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INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
GROUP : FRUITY
VALLEY ROAD
LECTURER:Prof Madya Dr Fauziah
Abdullah
TITLE
INTRODUCTION
A Malaise trap is a large, tent-like structure that used for trapping flying insects
terylene netting that are able to trap insects in it. Insects fly into the tent wall and
container attached to highest point. Malaise trap was invented in 1934 by René
Malaise.
INSECTS
Class Insecta is the largest class of arthropods and the only ones with
wings. They are the dominant group of animals on the earth today where over a
crops, including fruits and vegetables; they provide human with honey and silk
although a few of them may cause losses and harmful to human health and food
sources.
outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized
into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata; a head, a thorax, and
eyes, if present, one to three simple eyes, if present, ( ocelli ) and three sets of
variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six
segmented legs (one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the
metathorax segments making up the thorax) and two or four wings (if present in
the species). The abdomen (made up of eleven segments some of which may be
The oldest insect fossils date from the Devonian period which began 416
millions years ago. During this time they have evolved in many directions to
INSECT
DICONDYLIA MONOCONDYLIA
PTERYGOTA THYSANURA
NEOPTERA PALEOPTERA
ORDONATA
wasps, bees, and ants. The winged members of this order have four
membranous wings; the hind wings are smaller than the front wings and have a
row of tiny hooks (hamuli) on their anterior margin by which the hind wing
attached to the front wing. The name refers to the membranous wings of the
insects, and was derived from the Ancient Greek, humen: membrane and pteron:
wing. The antennae usually contain ten or more segments and are generally fair
Diptera, from the Greek, di: two, and pteron: wing, possessing a single pair of
wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres which is the hind wings that are
reduced to small knobbed structures on the metathorax, function as organ of
equilibrium. The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from
other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies,
gnats, midges and others. The majority of the Diptera are relatively small and
soft-bodied insects. It is one of the major insect orders both in terms of ecological
and human (medical and economic) importance. The Diptera, in particular the
for malaria and other infectious diseases, other Diptera aid in the pollination of
useful plants and some are enemies of noxious weeds. The mouth parts of
Diptera are the sucking type, but there is considerable variation in mouth part
structure within the order. In many flies, the mouth parts piercing, in others they
are sponging or lapping, and in a few flies, the mouth part are so poorly
developed as to be nonfunctional.
Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterflies. They are
most readily recognized by the scales on the wings, which come off like dust on
one’s fingers when the insects are handled; most of the body and legs are also
covered with scales. This order has more than 180,000 species. The name is
derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (scale) and πτερόν (wing). The Lepidoptera
are of considerable economic importance. Natural silk is the product of a member
of this order.
Coleoptera from Greek, koleos, "sheath"; and pteron, "wing", thus "sheathed
wing", Estimates put the total number of species, described and undescribed, at
between 5 and 8 million. These insects vary in length from less than a millimeter
up to about 3 inches. The beetles vary considerably in habitats, and are able to
Coleoptera is the structure of the wings. Most beetles have four wings, with the
front pair thickened, leathery, or hard and brittle, and usually meeting in a straight
line down the middle of the back and covering the hind wings. The hind wings are
membranous, usually longer than the front wings, and at rest, are usually folded
up under the front wings. The front wings of a beetle are called elytra, normally
serve only as protective sheaths; the hind wings are the only ones ordinarily used
for flight.
Blattaria, this name derives from the Latin word for "cockroach", blatta. There
are about 4,000 species of cockroach, of which 30 species are associated with
human habitations and about four species are well known as pests. They can
usually be recognized by their oval flattened shape, the head concealed under
the pronotum, and long hairlike antennae. The wings may well developed,
reduced, or absent; the females of many species have shorter wings than the
leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others. They range in size from 1 mm to around
and maxillae have evolved into a proboscis, sheathed within a modified labium to
tissues) and sucking out the liquids, typically sap. One of the most distinctive
features of the Hemiptera, and one front which the order gets its name, is the
structure of the front wings. In most Hemiptera the basal portion of the front wing
is thickened and leathery, and the apical portion is membranous, this type of wing
is called a hemelytron. The hind wings are entirely membranous and slightly
shorter than the front wings. The wings at rest are held flat over the abdomen,
with membranous tips of the front wings overlapping. The antennae are fairly
Orthoptera, from the Greek, orthos : "straight" and pteron : "wing" are an order
grasshoppers, crickets and locusts. Many insects in this order produce sound
(known as a "stridulation") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs,
the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or ear is
located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids. These organisms
wingless, and the winged forms usually have four wings. The forewings or
tegmina are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base. They are
held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The hind wing is membranous and held
folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. They have mandibulate
mouthparts, large compound eyes, antennae length varies with species. Their
1. Malaise trap was set up in Rimba Ilmu 48m from the valley road. A
2. 70 % alcohol put into the collection container and was placed at the
3. After 5 days, all trapped insects collected from the collection container
4. The insects are observed using hand lens and the orders of the insects
identified.
5. 99 % alcohol put into each of the black cap bottle and all the insects were
6. Each individuals of each order were count and all the data filled into a
table.
7. All the insects that have been classified into orders were observed again
8. About 1 - 2 ml alcohols were put into the white cup bottle and the bottle
10. Every individual in every family counted and the data filled into a table.
12. From all the data, the Margalef index, Simpson diversity index and
S = Number of species
The higher value of Margalef index, the more abundant the species at the
sampling area.
In = Natural log
RESULT
b Hymenop B 1
c Hymenop C 2
d Hymenop D 3
e Hymenop E 1
f Hymenop F 3
g Hymenop G 1
h Hymenop H 1
i Hymenop I 2
j Hymenop J 1
k Hymenop K 1
l Hymenop L 1
m Hymenop M 1
n Hymenop N 1
o Hymenop O 1
p Hymenop P 1
q Hymenop Q 1
Coleoptera a Coleop A 2
b Coleop B 3
c Coleop C 1
d Coleop D 1
e Coleop E 1
Lepidoptera a Lepidop A 2
b Lepidop B 3
Diptera a Dip A 1
b Dip B 1
c Dip C 1
d Dip D 1
e Dip E 3
f Dip F 1
g Dip G 1
h Dip H 1
i Dip I 14
j Dip J 1
k Dip K 1
l Dip L 1
m Dip M 1
n Dip N 1
Blatidae a Blati A 1
b Blati B 2
c Blati C 1
Orthoptera a Orthop A 1
Weaver Index
Margalef Index
I Margalef = (S – 1) / ln(N)
sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than
species).
I Shannon = H = - Σ pi ln (pi)
Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Hymenopter a Hymenop A 19 17 41 4.308520129 0.218292682 0.781707318 2.120679309
a b Hymenop B 1
c Hymenop C 2
d Hymenop D 3
e Hymenop E 1
f Hymenop F 3
g Hymenop G 1
h Hymenop H 1
i Hymenop I 2
j Hymenop J 1
k Hymenop K 1
l Hymenop L 1
m Hymenop M 1
n Hymenop N 1
o Hymenop O 1
p Hymenop P 1
q Hymenop Q 1
TOTAL 41
HYMENOPTERA
1) Margalef Index
2) Simpson Index
Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) =
1 – 0.22 = 0.781707318
- Σ pi ln (pi) =
= - (-2.120679309) = 2.120679309
Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Coleoptera a Coleop A 2 5 8 1.923593388 0.142857142 0.857142858 1.494175138
b Coleop B 3
c Coleop C 1
d Coleop D 1
e Coleop E 1
TOTAL 8
COLEOPTERA
2) Simpson Index = Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) = { 2(2-1) + 3(3-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) } = 0.142857142
8(8-1)
3) Simpson Diversity Index = 1 – 0.14 = 0.857142858
4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (2/8 ln 2/8) + (3/8 ln 3/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) + (1/8 ln 1/8) }
= - (-1.494175138) = 1.494175138
Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Lepidoptera a Lepidop A 2 2 5 0.621334934 0.4 0.6 0.673011667
b Lepidop B 3
TOTAL 5
LEPIDOPTERA
1) Margalef Index
2) Simpson Index
1 – 0.40 = 0.6
= - (-0.673011667) = 0.673011667
DIPTERA
Order Family Species Individua S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
l Index Index Diversity Weaver
Index
Diptera a Dip A 1 14 29 3.8606646 0.2315270 0.76847290 1.9796186
b Dip B 1 57 93 7 07
c Dip C 1
d Dip D 1
e Dip E 3
f Dip F 1
g Dip G 1
h Dip H 1
i Dip I 14
j Dip J 1
k Dip K 1
l Dip L 1
m Dip M 1
n Dip N 1
TOTAL 29
1) Margalef Index
(S – 1) / ln(N)
2) Simpson Index
Σ ni(ni – 1) / N(N – 1) =
{ 1(1-1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) + 1(1-1) + 3(3-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +14(14-
1) + 1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) +1(1-1) }_______________________
29(29-1)
= 0.231527093
1 – 0.23 = 0.768472907
- Σ pi ln (pi) =
1/29) }
= - (-1.979618607) = 1.979618607
Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Blatidae a Blati A 1 3 4 1.442695041 0.166666666 0.833333334 1.039720771
b Blati B 2
c Blati C 1
TOTAL 3
BLATIDAE
2) Simpson Index
4(4-1)
4) Shannon Weaner Index = - Σ pi ln (pi) = - { (1/4 ln 1/4) + (2/4 ln 2/4) + (1/4 ln 1/4) } = - (-1.039720771)
= 1.039720771
Order Family Species Individual S N Margelaf Simpson Simpson Shannon
Index Index Diversity Index Weaver
Orthoptera a Orthop A 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
TOTAL 2
ORTHOPTERA
1) Margalef Index
2) Simpson Index
1–0=1
= - { (1/1 ln 1/1) = 0
DISCUSSION
From our observation, we confirm that Hymenoptera was the major order
ecosystem and the important is they are responsible for a larger share of
interaction with other species in ecosystem than any other insect group. Ants,
bees and wasps have the ability to adapt to different microhabitat even harsh
one. Although there were non fruit season during the experiment, the orchard still
become the source of food to the insect. The surrounding of the orchard which
was wet after raining attract more insect out and find the food. Ants were known
as biological control and plant mutualism while bees and wasp known as
Diptera was the second most abundant order recorded in this experiment
houseflies were found from this order. Both of this insect can pick up bacteria and
agents. Houseflies are generally found in greatest numbers during the hotter
summer months, so during this experiment it was not too much because there
were non summer month. One of the most popular living spots of mosquitoes is
the wetlands, usually nice quite place that keep dark a lot of the time. This
we collected were come from under the bark of living and dead trees or in
decomposing wood of the orchard. Most kinds of plants in the orchard are eaten
Lepidoptera are among insect that visit the orchard. There are 5
individuals recorded with 2 different species. Moth play most important ecological
role is in pollination, the transfer of pollen from one flower to another, which helps
plants to reproduce. In general, wooded habitats like this orchard are more
Blatidae was the second least abundant with only 4 individuals recorded
spring and summer. Cockroach were often found feeding on garbage, sewage, or
decaying organic matter and will eat almost anything. This orchard not provided
Orthoptera was the least abundant in this experiment because only one
There were too many enemies of Orthoptera in the orchard include birds,
even bacteria. This explain why orhtoptera was the least in number.
QUESTIONS
89 specimens.
88 specimens.
Lepidoptera.
Order Hymenoptera.
Order Hymenoptera.
This study concerns that Hymenoptera was the major insect in the
comprise ants and bees,are most abundant in the area especially bees
which is the best agent for pollination.On the other hand, March is the
month when the fruit season is in the air.Sweet smell of the 70% alcohol
put in the container was the main attraction for Hymenoptera to get into
Books
Order Coleoptera
134
3. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects and Plant. The Insects an
Order Diptera
306.
Order Orthoptera
Order Blattidae
1. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects of Soil, Litter, Carrion, and
Order Hymenoptera
1. Guilan P.J. and Cranston P.S. (1994) Insects Societies. The Insects an
Order Lepidoptera
Introduction to the
1. http://www.insectimages.org
2. http://www.bugwood.org/entomology.html
3. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/images/images.html
4. http://www.chenowith.k12.or.us/tech/subject/science/bugs.html
5. http://diptera.myspecies.info/image
6. http://www.coleoptera.org/
7. http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/coleoptera/
8. http://bugguide.net/node/view/60
9. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/compendium/coleop~1.html
10. http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Blattidae
11. http://www.myrmecos.net/insects/hymenoptera.html
APPENDIX
Malaise Trap
Field site
FRUITY TEAM
Location : Fruit trees in Botanical Garden, University of Malaya.
HERE
LEPIDOPTERA
Family:hesperiidae
7.04mm
10X
Family:Noctuidae
5.34mm
10X
COLEOPTERA
Family:Chrysomelidae
4.57mm
10X
Family:Coccinellidae
5.79mm
10X
Family:Cicindelidae
7.64mm 10X
Family:Curculionidae
10X
10.81mm
Family:Cerambycidae
9.97mm
10X
BLATTIDAE
Family: Blattidae
4.57mm
10X
Family: Blattidae
5.79mm
10X
Family: Blattidae
11.15mm
10X
HYMENOPTERA
Family: Spechidae
10X 8.47mm
Family: Sphecidae
10X
7.18mm
Family: Scoliidae
8.30mm
10X
Family: Ichneumonedae
5.06mm
10X
Family:Formicidae Formica
4.41mm
10X
Family: Halictidae
5.77mm
10X
Family: Vespidae
10X
4.90mm
11.75mm
10X
Family: Braconidae
5.64mm
10X
Family: Forcinidae
5.21mm
10X
Family: Tiphiidae
10X
8.33mm
Family: Sphecidae
10X 7.43mm
Family:Sphecidae
4.58mm
10X
Family: Ichneumonidae
6.35mm
10X
Family: Tiphiidae
10X 6.07mm
DIPTERA
Family:Culicidae
Ochleratatus
6.00mm
10X
Family:Dixidae
10X
11.19mm
Family:Syrphidae
Milasea
10X
6.45mm
Family : Syrphidae
10X
8.43mm
Family : calliphoridae
4.99mm
10X
Family : piophilidae
13.46mm
10X
Family : Tachinidae
7.90mm 10X
Family : Tachinidae
8.21mm
10X
Family: Culicidae
4.25mm
10X
Family:conopidae
4.87m
10X
Family:Calliphoridae
4.95m
10X
Family:Calliphoridae
5.22mm
10X
Family: Conopidae
10X
9.71mm
6.17mm
10X
ORTHOPTERA
Family:Arcrididae
3.44m
10X