come from under the bark of living and dead trees or in

decomposing wood of the orchard. Most kinds of plants in the orchard are eaten

by some kind of beetle.

Lepidoptera are among insect that visit the orchard. There are 5

individuals recorded with 2 different species. Moth play most important ecological

role is in pollination, the transfer of pollen from one flower to another, which helps

plants to reproduce. In general, wooded habitats like this orchard are more

hospitable to moths.Thats why we can collect moth in this experiment although it

is not in large number.

Blatidae was the second least abundant with only 4 individuals recorded

into 3 species. This species tends to be seasonal, with adults appearing in

spring and summer. Cockroach were often found feeding on garbage, sewage, or

decaying organic matter and will eat almost anything. This orchard not provided

garbage and sewage in large amount which is the favourite of a cockroch.

Orthoptera was the least abundant in this experiment because only one

individual recorded. Many species of crickets and grasshopper are herbivores.

There were too many enemies of Orthoptera in the orchard include birds,

mammals, amphibians, reptiles, spiders, insects, mites, fungi, nematodes and

even bacteria. This explain why orhtoptera was the least in number.
QUESTIONS

a. How many specimen were collected?

89 specimens.

b. How many of the specimens are from phylum Insecta?

88 specimens.

c. How many order was collected?

6 orders : Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Blatidae, Orthoptera and

Lepidoptera.

d. In your opinion, which order is dominant?

Order Hymenoptera : 41 speciments.

e. Which order is the most diverse?

Order Hymenoptera.

f. Which order is the abundant?

Order Hymenoptera.

g. What is your opinion concerning the insects found in Rimba

Ilmu/University Malaya or the site?

This study concerns that Hymenoptera was the major insect in the

orchard area.We believe that, it is because of the Hymenoptera which

comprise ants and bees,are most abundant in the area especially bees
which is the best agent for pollination.On the other hand, March is the

month when the fruit season is in the air.Sweet smell of the 70% alcohol

put in the container was the main attraction for Hymenoptera to get into

the Malaise Trap.

REFERENCES

Books

Order Coleoptera

1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Coleoptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4, 335-441.

2. Crowson, R. A 1960. The phylogeny of Coleoptera. Ann. Rev. Ent., 5:111-

134

3. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects and Plant. The Insects an

Outline of Entomology 1, 253.

Order Diptera

1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Diptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,536-607.

2. Byers, G. W. 1969.A new family of nematocerous Diptera. J.Kan. Ent.

Soc., 42(4) : 366-371 ; 5 f. (Baeonotidae)

3. Borror and White.(1970) Phantom Midgos. A Field Guide to the Insects 1,

306.

Order Orthoptera

1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) .Orthoptera.An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,

 2. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Mutualism in Specialized Plant

Structures. The Insects an Outline of Entomology 1, 275.

Order Blattidae

1. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects of Soil, Litter, Carrion, and

Dung. The Insects an Outline of Entomology 1, 219.

Order Hymenoptera

1. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects Societies. The Insects an

Outline of Entomology 1, 306.

2. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Hymenoptera. An

Introduction to the study of Insects 4,514

Order Lepidoptera

1. Donald J.B , Dwight M.D. and Charles A.T. (1907) Hymenoptera. An

Introduction to the

study of Insects 4,514

Sources from internet

1. http://www.insectimages.org

2. http://www.bugwood.org/entomology.html

3. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/images/images.html

4. http://www.chenowith.k12.or.us/tech/subject/science/bugs.html

5. http://diptera.myspecies.info/image

6. http://www.coleoptera.org/

7. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/coleoptera/

8. http://bugguide.net/node/view/60
 9. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/compendium/coleop~1.html

10. http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Blattidae

11. http://www.myrmecos.net/insects/hymenoptera.html

APPENDIX

Malaise Trap
Field site
FRUITY TEAM
Location : Fruit trees in Botanical Garden, University of Malaya.

- 48 metres from Valley Road to the field site (South East).

HERE
LEPIDOPTERA

Family:hesperiidae

7.04mm

10X
 Family:Noctuidae

5.34mm

10X
COLEOPTERA
Family:Chrysomelidae

4.57mm
10X
 Family:Coccinellidae

5.79mm
10X
Family:Cicindelidae

7.64mm 10X

Family:Curculionidae
 10X

10.81mm
Family:Cerambycidae
 9.97mm

10X
BLATTIDAE

Family: Blattidae

4.57mm

10X

Family: Blattidae

5.79mm
10X
 Family: Blattidae

11.15mm
10X
HYMENOPTERA

Family: Spechidae

10X 8.47mm

Family: Sphecidae
 10X

7.18mm

Family: Scoliidae

8.30mm

10X
 Family: Ichneumonedae

5.06mm

10X

Family:Formicidae Formica

4.41mm

10X
 Family: Halictidae

5.77mm

10X

Family: Vespidae

10X
4.90mm
 11.75mm
10X

Family: Braconidae

5.64mm

10X
 Family: Forcinidae

5.21mm

10X

Family: Tiphiidae

10X
8.33mm
 Family: Sphecidae

10X 7.43mm
 Family:Sphecidae

4.58mm

10X

Family: Ichneumonidae

6.35mm

10X
 Family: Tiphiidae

10X 6.07mm

DIPTERA
 Family:Culicidae
Ochleratatus

6.00mm
10X

Family:Dixidae

10X
11.19mm
Family:Syrphidae
Milasea

10X
6.45mm

Family : Syrphidae

10X

8.43mm
 Family : calliphoridae

4.99mm

10X

Family : piophilidae

13.46mm
10X
 Family : Tachinidae

7.90mm 10X

Family : Tachinidae

8.21mm
10X
 Family: Culicidae

4.25mm

10X

Family:conopidae

4.87m
10X
 Family:Calliphoridae

4.95m

10X

Family:Calliphoridae

5.22mm

10X
 Family: Conopidae

10X

9.71mm

Family: Megachilidae Megachile

6.17mm
10X
ORTHOPTERA

Family:Arcrididae

3.44m

10X